The Status of Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Medicinal Plants and the Impacts of Resettlement in Delanta, Northwestern Wello, Northern Ethiopia

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2016, Article ID 5060247, 24 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5060247

Research Article The Status of Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Medicinal Plants and the Impacts of Resettlement in Delanta, Northwestern Wello, Northern Ethiopia

Misganaw Meragiaw,1 Zemede Asfaw,1 and Mekuria Argaw2

1 Department of Plant Biology & Biodiversity Management, College of Natural Sciences, National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2Center for Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Misganaw Meragiaw; [email protected]

Received 3 October 2015; Accepted 22 November 2015

Academic Editor: Rahmatullah Qureshi

Copyright © 2016 Misganaw Meragiaw et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The present study was conducted in Delanta (Ethiopia) to examine the use of medicinal plants and investigate the impacts ofthe 1984/85 resettlement program on the local people’s knowledge on herbal medicine and its uses. The research was conducted with 72 informants in six study sites through semistructured interviews, group discussion, and market survey. In this study, 133 species belonging to 116 genera and 57 families were documented. These plants were mentioned for uses in the treatment of about 76 human and livestock ailments. The family Asteraceae was represented by the highest number with 14 species. Herbs accounted for 52.6% of the total species and leaves (32.6%) were the most frequently used parts. The analysis showed that the resettlement program has both positive and negative impacts on nature rehabilitation and local knowledge along with many human induced threats. Most of the plant knowledge is held by traditional healers and permanent residents. The people’s preference for some medicinal plants gave indications of continuity of the ethnomedicinal information among the inhabitants. The findings inform that efforts need to be directed to in situ conservation in two of the plant community types which could protect a good proportion (about 50%) of the medicinal plant species.

1. Introduction cultures for treatment of most human and livestock ailments [3,10].TheusesofplantspeciesasTMPsrepresentbyfarthe The concept of ethnobotanical knowledge has originated biggest human use in terms of number of species of the nat- from local people, which has the potential to redress some of uralworld[11].Itisestimatedthat70–80%ofpeopleworld- the shortcomings of contemporary Western knowledge [1, 2]. wide [12] and 80% of the people of Ethiopia rely chiefly on It is passed down from generation to generation and closely traditional herbal medicines to meet their primary healthcare interwoven with people’s cultural values [3]. Traditional soci- needs. The ways to combat diseases through TMPs are also eties throughout the world hold a wealth of such knowledge as diverse as the different cultures [13–15]. The natural plant which they have built up during prolonged interactions with world is thus full of potential for new drug discovery. There thenaturalworldandwhichremainsfundamentaltotheir are undoubtedly many more secrets still hidden in the world physical, spiritual, and social interests [4, 5]. While plants of plants [16]. These resources are found in locally available can provide multiple uses, the traditional curative practice plants and they benefit from local knowledge (LK) that is of health problem is among the most important ones for simple to use and affordable. Reasonable support for TMPs peoples’ lives [6–8] and it is also one of the sources of modern will not only help bridge some of the gaps between the health treatment [9]. Since time immemorial, traditional demand for and supply of modern pharmaceuticals, but also medicinalplants(TMPs)havebeenusedinvirtuallyall widen healthcare alternatives for posterity [4, 15]. 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Delanta wereda study area map ∘ 󳰀 󳰀󳰀 ∘ 󳰀 󳰀󳰀 ∘ 󳰀 󳰀󳰀 ∘ 󳰀 󳰀󳰀 ∘ 󳰀 󳰀󳰀 ∘ 󳰀 󳰀󳰀 39 12 0 E 39 15 0 E 39 18 0 E 39 21 0 E 39 24 0 E 39 27 0 E N N 󳰀󳰀 󳰀󳰀 0 0 󳰀 󳰀 48 48 ∘ ∘ 11 11 N N 󳰀󳰀 󳰀󳰀 0 0 󳰀 󳰀 45 45 ∘ ∘ 11 11 N N 󳰀󳰀 󳰀󳰀 0 0 󳰀 󳰀 42 42 ∘ ∘ 11 11 N N 󳰀󳰀 󳰀󳰀 0 0 󳰀 󳰀 39 39 ∘ ∘ 11 11

GPS points N N 󳰀󳰀 󳰀󳰀

0 Sample site 0

󳰀 󳰀 N

36 Road 36 ∘ ∘ 11 11 Study area (km) w03 012 4 68

∘ 󳰀 󳰀󳰀 ∘ 󳰀 󳰀󳰀 ∘ 󳰀 󳰀󳰀 ∘ 󳰀 󳰀󳰀 ∘ 󳰀 󳰀󳰀 ∘ 󳰀 󳰀󳰀 39 12 0 E 39 15 0 E 39 18 0 E 39 21 0 E 39 24 0 E 39 27 0 E Figure 1: Map of Ethiopia showing the location of Delanta district and the study sites.

The most serious dilemma facing Delanta was recurrent floras, however, were lost by drought, further aggravated by droughts [17, 18] that often led to famines being usually returning of thousands of resettlers; recovery efforts have accompanied by epidemics of different diseases [19]. Reset- been even more difficult [19]. As a plant species is lost from tlement of local communities, acculturation, and inadequate a locality, the information contained in it will also be slowly understanding of the potentials of TMPs and the associated blurred and finally become lost forever. Urgent ethnob- LK to the present and future generations have led to a decline otanical studies and subsequent conservation measures are, in sustainable use of these biological resources [14, 20]. therefore, required to salvage these resources from further Natural and anthropogenic causes of wild vegetation loss and loss. Thus, the main objective of this study was to document transformation of cultures further exacerbate the situation in the availability of plants which have been used as remedy most parts of Ethiopia including Delanta. Hence, promoting to combat ailments and the LK on use of these resources the cultures and the LK are vital for halting the loss, shaping together with the impacts of the 1984/85 resettlement as so and conserving the floristic diversity. Notably, attempts to far no such study has been conducted in Delanta. respond to healthcare issues lead to ethnobotanical docu- mentationonTMPs[9].However,astheethnobotanical 2. Material and Methods information is not documented and remains in the memory of elderly practitioners and end users, the knowledge base 2.1. Description of the Study Area and Climate. Delanta dis- continuestobethreatened[21,22].Adequateinformationon trict is located at 530 km north of Addis Ababa in northwest- ∘ 󸀠 the TMPs of Ethiopia could only be obtained when studies ern Wello. The major town, Wegeltena, is situated at 11 35 N ∘ 󸀠 areundertakeninthevariouspartsofthecountrywhereno latitude and 39 13 E longitude with an elevation of 2555 m ethnobotanical explorations have been made [23]. (Figure 1). The district has an estimated total population Maintenance of the balance between conservation and of 128, 416 with an area of 1060.17 square kilometers. The human needs has always been a complex matter. Environmen- largest ethnic group is the Amhara (99.96%) and Amharic is tal resettlement programs have been positive with respect spoken as a first language [[28], Delanta District Agricultural to alleviating the problems of recurrent food insecurity and and Rural Development Office, unpublished annual report of enhance restoration of useful wild plants in the original places 2011].TheHealthCentreofDelantaDistricthaseighthealth from where people were moved out. This, however, requires stations and 32 health posts. However, access to modern careful evaluation of people’s attitudes and perceptions of LK health services is very limited in both personnel and equip- [24, 25]. Resettlement took place in Delanta at different times ment availability. Therefore, as Abebe et al. [13] indicated, a [17, 18, 26, 27] and the resettlement is still continuing. More better alternative for the majority is to use the traditional Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3

2555 Delanta district ( ) ∘ 1999–2010 13.2 C 590 mm 300 50 100 40 80 21.6 30 60 C) (mm) ∘

( 20 40 4.3 10 20 0 0 J F M A MJ JA S OND

Figure 2: Climadiagram of the study area from the years 1999 to 2010 (data source: National Meteorological Service Agency of Ethiopia, Kombolicha Branch Directorate, 2011).

herbal remedies. The statistical data of the Delanta District zonesoftheeasternpartwherethe1984/85faminewasespe- Health Centre [unpublished annual report of 2011] shows cially worse [18, 26]. In total, 72 informants aged 20 to 88 that, among 20 types of diseases, the most frequently occur- years (55 males and 17 females) were selected, of whom 18 ring are helminthiasis, lower and upper respiratory tract keyinformantswereselectedbypurposivesamplingbasedon infections (LRTI and URTI), and arthritis. recommendations of elders and local authorities from every The study area receives bimodal rainfall. The major peak six study sites with equal numbers. is important for crop production when the annual rainfall is Plant specimens were collected with local names and GPS received from mid-June to the beginning of September. The data, pressed, dried, and brought to the National Herbarium climadiagram in Figure 2 illustrates that mean annual rainfall (ETH), Addis Ababa University, for final determinations and ∘ andthetemperatureare590mmand13.2C, respectively. As confirmation using taxonomic keys in the flora of Ethiopia the climadiagram and some authors [14, 29] indicate, the and Eritrea, comparison with authentic specimens, and natural vegetation of the study area largely falls under the expert assistance. The voucher specimens with labels were dry ever green montane forest occurring in the altitudinal then deposited at the ETH. The vegetation of the study area ranges of 1,500 to 3,200 m. However, the intense deforestation was described using both the emic and etic categorization ofthehighlandsledtomassivelossofforestcover.Oneofthe methods. The dominant or associated codominant species main contributing factors to the weakness of environmental gave etic plant community types and the emic categories fol- protection and its proneness to drought and famine has been lowed Martin’s system of emic vegetation classification [1], the deterioration of the natural vegetation. which relied on the way the people perceived plants and gave The district is divided into four agroecological zones. names in Amharic language. Farmers depend on both BELG and MEHER rainfall. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statis- Although these two production systems vary in source of tics to evaluate the percentage and frequency of different income along with elevation, crop production is the largest aspects of TMPs. Preference ranking was conducted by using source of income, followed by livestock and off-farm sources nine randomly selected key informants to rank five TMPs’ in the district [18, 28]. With regard to geology of Delanta, very use against febrile illness and the degree of scarcity of other stable and excellent qualities of Ethiopian opals are found in five TMP species. In paired comparison, nine key informants a specific alternating layer of basalt and rhyolitic ignimbrite wereaskedtochoosethetopfiveTMPsusedtotreat thick volcanic series [30]. However, fatal accidents and loss of stomachache based on their medicinal values. The number biodiversity (wild useful plants) caused by collapsing rocks of pairs for each was calculated by applying the formula: or falls from cliffs have been reported and observed. Thus, Number of pairs = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)/2,where𝑛 is the number of the important solution to balance the mining benefits and the items. The total number of items was obtained by summing loss of biodiversity could be replantation of trees in the mine up the total scores obtained. Direct matrix ranking was areas. used to compare seven multipurpose TMPs and six principal threats using nine key informants following Cotton [5]. 2.2. Ethnobotanical Methodology. Ethnobotanical informa- Informant consensus factors were calculated for each ailment tion on the traditional use and management of TMPs was category to identify the agreements of informants on the collected through participatory rural appraisal involving reported cures using the following relationship: ICF =(Nur− semistructured interviews and focus group discussions. All Nt)/(Nur −1), where Nur is the number of use reports from thediscussionsandinterviewswereconductedinAmharic informants for a particular plant use category and Nt is the language. The impact of the 1984/85 resettlement on vege- number of taxa that are used for plant use category for all tation rehabilitation was examined with guided field walk. informants. Eight categories were identified based on local Market survey was integral part of this research. Purposive explanation. ICF value ranges from 0 to 1. Abundance score sampling method was used and six representative sites (kebe- was conducted to reflect the trends of indicator species in les) (kebeles are the smallest administrative division next to homegardens and wild vegetation during periods from the district) consisting of 38 villages were selected within the 1970s to 2011. The informants were asked to score the avail- district. Most of the sites were in the middle agroecological ability of an indicator species of TMPs. The scores ranged 4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

100 82 80 60 50 40 32 20 20 14 12 0 Human Livestock Both

Number of species Number of diseases treated Figure 3: Proportion of treatment of human, livestock, and both human and livestock ailments.

from 0 to 2 where 0 reflected none or nearly none; 1 a few or common route of administration, followed by dermal route some; 2 many or readily available following Nanyunja [20]. (28.7%) as shown in Table 2. In Delanta, no side effects were reported by informants 3. Results except some species like Calotropis procera, Euphorbia spp., and Lobelia rhynchopetalum. The white latex of these species 3.1. Diversity and Growth Habits of TMPs. In total, 133 TMP was used for treating different ailments, which was reported species (including two vascular seedless plant taxa) dis- as noxious for humans if not properly handled. Hagenia tributed into 116 genera and 57 families were documented. abyssinica and Silene macrosolen were said to result in vom- Those species were collected from different habitats, notably iting and diarrhea and if the risk is diagnosed, patients were wildvegetationthatcouldbeenclosedandunenclosed,farm- givenSHIROWOT(saucemadeofpulsegrains)andpowder lands, and homegardens. The growth form analysis of total of Linum usitatissimum infusion in water to reduce the pain. TMPs indicated that the most widely used plant remedies are Cucumis ficifolius and Phytolacca dodecandra were said to obtained from herbs (71 species, 53.4%), followed by shrubs have similar counter indications unless proper care is taken (48 species, 36.1%) and trees (14 species, 10.5%). Of the total in dosage determination. Milk products, salt, honey, coffee, 57 families, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were found to be rep- traditional ale, food, and water are some additives used by resented by the highest number of species (14 and 12, resp.), healers when preparing remedies to improve the taste and followed by Euphorbiaceae and Solanaceae with eight species ointments of remedies. Most of the plant remedies were each. Three families had four to five species, another five employed in fresh forms (54.4%) followed by dried (26.5%) families had three species each, 16 families had two species andbothfreshanddriedforms(19.1%).Thelocalpeople each, and the remaining 29 families were represented by stored dried remedies for future use only for some diseases. one species each (see Appendix 1 in Supplementary Material The majority of prepared remedies were applied through eat- available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5060247). ing, sucking, decanting, and inhaling (internal application, 67%), followed by creaming and tying (external application, TMPs Used for Treating Human and Livestock Ailments.Ofthe 33%). reported 133 TMP species, 82 (61.7%) species representing 72 genera and 44 families were reported as medicine for treating Consensus on Use, Popularity, and Importance of TMPs.The human ailments (Figure 3). Generally, all the TMPs were used top ten TMPs were known by more than one-fourth of the for the treatment of about 76 ailments of human and livestock informants. Ocimum lamiifolium is the most popular, cited (Table 1). by 66 informants (91.7%) for its medicinal value, followed With regard to plant parts, leaves were the most fre- by Zehneria scabra with 61 (84.7%), and others are given in quently used parts (32.6%) used to treat various ailments, Table 3. followed by roots (21.7%), and further details are given in Febrileillnesswasthethirdcommondiseaseofboth Table 2. Most frequently used preparation methods of TMPs humanandlivestockinthedistricthealthoffice.Preference in the area are chopping, crushing, and pounding, which ranking of five TMPs was reported as effective for treating account for the highest proportion (38.3%), followed by febrile illness. Table 4 shows that Ocimum lamiifolium and grinding in powder form (20.0%); roasting, boiling, and Zehneria scabra came in the first and second ranks. cooking (11.3%); rubbing and unprocessing (11.3%); squeez- Paired comparison was made among five TMPs that were ing (10.8%); and chewing and absorbing (8.3%). Once herbal identified by the informants to be used in treating stom- medicaments were prepared, dosages were estimated using achache (Table 5), which was the 2nd common human dis- different locally available materials. Doses of liquid remedies ease according to data from the district health office. The were estimated by using plastic cups or glasses (could be results showed that Schinus molle and Verbena officinalis coffee-cup, tea-cup, or water-cup) or gourd utensils, lid of ranked first and second. rubber,ornumberofdrops.Spoons(teaspoon)forpowders, counting numbers for seeds and fruits, and index finger size Informant Consensus Factor (ICF).Diseasesthatwerefound for roots are some of the traditional tools of estimation. to be prevalent in the area were treated by a variety of After estimating the doses, different routes of adminis- TMPs.ThehighestICFvalue(0.91)hasbeenshownfrom tration were used. Oral route (43.9%) was being the most the categories of respiratory disease, febrile illness, and throat Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5 Nigella , powder is drunk and and seed of A. sativum Artemisia afra, and then two Buddleja and fumigated the house and Verbena officinalis Zingiber officinale Guizotia abyssinica Myrica salicifolia, estock;H:human;Hl.:both),Cp.: and flower of Asparagus africanus, Verbscum and whole parts of , Sesamum orientale ,barkof ,andV:vaginal),andPu.:plantpartsused t). and crushed and are crushed and the smoke on the burning Otostegia integrifolia Impatiens rothii Cucumis ficifolius Eleusine floccifolia ,and Withania somnifera, Lobelia giberroa, Sida schimperiana, Thymus schimperi Lepidium sativum Asparagus africanus with pestle and mortar and eaten with Injera for three ,and and then the irritated feet and fingers are immersed in thecooker for powder form of Sesamum orientale consecutive days at 9th pregnancyIt month is powdered with Method of preparation and application of TMPs Pounded and squeezed leaf juice iseye filteredwith cotton cloth droppedand into the Pounded and squeezed leaf juice isIt drunk is with crushed a and coffee mixed glass withIt water is and crushed poured and into mixed the with noseThe water in bulb and both then openings is peeled poured and orally The bulb aromathe is sniffed chopped and mixed with ground seed of It is cooked with chopped root of teaspoons are taken with the samemonth size of infusion pregnancy of period honey forThearomaofleafisinhaledbyinsertinghalfpartofitintonose three days at ninth The infected outer part Itof the is kepteye in is heated pocket asChopped with tooth roasted and brush; pounded portion the rhizome powder of stem isform is is mixed tied homogenized with in with root water, others of andbefore like one breakfast coffee glass is drunk once in morning the is inhaled polystachya three consecutive days It is placed on burning dung with sinaiticum,Trajiacinerea,Ferulacommunis Crushed leaf is bandaged onPounded the and wound squeezed leaf is filteredcup with water to be drunkIt is in crushed a andhalf then size dressed water of on the bleeding part of livestock and human Crushed leaf juice is creamed on head and face or any parts that felt sickness firewood is sniffed; powder the form is tiedthe neck on sativa continuously Its bulb with the roots of It is pasted the latex on theIt wounded is part pounded of with livestock the and human root of Carissa spinarum, Dodonaea angustifolia, VerbenaCroton officinalis, macrostachyus, Capparis tomentosa, Verbasicum siniaticum, JasminumCeratostigma grandiflorum, abyssinicum, Clerodendrum myricoides,Cyphostemma Ferula communis, adenocaule Ruta chalepensis Chopped bulb is boiled in water and then the decoction is drunk in a tea glass )O F )D F )DF likift Tkusat Kunchir SH TrachomaOp.F LH ConjunctivitisOp.F LHImpetigo( F LH CommoncoldN LEvilspiritatbirthND L H Tonsillitis O F Hmrec(ruaDF LHEmergency(trauma)D B HBH DrycoughOFd. Leech infestation O Fd. BB L H Leech infestation Influenza virus N Fd. N F BHHeartburn( BH EvileyeD/NF H Rfco/iesOD RH Rhfactor/diseaseO HeoraetitOF RHHemorrhageatbirthO R Hl. Bleeding of any part D F RL Rhfactor/diseaseOD WH EvileyeO/DFd. Fl. H Idiopathy ( La. Hl. Wound (irritation) D F Rh. H Birth control O D Scientificname Achyranthes aspera Pu.Aeonium leucoblepharum Ajuga integrifolia Allium cepa Uf. Disease treatedAllium sativum Cp. Ra. Aloe camperi Aloe pulcherrima Artemisia abyssinica Arundo donax condition of preparation (F: fresh; D:(R:root,S:stem,Sb.:stembark,Rh.:rhizome,L:leaf,F:fruit,Fl.:flower,Se.:seed,B:bulbs,La.:latex,W:wholeparts,andAg.:abovegroufndpar dried; and Fd.: fresh & dried), Ra.: route of administration (D: dermal, Op.: optical, N: nasal, O: oral, A: anal Table 1: TMPs used against human and livestock ailments and detailed information on methods of preparation. Description of data: Uf.: used for (L: liv 6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine on Hibiscus camperi . and is creamed A and root of Lepidium sativum pulcherrima . A ,sameas bulb in small amount of pulcherrima Clematis semensis Trajia cinerea . A sativum . A Impatiens rothii for drinking the decoction; the cooked Euphorbia polycantha, Ficus palmata, Aloe ; the powder is tied in the neck with Abesha cloth Vicia faba ,and squeezed leaf of sativum sativum . . A A then stirred in local beer, and drunk in one cup of coffeeuntil recovery waterinthebowlseatenwithInjera The same method is usedmorning treat to loss appetite, of prior taking to other diets in the Method of preparation and application of TMPs It is crushed and homogenized inIt water is for pounded washing with the the swelling root by of saying other “Betin” species like It is boiled in water with seed of It is ground and homogenized inand residue decanted of traditional ale with Its flowers are cooked with crushedCrushed root of and powdered leaf is mixedcreamed with butter and then the infected head part is It is pounded and squeezed byremnant adding is water creamed and is takenIt by is a pounded cup by of adding tea water andpasted and the is decanted by a cup of water and the remnant is It is crushed and pounded with the whole parts of It is the same as used in Theyoung aboveground part is crushedof egg and injury the applied is as cream with yolk bean is eaten and the remnant is inhaled through nose The root or stem barkThechopped is same methods and placed are used theon treat to evilfire spirit the and and smoke is inhaled hang remainder the on the roof eriospermus, It is ground and homogenized in a cup of water and then drunk by pregnant woman Its latex is used alone or mixed with Itsleafiscrushedandstirredinwatertowashcattleorcalvesuntilremovaloflice The ground seed is mixedthe with morninghoney until recovery, and beforeeaten taking three-liter with other diets rubber lid size in The pod chopped is andmixed freshly with The room of sheepgoats or “Mentie” is fumigated andremnants the are placed against there It is boiled in the pot with water at night and the decoction is drunk in theAboveground morning parts are chopped and thechickens room themselves of sniffed chickens smokes is nasally fumigated and the pulcherrima, Lobelia giberroa inflamedpart The liquid chewed is and absorbedIt soon is crushed and and animals for soaked9th its crushed in month water of for decanted is pregnancy leaf one day periodIt and is drunk the in one same cup as of used coffee prior in to Thelatexisappliedascreamonpartpiercedbysharpenmaterialwiththehelpof needle Crushed and powdered leaf is applied as cream with latex of )OD Table 1: Continued. )DD )DD Atnt Kirit )DF )DF Lashign Agjil Mentie kijamr H Mlrarvvl OF FH Malaria(revival) F H Appetite loss O F F H Idiopathy D F LL Bodylice( O F LHl. Snakebite H Rfco/ies OF LH Rhfactor/disease H Bisfrnl)DD LH Boils(furuncle) H Acrai OF LH OFd. Ascariasis LH Tineafavus( LHL Sexualimpotencyinmen H Diuretic O F H.Rfco/ies OD RHl. Rhfactor/disease R LRL Dysentery( Febrile illness O/D Fd. R H Febrile illness O/D Fd. H EieeD/NFd. RH Evileye H EieeD/ND RH Evileye Se.Se. L H Abortion of unborn child ( Bloating O D Se. H Giardiasis and amoebiasis O D La. H Hemorrhoids/tumor (swollen anal veins) A F La. H Piercing by sharper D F Ag. Hl. Swelling ( Ag. H Circumcision D F Ag. L Coccoides (chicken lice) D/N D R/Sb. H Epidemic N D R/Sb. H Evil spirit (sickness) N D Scientificname Asparagus africanus Bersama Pu. abyssinica Brassica nigra Buddleja polystachya Caesalpinia decapetala Uf. Disease treatedCalotropis procera Cp. Ra. Calpurnia aurea Capparis tomentosa Capsicum annuum Carduus schimperi Carissa spinarum Carthamus lanatus Catha edulis Ceratostigma abyssinicum Chenopodium schraderianum Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7 in and ,and ssp. by adding small that contained String hermonthica and the concoction is before sexual and Leucas martinicensis Withania somnifera Datura stramonium Olea europaea and the decoction is drunk Sorghum and ,andwhole Vicia faba Solanum anguivi Inula confertiflora Jasminum grandiflorum C. tomentosa Inula confertiflora, Echnops hispidus ;crushedandpowderedrootistiedontheneck ; the powder is tied in the neck with Abesha cloth Cyphostemma adenocaula Solanecio gigas , sativum . as a container with water for two to three days and the A. sativum A Osyris quadripartita on Friday spp. Lagenaria siceraria new concoction is decanted Powdered root is mixed with cheese in one tea glass and then drunk Method of preparation and application of TMPs The whole parts are crushedbutter and powdered and then the burnt part is creamed with It is the same as used in The crushed leaf is soaked water in and decanted into cattle through their nose Fresh leaf is boiled in water and the decoction is drunkthe in leaf a of cup of tea Freshly washed root is chewed andIt is absorbed crushed by and woman squeezed with the leaf of Peeled and boiled fruit is eaten before taking other diets soon by mother at birth In powder form, one teaspoon isPowdered infused root is into mixed doro wot with and cheese then in eaten one by cup Injera of tea and then drunk and the remnant is inhaled through nose The leaf is crushed andTriticum squeezed and the affected part is creamed with powder of Affected tooth is heated by chopped andparts roasted stemwithout contact with other It is crushed and pounded with the root of Its root is crushed together with root of amount of water and droppedfor to 3 the days affected at night eye and andsunlight washed then with applied water as in the creamItischewedandabsorbedwithripefruitof morning butter prior to exposure to The acetic fruit pierced is It squeezed and is pierced and and the squeezed; thenhead creamed is the affected with parts yolk are creamed of egg alone specially faces drunk with coffee; the rootscuspidata are dug by hoes with stick of The raw seed is eatenIt with is small chopped and amount boiled in of groundand water the with salt boiled seed beans of by the are eaten patient Itischoppedandplacedonthefirewith intercourse at the end of menstrual cycle Peeled fruit is boiled at nightThe and head eaten in is rubbed the and morning creamed before taking alone other diets with or the leaf of inhaled It is the same as used in It is crushed alone or with root of is soaked in ale and decantedpoisoned when insects cattle ate the leaf of )O F )O F Table 1: Continued. Sing Akara )OF )OD )OF )DF )DF )OD )OFd. )DF )OD Alsha kurtet Berar Chebt Agogot Forefor Yewuf Kunchir Cheguara H TohceD F SH Toothache FH D F Dandruff FHFH Gastritis( Stomachache( FH Ringworm( L Hl. Eye injury (inserted materials or hit) Op. F LH Dandruff( LH Impetigo( L L LeechLH infestation O F Malaria N F L L Poison insects on Sorghum ( R H Removal of retained placenta ( H. RbevrsO D RHl.R Rabiesvirus H Jaundice ( RH Emergency( O F RH Birthcontrol R H Evil spirit (Sickness) N D R H Gonorrhea ( RH D D Evileye RH D/ND Evileye R L Emaciation O Fd. W H Fire accident D D Se. H Stomachache ( Sb. H Ascariasis O F (Christm.) Swingle Scientificname Cistanche tubulosa Citrus aurantifolia Clematis simensis Clerodendrum myricoides Pu. Clutia abyssinica Colutea abyssinica Uf. Disease treatedCombretum molle Conyza hypoleuca Cp. Ra. Coriandrum sativum Croton macrostachyus Cucumis ficifolia Cucurbita pepo 8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine A. before Hordeum Eragrostis tef C. macrostachyus C. pepo and pasted on the andpowderedandthenthe on the heated tool and the A. pulcherrima Hordeum vulgare Kalanchoe petitiana Lepidium sativum Kalanchoe petitiana A. sativum in the form of Injera and eaten for three consecutive days Crushed and pounded root is eatenfiltration with with ale/beer water, of one cup of coffee, for three consecutive days It is pounded and soaked inlivestock water is by creamed a cup ofIt water is and pounded is and decanted infused and in the smoke one for cup cattle of water andIt decanted, is and crushed fumigated and the placed on the hot fire and inhaled by all householders Method of preparation and application of TMPs It is the same methodSeeds of mixed preparation to and butter ingredients are roasted asopening on used their plate mouth in and inhaled theThe vapor fresh air through leaf is rubbed andIt applied is as boiled cream in on water and the its head decoction like is drunk and then the vapor air is inhaled The whole parts are roasted with It is pounded and squeezed andparts soaked are in creamed water and is drunk by a cup of tea and all Crushed leaf is soaked in water and the concoction decanted into the nose of cattle It is the same ingredientTheleafisroastedwiththeseedof and preparation method of smoke is inhaled by adding cooleye water is on closed the roasted leaf and at the same time the Thestem placed is burning on 3–5 dung drops of and its smoke the latexsniffed areand homogenized Injera to in is treat Donkey’s water made cough with that the isPounded powder to flower of be eatenis infused by infectedin honey patient In powder applied and form, cream as two teaspoons on wound vulgare are roasted with equal size of roasted Crushed leaf is mixed with smallnose amount of water is poured to the cattle via their The whole parts are crushedparts and that infused felt illness are in small washed amount except chest water of and then the inflamed parts are creamed withRhus butter retinorrhoea until recovery but for itching with the leaf of It is rubbed and its aromaIt inhaled is rubbed and its aroma inhaled without calling its name “Nech-Bahirzaf” It is crushed and pounded with leaf of injured parts Powdered leaf is glued with itspulcherrima cracked stem on the brokenIt bone is with crushed sap of and powdered andsame tied as on the neck and roots are inhaled with others In powder form, two teaspoonsmeals infusions into one cup of water are taken before The latexes are applied as cream on the affected parts only Table 1: Continued. leaf O F )DF )DF )O/DFd. )DFd. )OFd. )DFd. )ND barle Mich Kosso Sorghum Sheft Shiwuta Kuro sgadewie SL Cough( L H Ringworm, dandruff D F L L Leech infestation N F LLH H CommoncoldNF Headache N F L H Febrile illness O/N F L L Leech infestation N F L H Emergency illness N F RH Tapeworm( H EieeD/ND RH Evileye R L Poison insects on RL Rhfactor/diseaseOD W H Scabies, itching, and injury of skin D Fd. OD WH Ascariasis WH Wound( W H Febrile illness ( Fl. H Leprosy ( Se. H Toothache D D La. H Ascariasis O F La. H Skin infection ( S & L Hl. Bone fracture D Fd. R&SR & L S H Struckcattle Epidemic; evil eye O/N Fd. N D R&S L Sunstroke( R & S H Febrile illness O/D Fd. R & Sb. H Gastritis, cough O D Scientificname Cyathula uncinulata Pu.Cynoglossum coeruleum Cyphostemma adenocaula Datura stramonium Debregeasia saeneb Uf. Disease treatedDodonaea angustifolia Dyschoriste radicans Cp. Ra. Echinops hispidus Ehretia cymosa Ekebergia capensis Eleusine floccifolia Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus globulus Euphorbia abyssinica Euphorbia platyphyllos Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9 , is applied and squeezed leaf Thymus schimperi and decanted for and then the vapor is and applied as cream on are crushed and dried and is drunk in a half size C. hypoleuca C. ficifolius flower of Euphorbia tirucalli on the wound part only C. pepo and spitted to the affectedcattle E. polycantha B. polystachya C. procera and C. lanatus C. procera Silene macrosolen, Phytolacca and dropped into eye injured by and Zehneria scabra I. confertiflora Verbscum sinaiticum C. myricoides A. aspera C. procera and and by pestle and mortar and then the concoction is A. camperi Solanum incanum and the leaf of Rumex nervosus C. spinarum Nigellasativum,A.sativum, C. myricoides C. ficifolus E. cymosa Zingiber officinale , after bleeding the wound with bladeuntil recovery ,and latex C. simensis Euphorbia Chopped and pounded tubular root is pasted on the injured body The leaf chewed is and absorbed during feeling pain the cattle It is squeezed alone or with inhaled drunk until recovery The seed chewed is and the chewed seed pitted is on wounded the neck of bull Method of preparation and application of TMPs as cream Its latex is applied asIt is cream the with same latex method of ofThe preparation milky as latex used in pasted is aloneof with or the latex of It is boiled with the leaf of Chopped and pounded stem bark iscattle mixed with water and poured intoIt the is nose crushed of and pounded with the root of It is pounded with seed of Itischoppedandpowderedwiththerootof dodecandra It is the same method and ingredient used in It is the same method as usedThe in young leaf is chewed with the leaf of It is crushed with the leaf of eye It is the same as and rhizome of cup of coffee The seed poundedis by pestlethen a mortar and small amount mixed and is eaten“Shiro” in in stew (before ale a is filtration) separate taken and house with one boy; if the risk comes, the Thewound is bled first and then its latex with of latex The wound is bled first Itand isthen the its samelatex method is applied and ingredient as used cream in alone until recovery It is boiled and then theGround decoction seed is drunk is by soaked adding in sugar water like with tea small amount of salt and drunk by a cup of tea Roots are dug at seven distinctTwo teaspoonful places; pounded powders was root is infused eaten inand with to drunk Injera glass of water (one cup of tea amount) The cleaned root is chewedPounded and leaf liquid the is absorbed soaked infor water cattle and drunk orally for human and decanted nasally It is the same method of preparation and ingredient of the vagina It is the same method of preparation and ingredient of Its young leaf and leaf of under sunlight and then powdered to cream the infected part with “cul” Table 1: Continued. )Op.F )O F )OD )DF )DF )DF )Op.F )DF kurba likift mora Kunchir Kunchir Aynemaz Shntemat Bigungi L H Eye injury Op. F L L Removal of placenta O F LL Cataract( L L Leech infestation N F LHStomachache( L H Febrile illness Op. F L Hl. Leech infestation O/NL F Hl. Eye injury Op. F LHTrachoma( L H Diuretic ( H Soahce F RR L H Sterile cow/be fertile Intestine pain O D O D RH StomachacheO R L Emaciation O Fd. RH ImpotencyinmenOFd. Se. L Swelling bull neck D D Se. H Dry cough O D Se. H Tapeworm O D Se. H Malaria O D Sb. L Leech infestation NSb. H F Malaria O D La.La.La. H H H Impetigo ( Boils ( Skin cancer (tumor)La. D H F Impetigo ( La. LLa. Donkey’s wart H D Hemorrhoids F D F Sh. H Hemorrhage at birth V F Tu. H Fire accident D Fd. Tu. H Idiopathy ( Scientificname Euphorbia polyacantha Pu.Euphorbia tirucalli Euryops pinifolius Ferula communis Uf. Disease treatedFicus palmata Ficus vasta Foeniculum vulgare Gossypium hirsutum Cp. Ra. Grewia ferruginea Guizotia abyssinica Hagenia abyssinica Hibiscus eriospermus Hypoestes forskaolii Impatiens rothii Inula confertiflora Jasminum grandiflorum 10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine on wound and butter; then . sp Usea C.hypoleuca A. pulcherrima Rhus retinorrhoea C. procera D. radicans A. sativum G. abyssinica B. nigra andsoakedinwaterwithashfordecantingfor preparation Salvia schimperi H. forskaolii the inflamed body is creamed andThe stayed crushed under aboveground sunlight parts for are inhaleddisease a fewminutes on hot fireto transmissionreduce of sheep and goat Method of preparation and application of TMPs The root is chewed and liquid the absorbed It is the same method of preparation and ingredient of It is the same method andIt ingredient is of the same method andIts ingredient root used is in crushed in waterChopped until and pounded formation stem of bark bubble is and pasted then with the powdered head is washed The whole parts are poundedwashed and immersed in pot water for three days and body is Crushed and pounded leaf is appliedinjured part as cream with the milk of pregnant cow on the It is pounded and soaked incattle water and then the concoction decanted in nose of The leaf is crushed powderedand with the of leaf The ground seed is boiled withIt is oil the sameand drunk method and byOne ingredient tea glass cup of of squeezed leaf iscream drunk to with injured parts coffee orally and the remainder is applied as Crushed and pounded leaf is stirredCrushed in and water pounded and leaf then is decanted stirred forCrushed in all and water pack pounded and animals leaf then is decanted stirred forIts in leaf cow water is and crushed then and decanted poundedcattle for and cattle then immersed in water toIt wash is the crushed body with of Once bled with blade, chopped andIt peeled is stem the twig same is method tied and onThe ingredient injured fruit as neck is of roasted, bull usedbull as is container rubbed of butter on flame,It isand crushed injured the and applied of neck asrecovery cream on infected head andThe other leaf skin is parts chewed until andIt the is liquid the absorbed same as Crushed and pounded leaf is stirredCrushed in and water pounded and leaf then is decanted stirred forIt in is cattle water the and same then method decanted and for ingredient cattle of It is the same ingredientRipe and fruit preparation is method eaten and of traditionalThe beer/ale leaf is drunk pounded is in the squeezedand water morning before adding by any meals water and thendrinking half a cup of The leaf pounded is andsoaked nose of water in cattle and then concoction the decantedis into Table 1: Continued. )D F )O D )OD )DD )DFd. Alsha Nifat Lifie Aguagot Ekek S L Swelling bull neck D F F L Swelling bull neck D D FH AscariasisOF LLLRhfactor/diseaseOF L LLL BodyliceDF LLL DysenteryOF Febrile illness Leech infestation OLH N RingwormDF LH StomachacheOF L F F LL Hl.LL BloatingOF StruckcattleOF Leech infestation O/N F LH TapewormOF L H Itching ( LHRingworm( L L Leech infestation NL F LL Leech infestation H N Headache; febrile F O/D F RH DandruffDF RH StomachacheOF W L EmaciationW O H Fd. Psychiatric disorder D F Se. H Dry cough O D Se. H Stomachache ( Se. L Bloating ( Sb. Hl. Wound (any type) D F Sb. L Rh factor/disease O Fd. La. H Hemorrhoids/tumor D F Ag. H Epidemic N D Ag. H Scabies ( R&S H Evileye O/D D Scientificname Juniperus procera Justicia schimperiana Pu. Kalanchoe petitiana Lagenaria siceraria Uf. Disease treatedLaggera tomentosa Launaea intybacea Leonotis Cp. ocymifolia Ra. Lepidium sativum Leucas martinicensis Lippia adoensis Lobelia rhynchopetalum Malva verticillata Mentha longifolia Momordica foetida Myrica salicifolia Myrsine africana Myrtus communis Nicotiana rustica Nigella sativa Ocimum lamiifolium Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11 and the Rumex in a cup of Verbena Solanum incanum Z. scabra and for three days and and C. hypoleuca Verbena officinalis and mixed with butter and L. siceraria and immersed in water under a C. macrostachyus Stephania abyssinica C. procera M. communis C. hypoleuca P. d e ntata C. abyssinica and then the concoction is decanted for the cattle, L. siceraria which are immersed in a new container of then the concoction is decanted forfarmland the bull which is falling during plowing up the coffee and then the concoction isIt drunk is crushed and pounded withnew leaf container of of specially ox and cow The aboveground parts are fumigated onhot fire, specially for the birth new time The bleeding wart is heated withnervosus chopped and roasted stemwith the sap of Method of preparation and application of TMPs Crushed and roasted parts are powderedon and injured then parts are applied asIt cream is with the butter same methodOne-half of of preparation a and cup ingredient of coffee of The of leaf squeezed leaf is crushed and is drunk, squeezed specially and formixed babies root to of The leaf pounded is squeezedand before any diet and then drunkIt in is cup a chopped of and tea pounded themorning within the root of Crushed and squeezed leaf is mixedis in drunk boiled cup of coffee andIt then is the squeezed and decoction mixed inand boiled the cup face of is coffee and creamed then the decoction is drunk Leaf is pounded and squeezed byeye using clean cloth and addedThe to powder injured or infected is tied on theIt neck is similarand methodsheld as in thosePounded the pocket used leaf wherever in is pasted moved they on woundedPounded part and squeezed leaf is takenas in cream a with half malt index on finger the size center of cup of head byand saying applied is “sikel, sikel” It is the same method andIt ingredient is of chopped and poundedofficinalis with the root of It is roasted and powdered with thethen leaf applied as of cream It is crushed and roasted andwound then powdered root is applied as cream with butter on powder is mixed with the milkglass of identical color cow and calf and drunk in half tea The cleaned root is chewed and absorbed It is similar method to that used in Crushed and powdered root is fumigatedsmelt and the aroma of the smoke at night is It is chewed and absorbed beforeand any did diet not during take the any starting sour new taste year fruits of from Ethiopia the time on wards The leaf pounded is and stirredis decanted in water containedthat salt and theconcoction then The cleaned root is chewed and absorbed alone or with root the of Table 1: Continued. )OD )OF )O/DF )OFd. )DFd. )DFd. )Op.F )DFd. )DD )DFd. Alsha Abayanet Wereza Ejeseb Ejeseb Mora Ekek Ekek Chifie Ayinetila SH Human’swartDF H TohceDF SH Toothache L DsneyOF LL Dysentery LH Emergency( L H Vomiting, nausea, & diarrhea O F L H Vomiting & diarrhea O F H Dare OF LLH L Diarrhea EmaciationL H O Fd. Ascariasis, diarrhea O F LHl.Cataract( LL H HL Wound (infection) H Tonsillitis D Itching F ( O/D Fd. RH AgainstsnakebiteOF R H Evil spirit ( H EieeND R L Weakling bullRH ( R Evileye RH Stomachache( H Itching ( W H Fire accident D D WW H H Evil spirit ( Evil spirit ( Sh. H Eczema ( Ag. H Evil spirit N Fd. R&L Hl Rabiesvirus O D cuspidata ssp. neoglutinosa L L Leech infestation N F ssp. Scientificname Olea europaea Orobanche ramosa Osyris quadripartita Otostegia fruticosa Pu. Otostegia integrifolia Uf. Disease treatedOtostegia tomentosa Phytolacca dodecandra Cp. Ra. Plectranthus cylindraceus Polygala abyssinica Primula verticillata Pteris dentate Pteris pteridioides Pulicaria schimperi Rhamnus prinoides Rhus glutinosa Rhus retinorrhoea Rhynchosia minima Ricinus communis Rubus apetalus Rumex abyssinicus Rumex nepalensis 12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine R. and and salt A. afra A. aspera C. ficifolus and stem of and then drunk with cup of C. hypoleuca Zingiber officinale A. sativum C. macrostachyus G. abyssinica A. sativum A. pulcherrima C. lanatus R. nepalensis infusion in water is taken as reducing P. dodecandra J. schimperiana cuspidata ssp. except that there is no restriction on taking any sour Linum usitatissimum O. Europaea P. abyssinica G. ferruginea The fruit is chewed and held with the bulb of The ripe fruit/seed eatenis alone for both prevention and treatment of disease Method of preparation and application of TMPs The fruit/seed eatenis alone or withrhizome the of It is the same method andIt ingredient is used the in same method andCrushed ingredients and used pounded in root in halfrisk index comes, finger powder size of is drunkpain by tea glass, and if the It is the same method and ingredients used in Thestem roasted is hot on cream fire on wound andbubbles the arisenIt is from the stem applied are same as as It is the same method of preparation and ingredient used in Its fruit is pierced andIts its fluid fluid iscollected and with seed squeezed leaf are collected of in a cup to be decanted nasally It is the sametaste as fruits It is the same method andThe ingredients crushed used in or normalthe leafIt is boiled is the same method and andthen ingredienttaken used in like tea a with a tea glass It is the same as It is the same method and ingredient of It is the same method of preparation and ingredient of Its leaf is crushed and tied to bleeding nose alone or with the leaf of The washed or cleaned raw leafbefore any meals is chewed The leaf boiled is hot in lid water and aromaits fumigatedIt three is peeledtimes with opening by blade; the threePounded half and little squeezed finger leaf size is rhizomes droppedmaterials on are inserted the injured in eye the vagina by insertion of bad The fruit is pounded withon pestle wound and mortar and then applied as cream with butter tea Roasted and pierced ripe fruit can be eaten with straw or hay fodders nervosus It is the same method and ingredient used in Table 1: Continued. )OFd. )OFd. )D F )DFd. )NF )DF kurba kurba Agogot Ekek lebuda Chifra SH Human’swartDF SHRingworm( FHEvileye( FHStomachache( FHStomachache( FH BirthcontrolOF FH DrycoughOD F H Itching ( FL EvileyeOF LH HypertensionOFd. LH EyepainOp.F L Hl. Bleeding (epistaxis) DL F LH H EyeinjuryOpF Night blindness D/N F LL DysenteryOF L L EmaciationLH GastritisOF O F RH EvileyeO/DD RH TapewormOFd. RH StomachacheOF RHAgainstsnakebiteOF WW L H Poisoned insects Impotency (in men) O O Fd. Fd. Se. H Rh factor/disease O D Rh. H Abortion V F F&Se. L Cough( F&Se. H Rabiesvirus O F Scientificname Rumex nervosus Pu.Ruta chalepensis Salvia schimperi Schinus molle Sesamum orientale Sida schimperiana Uf. Disease treatedSilene macrosolen Solanecio gigas Solanum anguivi Cp. Ra. Solanum marginatum Solanum incanum Solanum nigrum Stephania abyssinica Striga hermonthica Thymus schimperi Tragia brevipes Urtica simensis Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13 E. hispidus C. or B. abyssinica R. minima A. sativum R. chalepensis A. sativum P. dodecandra F. vasta and then half index finger size by a tea glass is C. ficifolus macrostachyus drunk Method of preparation and application of TMPs The liquid chewed is andsucked It is and the residue the same method spitted is andOne ingredient water used cup in of pounded rootCrushedandpoundedrootissoakedinwaterandpouredorallyforalllivestock in the water is decanted aloneIt is or with the same method andIt ingredient is used crushed in alone or with The leaf is crushed and pounded and then tied oninjured the part Itisgroundandsoakedinwaterandpastedonwoundandthenheatedbydungof jackass It is the same method and ingredient used in either It is the same method and ingredient used in Crushed and pounded leaf is stirredparts in are water creamed until except bubbles chest are andsniffed formed the and dried then root all is fumigated on hot fire and It is the same method andThe ingredient leaf used in pounded is squeezedand It is and the then drunk same method in andIt ingredient is used half the a in same cup of tea method and ingredient used in Table 1: Continued. )OFd. Betir . 1 L H Jaundice O F L H Wound, bleeding D F RRRLStruckcattle( R HRH LR EvileyeO/ND Stomachache/nausea L Weakling bull H O Febrile illness Psychiatric disorder F O O O D Fd. Fd. H.aisiuOD RHl.RabiesvirusO R HRH Evileye/spiritD/ND Febrile illness D/N Fd. Se.Se. H H Boils Ascariasis D O D D Ag. H Febrile illness N F Rh. H Stomachache O Fd. Scientificname Verbena officinalis Pu.Verbscum sinaiticum Vernonia leopoldii VernoniaUf. Disease treated schimperi Vicia faba Withania somnifera Cp. Ra. Zehneria scabra Zingiber officinale For authorities to scientificnames of each species, Appendix see 14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Table 2: Frequency of plant parts used and route of administration of remedy from TMPs.

Plants parts Frequency Percentage Route of administration Frequency Percentage Leaf only 75 32.6 Oral 101 43.9 Root only 50 21.7 Dermal 66 28.7 Fruit only 16 6.9 Nasal 26 11.3 Seed only 15 6.5 Optical 11 4.8 Whole plant 15 6.5 Oral and dermal 10 4.3 Latex only 12 5.2 Dermal and nasal 8 3.5 Stem only 8 3.5 Oral and nasal 5 2.2 Aboveground parts 7 3.0 Vaginal 2 0.9 Bulb 6 2.6 Anal 1 0.4 Root and stem 5 2.2 Total 230 100.0 Stem bark only 5 2.2 Rhizome only 3 1.3 Root and stem bark 3 1.3 Flower only 2 0.9 Fruit and seed 2 0.9 Shoot only 2 0.9 Tuber 2 0.9 Leaf and stem 1 0.4 Root and leaf 1 0.4 Total 230 100.0

Table 3: Informant consensus on commonly known TMP species. and bought for various use values such as spices, condiments, foods and beverages, fumigants, and cultural and spiritual Total aspects. These species included Allium cepa, A. sativum, Scientific name informants’ Percentage Rank Capsicum annuum, Myrtus communis, Rhamnus prinoides, agreement Cucurbita pepo, Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata, Otostegia inte- Ocimum lamiifolium 66 91.7 1st grifolia, Ruta chalepensis, Vicia faba,andZingiber officinale. Zehneria scabra 61 84.7 2nd Carduus schimperi 56 77.8 3rd Achyranthes aspera 42 58.3 4th Multiple Uses and Ranking of Ethnomedicinal Plant Species. SomeoftheTMPsinthestudyareawereusedforotherpur- Schinus molle 37 51.4 5th poses. Multiple use analysis showed that firewood and char- Allium sativum 35 48.6 6th coal are the most frequently mentioned uses (27.3%) while Echinops hispidus 30 41.7 7th thewild(normalandfamine)foodcategorywastheleast Cucumis ficifolius 25 34.7 8th reported (10.0%) (Figure 4). Aloe pulcherrima 21 29.2 9th Use diversity analysis shows that, among the six TMPs, Withania somnifera 20 27.8 10th Carissa spinarum is ranked 1st, followed by Rhus vulgaris ssp. neoglutinosa, and the others are given in Table 7. infection with relatively smaller number of species (19) used Threats to and Conservation Status of TMPs.Thethreats by a large proportion of the healers, followed by disease resulted mainly from human activities and they varied from related to internal parasites and gastrointestinal disorders site to site. Among these activities, agricultural land expan- with ICF value of 0.82, represented by the highest number of sion is ranked 1st, followed by fuel wood and construction both species (46) and informants (248). On the other hand, material collection, overgrazing, mining opal, and drought the category of genitourinary problems was only treated by (Table 8). healers, which had the lowest ICF value of 0.43 with five Further analysis showed that Withania somnifera came species (Table 6). out in the first rank of most threatened TMP (Table 9).

Marketable TMPs in Delanta District.Marketsurveywas Trends in Abundance of TMP Species. The degree of abun- conductedatTirtriaandAdaguainthemajortown.Some dance of TMP species considering their current status was herbal medicinal plants were recorded based on direct obser- reported as 50 common species, followed by rare (45 species) vation and interviewing traders, vendors, and consumers. and sparsely distributed species (40), based on informants’ They reported that most of the herbal medicines were sold perception and direct field observation in the wild state. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15

Table 4: Preference ranking of TMPs against febrile illness.

Key informants (coded K1 to K9) with the ranks they gave Plant species that treat febrile illness K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9 Total Rank Carduus schimperi 412543531283rd Echinops hispidus 545122323274th Ocimum lamiifolium 354354245351st Vernonia schimperi 131211414185th Zehneria scabra 223435155302nd

Table 5: Results of paired comparison for five TMPs used for treating stomachache.

Key informants (Coded K1 to K9) with the ranks they gave Plant species that treat stomachache K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9 Score Rank Rumex nepalensis 021031400114th Ruta chalepensis 213240021153rd Schinus molle 432423334281st Solanum incanum 10010221295th Verbena officinalis 344314143272nd

Table 6: Informant consensus factor for the given disease category.

Category N. spp. Nur. ICF Respiratory, febrile illness, and throat infection (common cold, influenza, dry 19 203 0.91 cough, tonsillitis, and sunstroke) Internal parasites and gastrointestinal disorder (rabies virus, jaundice, stomachache, bloating, vomiting and nausea, appetite loss, malaria, diarrhea and dysentery, 46 248 0.82 tapeworm, ascariasis, giardiasis, and amoebiasis, leech infestation, and heartburn) Dermatological disorders/infections (swelling, wound, dandruff, ring worm, 34 178 0.81 leprosy, eczema, itching, wart, boils, impetigo, and idiopathy) Psychiatric disorder and birth problems (headache, toothache, blood pressure, 19 68 0.73 abortion, Rh factor, retained placenta, hemorrhage at birth, and infertility) Emaciation and weakling for livestock and epidemic for humans 9 30 0.72 Evil eye, evil spirit, and emergency (trauma) 24 59 0.60 External injury and poisoning parasites (eye problems, cataract, bone fracture, 25 48 0.49 circumcision, bleeding, snake bite, struck, fire accident, and body lice) Genitourinary problems (gonorrhea and diuretic and sexual impotency) 5 8 0.43

60 49 38 42 40 23 21 16 20 0 Total frequency Total Fences Fodder Firewood, etc. Firewood, Wild normal, etc. normal, Wild Construction, etc. Construction, Domestic food, etc. Domestic Use category Total frequency

Figure 4: Proportion of other uses of the ethnomedicinal plant species. 16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Table 7: Results of direct matrix ranking of multipurpose TMPs.

Main uses Carissa Olea europaea ssp. Rhus glutinosa ssp. Ficus Ficus Rubus spinarum cuspidata neoglutinosa palmata vasta apetalus Firewood 5 5 5 555 Medicine 55 3533 Construction 45 5451 Fodder 45 5003 Edible fruit 5 0 3 555 Total 23 20 21 19 18 17 Rank 1st 3rd 2nd 4th 5th 6th

Table 8: Results of direct matrix ranking of factors threatening to TMPs.

Key informants (coded K1 to K9) with the total scores and rank Threats K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9 Total Rank Agricultural expansion 665565466491st Mining of opals 435354543335th Overgrazing 454463354384th Farm tools and construction 664336436413rd Drought 343425325316th Firewood and charcoal 556556654472nd

Table 9: Priority ranking values (based on their degree of scarcity in the wild) for five selected TMPs.

Key informants (coded K1 to K6)withthetotalscoresandrank Threatened medicinal plant species K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9 Total Rank Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata 434543152312nd Croton macrostachyus 211215434234th Juniperus procera 353351521283rd Aloe pulcherrima 122134215215th Withania somnifera 545422343321st

TMPs which are disappearing in the wild vegetation, and soil types). Based on topography of the land 2.5 forms and the color and fertility of soils, they classified the 2 ecological units into six categories in Amharic language based 1.5 on their lifelong LK. This is presented along with the etic 1 categories in Table 10. 0.5

Abundance score Abundance 0 The LK of People on Plant Community Type and Distribution 1970 1980 1990 2011 s s s of TMPs. Although natural forests have disappeared in many Year places due to many reasons, the vegetation of the study Homegarden area still keeps relatively high number of species of TMPs. Wild vegetation However, among 19, six endemic plant taxa in the floristic region of Ethiopia and Eritrea were not recorded as they are Figure 5: Trends of ethnomedicinal plant species in homegarden found in the floristic region of Wello (WU). These are and wild vegetation. Urtica simensis, Impatiens rothii, Aloe pulcherrima, Solanum marginatum, Lobelia rhynchopetalum,andPrimula verticil- Figure 5 shows that the homegarden is maintained in an lata ssp. simensis. The plant community types were identified increasing state of some of the indicator TMP species, partic- through categorization of the local people (emic classification ularly those said to have been lost from the wild environment approach) and observation of the researcher (using etic clas- in the 1970s, and then went on decreasing. sification) based on the dominant plant species as visually inspected. Eight major community types were recognized. Local Ecological Knowledge of People.Inthestudyarea, All types of plant community types are found in six study people have knowledge about their environment (landscapes, sites except Lobelia rhynchopetalum and Euryops pinifolius Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17

Table 10: LK of people on landscapes and soil types.

Landscape classification Soil classification Emic classification Etic classification Emic classification Etic classification WOTAGEBA Undulated land KEYATIE Red soil TERRAR Mountain WALKA Black soil MEDA/REGATA Plain BUNAMA Dark brown GODGUADAMESK Valley ASE Mixed soil GEFET/GEDEL Outcrop land NECHATE Silt/ashy soil TEDAFAT/KONTER Hilly/steep slope KOSIE Dung wastes

Table 11: Plant community types and characteristic plant species.

Plant community type and Taxa known to be endemic Number Characteristic species Spp. elevation or near endemic to Ethiopia Becium grandiflorum and + ++ Rumex nervosus (2502 and B. grandiflorum ,R. B. grandiflorum ,Laggera I ++ 35 2738 m); ASHA (restored nervosus tomentosa vegetation) Riverine vegetation Ehretia cymosa, Cordia Urtica simensis+,Impatiens II (altitude varies); WENZ ++ 5 africana,andFicus spp. rothii DAR Otostegia integrifolia and Dodonaea angustifolia O. integrifolia, D. + III Vernonia leopoldii 32 (1802–2500 m); angustifolia QUTQUATO (shrub) Farmland and monastery ++ plant community type Erucastrum abyssinicum , Olea europaea ssp. IV (altitude varies); Rhus glutinosa ssp. 20 cuspidata, Juniperusprocera, + YERSHAGOT and neoglutinosa GEDAM Homegarden plant Rhamnus prinoides, + community type (altitude Aloe pulcherrima , V Calpurnia aurea, and + 24 varies); YEGUARO Solanecio gigas Hagenia abyssinica ATIKLT + Inula confertiflora , Conyza hypoleuca and ++ Solanum marginatum , Clutia abyssinica Otostegia tomentosa ssp. VI dominated community C. hypoleuca, C. abyssinica + 9 steudneri , Lippia type (2814–3253 m); MUSH ++ adoensis , and Kalanchoe (bush) ++ petitiana Eucalyptus plantation E. globulus, E. dominated community ++ VII camaldulensis, and Carduus Thymus schimperi 4 type (3200–3253 m); schimperi DEN/KILKIL (jungle) Lobelia rhynchopetalum + L. rhynchopetalum ,E. and Euryops pinifolius + + L. rhynchopetalum ,E. pinifolius ,Sedum VIII dominated community + + 4 pinifolius mooneyi , and Primula type (3539–3702 m); ++ verticillata ssp. simensis CHEKA (forest) Total 133 + ++ Taxa which are endemic to Ethiopia while near endemic taxa are those shared with Eritrea. dominated community type, which is restricted in one of the The present study noted that well-organized emic classi- study sites, namely, Tikshign Sinat kebele between 3539 to fication of local vegetation was not shown in some ecological 3702 m a.s.l. Some of the following species are not included settings (largely DEGA zones) where natural vegetation has in the present paper, but they are collected and preserved in been almost completely changed into agricultural lands. ETH by the authors for other purposes (Table 11). Regarding habitat, most of the TMPs are distributed in 18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Table 12: Mode of TMP knowledge transfer from traditional healers to others.

Means of knowledge transfer Number of traditional healers % Selected family members (verbal and/or observation) Males only 9 50.0 For both females and males 6 33.4 Other members of societies (verbal and/or observation) Best relatives/peers 2 11.1 Anybody who seeks to learn the knowledge of healers 1 5.5 Total 18 100.0

In case of returnees, 17 plant species have no names and some Evu. 54 of the names given also were more general (e.g., HAREG Hg. 24 refers to any climber plant). However, this is not seen in traditional healers who have used “medicoreligious manuscripts.” Fl. 20 In case of resident people, however, some of the TMPs are species namedbyusingthediseasetreatedaddingYEatthebegin- Ev. 17 ning followed by MEDANIT. For example, three species (Cis- plant Hgw. 13 tanche tubulosa, Polygala abyssinica,andVernonia schimperi) are named as YESATMEDANIT, YEBABMEDANIT, and Habitat diversity of medicinal of diversity Habitat All 6 YEMICHMEDANIT, to say medicine of burns, snake bite, 0 1020 30 40 50 60 and febrile, respectively. It is noted in Table 13 that permanent Species inhabitants have complete names for each except two species (Ekebergia capensis and Pulicaria schimperi), which is not the Number of species Hgw.: homegarden and wild vegetation case for the remaining groups of informants. Evu.: enclosed and unenclosed Of 36 returnees including some key informants, only two vegetation H.: homegarden Ev.: enclosed vegetation Fl.: farmland areas persons were born in the destination of resettlement areas and the rest were primarily born in the original area and Figure 6: Proportion of habitat diversity of TMPs. then left from their original area during the 1984/85 famine. However, after staying away at different times, they came back to their original location (Delanta district). The sample different habitats though their availability varies from place sizes of the three groups of informants were 18 key infor- to place among species. The majority were harvested from mants, 25 permanent residents, and 29 returnees. The results the wild (71 species), followed by homegarden (24 species), showed that key informants are more knowledgeable about and cultivated in farmlands (Figure 6). The wild vegetation TMP species (92.6%), followed by permanent residents could be either enclosed (protected by government or private (81.5%). However, concerning returnees, the least results were sectors) or unenclosed, which is open to all people. recorded in all the three aspects (Figure 8). The findings on the impacts of resettlement depict that the 3.2.ComparisonsofLKamongAgeGroupsandItsTransfer 1984/85 resettlement had both positive and negative results in System. The LK of the three age groups was compared with the area of ethnobotanical knowledge and social and cultural respect to the names and the respective uses of TMPs. The activities. From negative perspective, for instance, majority sample sizes of each age group were 14, 28, and 30 persons of the returnees had lost specified local names and detailed from 20 to 88 with 22 years’ gap. The results show that the age preparation of TMPs, and youngsters were not willing to groups within the ranges of 66–88 years reported the highest respect the LK and the associated taboos. For the positive proportion of TMP names and uses. The total value is more perspectives, on the other hand, the former farmlands were than 100% because sometimes same plant species were men- convertedintononcultivatedvegetation.Suchpromoting tioned by all groups (Figure 7). ecological rehabilitation in turn provided restoration of wild The majority of traditional healers (84.4%) kept the useful plants and reduced human pressure on plant resources. knowledge with them and selected family members for the sake of confidentiality while others (16.6%) transferred their 4. Discussion LK to other persons (Table 12). Relatively high number of TMP species is encouraging and Consequences of Resettlement on Environmental Component a good indication that the area has reasonable number of and LK of TMPs. The study reported that half of the inter- useful plant species. This is partly the result of the action to viewed informants were those that returned from the destina- move out drought-affected people from the area and the fact tion area due to the 1984/85 resettlement. This indicated that that the permanent residents went on using and protecting the 1984/85 drought was one of the worst disasters in the area. the plants. The results agree very well with the findings in Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19

100.0 94.5% 88.6% 80.0 67.9% 60.0

(%) 40.0

20.0

0.0 20–42 43–65 66–88 Age intervals

TMP names and uses reported by different age groups

Figure 7: Variations of LK in TMPs among the three age groups of informants.

Table13:VariationofLKonsomeTMPnames. Different local names among three groups of informants Number Scientific name Key informants Permanent residents Returnees 1 Aeonium leucoblepharum Gimdo Yetota-Kita — 2 Asparagus africanus Yeset-kest Kestencha Betin 3 Carduus schimperi Dendero Yemidir Koshele Yedega Koshele 4 Carthamus lanatus Yesetaf Koshele — 5 Ceratostigma abyssinicum Key-telenji Key-telenji — 6 Chenopodium schraderianum Sinin Sinign — 7 Cistanche tubulosa Dechmerch Yesatmedanit — 8 Croton macrostachyus Bisana Bisana/Mekenisa Mekenisa 9 Cyathula uncinulata Kuno Kugno — 10 Cynoglossum coeruleum Yemogn-fikir Hulu-zemede Chigogot 11 Cyphostemma adenocaula Milas-golgul Aserkush Hareg 12 Datura stramonium Astenagr Banjie — 13 Dyschoriste radicans Yesheftmedanit Yesheftmedanit — 14 Ekebergia capensis ——— 15 Euphorbia polyacantha Sete-qulqual Yeberha-qulqual Qulqual 16 Justicia schimperiana Simiza/Sensel Sensel Sensel 17 Kalanchoe petitiana Endehulla Endehulla/Fitfita — 18 Laggera tomentosa Keskessie Alashume Alashume 19 Launaea intybacea Demastefi Yewushamilas Yewushamilas 20 Lippia adoensis Kessie Ayib-kessie — 21 Myrsine africana Kechemo Kerchemo — 22 Nicotiana rustica Yabesh-Tinbaho Tinbaho/Atiya Tinbaho 23 Orobanche ramosa —Yesatmedanit— 24 Plectranthus cylindraceus — Yewerezamedanit — 25 Polygala abyssinica Etse-libona Yebabmedanit/Kibegolgu — 26 Pulicaria schimperi ——— 27 Ricinus communis Gullo Agullo Agullo 28 Rumex abyssinicus Mekmeko Embari-kolla Embari-kolla 29 Solanum incanum Yedi Embuay Embuay 30 Solanum nigrum Tikur-awut Tikur-awut Awut 31 Stephania abyssinica Etse-eyesus Yeayit-hareg Hareg 32 Pteris pteridioides Etse-anbessa Ems-anketkit — 33 Verbscum sinaiticum Etse-debtera Ketetina Ketetina 34 Vernonia schimperi — Yemichmedanit — 35 Zehneria scabra Etse-sabek Aregresa Hareg 20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

92.6% 100.0 81.5% Among several preparation methods, the most frequent 80.0 use of chopping, crushing, and pounding could be because 48.1 of ease of use of local tools. Similar finding was reported by 60.0 % Tamene et al. [31] but deviates from other findings [12]. Infor-

(%) 40.0 mants underlined that attention is given in determination of 20.0 dosage and depends on experience of traditional healers, age 0.0 of patients, and the power of TMPs. They also had relatively Key informants Permanent Returnees better measurements for humans than livestock. However, residents lack of precision and standardization in measurement is Group of informants considered as the general weakness of traditional healthcare Percentage of TMPs reported by different system [4, 32]. The findings showed that most remedies in group of informants Delanta were administered orally in agreement with other Figure 8: Variations of LK of TMPs among three groups of infor- reports from northern Ethiopia [6, 31, 32]. The fact is that mants. modern health system also reported that there was high prevalence of internal problems and gastrointestine disorder in the study area. This also emerged from the calculations the Cheffa plain of southern Wello where 83 TMPs species ofICFvalues.However,Gidayetal.[22]indicatedthatskin were recorded [31]. Although there is continued deforestation (dermal) was the predominant route of administration. Most and degradation in the area, the remaining species and the remedies were prepared and used immediately after harvest. taxonomic diversity (59 families) promise success in conser- As traditional healers pointed out, the use of either fresh or vation.AsinotherstudiesmadeinsouthwesternEthiopia dry form is based on the type of applications and the avail- [22] and elsewhere [8], the family Asteraceae came up with ability of TMPs. Herbal drugs were mostly applied internally high number of species. Asteraceae is also the second (next (58.3%) and the plants were found around homegardens. to Fabaceae) largest represented dicotyledonous family in the Fresh forms were favored since this form is considered to be floraofEthiopiaandEritreawith440spp.Theresultsofthis strongandhealthy.Thewideruseoffreshconditionswasalso study prove that people tend to use preferably the plants that reported from elsewhere [22, 35]. are easily available to them excluding, of course, those that In the community, some of the TMP species were more aretoxicorlethal.Aswasaffirmedbyotherstudies[8],the popular and recognized as more effective and popular reme- more common the plant species is in an area, the greater dies than others. From both rankings and comparisons, it theprobabilityofitspopularuseis.Thestudyshowedthat could be understood that the most favored species are usually the wild vegetation is the major habitat where a significant the most effective ones for being used against a particular proportion of TMPs are harvested. The distributions of all, ailment. Thus, the preferences of some TMPs more than oth- buttwo(IVandV),oftheplantcommunitytypesalsocon- ersprovethereliabilityandcontinuityoftheethnomedicinal firmed this habitat. This result is in agreement with different information obtained from the local people. Among eight studies carried out elsewhere in Ethiopia [7, 23] and other identified disease categories in the area, respiratory diseases, parts of the world [11]. febrile illness and throat problems, and internal parasites and The people of Delanta rely largely on herbs, which are gastrointestine disorders were the most frequently encoun- replacing the forest resources and are relatively common in tered with high value of ICF.This may indicate high incidence the areas where extensive degradation has taken place. This of these types of disease in the area, possibly due to the poor finding agrees with findings of many authors [12, 21, 32]but socioeconomic and sanitary conditions of the people perhaps disagrees with other studies [31, 33]. This could be related to related to drinking stream water and food preparation. This the level of agricultural expansion and perhaps due to the finding is in line with another study conducted in northwest- presence of two rain-fed seasons. In most cases, there are ern Ethiopia [32]. Heinrich [36] also indicated that TMPs several plant species used in combination to treat specific that are believed to be effective in treating a certain disease ailments, which was considered important to increase the have higher ICF values whereas a low value implies that strength and effectiveness of the remedies. Such practice was theinformantsdisagreeonthetaxa.Allthesesignifiedthat also common in other countries [34]. According to Abebe people rely chiefly on TMPs to meet their primary healthcare andAyehu[6],theuseofseveralspeciesforthetreatment needsandthisholdstrueinotherpreviousstudies[6,12]. of a particular ailment could indicate the prevalence of the Some of the species discussed herein (Table 1) were also species. The common use of leaf for preparation of remedies incorporated in modern pharmacological remedies with the couldpartlybeduetotherelativeeaseoffindingandsimplic- same treatment and parts used by other researchers [37–39]. ity of preparation. Leaves were shown to be the most com- These are good indicators that the present study will serve as monly utilized parts in other findings [12, 22, 31]. Contrary an input for further works in modern therapeutics activity. to this finding, Hunde et al. [33] reported that roots were the With this study, informants noted that resettlement pro- mostwidelyusedparts,andthismayberelatedtothemedical gram contributed to biodiversity conservation in the original culture of the people and environmental condition of the place as evidence of the TMPs that are regenerating in the area. Moreover, collecting leaf parts for medicinal purpose is wild vegetation and former farmlands since the local people usuallynotathreattothesurvivalofplantsascomparedto left Delanta. This was mainly seen in the lowlands (1700– the use of whole parts, roots, and stem barks [6, 35]. 2600 m a.s.l.) of the study area that was hard hit by the 1984/85 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21 drought as described by Rahmato [26]. Inappropriateness for vegetation than homegardens as illustrated in Figure 5. All farming is also served as reinforcement for the areas that have the indicator TMP species which are threatened by different been shifted to restoration and unsettled lands. Other find- factors(Table8)werereportedtobegreatlyharvestedfor ings were reported by different authors elsewhere in Ethiopia multiple uses they provide. The root parts used as medicine [25, 40, 41] also affirmed that the basic rationale behind could be posing another threat. There are 113 multipurpose resettlement was to facilitate resource rehabilitation and to plants which have diverse services in terms of economical, provide poor households with a better livelihood. According ecological, and cultural aspects other than their medicinal to Dhakal et al. [24], however, it needs careful evaluation of values (Figure 4). The results of data matrix ranking of TMPs peoples’ perceptions on volunteerism to handle with proper on five main uses showed that all the six species were the management of biodiversity. most favored for firewood although they are overexploited for Although many positive outcomes were seen in the other multiple uses. This goes in line with other findings [5, recoveryofhabitats,therewassomelossofLKandcultureof 6, 10, 11]. Thus, conservation strategy is needed in the area to resettled people after resettlement. Such mixed results were save these species from further reduction or total extinction alsoshowninanotherstudy[24].Informantsreportedthat due to unsustainable use and overexploitation. before the 1984/85 resettlement people’s judgments on their In view of long human settlement history of the area, the conservation outcomes of vegetation which foster TMPs were natural vegetation has enormously been altered. It came out very positive. With regard to returnees, however, this habit clearly from the study that the threats facing TMPs are both has been reducing so that resettlement (staying away from the anthropogenic (e.g., agricultural expansion, which is ranked original site) could be one of the reasons. Traditional healers 1st) and natural factors (e.g., drought), which are having who might not have gotten opportunities to come back to detrimental effects on wild medicinal resources. This finding their original place may have lost some of the LK to treat ail- is in agreement with other studies conducted elsewhere in ments such as asthma and tuberculosis (lung problem) in the Ethiopia [7, 43]. The previous studies conducted elsewhere local people was mentioned. This was again another barrier in also confirmed that LK of wild plants in Ethiopia is in transfer of knowledge to the young generation. This resulted danger of being lost, as habits, value systems, and the natural in the loss of specified local names of some plants and their environment change [6, 7]. uses. According to some key informants, some TMP species When the pressures of threats increased and some mul- were lost by improper exploitation of root parts which was tiuse plants became rare in the wild vegetation, most tradi- aggravated by drought: HAKENUR, WEYILO, SIREBIZU, tional healers and some local people started to conserve them SHEBOTETYA, TIFRENA, and CHOCHO (in Amharic). by growing such species intentionally in their homegardens Similarly, another study in the same area [19] pointed out and farmland margins. This report is consistent with that of that recovery efforts of the lost floras have been even more Asfaw and Tadesse [7], as they explained that homegarden is difficult. Some of the returnees are encroaching and clearing a strategic farming system for conservation and enhancement both rehabilitated and natural vegetation which harbors of TMPs. The other ways by which conservation of useful TMPs unlawfully. Another influence of resettlement was that plantsiseffectedrelatetothecultureofpeoplethemselvesand economic crisis of returnees—those who were totally depen- some taboos. For instance, Phytolacca dodecandra and some dent on safety net program. Solanum spp. were not used for firewood, because the local Outoftotal133collectedspecies,17(13%)speciesare people believe that those who used these species for firewood endemic TMPs in the flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. As it holds become poor and divorced from spouses. Furthermore, cut- true for the total species, Asteraceae is also the leading family ting of big trees with large umbrella branches was culturally with five species, followed by Lamiaceae with three endemic notacceptedbecauseofthebeliefthatonewhocutsthemwill species. These were cross-checked with different volumes of have a shortened life and may soon pass away. This is widely flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea and Red List book [42]. Eight seen in plants like Ficus spp. (YETINCHAW LEMLEM), of these endemic and a few other nonendemic TMP species Euphorbia abyssinica,andHagenia abyssinica (ADBAR-ZAF) are not described as they have been distributed in Wello related to spiritual issue. It also holds true for sacred forests floristic region (WU) in the flora. IBC [14] and Friis et al. [29] which are found around monastery and church yards. Such mentioned that the dry evergreen montane and grassland habit of conserving useful plants is still alive in the study sites complex ecosystems cover the major part of the study area. but is ageing in the majority of present generations. Likewise, Additionally, the present study revealed that the Afro-Alpine Tamene et al. [31] reported about the preservation of forest and sub-Afro-Alpine ecosystems are also found in some islands by the community’s sociocultural factors as rituals. mountain areas and characterized by the most conspicuous Therefore, incorporation of local communities’ own vision endemic giant herb (Lobelia rhynchopetalum)andshrubs and LK concerning conservation and sustainable use of TMPs including Euryops pinifolius, the evergreen tree heather (Erica hastobegivenpriority.Itislikelythatthelocalpeopleclosely arborea), and perennial herb species in the study area. Hence, watch and know how the resources are consumed and con- there is a need to strengthen conservation actions in these served [20, 44]. ecosystems to stop further threats of endemic species. It is obvious that overgrazing and deforestation are very Based on the reports of informants, the trends of indi- seriousinnorthernhighlandsofEthiopia.Presently,however, cator species revealed that the last 40 decades were much the local people have practiced check dam construction and detrimental to natural vegetation in the area. Furthermore, tree plantation with enclosed vegetation of such highlands to wild plants used in TMPs are being lost more quickly in wild reduce erosive rain storms and to preserve useful plants as 22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine well. The significance of TMPs to people can be sufficiently and other uses. About 85% of these resources also provide greatthatarrangementsmadefortheconservationand multiple uses. While most of the TMPs are harvested from the sustainable use of TMPs have now grown to be a timely issue wild vegetation, the area is exposed to many threats such as in Ethiopia. In general, biodiversity has to be protected for its agricultural expansion and other human induced pressures. multidirectional values [45, 46]. As a result of these factors, some of the plants and the associ- Though the local people are exposed to high cultural and ated LK are under threat and declining. The ethnobotanical habit change due to the repeated drought and resettlement knowledge on TMP species varied among key informants, conditions, the ethnobotanical knowledge on classification of permanent residents, and returnees. Returnees were the least their ecology and diverse use of TMPs were transmitted orally knowledgeable and this is one of the negative consequences through generations. Different studies affirmed that the local of resettlement. The findings in general indicate that resettle- people are knowledgeable about their environment in general ment provided an opportunity to improve the restoration of and plants in particular [1, 33]. The findings of Giday et al. useful plants and proved to be advantageous to biodiversity [22] indicated that boys were usually favored. Likewise, 50% conservation in the original location (Delanta) and people of free transfers of knowledge particularly took place from should be resettled within their close community in order to parentstosonsinthisstudy.Similarly,severalresearchers avoid any disruption of their LK. reported that the distribution of LK is hierarchically placed Homegardens and farmland margins have contributed to and the services are obtained from the family, the village, or serving as preserving places of species presently in short sup- beyond. The secrecy of LK on medicinal practices could be plyandthisisinneedoffurtherenhancing.Thus,strength- one of the reasons for the uneven distribution of LK of TMPs ening the conservation of TMPs in such places is very impor- in Ethiopia among community members [7, 21]. tant. For better diversity of species in general and TMPs in Comparison of LK on TMPs among age groups proves particular, in situ conservation measures need to be particu- that knowledge on TMPs is wider among elderly persons larly directed to plant community types which could allow while the youngsters are comparatively less knowledgeable. conservation of 50% of TMPs (Becium grandiflorum and Since majority of young age groups are educated, modern Rumex nervosus; Otostegia integrifolia and Dodonaea angus- education might have made the young generation underesti- tifolia dominated community types). These potential TMP mate the traditional practice. This is in line with the study of species may even give an insight for further pharmacological TMP in Kafficho and Butajira people [23, 47], which showed and therapeutic development in Ethiopia. that illiterates and older residents are more likely to use traditional medicine than the educated and youngsters. Thus, Conflict of Interests age and education are main factors that appeared to influence theuseofLK.Ontheotherhand,theLKontheuseofthree The authors declared that they have no competing interests. groups of plants also varies among three groups of inhabitants. In fact, the knowledge of key informants on utilization of TMPs is proportionally high (92.6%). It is noted that the Acknowledgments knowledge of TMPs is a means of income generation for the Ethnobotany of TMPs and the impacts of resettlement dis- healers in the study sites. The folk naming of the plants by cussed herein were funded by NARF project. The authors are permanent residents, usually associated with their function grateful to the taxonomic experts and the technical staff of and traits, is consistent with another study conducted by the National Herbarium for providing materials and technical Awas and Demissew [23], which indicated that some names assistance during identification. They would also like to thank areattachedtothediseasetreatedandsomeareattributed the people of Delanta, particularly informants and employees to domestic or wild animals. However, returnees are the least of district offices, for their hospitability and generous help in knowledgeableandthenamestheygavetotheplantswerenot sharing field information pertinent to their study. The authors specified. This could be due to the absence of returnees at the are also grateful to Professors Ensermu Kelbessa and Zerihun time of famine (1984/85). Furthermore, Martin [1] described Woldu for their helpful comments on the earlier version of the that the knowledge on plant uses changes with time and research output. space and with change of resources and culture. Therefore, the expansion of modern education and resettlement of people (to elsewhere) have resulted in the deterioration of LK and References practices with the dislocated members of the community. [1] G. J. 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