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Metrorail, Operator of South Africa's Commuter Rail Networks, Looks

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Metrorail, Operator of South Africa's Commuter Rail Networks, Looks Towards Urban Multilingualism: Investigating the Linguistic Landscape of the Public Rail Transport System in the Western Cape Ian Lyndon Johnson A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Artium in the Department of Linguistics, University of the Western Cape. 22 June 2012 Supervisor: Professor Felix Banda i Keywords Linguistic landscape Public space Multilingualism Language Geosemiotics Ethnography Multimodality Transgressive semiotics Metrorail Code preference ii Abstract Towards urban multilingualism: Investigating the linguistic landscape of the public rail transport system in the Western Cape I.L. Johnson MA Thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of the Western Cape This study explores the linguistic landscape of Metrorail in the Western Cape, South Africa. The Western Cape is a diverse, multicultural society with a history of colonialism and imperialism. For this reason, the language/s on signage was explored to reveal differences/similarities between the various groups and cultures within society. This kind of investigation entailed consideration of the signage displayed on trains, stations and other railway infrastructure. Thus, data was collected over a three-month period during 2010 which coincided with the FIFA Soccer World Cup, hosted by South Africa. A combined quantitative and qualitative approach for the analysis of data was supplemented with a multimodal, multi-semiotic approach. In addition, interviews were conducted of a cross-section of commuters as a way to give meaning to the analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data. The analysis explored the extent to which multilingualism and multiculturalism are reflected in the linguistic landscape of Metrorail. The focus of the study was on the degree of visibility of the official and non-official languages on signage, as faced by Metrorail commuters. The findings of the study reveal that the interplay between power relations, prestige, symbolic value, identity and vitality in the linguistic landscape of Metrorail results in a somewhat limited display of multilingualism. The findings also reflect the changed language attitudes and perceptions, the maintenance of power relations, the expression of identity, and the desire to be perceived in a certain way, in a broader South African context. Furthermore, the data reveals that the actual linguistic reality does not accurately reflect the aims of the Western Cape language policy in terms of promoting multilingualism. Moreover, it reveals that English is the preferred language of wider communication and it is also the dominant language on the official and non-official signage in the public space. Although iii the indigenous African languages, along with Afrikaans, are generally neglected in the public space, these languages are widely spoken by Metrorail commuters. The linguistic landscape of Metrorail therefore does not accurately reflect the linguistic reality of the various speech communities in the Western Cape. The linguistic landscape of Metrorail serves to index the broader social developments of the transformed sociolinguistic South African identity. iv Declaration I declare that Towards Urban Multilingualism: Investigating the Linguistic Landscape of the Public Rail Transport System in the Western Cape is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university, and that all sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. Full Name: Ian Lyndon Johnson Signed: Date: 22 June 2012 v Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof Felix Banda for his help and guidance whilst writing my thesis. The constructive feedback, patience and professionalism throughout are immensely appreciated. I would like to thank Mrs Avril Grovers for the administrative support and encouragement during my studies. I would also like to thank Mr Kelvin Mambwe for proofreading and editing my thesis during the final stages. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Natalie Johnson and my children, David and Amy, for their steadfast love and support. vi Table of Contents KEYWORDS ............................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................III DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ VI LIST OF MAPS ............................................................................................................ X LIST OF GRAPHS ..................................................................................................... XI LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... XII LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ...................................................................................... XIII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ........................................ 1 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background to the study .......................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 The geography and economy of the Western Cape ............................................... 2 1.1.2 The spread of languages ....................................................................................... 6 1.1.3 Official language policies ....................................................................................10 1.1.4 The development of rail transport in South Africa ...............................................11 1.1.5 Passenger rail transport in the Western Cape .......................................................13 1.1.6 The influence of the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup .............................................16 1.2 Statement of purpose ..............................................................................................17 1.3 Aims of the research...............................................................................................17 1.4 Rationale ................................................................................................................18 1.5 Scope of the study ..................................................................................................18 1.6 Research methodology ...........................................................................................19 1.7 Organization of the thesis .......................................................................................19 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................21 2.0 Introduction ...........................................................................................................21 2.1 The notion of linguistic landscape ..........................................................................21 2.2 Defining linguistic landscaping ..............................................................................24 2.3 Ethnolinguistic vitality ...........................................................................................27 2.4 Theoretical considerations ......................................................................................28 2.5 Functions of the linguistic landscape ......................................................................36 2.5.1 Informational function .........................................................................................36 2.5.2 Symbolic function ...............................................................................................37 2.5.3 Mythological function .........................................................................................38 2.6 Place names ...........................................................................................................39 vii 2.7 Transgressive semiotics in the LL .......................................................................... 40 2.8 Methodological considerations ...............................................................................43 2.8.1 Quantitative versus qualitative approach to linguistic landscaping .......................44 2.8.2 Synchronic or diachronic approach to linguistic landscaping ...............................45 2.8.3 Survey area in linguistic landscaping ...................................................................46 2.8.4 Unit of analysis in linguistic landscaping .............................................................46 2.8.5 Categorization of signage ....................................................................................47 2.8.6 Agency in linguistic landscaping .........................................................................47 2.8.7 Code preference ..................................................................................................48 2.9 Multimodality and the influence of globalization in the linguistic landscape ...........50 2.10 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................51 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY .............................53 3.0 Introduction ...........................................................................................................53
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