Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015

A TRIAL OF INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN DURLUNG WATERSHED, BAGMATI ZONE,

Sabita Aryal Khanna, Kundan Lal Shrestha, Ramesh Kumar Maskey Department of Civil & Geomatics Engineering, University, Nepal

ABSTRACT metrological stations was also Water in Nepal is a key acquired. Hydrological modeling strategic natural resource, which has tools were also used. Feasibility of potential to leads all round hydropower plant and potential of development and economic growth of power production in the basin was the country. Integrated Water readily estimated. Resource Management (IWRM) is a Total daily discharge of the holistic management approach , Durlung Watershed was estimated on integrating land water interaction, an average as 157 Million Liters. socio economic groups, upstream Rivers of the watershed are turbulent, downstream relations, indigenous unsteady & flowing with very high knowledge, and institutions built up, current, which can be utilized by along the temporal dimensions based local people for low cost drinking on an agreed set of principles. It is a water, tourism, irrigation & hydro- Bottom Up decentralized approach power generation. Micro-hydropower for the management of water production possibilities in Ratan and resources. IWRM is a challenge to Deuta River has shown multidimen- conventional practices attitudes and sional positive impacts on socio- professional certainties. It confronts economic development of the region entrenched sectoral interest & level of community partnership in requires that the water resources are IWRM and synchronization with the managed holistically for the benefits Local, District & National level of all institutional framework for Basin The broad objective of the Management was observed to be multidisciplinary study was to assess satisfactory. Participatory research the possibilities of Human was carried to identify water resource Dimensions of water resource base with school & community development and its management. partnership. Community motive, their Water resource accounting is done by difficulties and gaps in community the collection of water resources data level organization were identified. through participatory group forma- Capabilities of community, to take tion. Scientific data of hydro and over the responsibilities of IWRM

90 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 concept, there is a lot more need of institutions relating to water (Bellamy training and capacity building for and Johnson 2000; Chenoweth et al. now. 2001; Cortner and Moote 1994). Adaptive management is closely aligned to IWRM as a means of KEYWORDS addressing resource complexity and IWRM, Human Dimensions, uncertainty in management by Water Resource Accounting, Hydro- highlighting the roles of experiment- logical Modeling, Hydropower tation, action and learning (e.g. Potential Jeffrey and Gearey 2006; Galaz 2007; Ingram 2008; Timmerman et al. 2008). INTRODUCTION Historically integrated water Integrated Water Resources resource management was most Management (IWRM) is a process of significantly taken into consideration sustainable multi-sectoral develop- after Dublin Conference on Water ment and management of water for and Environment in 1992. The maximum economic and social Second and Third World Water welfare in an equitable manner with Forum & Ministerial Conference held due consideration of vital ecosystems in Hague, Netherland in 2000 and in and the environment.IWRM is a Kyoto, Japan in 2003. Kyoto 2003 process which promotes the multi- highlighted the involvement of sectoral development and manage- indigenous people in the management ment of water in order to maximize of the resources.(Moriarty et al., economic and social welfare in an 2003). IWRM indicators tend to equitable manner without com- focus on Millennium Development promising the sustainability of vital Goal targets 7A and 7B that address ecosystems and the environment. issues of environmental sustain- (GWP 2010).IWRM accounts for the ability. Official figures indicate that hydrological cycle, quality and Nepal’s Millennium Development quantity concerns, diversity of users Goal (MDG) targets of achieving and administrative responsibilities at 73% coverage in water supply and various scales, distribution of 53% coverage in sanitation by 2015 resources and temporal variability, will be easily surpassed. National connections to land use and trans IWRM Plan describes the current boundary claims (Bekithemba way of water resources development Gumbo and Pieter van der Zaag and management in terms of 2001). IWRM further intends to bring decisions made and actions taken in together and broaden the range of view of future result. The plan environmental and social values (e.g. outlines the country’s future plan in biodiversity, social and cultural) and terms of decisions and actions taken highlights the importance of to move from where it is now to 91 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 intended target, with milestones and body. National Water Resource time frames (GPW, 2004) Development Committee (NWRDC) Nepal is endowed with make policies and plans for water abundant water resource with an resource management which will be average annual precipitation averaged implemented through district and at 1,600 mm (Alford 1992). Thus village level institutions. In District water is key strategic natural Level, District Water Resource resources bearing the capacity to Committee (DWRC) is made of trigger all around development and representatives of water related line economic growth of the country agencies in the district level (WECS 2008). Nepal government on organizations and is hosted by the realizing the importance of IWRM District Development Office (DDO). has made it the principle theme of the DDC coordinate with VDC level National Water Plan (2005). Water institutions and further Water User Resource Act (1992) and Water groups in village and cluster. Water Resource Regulation (2050) are the User group are the local level main legal document for water institution for the management of resource management in Nepal. water resources. Water Resources Act 1992 has given Poverty in Nepal is deep the District Water Resource rooted and has existed for decades. Committee (DWRC) the authority on Nepal is one of the poorest countries decision making on water allocations. in South Asia. It has a rank of 144 in Nepal Water Resources Strategy Human Development Index (HDI) of (2002), has set goals for environ- 0.553 (UNDP, 2009). However, the mental protection based on three time poverty situation throughout the frames: within 5 years, strengthen country is not the same. There is a institutions for watershed manage- high disparity in development and ment and ecosystem protection; poverty reduction trends in rural and within 15 years, implement full scale urban areas. The poverty distribution watershed management and aquatic is very high in the rural areas, ecosystem activities; within 25 years, especially in Mountainous and Hilly make water-sheds and aquatic regions of the country. (IMF 2006). ecosystems sustainable. However, a IWRM is holistic management of separate National Water Policy water resources which is developed Document is yet to be formulated. to provide basic human right like Institutions of Nepal Government in access to safe drinking water and water allocation are categories in to increase the agricultural production in three levels. Centrally the National a sustainable way ensuring multiple Water Resource Development uses of water and irrigation facilities. council is the highest authority for IWRM implementation at basin level decision making on water related will be helpful to meet the national issues. WECS is the coordinating goal, millennium development goal, 92 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 and sustainable agricultural practice. irrigation from local level which have Moreover, this vision has just reduced the burden of the remained in text. Significant government over maintenance, contributions of water have not been operation, and management of deployed for the development of the infrastructure, and attainment of nation. Basic requirements for sustainability. Thus recently, GON bringing in the process of IWRM are has also adopted policies to promote twofold. On the one hand, there is a public/private sector participation in requirement to integrate information the development of hydropower. about the natural system, for Solving problem in managing example, integration of information natural resource in watershed through of the water resources, agricultural, community participation has been and ecological systems. On the other highly recognized particularly in hand, there is a need for an integrated solving forest and resource uses in institutional response as the Nepal. (Seesomonn, 2010) Em- management responsibilities of powering local people has been found different components of the natural as a suitable ways to handle systems lie with different national problems. Community Based Water agencies (Gupta 2005). Resource Development and Manage- The popular Participatory ment (CBWRDM)is an important Watershed Management (PWM) parameter for the successful approach has been implemented only implementation of IWRM. The idea with the involvement of public in the bases on the fact that people in local decision making process (Rowe et al community live nearest, therefore 2000 and Conley et al 2003), have understand the resources more than been employed in Nepal for soil and the outsider. In addition, they have water conservation (Sharma,2000). inherent abilities to apply and adapt PWM enabled the communities to new and indigenous knowledge overcome problems and gain more (Seesomonn, 2010). The fate of the control over their livelihoods, being a IWRM in one watershed depends on 'stewards' of the environment. Local the support and level of involvement institutions should be involved to of local communities. In IWRM the manage and conserve natural decision making power about the resources.(Gunya, 2009) kind of project necessary, will reside Community partnership is “by be with the local community, and the people and for the people” believed that the management of the approach. It is a recent and bottom-up local water resources in will be a approach for the management of holistic way reducing sectoral inter- resources in Nepal. Farmer Managed ference. Energy stored in flowing Irrigation System (FEMIS) is as water can be used in many ways such example of success of bottom up as running water mill, power approach for the management of generation, irrigation, fisheries, and 93 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 tourism. The com-munity can decide management through social account- for hydropower plant or irrigation ing system. This was achieved project. The haphazard development through following specific objectives: of infrastructure disturbing water ƒ To study the major river resources will be checked. systems and the present status Hydropower relies on water of water budget of the entire cycle and understanding the water Durlung watershed. cycle is important to understand ƒ To study the community hydropower. Hydropower today partnership for water resource occupies the foremost place among management. the renewable sources of energy in ƒ To study the potential the world providing about 20% of the feasibility of micro- world’s total energy. Water is a 100% hydropower sites clean, renewable resource, electricity from water power is far less Description of Study Area expensive to produce than solar or The Durlung Watershed is wind power. Micro hydropower is comprised of the total of Chamrnbesi one of the most environmentally VDC and some part of VDC benign energy conversion options of Kavre District as well as some available, because unlike large-scale part of Thulo Durlung VDC, hydro power, it does not attempt to Chandanpur VDC and Kaleshor interfere significantly with river VDC, of Lalitpur District This valley flows. (Fraenkel, 1991). Small scale joined with in south hydropower stations combine the just adjacent to Makawanpur District. advantages of hydropower with those It is located at foothills of of decentralized power generation. Mahabharata range. Along the They have more advantages: in Mahabharata, village altitude varies expensive distribution of energy, from 1000 m (DobhanKhola) to 2336 limiting environmental costs as with m (Go Bhangyang) above sea level. large hydro, independent of imported First habitation of Chamranbesi VDC fuels and no need for expensive named as Sano Durlun is located at maintenance. Power generated with south west of Kavre District. More small hydro station can be used for accurately it ranges around North 27 agro-processing, local lighting, water 30' 00'' to South 27 24' 30'' and East pumps and small businesses. 85 28 ' 00'' to West 85 26' 00''. It is a hour walk from Sano Durlung to Thulo Durlung which lies in Lalitpur OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY District. The broad objective of the project Durlung River, which sepa- was to study the community based rates Kavre and Lalitpur district, is Water Resource Development and its one of the tributaries of Bagmati River. Durlung River is fed by small 94 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 tributaries like Polsing River, Ghatte 4 different VDCs of Durlung River, Rataun River, Chyang-Chyang watershed. River, Naman River, Gimda River, Several meetings were Khajuli River and Pakdole River, conducted in District Water Resource Dueuta River. Durlung watershed is Committees (DWRC) of Kavre and divided into nine relatively homo- district. Active partici- geneous sub basins based on the pation of government was further principle flow path. enhanced by the liasoning with Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS), Government of Nepal. Thus MATERIALS AND METHIODS a pillar of two ways participation from community level organization, Socio Economic and participatory such as Durlung Integrated Water Approach Resource Management Committee Participatory research was (DIWRMC) and various water users followed by base line surveys. Survey groups to the governmental questionnaire are used for personal hierarchical organization of water interview, focus group discussion. resource management was main- Nearly 40 % of household were tained, as shown in the Figure 1. covered by the survey from different

I N F I O WECS N R F M O A R T DWRC DWRC M I A O Kavre Lalitpur T N I O F N L DIWRMC O F w L User User Groups User Groups User Groups User Groups O w User User User User User User Groups Groups Groups Groups Groups Groups

Figure 1. Information Flow in IWRM: Durlung Watershed.

The communities of Durlung Durlung Integrated Water Resource watershed have come up with the Committee (DIWRMC) for the wise ideas of forming joint alliance, use of water in the watershed. 95 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015

Schedule and regular meetings have measure the weather parameters like given constitution (Bidhan) of the temperature, Relative Humidity, IWRM which was approved by Rainfall, Maximum to minimum Energy Commission Secretariat temperatures and Evaporation. Five (WECS), District Water Resource students from the respective schools Committee (DWRC), Kavre and were nominated as ‘Environment Lalitpur districts, Durlung Integrated Alerts’ superrvised from the school Water Resource Management and Durlung Integrated Water Committee (DIWRMC), Village Resource Committee (DIWRMC) for Development Committees (VDCs) Hydrological and meteorological data and Kathmandu University. collection and publication.

HyH drological and meteorological Hydrological Modeling: Partially data collection: Detailed hydrology distributed hydrological modeling survey was conducted by various technique was used to calculate the methods such as salt dilution, water budget of Durlung Watershed. floating, use of current meter, slope- TOPMODEL (Beven, K. J. & Kirk area. Data is collected in 3 major 1979, Bevenn 1995) was used along season Pre-monsoon, monsoon and with GRASS GIS for Durlung post monsoon with 3 replications watershed which has an area 62.73 locally made one meter long Shaft km2, to estimate daily discharge of (LMS) was fixed in the river side. An Durlung watershed. TOPMODEL Automatic Weather Station (AWS) was calibrated and validate in nearby established in Sano Durlung, Nakkhu watershed applied to Chamrangbesi VDC. Durlung watershed. A small weather station was established in the school premises to

Figure 2. TOPMODEL. 96 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015

LOCATIONS OF CLIMATE STA- diversion weir, design consideration TIONS FROM DURLUNG BASIN for coarse trash rack, design con- sideration for settling basin, design Micro-Hydro-Power Feasibilities consideration for powerhouse Studies Three different feasibility studies have been completed with total technical power generation. The FINDING AND IMPLICATIONS best suitable site with complete pre- Water Resource Accounting: feasibility studies mainly relied on Temporal flow of seasonal MIP tool of “Micro-hydropower rivulet was estimated along with Design Aids, 2004” designed by flowing time period and volume with Small Hydropower Promotion Project a suitable mathematical model. (SHPP/GTZ) and Mini Grid Support Hydrological survey of the Durlung Program (AEPC). Khola and its tributaries on wet season of July and August, and dry Designing season of December were measured. Site selection and design Water in Chang-Chang reduced philosophy of the civil components of drastically in the winter then Deuta River Micro-hydro power plant monsoon and was found to be not was detailed out with the specifica- feasible to plan for a project with tions of design consideration of side continuous use of water throughout a intake, design consideration of year, as appeared in Table 1.

Table 1. Discharge of Durlung Tributaries. River Name Discharge in wet season (lps) Discharge in dry season(lps) Thulo 267 220 Rataun 250 160 Chyang-Chyang 2364 211

TOPMODEL was applied to Thulo, recommended is less than 50 m. Chyang-Chyang sub-watershed, DEM data and a sequence of rainfall Rataun sub-watershed with the same and potential evapotranspiration data input and parameters to sub- are the inputs for the model and it watershed and the whole watershed. predicts the resulting stream Areas having same topographic index discharges. The validated model with value are assumed to behave Nash efficiency of 93 percent shows hydrologically in similar way. that the parameters selected were Topographic index is scale dependent suitable and able to represent rainfall so there is need of high quality runoff process efficiently in Durlung resolution Digital Elevation Model watershed. After validation the daily (DEM) without sinks. Resolution

97 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 discharge of Durlung watershed and sub-watershed are listed in Table2.

Table 2. The Average Daily Discharge of Durlung watershed and three sub- watershed. Watershed and Sub-Watershed Average Daily Discharge (MLD) Durlung 157 Rataun 19.5 ChyangChyang 17.9 Thulo 13.3

Human Dimensions and Cap- sustainable development. On the abilities to Manage Resource question of knowledge of policy 78% of population live in regarding water resource is lacking in nuclear families, 62% of people are local inhabitant and VDCs officials. Buddhist.The main responding Whereas DDC officials say they do groups are males (91%) with only follow the government mandates like about 4% of total population Water Resource Act 2049 and other educated. 98% live on farming and national water Policies of govern- animal husbandry. Average annual ment. Based on that, Micro hydro is income is less then 750 $. 93% of encouraged and prioritized for local farm lands are rain-fed, animal per community based organizations for household counted as one goat and preservation and optimum use. one cattle (buffalo/Cow). Main DWRC were very positive for agricultural constraint is water for implementation of IWRM in Kavre irrigation. Main source of energy for and Lalitpur District with the need of domestic use are fuel wood and Multiple Use of Water Master Plan in kerosene while electricity are merely the district. Water Resources need to used for lighting, radio, television, be managed in an integrated way with mobile recharge. Major environ- adequate study and careful mental problem are landslides and observation of all factors practically area covered by forest and agro rather than theoretically. Every forestry are 60% of total land. People month especially when proposal for are actively enhancing development any water use activities are obtained by getting involved in various local from user group, VDC secretaries are organizations formed by themselves called along with stakeholders in such as economic (36%) and meeting of DWRC. In transboundary agricultural (33%) and social (31%). issues, the decision is made with a These results shows the area is very public mandate. rich in natural resources yet the Durlung Integrated Water people are poor, though with the Resource Management is a demand development of local institutions driven research project. The concept people are motivated to brings was initiated by the locals and was 98 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 supported by Kathmandu University strategies of the committee are (KU) and University Grant clearly mentioned. DIWRMC have Commission (UGC). It was further identified their local needs, priorities adopted by Water and Energy and possibilities and the objectives. Commission Secretariat (WECS) as The major objective of the memo- first pilot project in IWRM. DWRC randum is to protect the health of from Lalitpur and Kavre district has Durlung watershed ensuring optimum also shown keen interest in the utilization of the water resources participation of piloting the IWRM in cooperating with govern-mental and the Durlung Watershed. Full strength nongovernmental donor agencies and of participation from the village and uplifting poverty of the area, community level was shown with the producing of hydropower and the involvement of water related user right to sale the produced power. groups for the selection of the From Meeting Minutes of member of Durlung Integrated Water DIWRMC, it is found that 90% of the Resource Management Committee executive community members and (DIWRMC). It has shown the 10 % of other members were tremendous participation from all the regularly attending the meetings. hierarchical sectors for the water Also High level Water professionals resource development studies. from Governmental sector like DIWRMC is formed by WECS, CDOs, LDOs, were found to representatives from water user be linked with the IWRM project groups and associates. Water User implementation. Around 25% of the from any group interested and has total people, the key persons were proven one’s capacity in locality was found actively involved in Integrated sent to the VDC for the election of Water Resource Management DIWRMC member.Thus selected activities. These key persons or member of 19 represented their areas quality persons can motivate and lead in the DIWRMC for the holistic other people and made the attitude of management of water equitable to all the whole watershed positive. the cluster, gender, cast etc. Then This pilot study done under remarkable selection of the key the institutional frame work of Water personal to holds the charge of water and Energy Commission Secretariat resource management is demon- (WECS) and has shown positive strated by DIWRMC. Competitive response for the insertion of and aware representatives drafted a Integrated Water Resource Manage- quality memorandum (Bidhan) of the ment Committee (IWRMC) as a body committee. A memorandum is a for coordinating institutions between binding document in which the district level organizations ( DWRC) objectives and working modality, and local level organizations(User work divisions among members, Groups). IWRMC is a committee of Vision, Mission, Plans, Policies and local user groups and representatives 99 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 from all the parts of the watershed the Syapredanda of Jhingedanda which is aimed to coordinates all the Chyamrangbesi where two con- water use sectors and promotes secutive streams can be utilized for holistic development by ensuring multiple uses. Micro and Pico- Multiple Uses of Water. hydropower can be seen as an effective means of rural electrifica- Scheme of Water Resource Use and tion, capable of bringing socio- Feasibilities Studies of Hydropower economic progress to the rural Production populace in the village. As appeared in Table 3, are The hydropower potential of several sites identified for pico and Durlung basin 67.1985kW and micro hydropower. For micro 285.73kW for Q80 and Q40 hydropower Durlung, Ratun, Thulo discharge respectively. Similarly and Chyang-Chyang rivers of Chyang-Chyang river ,Rataun river Chamrangbesi VDC and Deuta, and Thulo river have the hydropower Naman and Gimda rivers of Lalitpur potential of 7.67 kW, 8.37 kW and VDC were studies in detail. Pico 7.67 kW respectively at Q80 hydropower sites were identified at discharge.

Table 3. Comparative Site selection Study among Five Sites. SITE 1: SITE 2: Site 3: Site 4: Site 5: Stream Rataun Durlun Naman Deuta Gimda Chandanpur Thuladurlung Location Tesrobato Hathigauda Thuldadurlung 5 2 Catchment 5.2 km2 24.45km2 3.18 km2 5.2 km2 4 km2 Area Measured 181 lps 391 lps 26.6 lps 42.04 lps 32.8 lps Discharge Design 90 lps 160 lps 8.6 lps 20 lps 10.72 lps Discharge Length of power 800 m 2625 m 550m 650m 620m canal/tunnel Head 133 m 200m 63 m 95 m 82 m Theoretical 48.15 kW 160 kW 2.3 kW 8.38 kW 3.88 kW power Economic Feasible Costly Feasible Feasible Feasible feasibility Physical Feasible Feasible Not feasible Feasible Not feasible feasibility Technical Feasible Feasible Feasible Feasibility

100 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015

In Lalitpur District Deuta discharge data were well predicted by river was obtained to be the best the Model. alternative. This is because the power The baseline survey suggested generated was enough to meet the that the general impressions of the power demand of Ward no.3, 4 and 5 household are rural poor depending of Chyamrangbesi VDC. The power- on agriculture lacking irrigation house is located 10 m above from the facility yet people are having access downstream river water level. The to drinking water at supply in each water from the tailrace can be used house. Firewood is the primary for many different purposes like source of energy for all purposes and grinding mills and irrigation, which electricity is the primary source for in turn upgrade the productivity of lighting. Kerosene still used as power and the cash crops. This is secondary source of energy. Land- found to be economically and slide is the biggest environ-mental socially favorable. problem followed by uncertain In Kavre district Rataun River weather changes, seasonal water was found be the best. It was because scarcity. Study shows most of the the power generated was enough to inhabitants, VDC secretaries and meet the power demand of VDC. local authorities have no idea about Being near to read head, IWRM; yet, they agreed in the main transportation costs comes to be frame of IWRM. The relationship lower than for Durlun River. between VDCs and DDCs regarding Development of micro hydropower water use is not very regular. The project in Rataun River will provide minutes and meetings of DIWRMC irrigation from its tailrace for 3 hector depict Durlung Integrated Water of land in Kalyansimha Gaon. Resource Management Project was initiated under local efforts, had good sense of community interest accom- CONCLUSIONS AND panied by the willingness to RECOMMENDATIONS participate for the project activities Average daily discharge of with good understanding, enthusiasm. the Durlung Watershed was estimated VDCs like Chandanpur, as 157 Million Liters by Hydrological Chyamranbesi and ThuloDurlung Modeling in GRASS GIS software. having rivers like Ratan, Durlung, For further modeling it would be Changchang, Naman, Gimda and better if we use 10 m resolution Deuta have huge potential for rural DEM. Due to unavailability of electrification through the off grid frequent discharge data of sub system. Detailed study discovers that watershed comparing the observed Micro-hydropower in Ratan and and simulated discharges was not Deuta River has multidimensional possible though some measured positive impacts on socio-economic development of the region. With the 101 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 given socio-economic conditions, should mention IWRM clearly in topographical variations and avail- laws, policies and strategies which able technical feasibility, the study will be followed by line agencies. shows that the Micro-hydropower is a Rules and Regulations should be promising technology for rural paved properly from policy formation development. to implementation aspects. The Thus the Recommendations framework of memorandum of are: IWRMC should be uniform for whole Irrigation facility is the prime country. Integrated Water Resource need of the people of the area. Management should be promoted by Therefore, IWRM implementation forming a user’s committee under should focus on ways to provide DIWRMC to utilize the water irrigation facilities to the local discharged from the tailrace after the people. Hydropower production is Micro-hydropower development in given more emphasis by the the aforementioned VDCs. Training DIWRMC for economic benefits. A and adequate research are needed for complete package of power enhancing the use of local materials production and sale has to be to reduce the initial cost of hydraulic developed for the area. The economic components. The co-ordination condition is mainly dependent on among the different sectors is needed agricultural products. Complete for the synthesis of the available package trainings on organic farming information and more study should need to be delivered for the farmers be done with the co-operation of local to perform organic farming with people, government bodies, NGOs. confidence in the productivity. Gauging station should be established Landslides are the major problem of at major resource point for accurate the area accelerated by unscientific data measurement. IWRMC should construction of roads in hilly slopes. proceed to get the greater potential Therefore, awareness to stop such from Ratan, Durlung and Deuta River road construction should be given by the initiation of further studies and with the encouragement of road funding opportunities. construction with detailed engineer- ing design and good trail selection. There should be provision of AKNLOWLEGDEMENT IWRMC to work and suggest suitable A sincere thanks to University solution for water resource Grant Commission (UGC), the development for different user authority and staffs of School of Arts, groups. All the water user groups’ School of Science and School of members should be involved as a Engineering; Kathmandu University member of IWRMC. Formation of (KU), Water and Energy Secretariat IWRMC is necessary in watersheds (WECS), Water Resource Manage- for IWRM implementation. State 102 Volume 3 Number 2, July-December 2015 ment Committee (WRMC) of Kavre and implications. Internatio- and Lalitpur District, Durlung nal Water Management Integrated Water Resource Com- Institute, P.O. Box 2075 mittee (DIWRMC), all the team Colombo Sri Lanka member, our research associates, Chenoweth, Jonathan L and Eran students, volunteers, friends, and Feitelson Analysis of Factors family member. Influencing Data and Information Exchange in International River Basins. BIBLIOGRAPHY Can Such Exchanges be used Alford, D. (1992). Hydrological to Build Confidence in aspects of the Himalayan Cooperative Management? region.International Centre International Water Resources for Integrated Mountain Association Water Internatio- Development. nal, Volume 26, Number 4, Bellamy, J.A. and A.K.L. Johnson, Pages 499–512, 2001. 2000, ‘Integrated Resource Conley,A. and Moote M. A., 2003. Management: Moving from "Evaluating Collaborative rhetoric to practice in Natural Resource Manage- Australian agriculture’, ment." Society and Natural Resources 16: 371-386. 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