The Compact Research series offers a concise, relevant and conveniently organized collec- tion of information covering a variety of cur- rent topics ranging from illegal immigration to marijuana. Each book introduces a timely topic in a tightly organized format to hold readers’ interest. Lively objective overviews, primary source quotes, and illustrated facts and statistics present an inviting full color and Steroids user-friendly format. Steroids

Other titles in the series:

Alcohol Club Drugs by David Robson Cocaine and Crack Hallucinogens Heroin Inhalants Marijuana A convenient research and learning tool including: Methamphetamine Nicotine and Tobacco Performance-Enhancing Drugs ReferencePoint Press • At a Glance section gives succinct topic summaries. Prescription Drugs • Objective overviews provide background and context. • Primary Source Quotes sections highlight conflicting opinions. • Facts and Illustrations sections offer visual insight. • Key People and Advocacy Groups and Related Organizations sections assist in further study. • Source Notes model appropriate citation forms. ISBN-13: 978-1-60152-067-8 ISBN-10: 1-60152-067-0

Drugs Contents

Foreword 4 Steroids at a Glance 6 Overview 8 How Serious a Problem Is Steroid Use? 19 Primary Source Quotes 25 Facts and Illustrations 29 How Dangerous Are Steroids? 33 Primary Source Quotes 41 Facts and Illustrations 45 Should Steroid Testing and Laws Be Stengthened? 49 Primary Source Quotes 56 Facts and Illustrations 60 How Can Steroid Use Be Prevented? 64 Primary Source Quotes 69 Facts and Illustrations 72

Key People and Advocacy Groups 77 Chronology 80 Related Organizations 82 For Further Research 86 Source Notes 88 List of Illustrations 91 Index 92 About the Author 96 Steroids at a Glance

Prevalence Americans have been warned for years about the risks of steroid use, yet studies show more people—athletes and nonathletes—are using steroids now than ever before. Body Image Young people, especially young men, are turning to steroids in the hope of developing the media-driven “ideal” body type as well as improving their athletic capabilities. Health Risks Although prolonged steroid use damages a user’s health and well-being, steroids are still widely used by athletes in many sports such as cycling, baseball, and . Professional Sports Until recently, many professional sports organizations have paid little attention to the spread of steroid use. Sports such as hockey, golf, and

Steroids at a Glance baseball are still grappling with how to deal with the problem. High School and College Athletes Over the past decade testing for steroids and punishing those found to be using them has become a priority of officials in high school and college programs.

6 Steroids

Side Effects of Steroids in Men and Women

46 How Dangerous Are Steroids?

How Steroids Build Muscle

times. Th e data, which was collected from 1999 to 2003, showed a substantial increase from the 3.7 percent reported in 1999.

• A recent study of 227 men admitted to a private treatment center for dependence on heroin or similar drugs found that 9.3 percent had abused anabolic steroids before trying any other illicit drug.

• Of these, 86 percent fi rst used heroin or similar drugs to counter- act insomnia and irritability resulting from the steroids.

47 Primary“ Source Quotes* Should Steroid” Testing and Laws Be Strengthened?

It was systematic doping, it was cheating and, you know “ what, there are consequences when you cheat.” —Wendy Boglioli, quoted in PBS, “Secrets of the Dead: Doping for Gold,” transcript, May 14, 2008. www.pbs.org.

Boglioli won gold and bronze medals in swimming at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, Canada.

What is wrong with just letting ‘the show,’ as players “ call the major leagues, be a show—and not worrying about what goes on backstage?” —Abraham Socher, “No Game for Old Men,” Commentary, March 2008.

Socher teaches at Oberlin College in Ohio. Primary Source Quotes

Bracketed quotes indicate conflicting positions.

* Editor’s Note: While the definition of a primary source can be narrowly or broadly defined, for the purposes of Compact Research, a primary source consists of: 1) results of original research presented by an organization or researcher; 2) eyewitness accounts of events, personal experience, or work experience; 3) first-person editorials offering pundits’ opinions; 4) govern- ment officials presenting political plans and/or policies; 5) representatives of organizations presenting testimony or policy.

56 Should Steroid Testing and Laws Be Strengthened?

Nobody is providing justification for those people who “ violate the WADA [World Anti-Doping Agency] rules. It is clear that there is some percentage of athletes that do this in spite of everything, and not only in Russia.” —Gennady V. Shvets, quoted in Jeré Longman, “Russian Olympians Suspended for Doping Violations,” New York Times, August 1, 2008. www.nytimes.com.

Shvets heads the Russian Olympic Committee press service.

Steroids were used before they were illegal, and they’ll “ continue to be used. So why not just legalize it? Tax the steroids heavily instead of letting foreign markets reap in the trade, and order that a physician assists the user so that side effects are minimized.” —Stephen Catanese, “There . . . I Said It: Are Steroids Good for Sports?” Penn, March 30, 2007. http://media.www.thepenn.org.

Catanese is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.

It’s hard to say that steroids were good for baseball “ but there were a lot of positive things that came out of it. The great thing about baseball though is that it al- ways survives. . . . And with a little assist from steroids, baseball was able to overcome one of the darkest peri- ods to face the game. In the end, maybe steroids did a little more good than harm.” —Brian Joseph, “Steroids: Good for the Game?” Baseball Digest Daily, March 22, 2008. http://seamheads.com.

Joseph is a freelance sportswriter.

57 Chronology

1935 1976 1990 Scientists synthesize The IOC adds anabolic steroids testosterone. to its banned list; athletes are first The National Foot- tested for anabolic steroids at the ball League insti- Montreal Olympics. tutes a year-round, random steroid 1972 testing program. The International Olympic Commit- tee begins full-scale 1985 drug testing at the HGH, a synthetic hu- Olympics. man , is produced.

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

1983 The gene for human (EPO) is cloned.

1988 Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson tests positive for an after winning the 100-meter dash in world-record time (9.79). He is stripped of his medal and banned for 2 years.

1992 NFL defensive end Lyle Alzado dies from cancer at age 43. Al-

Chronology though unproven, Alzado said his cancer was caused by taking muscle-enhancing drugs.

1993 The Association of Tennis Professionals, the Women’s Tennis Association, and the International Tennis Federation create an antidoping program.

80 Chronology

2005 1998 and the National Hockey Irish swimmer Michelle Smith, who won three League institute new policies on steroid use. gold medals in the 1996 Olympics, is banned for In his book slugger José Canseco admits to four years for manipulating a urine sample. taking steroids and accuses many MLB stars of St. Louis Cardinals slugger Mark McGwire admits using performance-enhancing drugs. using the steroid androstenedione. Major leaguers—including Canseco, , Mark McGwire, and —tes- 2000 tify before a congressional committee investigating steroid use. The World Anti-Doping 2003 Agency (WADA) and Government the U.S. Anti-Doping agents raid the 2006 Agency (USADA) begin Bay Area Labora- After winning the Tour de France, operations. tory Co-Operative U.S. cyclist Floyd Landis tests (BALCO). positive for abnormally high levels of testosterone.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

2002 2007 As part of a collective The NFL and its players bargaining agree- union announce changes ment, MLB players to toughen its steroid and owners agree policy, including adding to hold anonymous EPO to its list of banned testing in 2003. If substances. more than 5 percent are positive, formal testing and penalties 2008 will be put into place Congress hears testimony in- the next year. 2004 volving allegations of steroid MLB begins mandatory use by star pitcher Roger steroid testing for players; Clemens. a record 24 athletes are Former Michigan State Uni- ousted for drug-related versity football player Tony violations at the Athens Mandarich admits taking 1999 Olympics. The NBA adds steroids steroids and cheating on a to its list of banned steroid test in 1988, the year substances. his team won the Rose Bowl.

81 For Further Research

Books Michael S. Bahrke and Charles E. Yesalis, Performance-Enhancing Sub- stances in Sport and Exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2002. Howard Bryant, Juicing the Game. New York: Viking, 2005. José Canseco, Juiced. New York: Regan, 2005. Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance Williams, : , BALCO, and the Steroids Scandal That Rocked Professional Sports. New York: Gotham, 2006. Nathan Jendrick, Dunks, Doubles, Doping. Guilford, CT: Lyons, 2006. John McCloskey and Julian Bailes, When Winning Costs Too Much. Lan- ham, MD: Taylor Trade, 2005. David R. Mottram, Drugs in Sport. London: Taylor and Francis, 2005. Jason Porterfield, Doping. New York: Rosen, 2007. William N. Taylor, Anabolic Steroids and the Athlete. Jefferson, NC: Mc- Farland, 2002.

Periodicals Roger Angell, “Green,” New Yorker, April 7, 2008. Tim Christie, “To Catch a Cheat,” Eugene (OR) Register-Guard, June 29, 2008. Jeré Longman, “Russian Olympians Suspended for Doping Violations,” New York Times, August 1, 2008. www.nytimes.com.

For Further Research Fred Mitchell, “Butkus Tackles Steroids: Former Bear Urges Preps to Be- lieve It’s ‘Cool to Play Clean,’” Chicago Tribune, July 12, 2008. Thomas Sowell, “MLB Steroid Scandal: Say It Ain’t So,” Human Events, December 17, 2007. Ryan Young, “Olympic Qualifier Jaben Tests Positive for Steroids: Trip to Beijing in Doubt,” Kansas City (MO) Star, July 18, 2008.

86 Index

acne, 34 Boldon, Ato, 68 Addorisio, Mike, 26 Bonds, Barry, 8, 12–13, 54 Alavi, Matt, 39 Brown-Séquard, Charles-Édouard, 12 Alzado, Lyle, 39–40 Bryant, Howard, 27 American Heart Association, 29 Bullin, Katharina, 43 anabolic, definition of, 12 Bush, George W., 65, 72 Anabolic Steroid Control Act (1990), on steroid use in professional sports, 49, 65, 72 8 Armstrong, Lance, 53 Association of Tennis Professionals, 54 Canseco, José, 8–9 ATHENA (Athletes Targeting Healthy Catanese, Stephen, 57 Exercise and Nutrition Alternatives), Catlan, Don, 49 18 Celizic, Mike, 58 athletes Centers for Disease Control and professional, influence on student’s Prevention (CDC), 30 attitudes toward steroids, 55 Clemens, Roger, 15 steroid use by, 17 Collins, Rick, 22 difficulty in detecting, 17–18, 57 Conn, Adam, 33–34 fans suspect, 29 Conte, Victor, 50 penalties for, 61 Controlled Substances Act (CSA), 60 student, prevalence of steroid use cortisone, 13 among, 25, 60 Costa, Craig, 10 ATLAS (Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids), 18, Dallas Morning News (newspaper), 10, 66–67 14 Darkes, Jack, 21 Bailes, Julian, 13, 70 Davidson, Craig, 38 baldness, 35 Davis, Tom, 19, 65

Index baseball. See Major League Baseball Daly, Bill, 66 basketball. See National Basketball designer steroids, 17 Association dexamethasone, 13 Beijing Olympics. See Olympic Games Doug the Demon Man, 41 Bell, Chris, 43, 68, 70 Drug Enforcement Administration Benoit, Chris, 38–39 (DEA), 49 Bigger, Stronger, Faster (film), 68 Black Sox Scandal (1919), 64 education, can discourage steroid body image, 6, 22 abuse, 74 (illustration) Boglioli, Wendy, 56, 71 Elam, Jack, 20

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