‘Atiqot 62, 2010

The Coins from Iqrit

Gabriela Bijovsky

Introduction Table 1. The Coins from Iqrit according to Kokhim

Twenty-six coins were discovered in the Cat. No. Description Date (CE) excavation of a burial cave at Iqrit, in the Kokh 1 (N = 1) western Galilee (see Vitto, this volume). All 25 Constantius I c. 295 the coins were identifiable and some of them Kokh 2 (N = 4) are very well preserved.1 The coins are bronze, 6 Caracalla 211–217 with the exception of two silver denari (Nos. 2 20 Trajan 249–251 and 5), a billon tetradrachm (No. 20), and three 23 Macrianus II 260–261 billon antoniniani (Nos. 23–25). The coins 24 Quietus 260–261 were found in the kokhim (with the exception Kokh 3 (N = 2) of Kokh 6, which included no numismatic 7 Caracalla 211–217 material). No coins were discovered in the 13 Elagabalus 218–222 central chamber.The breakdown of the coins Kokh 4 (N = 2) according to kokhim is presented in Table 1. 5 Septimius Severus 197–198 Two coin groups deserve special attention. 26 Maximinus 311 The assemblage from Kokh 2 is most peculiar. Kokh 5 (N = 1) Four coins were discovered; three of them relate 17 Julia Maesa c. 226 to the only skeleton found: two antoniniani of Kokh 7 (N = 13) the brothers Macrianus II and Quietus (Nos. 23 1 Ptolemy II 285–246 BCE and 24), placed on either side of the head of 2 Trajan 98–117 the deceased, and a coin of Caracalla minted 4 Autonomous 2nd c. at Paphos (No. 6), placed over the chest. The 8 Macrinus 217–218 first two coins date to the same year (260–261 9 Diadumenian 217–218 CE) and are rarely found in excavations (see 10 Diadumenian 217–218 discussion below); therefore, it seems most 11 Elagabalus 218–222 likely that their placement together as a pair 12 Elagabalus 218–222 was intentional. The finely preserved coin 14 Elagabalus 218–222 of Caracalla is very unusual, not only for its 16 Elagabalus 218–222 provenance, but also because it was pierced. 18 222–235 Considering its findspot, it was apparently 21 253–260 hung around the neck of the deceased. In 22 Roman Provincial 2nd–3rd c. addition to the coins, other pieces of jewelry Kokh 8 (N = 1) were discovered in Kokh 2, including many 19 Severus Alexander 222–235 beads and a pair of gold earrings worn by the Kokh 9 (N = 1) deceased when buried (see Vitto, this volume). 15 Elagabalus 218–222 A total of 13 coins were found scattered Kokh 10 (N = 1) within Kokh 7. The coins range from Ptolemy II 3 Autonomous 2nd c. 98 Gabriela Bijovsky

(No. 1) to Valerian (No. 21). This last coin Yasaf: Bijovsky 1997:44–45; Hurfeish: Ariel is dated to the same time as the latest coins 1997b:35–36; Asherat: Ariel 1997a:56–57; Tell from Kokh 2 (c. 260 CE). Coin Nos. 10 and er-Ras: Bijovsky 1999a:155–156; Gesher Ha- 14 (Diadumenian and Elagabalus) were found Ziv: Ariel 1994:94–96). stuck together; thus, they were most certainly Quantitatively, the second greatest number deposited at the same time. Among the finds of coins found in the cave were minted in in Kokh 7 are glass vessels, a number of gold Antioch. Coins of Antioch predominate after earrings and other pieces of jewelry. According the cessation of Roman Provincial minting to the excavator, the bones of at least two around 260 CE. Four of the five Antiochean deceased individuals were found in this kokh. coins found at the site belong to this later The pagan custom to introduce coins into period (Nos. 23–26). Coin Nos. 23 and 24 were tombs as part of the deceased’s possessions, minted by the sons of the usurper Macrianus I. is related to the belief in Charon’s obol, very After the capture of Valerian by the Persians widespread throughout the in 259–260 CE, the power of Rome over the (Rahmani 1993:149–150). eastern empire weakend. The Roman generals in the east proposed the election of Titus Fulvius Macrianus as emperor; the latter Currency accepted the throne on condition that both his With a few exceptions, the coins are quite sons Macrianus II and Quietus share it with homogeneous. Most of them are Roman him. Titus Fulvius Macrianus and his sons Provincial issues, minted in Phoenician cities. reconquered the city of Antioch from Persian Not a single Roman Provincial coin from a hands, and both sons struck at this mint a full mint south of Iqrit was discovered, suggesting series of antoniniani (RIC 5/2:571–572). The that Iqrit was strongly oriented to Phoenicia and coin of Macrianus II is extremely rare (No. Syria during the second and third centuries CE. 23). Besides the coin from Iqrit, only two other Table 2 reveals that the predominant currency specimens from archaeological excavations are is clearly Tyre. Tyre was the closest mint to registered at the IAA coin database: one from the Iqrit, and the main source of coinage for the Qula hoard of antoniniani (IAA 89583; Kool, whole region (see Barag 1982–1983:7–13). forthcoming), and the other from excavations Tyrian coins are also most common in burial at Khirbat Arbel (IAA 96328).2 Coins struck caves dated to the second and third centuries by Quietus are more common, although there CE in the western and Upper Galilee (e.g., are not many. Twenty-four coins are registered Hanita, Tomb XV: Barag 1978:46–54; Giv‘at in the IAA coin database: eight belong to a hoard discovered at Sussita (Berman 2002:71); another eight coins, including the coin from Iqrit, come from controlled excavations.3 Table 2. Breakdown of the Coins Rome is represented at the site by two silver according to Mints denari, a very worn coin of Trajan (No. 2) and a coin of Septimius Severus (No. 5). Actually, Mint No. of coins billon4 Syrian tetradrachms, such as Coin No. Tyre 12 20 (of Trajan Decius; Prieur and Prieur 2000), Antioch 5 exceeded Roman denars in coin finds in the Sidon 2 Levant (Syria, Phoenicia and Palestine). Rome 2 Roman coins from Cyprus, such as Coin Byblos 1 No. 6, are rarely found in Israel. Most of the Paneas 1 coin-finds from this island in the southern Paphos 1 Levant date to the Ptolemaic and Crusader The Coins from Iqrit 99

periods, when closer political and commercial Cyprus (Paphos) relations were established between the two This coin of Caracalla (No. 6) depicts on its regions. Three other Roman coins from Cyprus reverse the sanctuary of Aphrodite in Paphos, are found in the IAA coin database: two believed to be the true birthplace of that goddess. tetradrachms of Caracalla (IAA 59192 from The sanctuary consists of a tripartite facade Kefar Bara, and IAA 68080 from Caesarea) with a semicircular courtyard surrounded by a and a bronze coin of Septimius Severus from fence with open gates. The central part of the Horbat Rimmon (IAA 74192). The last one is facade is higher (a tower?), with windows in its of the same type as No. 6. upper story. It is flanked by porticos with doves perched on the roofs. Inside the central entrance is a baetyl (sacred stone); inside the porticos Description of Types according to Mint are altars or thymiateria (incense burners). The Sidon courtyard is paved with stone slabs; a long slab One of the two coins from Sidon (No. 17) is stands facing the central entrance (offering extraordinarily rare. It depicts Julia Maesa— table?). To its right are three pellets. This grandmother of Elagabalus and Severus description was very popular on Roman coins Alexander—on the obverse, and the car of and gems from Cyprus (BMC Cyprus:cxxvii– Astarte—one of the known symbols of the cxxiv; Price and Trell 1977:147–149). city, surrounded by the zodiac wheel—on the As noted above, the coin was placed on the reverse. Coins with similar representations chest of the skeleton in Kokh 2. It seems likely of the zodiac were also minted in Akko- that this well-preserved coin, intentionally Ptolemais (Meshorer 1984–1985:13, No. 17) pierced for suspension as a medallion, belonged and Alexandria (BMC Alex.:126–127, Nos. to the deceased and was considered a precious 1078–1079). In Sidon, this type is known both object. with Elagabalus and his first wife Julia Paula (Rouvier 1902:267, No. 1527; 276, No. 1571). Tyre Our coin, with Julia Maesa, seems to be yet As mentioned above, the bulk of Roman unpublished. Provincial coins discovered in Iqrit derive from Tyre. Some of them are standard coin-types, Byblos such as the two autonomous issues representing A single well-preserved coin, minted in Byblos the head of Melqart and the temple of Koinon under Diadumenian, was discovered in Kokh 7 (Nos. 3, 4), and the three specimens dated to (No. 10). The coin depicts the local Tyche, Elagabalus, of the ‘Tyche standing between standing within an arch, suggesting that the trophy and Victory on column’ (Nos. 11–13). statue, which served as a prototype for the The stories behind Coin Nos. 7, 11–13 are coin, stood in a shell-niche. This detail is somehow connected. Coin No. 7 belongs to characteristic of Byblos coins. Caracalla, and it depicts a bull and the standard of the Legio III Gallica. The bull was the Caesarea Paneas symbol of this legion, which was quartered Another coin that deserves particular attention at Tyre. In 219 CE, the Syrian legate Verus was found in Kokh 7 (No. 16). It was minted tried to usurp the throne in Rome. As a result, by Elagabalus in Caesarea Paneas. Although Elagabalus dispersed this legion and revoked the type is quite common—Tyche wearing a Tyre’s rights as a colony and metropolis, as short chiton, holding a cornucopia and a long seen in the changed inscription TVRIORVM on rudder—its date, 219 CE (CKB=222) does Coin Nos. 11–13. The city was reinstated as a not appear in Meshorer’s corpus of that mint colony early in the reign of Severus Alexander (Meshorer 1984–1985:37–58). (BMC Phoen.:cxxv–cxxvi). 100 Gabriela Bijovsky

Also noteworthy is a Tyrian coin of water flowing from them) appearing where the Diadumenian, depicting Harpocrates standing murex shell is located (cf. Rouvier 1904:98, beside an altar (No. 9). This is a yet unpublished No. 2495), or below at the left field, between variant of a type known only under Caracalla Melqart and the altar.5 Our coin might very well and Elagabalus. In addition, there are two belong to a deficient die of this type. coins of a relatively rare type, dated to Severus Alexander, that represent Marsyas standing Dating before a palm tree (Nos. 18, 19; Babelon 1893: No. 2234; Rouvier 1904: Nos. 2417, 2418). According to the numismatic evidence, the One was discovered in Kokh 7 and the other in cave was in use from perhaps sometime in the Kokh 8. Because of their rarity, they may both late second century CE to the beginning of have been deposited at the same time. the fourth century CE. The latest coin, dated Finally, there is a Tyrian coin probably struck to Maximinus in 311 CE, was discovered in under Valerian (253–260 CE; No. 21) that Kokh 4. The bulk of the coins is dated to the seems to be an unpublished variant. The coin first half of the third century CE. Most of them shows Melqart standing facing, holding a patera were minted in Phoenicia, primarily Tyre. As over a flaming altar. In its upper left field is a this is a very homogeneous group, it seems that murex shell. This type was heretofore known the major burial activity in the cave was during with small Ambrosial Rocks (and sometimes this period.

1 3

5 6

7 9

0 1

Fig. 1 The Coins from Iqrit 101

10 11

14 16

19 17

20 21

23 24

25 26

0 1

Fig. 2 102 Gabriela Bijovsky 29646 29647 29655 29641 29665 29660 IAA No. IAA 29659 BMC Phoen .: 271, No. 376 CRE 5:62, No. 260 BMC Cyprus :87, No. 60. Pierced BMC Phoen.: 268, No. 361 Notes SNG Ptol .: Pl. 17: Nos. 496, 497 Tyre Same Same Cyprus (Paphos) Rome Tyre 197–198 Rome Same 2nd c. Tyre Date (CE) Mint References and Victory Victory Temple of Temple RO Bull i ; in r. field, murex ; in r. ue g alo t a PTOLEMIES PTOLEMIES C SEPT[VRVS MET] SEPT[VRVS in background, standard: walking r., LEG/III/GAL COLONI shell; in exergue: [VICT AVG G COS II PP] AVG [VICT advancing l., holding wreath and palm branch KOINON KYΠΡΙΩΝ Aphrodite at Paphos Same cornucopia and branch of the Temple ΦΟΙΝΙΚΗC KΟΙΝΟΥ AKT Koinon. In exergue: [ΒΑΣΙ]ΛΕ[ΩΣ ΠΤΟ]ΛΕ[ΜΑΙΟΥ] Eagle stg. l., in l. field, club Reverse Autonomous issue ROMAN IMPERIAL ROMAN IMPERIAL ROMAN IMPERIAL ROMAN IMPERIAL Caracalla (211–217 CE) Caracalla (211–217 ROMAN PROVINCIAL ROMAN PROVINCIAL ROMAN PROVINCIAL ROMAN PROVINCIAL Ptolemy II (285–246 BCE) Trajan(?) (98–117 CE) – silver denarius CE) – silver (98–117 Trajan(?) Septimius Severus (193–211 CE) – silver denarius CE) – silver Septimius Severus (193–211 [I]MP M[AVR M[AVR [I]MP Bust r. ANTONINVS] laureate [L SEPT SEV PERT SEV PERT SEPT [L X] Bust r. VG IMP A laureate M•ΑΝΤΩΝΕΙ–ΝΟC Bust r. ΑYΓΟΥCΤΟC laureate Same [- - -] Head r. laureate[- - -] Head r. [- - -] Female seated l., holding ΤΥΡΟΥ Head ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕWC laureate, of Melqart r., lion-skin knotted round neck Bust Zeus r. 0 0 0 0 6 0 Axis Obverse 6 (mm) Weight (g)Weight Diam. Kokh Bask. Bask. No. 7* 23 3 11.34 25 6* 58 2 23.86 33 5* 27 4 2.39 17 4 79 7 9.67 24 3* 44 10 9.48 25 2 84 7 1.96 17 Cat. No. 1* 83 7 4.01 19 All of the coins are bronze unless otherwise stated. The coins are arranged chronologically, according to coin-types. Coins bearing an asterisk are illustrated in Figs. 1, 2. The coins are arranged chronologically, coins are bronze unless otherwise stated. All of the i The Coins from Iqrit 103 29663 29662 29645 29653 29652 29661 29656 29658 IAA No. IAA BMC Phoen .:186, No. 250 BMC Phoen .: 276, No. 407 BMC Phoen .: 275, No. 396 BMC Phoen .: 103, No. 40 variant. Cf. BMC Phoen .:270, No. 374 (Caracalla) BMC Phoen .: 272, No. 384 Notes Sidon Tyre Same Same Same Same Tyre Byblos Tyre Unpublished Tyre Date (CE) Mint References and Galley; (cont.) ue g alo t COL AVR PIA METRO Car of PIA AVR COL Astarte; within inverted crescent SID above sphere. In exergue: Victory stg. facing, Victory TV[RIO]RVM leaning with l. arm on column and holding palm branch; murex shell on extended hand; in l. field, palm tree Same Same Tyche stg. facing, Tyche TV[RIO]RVM laying hand on trophy from l.; on column from Victory crowned by In inner l. field, palm tree; in r.. field, murex shell r. ΙΕΡΑC BYB–ΛΟΥ Distyle temple; BYB–ΛΟΥ ΙΕΡΑC Victory crowned by Tyche in center, on column [SEPTVRVS METRO]P COLONI METRO]P [SEPTVRVS Harpocrates stg. l., holding hand cornucopia and himation, r. to his lips. In l. field, lighted altar; in field, murex shell r. SEP [TVRO METRO] SEP above, murex shell. In exergue: COLON Reverse a C Macrinus (217–218 CE) Elagabalus (218–222 CE) Diadumenian (217–218 CE) IMP CAES MAV CAES MAV IMP AVG [ANTON]INVS laureate, cuirassed Bust r., and draped, seen from back IMP CAES MAV CAES MAV IMP Bust AVG ANTONINVS laureate, cuirassed and r., draped, seen from back Same Same IMP CA[ES] MAV CA[ES] MAV IMP Bust AVG ANTONINVS laureate, cuirassed and r., draped, seen from back [MOΠ Δ]IADOMENIA] [MOΠ NO CKAI Same [IM OP DIADVMENIA] [IM OP bare- NVS CAES Bust r. headed, cuirassed and draped [IMP CAES MACRINVS CAES [IMP laureate, Bust r. AVG] cuirassed and draped 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Axis Obverse (mm) Weight (g)Weight Diam. Kokh Bask. Bask. No. 9* 80 7 11.17 23 8 82 7 6.47 20 15 106 9 7.34 27 14* 86 7 8.09 26 13 68 3 12.44 27 12 77 7 12.98 29 11* 76 7 18.25 29 10* 85 7 10.15 24 Cat. No. 104 Gabriela Bijovsky 29651 29654 29642 29664 29657 29649 29650 IAA No. IAA BMC variant; Cf. Rouvier 1904:98, No. 2495 (with Ambrosial Rocks in upper l. field) 2000:73, No. 551 Nos. 2417, 2418 variant; Cf. Phoen .: 187, No. 260 (Elagabalus) Date unpublished; Cf. Meshorer 1984–1985:54, No. 34 (but date 218 CE) Notes Tyre Unpublished Same Same Tyre Rouvier 1904:84, Sidon Unpublished Paneas 2nd–3rd c. 250–251 Antioch Prieur and Year 222 = 219 Year Caesarea Date (CE) Mint References and C/K/B Melqart stg Marsyas stg. (cont.)

ue g Uncertain alo t Obliterated COL T[VR METRO] COL facing, holding club and lion-skin In l. and patera over lighted altar. field, murex shell ΔΗΜΑΡΧ ΕΞΟ[ΥCΙΑC] Eagle stg. l. on palm branch, holding wreath in SC its peak. In exergue: Same [SEP TVRO COLO] [SEP facing palm tree, Between them, r., murex shell COL A[VR PIA METR SIDON] A[VR PIA COL car of Zodiac-wheel; in center, Astarte Tyche stg. Tyche ΑCΥΛ ΚΑΙC ΠΑΝ CΕΒ facing, holding cornucopia and long rudder; leaning foot on prow of field, date: In r. galley. Reverse a C Valerian(?) (253–260 CE) Valerian(?) Julia Maesa (d. c. 226 BCE) Severus Alexander (222–235 CE) Alexander Severus Trajan Decius (249–251 CE) – Billon tetradrachm Trajan [- - -] Head r Head r., Head r., AVG ]IANVS laureate, cuirassed and draped ΑΥΤ Κ Γ ΜΕ ΚΥ Κ Γ ΜΕ ΚΥ ΑΥΤ ΔΕΚΙΟC [ΤΡΑΙΑΝ]ΟC radiate, CΕΒ] Head r., cuirassed and draped Same M AV ALEXANDER AV M CAES SEB] Bust r., laureate, cuirassed and draped IVL MAESA AVG Bust AVG MAESA IVL draped r., AVTKM ANTWNINOC AVTKM laureate, cuirassed Bust r., and draped, seen from back 0 0 0 0 6 0 Axis Obverse (mm) Weight (g)Weight Diam. Kokh Bask. Bask. No. 22 38 7 8.69 23 21* 78 7 9.80 27 20* 59 2 8.87 24 19* 42 8 6.88 25 18 81 7 8.47 22 17* 99 5 14.30 29 16* 37 7 13.81 25 Cat. No. The Coins from Iqrit 105 29648 29640 29643 IAA No. IAA 29644 RIC 6:642, No. 161 RIC 5/2:302, No. 674 RIC 5/2:583, No. 9. Pierced Notes RIC 5/2:581, No. 11 Antioch Antioch Antioch 311 c. 295 Antioch Date (CE) Mint References and S ; in ; in exergue: ; in exergue: Genius stg. l., (cont.) ue g alo t a GENIO AVGVST[I] GENIO holding cornucopia and himation, In l. and patera over lighted altar. field: Є/Δ field: $ , in r. AN[T] IOVI ET HERCULI CONS IOVI ET on Victory CAES Jupiter receiving globe from Hercules. Below: XXI exergue: ROMAE AETERNAE Rome seated ROMAE l. on round shield, holding spear and In l. field, star; in exergue, Victory. two pellets ROMAE AETERNAE Rome seated ROMAE l. on round shield, holding spear and In l. field, star; in exergue, Victory. two pellets Reverse C ROMAN IMPERIAL ROMAN IMPERIAL Maximinus (309–313 CE) – folles Quietus (260–261 CE) silver-plated – Quietus (260–261 CE) silver-plated Macrianus II (260–261 CE) silver-plated – antoninianus Macrianus II (260–261 CE) silver-plated Constantius I (295–306 CE) silver plated – antoninianus Constantius I (295–306 CE) silver GAL VAL MAXIMINV S VAL GAL laureate Head r. PF AVG FL VAL CONST[ANTI] VAL FL VS NOB CAES Head radiate, cuirassed and r. draped IMP C FVL QVIETVS C FVL IMP radiate, Head r. AVG PF cuirassed and draped IMP C FVL C FVL IMP AVG MACRIANVS PF radiate, cuirassed Head r. and draped 6 6 6 Axis Obverse 6 (mm) Weight (g)Weight Diam. Kokh Bask. Bask. No. 26* 26 4 2.82 22 25* 51 1 3.26 23 24* 60 2 2.82 22 Cat. No. 23* 61 2 3.05 20 106 Gabriela Bijovsky

Notes

1 The coins were cleaned at the IAA laboratories one from the Qula hoard (IAA 89582) and one from under the direction of Ella Altmark and were Tell Qasile (IAA 97552). photographed by Clara Amit and Sandu Mandrea. 4 Alloy that contains less than 50% silver. 2 Another eight coins from unknown provenance are 5 This variant is unpublished. Some other examples registered (IAA 31684, 56422–56428). are IAA 77663 (Aquilea Severa; from excavations 3 Two coins from Hanita (IAA 36530, 36536); one in Qastra) and IAA 9849 (Valerian; of unknown from Nahal Hagit (IAA 47109); one from Kabri provenance); see Bijovsky 1999b: Appendix A. (IAA 82704); one from Kefar Bar‘am (IAA 84584);

References

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