Latin ______Pyrrhus Nomen______Dies______

13 Story Gerard.

A VICTORY

A Pyrrhic victory is a victory that inflicts such a devastating toll on the victor that it is tantamount to defeat. Someone who wins a Pyrrhic victory has been victorious in some way; however, the heavy toll negates any sense of achievement or profit (another term for this would be "hollow victory"). The phrase Pyrrhic victory is named after Greek King Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose army suffered irreplaceable casualties in defeating the Romans at Heraclea in 280 BC and Asculum in 279 BC during the Pyrrhic War. In both of Pyrrhus's victories, the Romans suffered greater casualties than Pyrrhus did. However, the Romans had a much larger supply of men from which to draw soldiers and their casualties did less damage to their war effort than Pyrrhus's casualties did to his.

Pyrrhus is often quoted as having said "Another such victory and I come back to Epirus alone." And "If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined."

Pyrrhus erat imperator notissimus et rex Epiri in Graecia. In Italia Graeci multi cum Romanis acriter pugnabant. Pyrrho in Italiam vocato, Graeci bellum in Romanos paraverunt.

multi cum Romanis: what kind of ablative?

Pyrrho…vocato: what kind of construction? Give two ways of translating the clause.

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Anxio animo Graeci in Italia Pyrrhum exspectabant. Tandem cum elephantis et multis viris Pyrrhus ad Italiam navigavit. Mox Pyrrhus cum copiis Graecis in Italiam venit, ubi bellum gerere incepit.

anxio animo: what kind of ablative?

cum elephantis: what kind of ablative?

How would you say: After having proceeded into Italy with Greek troops, Pyrrhus….Use a participle and the deponent verb prōgredior, -ī, -gressus sum go forth, advance, proceed

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Latin ______Pyrrhus Nomen______Dies______

Milites Graeci gladios longos, hastas, scuta habebant; galeas validas in capitibus gerebant.

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Praeterea Pyrrhus multos elephantos habebat. Romani pedites et equites valida arma quoque habebant sed gladii et hastae eorum non satis longi autem erant.

longi: what kind of genitive?

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Primo Romani fortiter steterunt; tum Pyrrhus elephantos in proelium misit. Hi elephanti nova atque mira animalia erant. Equi Romanorum elephantos timentes fugerunt et dominos suos interfecerunt et per Romanos graviter cucurrerunt.

timentes: what verbal form and tense? modifying what?

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Hoc modo Graeci primo proelio Romanos vicerunt. Tamen victoria Pyrrhi pretiosa (costly) erat. Nam Romani multos Graecos vulneraverant; in campo corpora militum Gracecorum iacebant. In proximo proelio Romani fortissimi Pyrrhum et viros Graecos superaverunt.

Hoc modo: what kind of ablative?

primo proelio: what kind of ablative?

vulneraverant: tense?

militum: case? fortissimi: what is the comparative form of the adjective?

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Latin ______Pyrrhus Nomen______Dies______The Ablative Absolute

An Ablative Absolute phrase is used when a thought, condition or action is grammatically separate but modifies the meaning of the rest of the sentence. The ablative absolute is sometimes called an adverbial phrase because it modifies the whole sentence as an adverb modifies the action of a verb. We use absolute adverbial phrases in English too: 'They had a pleasant trip, all things considered.'

Here's a description from Arnold's Latin Prose Composition of the Latin ablative absolute: "...the words in the ablative seem to stand apart, as if set free (absolutus) from the main section of the sentence.... The construction is widely used by Roman authors to indicate ideas of cause or time. The absence [in Latin] of a perfect active participle also determines the frequent use of this construction."

How do you recognize an ablative absolute? Look for these features: • Often -- but not always -- the phrase is set off from the rest of the sentence with commas. • A grouping of two or more words in the ablative case, in these combinations: o Noun or pronoun plus participle. o Two or more nouns or pronouns with some form of 'esse' implied, since Latin has no present or perfect participle for 'esse'. o Noun or pronoun plus adjective with some form of 'esse' implied. • The phrase is not linked grammatically to other parts of the sentence. For instance, there will be no preposition introducing the phrase. • The phrase reflects upon the action of the main clause with regard to one or more of these: o Time sequence o Precondition or causation o Attendant circumstance o Opposing or contrasting circumstance Exempli Gratia

Study these examples: A. Nuntio misso dux dormivit per nocte ('A messenger having been sent, the general slept through the night'). The noun-participle phrase tells us the sequence of events. It also suggests causation -- that the general was able to sleep soundly because a messenger had been sent. B. Duce nuntium mittente milites sua arma preparavunt ('While the general was sending a messenger, the soldiers readied their weapons'). Nuntium, although not in the ablative case, is considered part of the AA phrase because it is direct object of the active participle. C. Eo discessuro tabulae geographicae sunt paratae ('As he was about to depart, maps were prepared'). A pronoun, taking the place of a noun, combined with a future participle. D. Caesare ipso legiones ducente tamen bellum in Gallia longum erat ('Although Caesar himself was leading the legions, the war in Gaul was lengthy'). With tamen in the main clause, the AA phrase becomes a circumstance that opposes or contrasts with the main clause. E. Hannibale mortuo res publica salva est ('With Hannibal dead the republic is safe'). A noun-adjective combination with 'being' implied. F. Nuntiis gravibus Caesar misit Labienum ad Galliam ('The news being serious, Caesar sent Labienus to Gaul). A noun-adjective combination, with 'esse' implied. Serious news is the pre-condition; Caesar sends Labienus because of this news. G. Omnibus paratis familia discessit ad urbem ('Since everything was prepared, the family departed for the city'). Latin has no perfect participle for the verb 'esse' so we must supply 'was.' H. Caesare Bibulo consulibus flumen Tiberis urbem inundavit ('When Caesar and Bibulus were the co-consuls, the river Tiber flooded the city'). This noun-noun-noun combination requires us to supply the English 'were.' This is a common way to date a year. Since two men served together as joint consuls for a one-year term, 'consul' takes plural form. 3

Latin ______Pyrrhus Nomen______Dies______Practice Exercise

Practice with the sentences below. Separate the ablative absolute phrase from the rest of the sentence. Is it noun + participle? Noun + noun with esse implied? Noun + adjective with esse implied? Try different ways of translating the phrase and then the whole sentence into English. Most ablative absolutes are best translated with clauses introduced by when, although, since, or if. NB: the last sentence is tough!

Answer these questions in Quia: “8 Ablative Absolute Sentences” 1. Servo accusato dominus discessit. 2. Oppidis nostris a barbaris captis, bellum geremus. 3. Eo volente omnes agentur. 4. Bello terminaturo milites domum ire parabant. 5. Omnibus perditis tamen milites spem habuerunt. 6. Senatores, nullo adversante, leges scelestas deleverunt. 7. Roma salva erit, Tito principe. 8. Claudio et Catone consulibus, Galli petentes ducti a Vercingetorice repulsi sunt a militibus Romanis Caesare ducente.

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13 Story Pyrrhus Study online at quizlet.com/_19y1j3

1. acriter, acrius, acerrime: sharply, vigilantly, fiercely; 29. interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectus: kill; destroy

severely, steadfastly; keenly, accurately 30. miles, militis M: soldier; soldier; soldiery; knight; knight's 2. animal, animalis N: animal, living thing/offspring; creature, fee/service

beast, brute; insect 31. mirus, mira, mirum: wonderful, strange, remarkable, 3. animus, animi M: mind; intellect; soul; feelings; heart; spirit, amazing, surprising, extraordinary

courage, character, pride; air 32. mitto, mittere, misi, missus: send, throw, hurl, cast; let out, 4. anxius, anxia, anxium: anxious, uneasy, disturbed; release, dismiss; disregard

concerned; careful; prepared with care; troublesome 33. modus, modi M: manner, mode, way, method; rule, , 5. armum, armi N: arms, weapons, armor, shield; close fighting beat, measure, size; bound, limit

weapons; equipment; force 34. mox: soon, next 6. atque: and, as well/soon as; together with; and moreover/even; 35. navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatus: sail; navigate and too/also/now; yet 36. notus, nota -um, notior -or -us, notissimus -a -um: well 7. bellum, belli N: war, warfare; battle, combat, fight; war; military known, familiar, notable, famous, esteemed; notorious, of ill force, arms repute 8. campus, campi M: plain; level field/surface; open space for 37. novus, nova -um: new, unusual battle/games; sea; scope; campus 38. paro, parare, paravi, paratus: prepare; 9. caput, capitis N: head; person; life; leader; top; source/mouth; furnish/supply/provide; produce; obtain/get; buy; raise; put up; capital plan 10. copia, copiae F: plenty, abundance, supply; troops, supplies; 39. pedes, peditis M: foot soldier, infantryman; pedestrian, who forces; resources; wealth goes on foot; infantry 11. corpus, corporis N: body; person, self; virility; flesh; corpse; 40. praeterea: besides, thereafter; in addition trunk; frame; collection/sum 41. pretiosus, pretiosa -um, pretiosior -or -us, 12. curro, currere, cucurri, cursus: run, move/flow swiftly pretiosissimus -a -um: expensive, costly, of great value, 13. elephantus, elephanti M: elephant precious; rich in

14. elephas, elephantis M: elephant; ivory; large variety of lobster, 42. proelium, proeli(i) N: battle/fight/bout/conflict/dispute; large sea creature; elephantiasis armed/hostile encounter; bout of strength

15. eques, equitis M: horseman/cavalryman/rider; horsemen, 43. proximus, proxima, proximum: nearest/closest/next; most cavalry; equestrian order recent, immediately preceding, last; most/very like

16. equus, equi M: horse; steed 44. pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatus: fight; dispute

17. exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatus: lookout for, 45. quoque: likewise/besides/also/too; not only; even/actually

await; expect, anticipate, hope for 46. satis: enough, adequately; sufficiently; well enough, quite; fairly, 18. fortis, forte, fortior -or -us, fortissimus -a -um: strong, pretty

powerful, mighty, vigorous, firm, steadfast, courageous, brave, 47. scutum, scuti N: shield bold 48. sto, stare, steti, status: stand, stand still, stand firm; remain, 19. fortiter, fortius, fortissimo: strongly; bravely; boldly rest 20. fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitus: flee, fly, run away; avoid, shun; go 49. supero, superare, superavi, superatus: overcome, into exile conquer; survive; outdo; surpass, be above, have the upper hand 21. galea, galeae F: helmet 50. tandem: finally; at last, in the end; after some time, eventually; 22. gero, gerere, gessi, gestus: bear, carry, wear; carry on; at length

manage, govern 51. timeo, timere, timui, -: fear, dread, be afraid 23. gladius, gladi(i) Msword: ... 52. tum: moreover 24. graviter: violently; deeply; severely; reluctantly 53. ubi: where, whereby 25. hasta, hastae F: spear/lance/javelin; spear stuck in ground for 54. validus, valida, validum: strong, powerful; valid public auction/centumviral court 55. venio, venire, veni, ventus: come 26. iaceo, iacere, iacui, iacitus: lie; lie down; lie ill/in 56. victoria, victoriae F: victory ruins/prostrate/dead; sleep; be situated 57. vinco, vincere, vici, victus: conquer, defeat, excel; outlast; 27. imperator, imperatoris M: emperor; general; ruler; succeed commander

28. incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptus: begin; start, undertake 58. vir, viri M: man; husband; hero; person of courage, honor, and nobility

59. voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus: call, summon; name; call upon

60. vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratus: wound/injure/harm, pain/distress; inflict wound on; damage