University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Nebraska Game and Parks Commission -- White Papers, Conference Presentations, & Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Manuscripts

1982

The Missouri River Channel Catfish

Eugene T. Mahoney Nebraska Game and Parks Commission

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Mahoney, Eugene T., "The Missouri River Channel Catfish" (1982). Nebraska Game and Parks Commission -- White Papers, Conference Presentations, & Manuscripts. 32. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebgamewhitepap/32

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Game and Parks Commission -- White Papers, Conference Presentations, & Manuscripts by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The Missouri River CHANNEL CATFISH NEBRASKA TECHNICAL SERIES NO. 11

NEBRASKA GAME AND PARKS COMMISSION Eugene T. Mahoney, Director P.O. Box 30370 Lincoln, Nebraska 68503 1982

A contribution of Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Project F-13-R, Nebraska

Table of Contents

LIST OF TABLES ...... 6

CHAPTER 1 ...... 9 General introduction and methods including acknowledgement by Larry W. Hesse.

CHAPTER 2 ...... 14 Age-growth, length-frequency, length-weight, and condition of channel catfish from channelized, unchannelized and stabilized Missouri River and two major tributaries. By Larry W. Hesse, Brad Newcomb, and Steven Schainost.

CHAPTER 3 ...... 20 Food habits of channel catfish from the channelized Missouri River and the Niobrara River. By Gene Zuerlein.

CHAPTER 4 ...... 30 Fecundity and sexual maturation of channel catfish from the Missouri River and its tributaries. By Leigh Ann DeVore (Retelsdorf).

CHAPTER 5 ...... 33 Movement, population estimation, CPE, mortality and harvest of Missouri River and tributary channel catfish. By Larry W. Hesse, Brad Newcomb, and Steven Schainost.

CHAPTER 6 ...... 40 The relationship of hoopnet mesh size to channel catfish catches. By Larry W. Hesse, Gene Zuerlein, Brad Newcomb, and Leigh Ann DeVore (Retelsdorf).

CHAPTER 7 ...... 44 Simulating the Missouri River channel catfish. By Larry W. Hesse.

CHAPTER 8 ...... 46 A selected, indexed bibliography of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). By Brad Newcomb.

CHAPTER 9 ...... 76 General summary, conclusions and recommendations. By Larry W. Hesse.

5 List of Tables

TABLE 2.1 ...... 15 Number of fish caught each month at each site for all years.

TABLE 2.2 ...... 15 Back/calculated growth using the method of Monastyrsky (mean estimated lengths, age classes not separated) at each site for all years.

TABLE 2.3 ...... 16 Empirical data on mean length at capture at each site for all years.

TABLE 2.4 ...... 16 Length frequency and percentage composition of the total sample at each site for all years.

TABLE 2.5 ...... ~ ...... 17 Predicted weights of fish using the length-weight regression equation at each site for all years.

TABLE 2.6 ...... 18 Mean condition factor (KTL) for each 20 mm length interval at each site for all years.

TABLE 2.7 ...... 18 Mean condition factor by month at each site for all years.

TABLE 3.1 ...... 21 Percent frequency of occurrence of food consumed by channel catfish collected in the channelized Missouri River near Fort Cal­ houn and Brownville in 1975.

TABLE 3.2 ...... 22 Percent frequency of occurrence of food consumed by all size classes of channel catfish collected from the Missouri and Nio­ brara rivers in all years.

TABLE 3.3 ...... 22 Percent frequency of occurrence of food consumed by channel catfish collected in the Niobrara River between Cornell and Spencer dams in 1978.

6 TABLE 3.4 ...... 23 Percent frequency of occurrence of insects consumed by channel catfish collected in the channelized Missouri River near Fort Cal­ houn and Brownville in 1975 by 50 mm increments.

TABLE 3.5 ...... 24 Percent frequency of occurrence of insects consumed by channel catfish collected in the Niobrara River between Cornell and Spencer dams in 1978 by 50 mm TL increments.

TABLE 3.6 ...... 25 Percent frequency of occurrence of food consumed by channel catfish collected in the Niobrara River between Spencer Dam and the Missouri River in 1976 and 1977.

TABLE 3.7 ...... 26 Percent frequency of occurrence of insects consumed by channel catfish collected in the Niobrara River between Spencer Dam and the Missouri River in 1976 and 1977 by 50 mm TL increments.

TABLE 4.1 ...... 30 Percentage of female channel catfish found mature at various sizes from the Niobrara, Missouri, and Little Nemaha rivers, Ne­ braska in 1978 to 1979.

TABLE 4.2 ...... 31 Back/calculated length at age compared to length at maturity for female channel catfish from the Little Nemaha, Missouri, and Nio­ brara rivers, Nebraska.

TABLE 5.1 ...... 33 The number of tagged and recaptured (by angler, commercial fisherman, and research personnel) channel catfish from the Missouri River and its tributaries, 1974-1979.

TABLE 5.2 ...... 34 Movement of tagged fish in the Missouri River, based on tag re­ turns from fishermen and Nebraska Game and Parks research personnel, percents in parenthesis.

TABLE 5.3 ...... 34 Movement of tagged fish in the Little Nemaha and Niobrara rivers based on tag returns from fishermen and Nebraska Game and Parks research personnel, percents in parenthesis.

7 TABLE 5.4 ...... 35 The number of fish recaptured in various tributaries of the Missouri River.

TABLE 5.5 ...... 36 Catch per unit effort (CPE) of baited hoop nets for channel catfish in the Missouri River and two tributaries.

TABLE 5.6 ...... 37 Instantaneous and annual mortality at each site for all years combined.

TABLE 6.1 ...... 41 Catch per unit effort (CPE) of channel catfish from the Missouri River in baited hoopnets of six different mesh sizes.

TABLE 6.2 ...... 42 Length frequency of channel catfish captured in hoopnets of six different mesh dimensions from the channelized Missouri River. Entries in table are number of individuals sampled.

TABLE 7.1 ...... 45 Predicted biomass, yield, and average size of catfish subjected to various rates of exploitation.

TABLE 9.1 ...... 77 Comparative growth rates of Nebraska channel catfish, with nota­ tions on growth from Iowa and Oklahoma waters.

TABLE 9.2 ...... 79 Net gain in storage of water in Lewis and Clark Lake during the 1975 and 1978 water years.

8 CHAPTER! General Introduction, Methods and Acknowledgements

By Larry W. Hesse

The catfish family (Ictaluridae) is large; the total and flaky and robust in flavor. But this opinion was not number of recognized genera being more than one always agreed upon as shown from the following pro­ hundred and the number of species nearly one test printed in a periodical (Punch) when catfish were thousand. Most species inhabit the rivers of warmer proposed for introduction into England (Jordan and countries particularly South America and Africa. The Evermann 1969): total number of species known from North and Middle America is 108 (Jordan and Evermann 1969). In the "Oh, do not bring the Catfish here! United States and Canada we have 37 species, but The Catfish is a name I fear. only about a half dozen of these are of sport or com­ Oh, spare each stream and spring, mercial importance. The Kennett swift, the Wandie clear, The genus Ictalurus is confined to the fresh waters of The lake, the loch, the broad, the mere, North America and contains 11 known species; six of From that detested thing. these are important food fishes (Bailey et al. 1970). The Catfish is a hideous beast, One additional member of family Ictaluridae that also is A bottom-feeder that doth feast widely distributed throughout North America but of a Upon unholy bait; different genus is the flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivar­ He's no addition to your meal, is). This species is a very important food and game He's rather richer than the eel; fish. And ranker than the skate. The channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, is native to the eastern half of the United States. It ranged from His face is broad, and flat, and glum; Montana through southern Manitoba and Quebec to He's like some monstrous miller's thumb; the western side of the Appalachians then south from He's bearded like the pard. Florida to Mexico (Carlander 1969). This species has Beholding him the grayling flee, been introduced successfully throughout most of the The trout take refuge in the sea, remainder of the country. The gudgeons go on guard. The channel catfish is slender with a deeply forked He grows into a startling size; tail and flap-like adipose fin. The upper jaw projects The British matron 'twould surprise beyond the lower jaw and the tooth pad on the upper And raise her burning blush jaw is without backward extensions. This species is To see white catfish as large as man, similar in appearance to the blue catfish (Ictalurus fur­ Through what the bards call 'water wan', catus) but differs in having dark spots laterally and in Come with an ugly rush. having the outer margin of the anal fin rounded out­ ward rather than straight. The anal fin has fewer rays They say the Catfish climbs the trees, (24 to 29) than a blue catfish's anal fin. The fish is And robs the roosts, and down the breeze scaleless and its body configuration presents a very Prolongs his catterwaul. streamlined appearance. In life the fishes' back and Oh, leave him in his western flood sides are olive-brown or slate-blue, with dark spots Where the MiSSissippi churns the mud; randomly scattered throughout. The belly is silvery­ Don't bring him here at all." white; fins are yellowish or dusky with a narrow black border. Males, during the breeding season, become This rather strong viewpoint is not shared by Amer­ very dark, with a swollen knobby head. The lips be­ ican fishermen and fish consumers. The channel cat­ come thickened and fleshy (Pflieger 1975). Exception­ fish has become a highly prized game and food fish in al adults will reach nearly a meter in length and weigh the U.S. In Nebraska (1975) 53% of the sportfishermen up to nearly 20 kg. Nebraska's state record fish were seeking channel catfish and over a million and a weighed nearly 17 kg. half were harvested (Morris 1977). The channel catfish The flesh of this catfish is of excellent quality, firm is abundant in the Missouri River and is a major com-

9 mercial species. Commercial fishermen from Nebras­ ing river between the two lowermost dams. An addi­ ka, Iowa, and Missouri reported taking over 30,000 kg tional 83 km section downstream from the last dam is of channel catfish from the Missouri River during 1976 unchannelized, but increased erosion due to the pre­ and 1977 (Schainost 1977; Anon 1977, 1978; Robin­ sence of the silt collecting reservoirs upstream has de­ son 1978, 1979). graded this section. Channel catfish are caught with set lines which in­ Nebraska resource managers, convinced that the clude trot lines, bank lines, limb lines and other varia­ fish species of the Missouri River could not tolerate tions on this theme. Basically a long main line of heavy such change much longer were quick to suggest that a gauge is outfitted with several to many "droppers" major investigation into the quality of life of Missouri each equipped with a heavy hook. These lines are River fishes was mandatory when construction on two weighted in order to fish near the bottom. Bait for set nuclear power stations began in the late 1960's. This lines includes "live bait" which can be any number of was a beginning of a new awareness of the river and species of cyprinids, small sunfish, crawfish and from this several more extensive studies were under­ worms. "Cut bait" is also used, mostly muscle strips of taken. The channel catfish was target in most of this larger fish with goldeye being the preferred species. work. This report is an attempt to place this volume of "Prepared baits" are also used including chicken en­ data into a single report. trails, blood, liver, cheese and commercial concoc­ tions. Jug fishing is also popular. In this instance a The studies and the people plastiC jug, employed as a float, trails a length of line Our ability to sample channel catfish effectively, de­ with hooks and a weight attached. These are floated veloped in 1974 during the course of Dingell-Johnson through prospective catfish habitat and attended (DJ) project F-4-R Study XII. This effort was in re­ periodically by the fishermen. The rod and reel is suc­ sponse to the placement of two nuclear power stations cessfully fished with many of the aforementioned baits which went on line in 1974. These stations were lo­ as well as an occasional spinner, small spoon and cated on the Nebraska shore of the river at Fort other artificial lures retrieved slowly near the bottom. Calhoun, Nebraska and Brownville, Nebraska. Catfish As catfish are most active at night, the best fishing were collected in 1974 and 1975 near Fort Calhoun occurs at dusk and during the early night hours. (5,204 specimens) and Brownville (3,063 specimens). However, it is known that if there is a sudden rise in the Biologists working on this study included myself, stream flow catfish will go on a feeding binge and Charles R. Wallace, Larry L. Lehman, and Arthur actively forage during daylight hours as well. Commer­ "Bud" Stewart. cial fishermen capture catfish with gill and trammel In 1975 a commercial fisheries project 2-257-R be­ nets and seines but most effectively with traps such as gan and catfish were collected from the upper channel­ hoop-nets and wooden basket traps. These are usually ized as well as unchannelized portions. The study was baited with cheese trimmings or soybean meal, designed to investigate the population dynamics of the although many bait recipes exist and even female cat­ commercial fishery resource of these regions. On the fish are effective attractors at certain times. unchannelized river, 192 fish were collected from the There are also a few "old timers" that capture catfish "Sunshine Bottoms" region upstream of Lewis and by hand (unlawful in Nebraska). They are successful Clark Lake during 1975 and 1976. On the unchannel­ especially during the breeding season when adults are ized river below Lewis and Clark Lake, 7,771 fish were protecting their nest of eggs. Catfish seek out holes in collected near Yankton and Vermillion, South Dakota the bankline or under log piles to spawn. We have in 1975 through 1978. An additional 3,352 channel cat­ witnessed fishermen capturing large channel catfish by fish were collected from the channelized river near locating these holes and simply going in after the fish. Sioux City, Iowa during 1975 through 1978. Biologists The catfish's highly developed sense of parental care working on this study included: Darrel Feit, Steven is aptly demonstrated as the fish remains on the nest Schainost, Arthur "Bud" Stewart, Dave King, Mike Av­ even in the face of an intruder the size of a man. ery, Tom Kiritsy, and Dave Tunink. The lower Missouri River has undergone a drastic Another commercial fisheries project, 2-283-R, be­ alteration at the hands of the U.S. Army Corps of En­ gan in 1976. This study was created to investigate the gineers. It has been wholly channelized between Sioux importance of the Little Nemaha River to the Missouri City, Iowa and the confluence with the Mississippi Riv­ River catfishery. The Little Nemaha is a small tributary er, a distance of nearly 1300 km. The upper Missouri entering the channelized Missouri River near Brownvil­ River has been impounded in six locations so that at le, Nebraska. The project was designed in two phases: present there is only a 60 km stretch of naturally flow- Phase 1 involved Missouri River collecting and during

10 1976 and 1977, 1,515 fish were collected; Phase 2 Finalized Publications involved the Little Nemaha where 3,223 fish were col­ lected between 1976 and 1978. Biologists working on Hesse, L. W. and C. R. Wallace. 1976. The effects of this project included: myself, Larry Zadina, Gene Zuer­ cooling water discharges from Fort Calhoun and lein, Brad Newcomb, Leigh Ann DeVore (Retelsdorf), Cooper Nuclear Stations on the fishes of the Mis­ Len Koziol, and Randy Winter. souri River. Final report DJ project F-4-R Study Xlla. During 1976, DJ project F-10-R was initiated to in­ Nebraska Game and Parks Co. Lincoln 378p. vestigate the relationship between the Niobrara River Hesse, L. W., C. R. Wallace, and L. Lehman. 1978. and the Missouri River. The Niobrara is a tributary of Fishes of the channelized Missouri River: age­ the unchannelized river upstream of Lewis and Clark growth, length-frequency, length-weight, coefficient Lake. During 1976 and 1977, 711 catfish were col­ of condition, catch curves and mortality of 25 species lected from the Missouri River; 2,877 fish were col­ of channelized Missouri River fishes. Ne. Tech. Ser. lected in the Niobrara River. Biologists working on this No.4, Nebraska Game and Parks Co. Lincoln. 61 p. study included: myself, Gene Zuerlein, Roger Vancil, Hesse, L. W., L. Zadina, R. Winter, L. A. Retelsdorf, B. Len Koziol, Brad Newcomb, and Leigh Ann DeVore Newcomb. 1979. Evaluation of the influence of tribu­ (Retelsdorf). taries to the Missouri River commercial fishery. Final In 1978 an additional 248 catfish were captured from report N.O.A.A. project 2-283-R. Nebraska Game the Niobrara upstream from Spencer Hydroelectric and Parks Co. Lincoln. 26p. Dam, a total fish barrier 63 km upstream from the con­ Hesse, L. W., G. Zuerlein, R. Vancil, L. Koziol, B. New­ fluence of the Niobrara and Missouri Rivers. Larry comb, and L. A. Retelsdorf. 1979. Niobrara Missouri Hutchinson and Lynn Schleuter gathered this data. River fishery investigations. Ne. Tech. Ser. No.5. This work was paid for solely by State of Nebraska Nebraska Game and Parks Co. Lincoln. 39p. game funds. Hesse, L. W. 1977. FIRE I. A computer program for the During 1978 catfish were sampled from the Missouri computation of fishery statistics on samples with River near Blair, Nebraska under DJ project F-15-R, aged and non-aged subsamples IBM 360/65, For­ Study I. In this work data was gathered to relate the tran IV G Level. Ne. Tech. Ser. No.1. Nebraska body size of catfish captured by various mesh size Game and Parks Co. Lincoln 60p. hoopnets; 194 fish were collected. Biologists working Hesse, L. W. 1977. A computer program for the com­ on this study included: myself, Gene Zuerlein, Roger putation of fishery statistics on samples with aged Vancil, Brad Newcomb, and Leigh Ann DeVore(Retels­ and non-aged subsamples. Fisheries, 2(3):28. dorf). Hesse, L. W. 1979. The relationship of hoopnet mesh All of the studies just described were designed to size to length-frequency of channel catfish catches. assess adult fish dynamics. In addition to these works, Final report DJ project F-15-R. Nebraska Game and sampling with an explosive (Primacord) was done on Parks Co. Lincoln. State of Nebraska game funds in the upper and lower Hesse, L. W. 1980. Creel survey - Missouri River sport Niobrara in 1978. The objective was to gather CPE and commercial fishermen. Final Report DJ project data on age-O channel catfish for population estimates. F-15-R. Nebraska Game and Parks Co. Lincoln. Biologists working on these studies included: Lee Hesse, L. W., B. Newcomb. 1982. Missouri River Rupp, Arthur "Bud" Stewart, Larry Hutchinson, and Fishes-an estimate of abundance. North American Lynn Schleuter. Journal of Fisheries Management, 2(1): 80-83. Information on the harvest of channel catfish as well Hesse, L. W. and B. Newcomb. 1982. Effects of as other species was gathered by creel census of the flushing Spencer Hydro on water quality fish, and Missouri River during 1978. Biologists working on DJ insect fauna in the Niobrara River, Nebraska. North project F-15-R, Study II included: myself, Gene Zuer­ American Journal of Fisheries Management, 2(1): lein, Roger Vancil, Brad Newcomb, Leigh Ann DeVore 45-52. (Retelsdorf), and Dirk Shoemaker. Hesse, L. W., Q. P. Bliss, G. Zuerlein. 1982. Some More than 28,000 adult channel catfish were col­ aspects of the ecology of adult fishes in the channel­ lected from the Missouri River between 1974 and ized Missouri River with special reference to the 1978. This sample provides the data base for the dis­ effects of two nuclear power generating stations. In: cussion to occur in the following chapters. The Middle Missouri River: A collection of papers on There have been final reports and publications de­ the biology with special reference to power plant veloped from much of this data and several more are effects. Editors: L. W. Hesse, G. Hergenrader, H. pending publication. This list is as follows: Lewis, S. Reetz, A. Schlesinger. Published by The

11 Missouri River Study Group, In care of L. W. Hesse, Food Habits P. O. Box 934, Norfolk, NE. Channel catfish were sampled in the channelized Schainost, S. 1980. Population dynamics of the com­ Missouri River from April through December 1975. An mercial fishery resource of the unchannelized and 11 km segment between River Mark (RM) 650 and 643 stabilized Missouri River. Final Report N.O.A.A. pro­ and a 14 km segment between RM 537 and 528 were ject 2-257-R. Nebraska Game and Parks Co. Lin­ sampled. All specimens collected were electroshocked coln. along trail dikes using a boatmounted 240-volt pulsed D.C. unit. Projects Pending Channel catfish were sampled below Spencer Dam, on the Niobrara River, in August, September, and In addition, several projects are scheduled to be in October 1976 and monthly from April through Septem­ progress during 1982. These include: ber 1977. The Niobrara River between Spencer Dam DJ project F-15-R, Study IV. Sampling channel catfish and Cornell Dam was sampled May through August shorter than 250mm TL, and longer than 400mm TL. 1978. Primacord, an explosive with 162.5 grains of Principle investigator-L. W. Hesse. PETN/m, was used to collect channel catfish in the DJ project F-55-R, Study II. Evaluation of predator Niobrara River. All habitats in the braided stream were stocking in the Missouri-Niobrara River system. Prin­ sampled including shallow sand bars and deeper, ciple investigator-L. W. Hesse vegetated banks. A bag seine 10m long, 1.2 m deep, DJ project F-55-R, Study IV. Development of a genetic and with 6.35 mm mesh was held downstream of each marking technique for use in evaluating stockings of blast site to capture stunned or killed fish. Platts (1979) walleye and northern pike into the Missouri-Niobrara used this same technique on the South Fork of the system. Principle investigator-L. W. Hesse. Salmon River in central Idaho and reported nearly 100% effectiveness. Methods Six stations were established above and six below Spencer Dam. The stations and distances from the Sampling Procedures mouth of the Niobrara River include: Throughout all of the studies on adult channel catfish Station 1. Downstream from U.S. highway 12 bridge tarred nylon hoopnets were most successfully used to 1.6 km capture catfish. These nets were of uniform length Station 2. Upstream from U.S. highway 12 bridge (1.47 m), diameter (0.6 m), and mesh size (25 mm 2.2 km square measure) with two crowfoot throats. All were Station 3. South of Verdel, Nebraska 24.2 km baited by placing a nylon bag full of cheese trimmings Station 4. South of Lynch, Nebraska 45.0 km in the cod end. These nets were then attached to a 20 Station 5. South of Bristow, Nebraska 56.2 km kg weight by a short length of rope (2 m), and the Station 6. South of Spencer, Nebraska 63.0 km weight was then tied to a solid attachment on shore. Spencer Dam 63.3 km Nets were fished near shore usually in 1 to 3 m of Station 7. 3.7 km upstream from Spencer Dam water. Choicest sites for catching fish were along 66.7 km sharply eroded banklines with solid bottom substrata. Station 8. South of Riverview 153.0 km Nets were usually checked daily. CPE was the number Station 9. West of Meadville 180.0 km of fish captured per net-night. Station 10. West of Norden 196.5 km Wooden basket traps were effective in several stu­ Station 11. East of Ft. Niobrara National dies. These were 2.1 m long, 0.3 m in diameter with 38 Wildlife Refuge 216.6 km mm slots, and were fished in areas where rocky bot­ Station 12. Ft. Niobrara near highway 12 244.0 km toms precluded net fishing. Traps were fished baited Cornell Dam 244.2 km (cheese) and unbaited. A 240-volt pulsed DC boat­ mounted electrofishing device was used but the effi­ Captured channel catfish were weighed (g), mea­ ciency of capture was much lower. Seines and an ex­ sured (mm) and sexed. Selected fish were sacrificed plosive (Primacord) were effective in sampling age-O for food habit analysis and stomachs were preserved in channel catfish. 10% formalin in the field. Smaller specimens were pre­ Pectoral spines were utilized to age individual fish. served intact in formalin and returned to the laboratory Fish were tagged with variations on the method de­ for dissection and analysis. Stomach contents were scribed by Carlin (1955). placed in a petri dish and examined under a stereosco-

12 pic microscope fitted with 10X eyepieces and a 1.5X Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York. 852p. auxiliary lens. Contents were identified using keys Burk, B. D. 1953. The Mayflies, or Ephemeroptera of found in Frison (1935); Ross (1944); Wiggins (1977); Illinois, Bull. III. Nat. Hist. Surv. 26: 1-216. Borror et al. (1976); Pennak (1953); Usinger (1971); Carlander, K. D. 1969. Handbook of freshwater fishery Johnannsen (1969); Edmunds et al. (1976); and Burk biology. Volume one. The Iowa State University (1953). Frequency of occurrence was the common Press, Ames. 752p. method of analysis used in all studies. Often, insects Carlin, Borje. 1955. Tagging of salmon smolts in the could not be taxonomically identified to any category river lagan. In Inst. Freshwater Res" Drottningholm, below family. Ann. Rept. 1954. Rep. No. 36. p. 57-74. Edmunds, D. F. Jr., S. L. Jensen and L. Bruner. 1976. Fecundity and Sexual Maturation The Mayflies of North and Central America. Univ. Channel catfish were captured with cheese baited Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 330p. hoopnets and those fish expected to be nearing sexual Frison, T. H. 1935. The Stoneflies or Plecoptera of maturity were preserved and returned to the labora­ Illinois. Bul. III. Nat. Hist. Surv. 20:1-471. tory. Gonadal-somatic indices were computed accord­ Johnannsen, O. A. 1969. Aquatic Diptera. Cornell ing to Jearld and Brown (1971) and fecundity was esti­ Univ. Og. Exper. Station, Ithaca, New York. 481 p. mated by the sphere volume method (Kucera and Ken­ Jearld, A., Jr., and B. E. Brown. 1971. Fecundity, age nedy 1977). and growth, and condition of channel catfish in an Oklahoma Reservoir. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 51 :15- Tag Studies 22. All marked catfish were tagged with a modified disc Jordan, D. S. and B. W. Evermann. 1969. American dangler tag (Carlin 1955). food and game fishes. Dover Publications Inc. New York. 574p. Mesh Study Methods Kucera, P. A., and J. L. Kennedy. 1977. Evaluation of a Cheese baited hoopnets were fished at random sphere volume method for estimating fish fecundity. times April through September 1978 on the Missouri Prog. Fish. Cult. 39(3):115-117. River near Blair, Nebraska. Six mesh size nets were Morris, J. A. 1977. Nebraska postal fishery creel cen­ tested; one night's effort consisted of two each of the sus. Final report DJ project F-4-R-22. Nebraska following mesh: 6 mm, 25 mm, 38 mm, 50 mm, 63 mm, Game and Parks Co. Lincoln. 10p. and 76 mm. The six mesh sizes were randomly distri­ Pennak, R. W. 1953. Freshwater invertebrates of the buted at sampling sites. All habitats known to support United States. The Ronald Press Co., New York. channel catfish were sampled and information on that 769p. habitat and the depth of the set were recorded. Eight­ Pfleiger, W. L. 1975. The fishes of Missouri. Missouri een nets were fished in April and May while the water Dept. of Cons. 343p. level was high. Twelve nets were fished in June, July, Platts, W. S. 1979. Relationships among stream order, August, and September because declining water levels fish populations, and aquatic geomorphology in an reduced suitable netting locations. The study area en­ Idaho River drainage. Fisheries 4(2):5-9. compassed 65 km of river in June through September; Robinson, J. W. 1979. Collection of commercial fisher­ this was the maximum that could be netted in one sam­ ies harvest data in Missouri for 1977. Unpublished pling day. All catfish sampled were weighed (g) and report for N.OAA. project no. 2-291-R. Missouri De­ measured (mm). partment of Conservation. 15pp. RobiFlson, J. W. 1978. Collection of commercial fisher­ Literature Cited ies harvest data in Missouri for 1976. Unpublished report for N.OAA. project no. 2-291-R. Missouri De­ Anon. 1978. Missouri River commercial fishing sum­ partment of Conservation. 14pp. mary. Unpublished. Nebraska Game and Parks Ross, H. H. 1944. The Caddis Flies, or Trichoptera, of Commission. Lincoln. 4pp. Illinois. Bull. III. Nat. Hist. Surv. 23:1-326. Anon. 1977. Missouri River commercial fishing report. Schainost, S. 1977. Survey of 1976 commercial fisher­ Unpublished. Iowa Conservation Commission, Des ies industry of Nebraska. Unpublished report to Moines. 6pp. N.OAA. project no. 2-223-R Nebraska Game and Bailey, R. M., J. E. Fitch, E. S. Herald, E. A. lachner, Parks Co. Lincoln. 32pp. C. C. Lindsay, C. R. Robins, and W. B. Scott. 1970. USinger, R. L. 1971. Aquatic Insects with keys to North A list of common and scientific names of fishes from American genera and California species. Univ. Calif. the United States and Canada. Amer. Fish. Soc. Sp. Press, los Angeles. 508p. Pub. NO.6. 150p. Wiggins, G. B. 1977. larvae of the North American Borror, D. J., D. M. Delong and C. A. Triplehorn. 1976. Caddisfly genera (trichoptera). Univ. of Toronto An introduction to the study of insects. Fourth ed. Press. 401 p.

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CHAPTER 2 Age-growth, Length-weight and Condition Factors of CHANNEL CATFISH from Channelized, Unchannelized and Stabilized Missouri River and Two Major Tributaries

By Larry W. Hesse, Brad Newcomb, and Steve Schainost

Results and Discussion the first and last good samples as spring arrives and summer departs. As a general rule channel catfish prefer warm en­ To further demonstrate that channel catfish move­ virons. We based this on the numbers captured in each ment closely follows water temperature and season, month throughout these studies. Capture depends on Table 2.1 shows a trend of larger samples in early the catfish actively moving about since our primary col­ months (monthly effort was similar) in the most south­ lecting tools (traps) were stationary. July is the month erly sampling sites. Conversely largest samples in of warmest Missouri River water temperatures and the northerly sites did not occur until later months. The month of largest samples (Table 2.1). May, June, July, largest monthly sample from the river near Brownville, August, and September are all good months to capture Nebraska occurred in April, whereas the largest this catfish and the months of April and October yield monthly sample from the river near Niobrara, Nebraska

14 Table 2.1. Number of fish caught each month at each site for all years.

Site* Months Total 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Jan 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 Feb 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 0 Mar 153 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 122 26 Apr 1,711 0 28 1 0 0 0 314 1,112 256 May 3,407 0 8 109 150 1,116 406 180 541 897 Jun 4,294 0 11 280 21 1,769 379 160 405 1,269 Jul 6,055 0 15 115 5 2,635 310 1,733 715 527 Aug 4,062 168 316 536 12 1,326 331 687 611 75 Sep 5,753 24 147 1,827 60 819 923 1,579 329 45 Oct 1,799 0 186 0 0 59 1,033 254 182 115 Nov 540 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 463 9 Dec 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

Total 27,872 192 711 2,877 248 7,771 3,352 5,204 4,578 3,223

*Site 1 = Missouri River - Sunshine Bottoms; Site 2 = Missouri River upstream from Lewis and Clark Lake; Site 3 = Niobrara River downstream from Spencer Dam; Site 4 = Niobrara River upstream from Spencer Dam; Site 5 = Missouri River near Yankton and Vermillion, South Dakota; Site 6 = Missouri River near Sioux City, Iowa; Site 7 = Missouri River near Blair, Nebraska; Site 8 = Missouri River near Brownville; Site 9 = Little Nemaha River.

occurred in August. older according to backcalculated growth (Table 2.2). Another trend that can be demonstrated from sam­ Empirical age data (Table 2.3) shows entry into the ple numbers is the relationship of increased activity in fishery in some instances in age three and growth to the main river with increased activity in the tributaries. 400 mm by age seven. This variability between empir­ Large August samples in the Missouri River near Niob­ ical and backcalculated growth could represent yearly rara were followed by larger Niobrara River samples in September. This same situation was shown to exist in the far southerly study area where large April samples Table 2.2. Backcalculated growth using the method of Monastyrsky in the main river near Brownville were followed by (mean estimated lengths, age classes not separated) at largest Little Nemaha River samples in May and June. each site for all years. The best speculation is that emigration from the Mis­ souri is very important to tributary stream populations. Length at annulii The best growth in early ages (1 to 3) was found in Site 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 the Little Nemaha River population (Table 2.2). The poorest growth occurred in the Missouri River popula­ tion living upstream from Lewis and Clark Lake. 1 49.7 140.5 207.6 250.9 302.2 319.7 342.7 338.3 In general growth in length is most rapid during the 2 43.5 129.0 192.4 237.0 276.9 312.7 366.5 539.5 first three years of life and is slowed dramatically after 3 45.2 125.0 183.6 222.7 255.6 292.1 338.4 355.5 age five; this applied even to tributary populations. 4 No aged fish A 254 mm fish, weighing about 108 g, is acceptable 5 72.6 176.6 240.2 266.8 298.1 328.7 352.9 355.9 to fishermen in this region and channel catfish do not 6 64.0 166.0 233.2 265.7 303.1 333.1 368.9 378.6 enter this fishery until age four in southerly sites and 7 63.5 131.4 210.7 266.6 302.7 336.3 344.5 358.4 age five in northerly sites. Large specimens (>400 8 52.7 129.5 210.0 268.4 316.5 252.9 389.6 412.5 mm), weighing about 490 g, were eight years old or 9 119.1 180.2 230.6 268.5 295.5 317.3 337.5 364.1

15 Table 2.3. Empirical data on mean length at capture at each site for all years.

Mean length (mm) Age Site 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 222.3 254.3 284.3 330.6 352.7 448.5 384.7 437.5 2 184.0 216.5 263.7 306.0 339.6 376.0 390.8 3 161.6 211.9 234.7 260.0 284.9 314.8 381.2 4 No aged fish 5 194.7 231.9 262.7 294.3 332.6 381.5 441.0 481.6 431.0 506.8 6 195.8 237.5 270.8 305.2 349.6 382.7 503.7 591.3 7 179.5 182.0 239.3 289.5 336.6 370.3 460.0 456.3 8 134.3 155.2 216.9 281.5 323.5 365.1 394.7 455.6 474.8 9 136.7 205.1 238.1 278.3 329.0 366.0 431.8 468.2 502.6 641.8

Table 2.4. Length frequency and percentage composition of the total sample at each site for all years.

Class Interval Number of fish (percent of sample) Units Site mm 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1-20 21-40 41-60 4(0.14) 1(0.02) 14(0.31) 61-80 5(0.17) 5(0.06) 22(0.42) 29(0.83) 18(0.56) 81-100 1(0.03) 5(0.06) 4(0.12) 28(0.54) 26(0.57) 89(2.76) 101-120 3(0.10) 2(0.03) 4(0.12) 36(0.69) 12(0.26) 143(4.44) 121-140 1(0.14) 1(0.03) 4(0.05) 9(0.27) 16(0.31 ) 31(0.68) 106(3.29) 141-160 13(1.83) 8(0.28) 3(0.04) 14(0.42) 37(0.71) 100(2.18) 162(5.03)* 161-180 21(2.95) 110(3.82) 5(2.02) 10(0.13) 41(1.22) 198(3.80) 193(4.22) 121(3.75) 181-200 5(2.60) 55(7.74) 298(10.36) 9(3.63) 70(0.90) 87(2.60) 449(8.63) 274(5.99) 111 (3.44) 201-220 9(4.69) 77(10.83) 391(13.59) 18(7.26) 573(7.37) 265(7.91) 471(9.05) 387(8.45) 120(3.72) 221-240 23(11.98) 99(13.92)* 476(16.54)* 21(8.47) 1,805(23.23)* 777(23.18) 590(11.34) 498(10.88) 271(8.41) 241-460 24(12.50)* 97(13.64) 473(16.44) 30(12.10) 1,694(21.80) 835(24.91)* 903(17.35) 552(12.06)* 353(10.95) 261-280 21(10.94) 85(11.95) 369(12.83) 32(12.90) 1,187(15.27) 452(13.48) 927(17.81)* 544( 11.88) * 370( 11.48) 281-300 16(8.33) 88(12.38)* 248(8.62) 30(12.10) 822(10.58) 318(9.49) 5S0( 11.15) 483(10.55) 290(9.00) 301-320 26(13.54)* 68(9.56) 187(6.50) 27(10.89) 578(7.44) 205(6.12) 350(6.73) 417(9.11) 233(7.23) 321-340 21(10.94) 44(6.19) 121(4.21) 13(5.24) 320(4.12) 120(3.58) 230(4.42) 291(6.36) 188(5.83) 341-360 18(9.37) 27(3.80) 66(2.29) 15(6.05)* 233(3.00) 73(2.18) 144(2.77) 221(4.83) 191(5.93) 361-380 12(6.25) 14(1.97) 48(1.67) 12(4.84) 155( 1.99) 46(1.37) 170(3.71) 142(4.41) 381-400 6(3.12) 9(1.27) 16(0.56) 9(3.63) 111( 1.43) 33(0.98) 53(1.02) 105(2.29) 84(2.61) 401-420 3(1.56) 4(0.56) 18(0.63) 5(2.02) 63(0.81) 29(0.87) 29(0.56) 79(1.73) 69(2.14) 421-440 4(2.08) 2(0.28) 13(0.45) 4(1.61) 48(0.62) 14(0.42) 18(0.35) 45(0.98) 42(1.30) 441-460 2(1.04) 3(0.42) 5(0.17) 4(1.61) 25(0.32) 9(0.27) 11(0.21) 41(0.90) 42(1.30) 461-480 1(0.14) 6(0.21) 2(0.81) 17(0.22) 2(0.06) 8(0.15) 25(0.55) 22(0.68) 481-500 1(0.14) 2(0.07) 3( 1.211 14(0.18) 3(0.09) 9(0.17) 18(0.39) 19(0.59) 501-520 2(1.04) 1(0.14) 1(0.03) 2(0.81) 11(0.14) 4(0.12) 2(0.04) 6(0.13) 6(0.19) 521-540 1(0.03) 2(0.81) 3(0.04) 2(0.06) 7(0.15) 8(0.25) 541-560 1(0.03) 1(0.40) 5(0.06) 1(0.03) 2(0.04) 4(0.09) 7(0.22) 561-580 2(0.07) 2(0.811 1(0.01) 1(0.03) 1(0.02) 2(0.04) 2(0.06) 581-600 1(0.03) 1(0.40) 2(0.03) 2(0.06) 3(0.09) >601 1(0.14) 2(0.07) 1(0.40) 5(0.06) 2(0.06) 4(0.09) 11(0.34)

Totals 192(100) 711(100) 2,877(100) 248(100) 7,771(100) 3,352(100) 5,204(100) 4,578(100) 3,223(100) Mean Length 299 263 251 301 268 260 256 270 265 Median Length 298 259 246 286 257 252 257 267 267

*Mode differences as well as the existence of subpopulations mean length was found in the isolated populations up­ showing differential growth characteristics. stream of the Spencer Dam on the Niobrara River (Site Recruitment to the populations from all sites was 4) (Table 2.4). The next Site (No.1) was Sunshine uniform in most years, and dominating year classes Bottoms. were not evident, which is an indication of relatively The grand mean length of catfish from the Missouri uniform recruitment. River upstream from Lewis and Clark Lake was very The grand mean and grand median length for all similar to all other sites on the main river downstream samples at each site were similar. The largest grand of Lewis and Clark Lake. This is important when one

Table 2.5. Predicted weights of fish using the length·weight regression equation at each site for all years.

Class Interval Weight (g) Units Site mm 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

20 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.07 40 0.37 0.47 0.43 0.22 0.33 0.39 0.50 0.42 0.55 60 1.31 1.58 1.45 0.85 1.20 1.36 1.68 1.44 1.85 80 3.21 3.71 3.40 2.25 2.96 3.30 3.95 3.46 4.40 100 6.44 7.19 6.60 4.78 5.99 6.58 7.68 6.81 8.59 120 11.36 12.34 11.34 8.84 10.65 11.55 13.22 11.86 14.86 140 18.36 19.50 17.93 14.86 17.31 18.59 20.91 18.96 23.60 160 27.83 28.97 26.66 23.32 26.38 28.07 31.11 28.47 35.25 180 40.16 41.07 37.84 34.69 38.24 40.38 44.17 40.74 50.21 200 55.76 56.14 51.75 49.49 53.31 55.91 60.43 56.13 68.90 220 75.04 74.47 68.69 68.26 72.00 75.03 80.25 75.01 91.74 240 98.40 96.39 88.95 91.54 94.74 98.16 103.97 97.74 119.13 260 126.26 122.21 112.84 119.91 121.94 125.67 131.93 124.69 151.51 280 159.05 152.25 140.63 153.96 154.05 157.98 164.49 156.22 189.28 300 197.18 186.81 172.63 194.29 191.49 195.98 201.98 192.70 232.86 320 241.08 226.21 209.12 241.54 234.71 238.59 244.75 234.51 282.67 340 291.19 270.76 250.40 296.34 284.16 287.70 293.14 282.01 339.13 . 360 347.94 320.76 296.75 359.35 340.29 343.20 347.49 335.57 402.64 380 411.76 376.54 348.47 431.23 403.55 405.58 408.15 395.56 473.64 400 483.10 438.40 405.84 512.68 474.40 475.17 475.46 462.37 552.52 420 562.39 506.64 469.15 604.38 553.31 552.14 549.75 536.35 639.72 440 650.08 581.57 538.70 707.05 640.74 637.73 631.38 617.90 735.65 460 746.63 663.51 614.77 821.42 737.16 731.54 720.68 707.37 840.72 480 852.47 752.76 697.64 948.21 843.05 834.27 817.99 805.15 955.36 500 968.06 849.62 787.61 1,088.17 958.88 946.32 923.65 911.62 1,079.98 520 1,093.85 954.40 884.96 1,242.07 1,085.12 1,068.14 1,037.99 1,027.15 1,214.99 540 1,230.30 1,067.41 989.98 1,410.68 1,222.27 1,200.13 1,161.37 1,152.12 1,360.82 560 1,377.87 1,188.96 1,102.95 1,594.77 1,370.81 1,342.74 1,294.12 1,286.91 1,517.88 580 1,537.02 1,319.34 1,224.17 1,795.14 1,531.22 1,496.38 1,436.57 1,431.90 1,686.60 600 1,708.21 1,458.86 1,353.91 2,012.60 1,704.00 1,661.49 1,634.52 1,587.46 1,867.37 620 1,891.91 1,607.82 1,492.46 2,247.95 1,889.64 1,838.50 1,802.29 1,753.99 2,060.64 Slope 3.11 2.97 2.97 3.37 3.15 3.09 2.98 3.04 3.00 Y·I ntercept 0.0000038 0.0000084 0.0000075 0.0000009 0.000003 0.0000044 0.0000086 0.0000056 0.0000085

17 considers that channelized-unchannelized sections Site 2-Site 6 and Site 5-Site 8 comparisons, although are compared; that the upstream section has had less mean lengths appeared to be nearly the same. commercial fishing pressure, and that the colder (more The slope and V-intercept of the length-weight re- northerly) section has exhibited a slower growing gression equation for site populations were used to population. create a table of predicted weights (Table 2.5) for 20 Grand mean length differences between all sites mm length intervals. In most situations the slope of the were compared in a Student's t-test and all differences length-weight equation was 3.0 or greater indicating an were found to be significant (P~0.05) except for the increase of body conditions with an increase in length (Table 2.6). Since samples did not include adequate representation of older, larger catfish the slope of this equation is likely lower than the real situation. Data pOints in the length-weight equation were sparse for Table 2.6. Mean condition factor (KTLI for each 20 mm length fish longer than 350 mm and extrapolated pOints would interval at each site for all years. be less than accurate. Monthly body condition (KTL) could not be used to predict spawning season at any Class site except for the Little Nemaha River (Table 2.7). At Interval KTL this site condition increased from March to June and Units Site then decreased thereafter. This is consistent with the mm 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 observed spawning behavior of channel catfish in this tributary (Chapter 4). 1-20 21-40 41-60 1.17 1.20 0.80 61-80 0.92 0.94 0.95 Table 2.7. Mean condition factor by month at each site for all 81-100 1.56 1.04 1.03 1.04 0.98 years. 101-120 1.65 2.49 0.92 1.35 0.88 121-140 0.82 0.68 0.76 0.85 1.05 1.04 1.05 KTL 141-160 0.76 0.74 0.65 0.78 0.83 0.77 0.99 Site 161-180 0.78 0.67 0.58 0.82 0.79 0.85 0.76 0.92 Month 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 181·200 0.64 0.71 0.66 0.56 0.78 0.85 0.76 0.71 0.92 201-220 0.71 0.72 0.67 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.72 0.92 Jan 0.80 221-240 0.76 0.70 0.64 0.73 0.68 0.70 0.78 0.69 0.85 Feb 0.63 241-260 0.76 0.68 0.63 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.76 0.70 0.84 Mar 0.71 0.69 0.58 261-280 0.72 0.69 0.63 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.74 0.69 0.83 Apr 0.74 0.70 0.76 0.68 0.81 281-300 0.71 0.68 0.63 0.70 0.72 0.72 0.74 0.68 0.84 May 0.73 0.59 0.73 0.68 0.74 0.70 0.75 0.90 301·320 0.73 0.69 0.64 0.73 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.70 0.85 Jun 0.71 0.69 0.85 0.71 0.70 0.74 0.75 0.93 321·340 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.71 0.72 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.86 Jul 0.70 0.69 0.76 0.72 0.75 0.79 0.75 0.83 341-360 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.79 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.75 0.88 Aug 0.71 0.71 0.64 0.87 0.67 0.70 0.77 0.75 0.86 361·380 0.75 0.69 0.67 0.75 0.73 0.80 0.80 0.78 1.90 Sep 0.92 0.72 0.65 0.67 0.73 0.69 0.74 0.73 0.82 381-400 0.69 0.72 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.79 0.94 Oct 0.68 0.73 0.80 0.76 0.81 0.80 401-420 0.77 0.77 0.75 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.81 0.98 Nov 0.77 0.72 0.80 421-440 0.83 0.62 0.78 0.87 0.79 0.85 0.90 0.85 0.95 Oec 0.74 441-460 0.82 0.90 0.79 0.88 0.78 0.77 0.87 0.87 1.00 461-480 0.79 0.79 0.84 0.75 0.77 0.82 0.92 0.97 481·500 0.85 0.81 0.87 0.85 0.78 0.88 0.96 1.01 501·520 0.81 0.84 0.99 0.82 0.87 0.87 0.95 1.03 521·540 0.80 0.98 0.90 0.84 0.99 1.03 541-560 0.86 0.99 0.85 0.93 0.95 0.98 0.84 561·580 0.86 0.97 0.92 1.02 1.09 0.96 1.33 581-600 1.09 0.86 0.99 0.46 >601 1.04 0.79 0.89 0.87 1.00 0.92 0.91

Unchannelized Missouri River (top photo) Channelized Missouri River (bottom photo)

18 19 CHAPTER 3 Food Habits of CHANNEL CATFISH from the channelized Missouri River and the Niobrara River

By Gene Zuerlein

Results and Discussion ized portion of the Missouri River. Kallemeyn and Novotny (1977) studied the drift from Fort Randall Dam The carrying capacity of fish in a stream environment downstream to Sioux City, Iowa and found macroin­ is directly related to the food available in the environ­ vertebrates increased while zooplankton decreased. ment. Stream fishes are usually opportunists depend­ Statistical comparison of daytime versus nighttime ing upon drifting invertebrates, especially in sand bed numbers revealed that more insects occurred in the streams. Channel catfish are omnivorous (Bailey an~ drift at night in the main channel border. Trichoptera Harrison 1948; Russell 1965), but the food availability and Ephemeroptera numbers were largely responsible in the environment often determines what items are for this increase. Modde and Schmulbach (1973) re­ preyed upon. Bonneau et al. (1972) noted this even in ported that seasonal variations in the standing crop channel catfish fry. Mathur (1971) reported that of 798 and taxonomic diversity existed in the drift of the un­ subadult and adult channel catfish (122 to 270 mm TL) channelized Missouri River below Gavins Point Dam. examined from Conowingo Reservoir, located on the Between October and February, caddisfly larvae lower Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania, zooplank­ (Trichoptera), primarily Hydropsche, dominated the ton was the principal food of all sizes based on weight drift. During March through May, Diptera larvae, and frequency of occurrence. The fact that Menzel pupae, and adults predominated. Three principal taxa, (1945) found channel catfish dependent primarily upon Chironomidae, Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) and filamentous green algae during August in the Chick­ Ephemeroptera were dominant between June and ahominy River, Virginia further documents the omni­ September. Water level manipulations affect drift vorous food habits of this species. organism availability in this reach of the river. In the fall In both channelized and unchannelized segments of they are concentrated in a smaller volume of water the Missouri River below Gavins Point Dam, faunistic while in the summer they are diluted by a large volume studies of benthos and drift have been conducted. of water. This influences the food supplies for fish that Benthic production has been quite small (Morris et al. feed on river macroinvertebrates (Modde 1973). Nord 1968; Langemeier 1965; Russell 1965; Namminga and Schmulbach (1973) used multiple plate samplers 1969) compared to the standing crop of drift. to study aufwuchs in the unchannelized and channel­ Volesky (1969) contended that cattail marshes in the ized river from Yankton to Sioux City. Trichoptera com­ unchannelized river contributed over 60% of the total pletely dominated the aufwuchs community, a signifi­ benthic standing crop (exclusive of the aufwuchs) of cant contributor to the drift in the Missouri River. the river. The aufwuch environment refers primarily to Since the Missouri and Niobrara Rivers are sand bed the stream bank or edge where grasses, roots, tree streams and because the benthic invertebrate con­ branches, or other debris are submerged and upon tribution is small it then follows that substrate oriented which immature aquatic insects live. Berner (1951) stu­ populations of aquatic insects are responsible for and died the lower river in the state of Missouri and found contribute to the drift upon which channel catfish de­ the mean standing crop of benthos to be low due to pend upon. The purpose of this report then is to deline­ shifting substrate, siltation, fluctuating water level, swift ate those food items, especially insects, important to current, and the absence of aquatic vegetation. Little if the diet of channel catfish in both rivers. any correlation was observed between benthos and Of the 658 channel catfish stomachs analyzed, 152 drift in the above studies. Drift is composed of organ­ came from the channelized Missouri River, 194 came isms coming from aufwuchs communities and benthos from the Niobrara between Cornell and Spencer Dams, from cattail marshes characteristic of the unchannel- and 312 from below Spencer to the mouth of the Niob- rara River. A large number of stomachs 132 (87%), The next size range (101 to 150 mm TL) catfish 193 (99%), and 290 (93%) from each area. respective­ consumed primarily insects (82%), plants (46%), ly, contained food items. crustaceans (18%) and arachnids (18%). A decline of zooplankton in the diet is evident after catfish reach a Missouri River length of 101 mm TL. Catfish in the 151 to 200 mm TL Based on frequency of occurrence, channel catfish 0 range consumed insects (67%), crustaceans (28%), to 50 mm TL, in the Missouri River (Table 3.1) fed plants (17%) and annelids (11 %). Nematomorpha predominately on crustaceans (86%) and insects (horsehair worms) and abattoir wastes (slaughter­ (71 %). Copepods and cladocerans made up the entire house refuse) each accounted for 6%. While investi­ category of crustaceans consumed and their import­ gating food habits in the river near Plattsmouth, Rus­ ance in most size ranges in the channelized river is due sell (1965) discovered that young-of-the-year channel to the influence of upstream reservoirs (Kallemeyn and catfish, catfish under 300 mm, and catfish over 300 Novotny 1977; Cowell 1967). One fish (7%) contained mm consumed abattoir waste 11 %, 62% and 82% of fish scales. Unidentifiable material was usually made the time, respectively. This material was abundant and up of a conglomerate of partially digested organic mat­ readily available and was observed hanging on brush ter. Channel catfish 51 to 100 mm TL fed principally on and floating in the water. The fact that few catfish were insects (96%), crustaceans (57%) and plants (18%). found to contain this material in more recent years sig­ The importance of crustaceans in the above two size nifies that efforts to abate slaughterhouse waste dump­ ranges (0 to 50 mm and 51 to 100 mm) is contrary to ing have been successful. Channel catfish in the 201 to results reported by Russell (1965). He analyzed 104 250 mm TL range, consumed insects (92%), annelids age-O catfish ranging from 29 to 91 mm TL and found (23%), crustaceans (15%), fish (8%) and plants (8%). no crustaceans present. This is the size range that channel catfish most likely

Table 3.1. Percent frequency of occurrence of food consumed by channel catfish collected in the channelized Missouri River near Ft. Calhoun and Brownville in 1975.

0·50 51·100 101·150 151·200 201·250 251·300 301·350 351·600 Item % % % % % % % %

Nematormorpha 6 6 Annelida 11 23 18 Arachnida 4 18 6 5 Chilopoda 9 5 Diplopoda 6 Crustacea 86 57 18 28 15 6 14 33 Insecta 71 96 82 67 92 82 82 56 Gastropoda 6 Pisces 7 8 24 14 22 Mammalia 11 Plants 18 46 17 8 53 59 89 Abattoir Wastes 6 18 5 Unidentified Matter 21 18 22 39 18 9 Sand 8

Total Stomachs1 Analyzed 16 32 14 19 19 18 24 9 Total Stomachs Containing Food 1 14 28 11 18 13 17 22 9 % Stomachs with food 1 88 88 79 95 68 94 92 100 lTotal stomachs analyzed, 152; total stomachs containing food items, 133; percent stomachs containing food, 88.

21 Table 3.2. Percent frequency of occurrence of food con­ become piscivorous. Insects (82%), plants (53%), and sumed by all size classes of channel catfish fish (24%) were most often found in channel catfish collected from the Missouri and Niobrara 251 to 300 mm TL. Annelids and abattoir wastes each Rivers in all years. occurred in 18% of the stomachs. Channel catfish 301 Niobrara River Missouri River to 350 mm TL ate insects (82%), plants (59%), fish Above Below (14%) and crustaceans (14%). Because only nine Spencer Spencer Channelized channel catfish stomachs were collected from speci­ Item Dam Dam Portion mens between 351 to 600 mm TL the food habit data was combined. Plants (89%), insects (56%), crusta­ Rotatoria <1 ceans (33%) and fish (22%) predominated. When all Nematoda 3 5 size groups were combined the three most important Nematormorpha 4 1 2 food categories were insects (81 %), crustaceans Annelida <1 5 6 (33%), and plants (33%) (Table 3.2). Arachnida <1 1 4 Chilopoda 2 The insect taxa consumed by various size ranges of Diplopoda 1 channel catfish are presented in Table 3.4. Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, and Lepidoptera all repre­ Crustacea 3 2 33 Insecta 95 99 81 sent terrestrial orders of insects that can be classified Gastropoda <1 1 as drift organisms. Staphylinidae (Coleptera, rove bee­ Pelecypoda 1 tles) and Muscidae (Diptera, common pests) are two Pisces 10 11 8 other families of terrestrial insects which occasionally Mammalia 1 contribute to the drift. They should be considered sea­ Plants 67 10 33 sonal because their life cycles are such that they only Abattoir Wastes 4 occur during warm months of the year. The most often Unidentified Matter 67 6 14 utilized aquatic insects in all length groups were trichopterans (47%), dipterans (43%), ephemeropter­ Sand 1 ans (12%) and coleopterans (11 %). The first three Total Stomachs groups of insects coincide exactly with the three taxa Containing Food 193 290 132 found by Modde (1973) between June and September in the drift of the Missouri River.

Table 3.3. Percent frequency of occurrence of food consumed by channel catfish collected in the Niobrara River between Cornell and Spencer Dams in 1978.

0-50 51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250 251-650 Item % % % % % %

Rotatoria 4 Nematoda 4 10 Nematormorpha 100 1 25 33 7 20 Annelida 7 Arachnida 1 Crustacea 2 7 20 Insecta 100 97 92 100 93 80 Pelecypoda 7 10 Pisces 5 13 8 40 40 Plants 25 63 50 87 90 Unidentifiable Matter 64 71 67 93 60

Total Stomachs Analyzed' ~ 132 24 12 15 10 Total Stomachs Containing Food' 1 131 24 12 15 10 % Stomachs with Food' 100 99 100 100 100 100

'Total stomachs analyzed, 194; total stomachs containing food items, 193; percent stomachs containing food, 99.

22 Table 3.4. Percent frequency of occurrence of insects consumed by channel catfish collected in the channelized Missouri River near Ft. Calhoun and Brownville in 1975 by 50 mm increments.

0·50 51·100 101·150 151·200 201·250 251·300 301·350 351-400 401-450 Item % % % % % % % % %

Insecta 71 96 82 67 92 82 82 80 33 Collembola 4 Smynthuridae 4 Ephemeroptera 4 18 11 15 12 23 40 Baetidae 18 5 40 Caenis 18 Heptageniidae 9 8 Stenonema 9 8 Ephemeridae 9 Odonata 9 5 Anisoptera 5 Gomphidae 9 Zygoptera Lestidae 9 Hemiptera 8 6 Trichoptera 7 57 55 44 62 59 50 60 Hydropsych idae 7 21 46 11 54 41 18 20 Cheumatopsyche 9 8 6 20 Hydropsyche 18 9 22 31 12 5 Psychomyiidae 5 Leptoceridae 20 Nectopsyche 20 Nectopsyche cases 20 Hydroptil idae 9 20 Polycentropodidae 6 5 20 Neureclipsis 6 Coleoptera 7 18 6 23 29 14 Dytiscidae 8 Hydroph il idae 6 Staphylinidae 6 Diptera 21 43 73 39 62 47 36 60 33 Ceratopongontidae 9 6 Chironomidae 7 29 55 17 23 29 27 60 33 Culicidae 5 Muscidae 6 Rhagionidae 6 A therix variegata 6 Simulidae 7 9 6 20 Homoptera 9 8 5 20 Cicadellidae 5 Aphididae 20 Hymenoptera 4 27 6 15 18 9 Formicidae 4 27 6 15 8 9 orthoptera 9 6 Lepidoptera 18 8 18 Notodomtidae 5 Nocturidae 8 Unidentifiable Insecta remains 43 32 55 17 54 29 27 20 Total Stomachs Containing Food 14 28 11 18 13 17 22 5 3 Table 3.5. Percent frequency of occurrence of insects consumed by channel catfish collected in the Niobrara River between t;ornell and Spencer Dams in 1978 by 50 mm TL increments.

0-50 51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250 251-300 301-350 401-450 451-500 501-550 551-600 601-650 Item % % % % % % % % % % % %

Insecta 100 97 92 100 93 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 Plecoptera 1 8 100 Pteronarcidae Pteronarcys dorsata 8 Ephemeroptera 31 8 33 7 50 100 50 Caenidae 1 Heptageniidae 2 Leptophlebiidae 2 Lep tophlebia 1 Paraleptophlebia 1 Odonata 5 8 7 Anisoptera 3 Gomphidae 8 Ophiogomphus 8 Neuroptera 4 Trichoptera 17 46 50 33 100 100 100 Hydropsychidae 6 4 25 27 Hydropsyche aerata 13 100 100 Hydropsyche {risoni 6 4 25 13 Hydropsyche orris 13 Leptoceridae 42 42 20 100 Nectapsyche candida Nectapsyche diarina 42 42 13 Nectopsyche pavida 7 Triaenades tarda 100 Lep idoptera 8 Coleoptera 100 40 92 83 67 50 100 50 50 Curculionidae 1 13 Pissades 4 Tenebrionidae Oytiscidae 7 Heteroceridae 1 Heteracerus 1 Hydrophilidae 1 Pedilidae 1 7 Oiptera ~ 100 65 21 50 40 100 100 50 50 Certopogonidae 100 16 4 8 20 50 50 Palpamyia 100 15 4 8 20 50 50 Ch iron om idae 32 4 25 13 100 100 Chiranamaus 5 Muscidae 1 Limnophara 1 Tabinidae 8 Simulidae 36 17 8 20 100 Simulium 4 50 Simulium jennings 4 50 50 Simulium venustum 2 8 50 Simulium vittatum 1 7 Simulium accidentale 1 4 Syrphidae 7 Homoptera 5 4 8 33 Cicadellidae 3 4 8 33 Ledrinae 1 Hymenoptera 4 8 8 20 Formicidae 2 20 Orthoptera 100 29 17 7 50 Acrididae 100 29 17 7 Unidentifiable insecta remains 24 25 8 13 100 50 Total Stomachs Containing Food 131 24 12 15 2 2 2 Niobrara River Catfish in the 101 to 150 mm TL size range ate Cowell (1967) and Hesse et al. (1979) have insects (92%), plants (63%), nematormorphans (25%) documented zooplankton densities in the Niobrara Riv­ and fish (13%). In the 151 to 200 mm TL category the er and the unchannelized Missouri River near the principal foods were insects (100%), plants (50%), mouth of the Niobrara River. Zooplankton populations nematorphans (33%), and fish (8%). At a length of 201 are sparse in the Niobrara, channel catfish which to 250 mm TL insects (93%) were still the preferred would normally utilize this food source in a lentic en­ food item followed by plants (87%), and fish (40%). vironment (Walburg 1975; Mather 1971), must depend Nematormorpha, annelids, crustaceans, and pelecy­ on other endemic food supplies (insects) in the river for pods each contributed 7% of the diet. Primarily plants, survival. A study by biologists of the Nebraska Game insects and fish were consumed by channel catfish and Parks Commission (1980) showed that the drift in larger than 250 mm TL. Overall the four principal foods the Niobrara River consisted principally of ephemerop­ relied upon by all sizes of channel catfish above terans, dipterans, and trichopterans. Food habit in­ Spencer Dam were insects (95%), plants (67%), and formation for channel catfish collected between Cornell fish (10%) (Table 3.2). Catfish also turn piscivorous and Spencer Dams is limited, (Table 3.3) only one much sooner than they do in the Missouri River, as specimen under 50 mm was examined; it contained an specimens in the smaller size range «150 mm) con­ insect (100%) and nematomorphan (horsehair worm, tained cycloid scales and/or shiners (Notropis, Cyprini­ 100%). Between the lengths of 51 to 100 mm TL the dae). principal sources of food were insects (97%), plants Table 3.5 presents the insect taxa consumed by (25%), and fish (5%). Channel catfish forage predomi­ channel catfish up to 650 mm TL. Lepidoptera, Homop­ nately during evening hours when insect species are tera, Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera are terrestrial active and subject to entering the drift. Since most orders that represent seasonal food supplies for chan­ sampling in this segment of the river occurred in the nel catfish. These four taxa are the same as those afternoon it WOUld, in part, explain the high incidence of identified from the channel catfish analyzed in the unidentifiable matter in most size ranges. channelized Missouri River. Certain other insect cate-

Table 3.6. Percent frequency of occurrence of food consumed by channel catfish collected in the Niobrara River between Spencer Dam and the Missouri River in 1976 and 1977.

0·50 51·100 101·150 151·200 201·250 251·650 Item % % % % % %

Nematoda 4 6 5 Nematormorpha 5 11 Annelida 3 19 16 20 Arachnida 11 10 Crustacea 1 2 20 Insecta 100 100 95 100 100 100 Gastropoda 5 Pisces 5 8 33 21 11 30 Plants 6 4 14 47 22 30 Unidentifiable Matter 7 5 29 5 11 10

Total Stomachs Analyzed' 90 151 26 21 11 13 Total Stomachs 82 149 21 19 9 10 Containing Food' % Stomachs with Food' 91 93 81 91 82 77

'Total stomachs analyzed, 312; total stomachs containing food items, 290; percent stomachs containing food, 93.

25 Table 3.7. Percent frequency of occurrence of insects consumed by channel catfish collected in the Niobrara River between Spencer Dam and the Missouri River in 1976 and 1977 by 50 mm TL increments.

0-50 51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250 251-300 301-350 351-400 451-500 551-600 601-650 Item % % % % % % % % % % %

Insecta 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Ephemeroptera 70 48 70 63 78 100 100 100 100 100 Caenidae 5 34 38 47 11 Caenis 5 34 38 47 11 100 Baetidae 6 5 100 Ameletus 6 5 100 Ephemeridae 3 5 22 68 33 Ephemera 100 Hexagenia 3 5 11 66 33 100 Pentagenia 11 Ephemerell idae 18 5 Ephemerella 18 5 Heptageniidae 2 100 33 Stenonema 2 100 33 Leptophlebiidae 5 11 33 Leptophlebia volitans 11 oligoneu iidae 3 5 Oligoneuria 3 5 Siphlonuridae 6 33 5 11 Isonychia 6 33 5 11 Ephemeroptera remains 51 14 29 100 Odonata " 3 14 11 11 33 Anisoptera 11 Gomphidae 1 5 Gomphus 1 5 Zygoptera 3 5 33 Hemiptera 1 28 11 Corixidae 1 28 11 Trichoptera 21 36 57 100 100 100 100 100 Hydropsych idae 6 26 71 100 100 100 100 100 Cheumatopsyche 100 Hydropsyche simulans 10 Hydropsyche 33 Hydropsyche frisoni 6 26 52 100 78 100 100 100 Hydropsyche orris 5 5 22 Potamyia 5 Leptoceridae 2 14 5 22 33 Nectopsyche canidida 5 11 Nectopsyche diarina 14 21 11 33 Hydroptilidae Mayatrichia ayama' Rhyacophilidae Limnephilidae 5 Lepidoptera 1 Nymphula 1 Coleoptera 2 5 24 11 100 Brentidae 100 Curculionidae 5 [)ytiscidae 5 lIybius 5 Pedilidae 5 Scarabaeidae 100 Melolonthinae 100 0·50 51·100 101·150 151·200 201·250 251·300 301·350 351-400 451·500 551·600 601·650 Item % % % % % % % % % % %

Diptera 75 84 81 84 78 100 33 66 100 Ceratopogonidae 54 38 29 11 28 100 Palpomyia 51 36 29 28 100 Palpomyia tibialis 2 100 Stilobezzia 2 1 11 Probezzia 2 1 Dasyhelea 1 Chironomidae 11 48 52 68 44 100 33 33 100 Chironomous 4 6 43 5 100 33 33 100 Chironomous ten tans 3 Pentaneura 2 5 10 Culicidae 5 Dolichopodidae 100 Argyra albicans 100 Anthomyiidae 33 Tipulidae 2 9 5 Helobia hybrida 1 Simulidae 23 28 38 32 11 100 Simulium 5 10 14 5 11 Similium vittatum 1 16 11 Simulium occidentale 1 5 Stratomyidae 1 Homoptera 2 5 5 33 Cicadellidae 2 5 5 33 Hymentoptera 1 33 Formicidae 1 Orthoptera 11 Acrididae 11

Total Stomachs Containing Food 82 149 21 19 9 3 3

1 First Nebraska Record

gories, also terrestrial, include Curculionidae, Teneb­ ans were found in catfish stomachs collected from the rionidae, Heteroceridae, Pedilidae (all Coleptera) and lower section of the Niobrara River. Muscidae, Syrphidae (both Diptera). The most fre­ Niobrara River Below Spencer Dam quently preyed upon insects were dipterans (55%), col­ The single most important food consumed by 0 to 50 eopterans (48%), ephemeropterans (26%), and mm TL channel catfish from the lower Niobrara River trichopterans (24%). With the exception of Coleoptera (Table 3.6) was insects (100%). Plants (6%) and fish the remaining taxa represent the same principal orders (5%) were next but constituted very small percentages. of insects consumed by this species in the channelized Between 51 to 100 mm TL, insects (100%) again pre­ Missouri River. All Coleoptera except Dytiscidae and dominated, followed by fish (8%) and nematodes (6%). Hydrophilidae represent terrestrial forms. Plecopterans In the next category (101 to 150 mm TL) insects (95%) were found in 3 (2%) stomachs; one of which came were chosen above all other food items, then fish from station 9 (west of Meadville) in late August. (33%), annelids (19%), and plants (14%). Based on Generally aquatic insects of this order indicate the pre­ frequency of occurrence 151 to 200 mm TL channel sence of good water quality conditions. No plecopter- catfish again chose insects (100%) as their preferred

27 food. Plants (47%) ranked second followed by fish the abundant Chironomidae (Diptera) and Caenis (21 %) and annelids (16%). Between 201 to 250 mm (Ephemeroptera). Both categories are essential to the TL, insects (100%) were most often consumed, then diet of channel catfish (Table 3.7) in this reach of the plants (22%), fish (11 %), and horsehair worms (11 %, Niobrara River. Based on frequency of occurrence, nematormorphan). Catfish longer than 250 mm TL catfish of all sizes preferred Caenis (25%) and dipter­ chose insects, plants, fish, crustaceans, annelids, and ans (Chironomidae, 38%) as part of their diet. The fact arachnids. Below Spencer Dam the preferred food that a large share of the food supply is disseminated or items based on frequency of occurrence for all size lost when flushing occurs means that channel catfish groups of channel catfish were insects (99%), fish and other fish species will have to expend more energy (11 %), and plants (10%) (Table 3.2). searching for sparse aquatic insects. This in part would Table 3.7 lists insect taxa important in the diet of explain poorer KTL values for channel catfish in the channel catfish. Lepidoptera; Brentidae, Curculioni­ Niobrara compared to the Missouri (Hesse et al. 1979). dae, Pedilidae, Scarabaeidae (June bettles), (all Col­ eoptera); Anthomyiidae, Stratomyidae (soldier flies), (all Diptera); Homoptera, Hymenoptera, and Orthop­ Summary tera represent seasonal terrestrial insects. Most were Food habits of channel catfish in the channelized infrequently consumed. This could be due to the fact Missouri River were analyzed and compared to past that Spencer Dam is trapping much of the drift in the studies conducted in the channelized and unchannel­ small lake directly behind the dam or some other un­ ized segments of this river. Based on frequency of known factor. Even though seasonal, the trend in the occurrence catfish ranging up to 600 mm TL fed princi­ Niobrara River above Spencer Dam was to see more pally on insects (81 %), crustaceans (33%) and plants of these insects in the catfish diet. The single most (33%). Zooplankton were important in the diet of important aquatic insect taxon consumed by all size young-of-year channel catfish due to their availability groups was Diptera (79%) followed by Ephemeroptera and discharge from upstream reservoirs. Piscivorous (58%), Trichoptera (40%), and Odonata (4%). One habits of this species started when a length of 200 to species of Trichoptera, namely Mayatrichia ayama, is 250 mm TL was reached. Trichoptera (47%), Dipterans noteworthy because this is the first time that it has ever (43%) and Ephemeropterans (12%) were the main been found in Nebraska. Dr. Kenneth Pruess of the aquatic insects consumed and represent the principal University of Nebraska Entomology Department, con­ taxa found in the drift of the Missouri River (Modde fi rmed identification. Ross (1944) reported scattered 1973) between June and September. records, but the species is considered rare. Wiggins Food habits of Niobrara River channel catfish were (1977) concurs and states that they must be regarded studied between Cornell and Spencer Dams and be­ as local in occurrence. tween Spencer Dam and the mouth of the river. Insects During 1979 multiple plate artificial substrate sam­ (95%), plants (67%), and fish (10%) were the principal plers were placed above and below Spencer Dam to foods consumed by all sizes of catfish upstream of assess the effect flushing Spencer Hydro had on the Spencer Dam based on frequency of occurrence. They aquatic insects of the Niobrara River. Drift samples turned piscivorous at a shorter length « 150 mm TL) were also taken to determine insect taxa present prior compared to 200 to 250 mm TL in the Missouri River. to and after a September perturbence (Nebraska Diptera (55%), Coleoptera (48%), Ephemeroptera Game and Parks Commission 1980). Drift consisted (26%), and Trichoptera (24%) were the insects most predominately of ephemeropterans (Heptagenis, often preyed upon. The Coleoptera in the diet were Caenis) and dipterans (Chironomidae and Simulid'ae) unique in that most were terrestrial. in June and July with very few taxa present in the drift Between Spencer Dam and the mouth of the Niob­ after the September flushing. One genera, Isonychia, rara River frequency of occurrence analysis indicated was abundant in the drift during the flushing operation. that insects (99%), fish (11 %), and plants (10%) were Apparently this species has a tendency to migrate as the major items fed upon by catfish up to 650 mm TL. large numbers were attached to substrate samplers Diptera (79%), Ephemeroptera (58%), Trichoptera prior to the flush. Merritt et al. (1978) considers Isony­ (40%), and Odonata (4%) were the prinCipal aquatic chia adapted for clinging and capable of swimming insects consumed. A trichopteran, Mayatrichia ayama, short distances. Waters (1972) states that physical dis­ was positively identified and subsequently confirmed turbances are responsible for catastrophic drifts. The by Dr. Pruess of the University of Nebraska. This rep­ September perturbence resulted in a reduction of large resents the first time this species has been identified in numbers of aquatic insects. Included in the above were Nebraska. Notropis dorsalis (big mouth shiner) was

28 found in one catfish in the 0 to 50 mm TL range which Merritt, R. W. and K. W. Cummins. 1978. An introduc­ may indicate that this species turns piscivorous at a tion to the aquatic insects of North America. Dendall length smaller than this species does above Spencer Hunt Pub. Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 441 p. Dam. Modde, T. C. 1973. Food selectivity of the shovel nose The major food of channel catfish in the Niobrara sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, in the Mis­ River was aquatic insects; seasonally abundant ter­ souri River. M. A. Thesis. Univ. of South Dakota, restrial insects were consumed as well. Based on fre­ Vermillion 109 p. quency of occurrence Diptera were most often con­ Modde, T. C. and J. C. Schmulbach. 1973. Seasonal sumed, followed by Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. changes in the drift and benthos macroinvertebrates in the unchannelized Missouri River in South Dako­ ta. Proc. S. D. Acad. Sci. 52:118-126. Literature Cited Morris, L. A, R. N. Langemeier, T. R. Russell, and A Witt, Jr. 1968. Effects of main stem impoundments Bailey, R. M. and H. M. Harrison, Jr. 1945. Food habits and channelization upon the limnology of the Mis­ of the southern channel catfish (lctalurus lacustris souri River, Nebraska. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. punctatus) in the Des Moines River, Iowa. Trans. 97(4): 380-388. Amer. Fish. Soc. 75:110-138. Namminga, H. E. 1969. An investigation of the macros­ Berner, L. M. 1951. Limnology of the lower Missouri copic drift fauna of the Missouri River. M. A. Thesis, River. Ecology 32(1):1-12. Univ. South Dakota, Vermillion. 75 p. Bonneau, D. L., J. W. McGuire, O. W. Teimeier, and C. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. 1980. A W. Deyis. 1972. Food habits and growth of channel study of the effects of Spencer Hydroelectric catfish fry Ictalurus punctatus. Trans Amer. Fish. flushings on water quality, fishes, and insect fauna in Soc. 101 (4):613-619. the Niobrara River. March mimeo report. 41 p. Cowell, B. C. 1967. The Copepoda and Cladocera of a Missouri River reservoir: A comparison of sampling Nord, A E. and J. C. Schmulbach. 1973. A comparison in the reservoir and the discharge. Limn. and of the macroinvertebrate aufwuchs in the unstabil­ Oceanography. 12( 1): 125-136. ized and stabilized Missouri River. Proc. S. D. Acad. Hesse, L., G. Zuerlein, R. Vancil, L. Koziol, B. New­ Sci. 52:127-139. comb, L. A Retelsdorf. 1979. Niobrara-Missouri Riv­ Ross, H. H. 1944. The Caddisflies, or Trichoptera, of er Fishery Investigations. Nebr. Tech. Series No.5, Illinois. Bull. III. Nat. Hist. Surv. 23:1-326. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Lincoln. 39 Russell, T. R. 1965. Age, growth and food habits of the p. channel catfish in unchanneled and channeled por­ Kallemeyn, L. W. and J. F. Novotny. 1977. Fish and tions of the Missouri River, Nebraska, with notes on fishfood organisms in various habitats of the Mis­ limnological observations. Unpubl. M. A Thesis, souri River in South Dakota, Nebraska and Iowa. Univ. of Missouri, Columbia. 166 p. U.S. Dept. Interior, FWS/OBS-77/25. 100 p. Volesky, E. F. 1969. A comparison of the mac­ Langemeier, R. N. 1965. Effects of channelization on robenthos from selected habitats in cattail marshes the limnology of the Missouri River, Nebraska, with of the Missouri River. M. A. Thesis. Univ. South emphasis on food habits and growth of the flathead Dakota. 44 p. catfish. Unpublished M. A. Thesis. Univ. of Missouri. Walburg, C. H. 1975. Food of young-of-year channel 165 p. catfish in Lewis and Clark Lake, a Missouri River Mathur, D. 1971. Food habits and feeding chronology reservoir. Amer. Mid. Nat. 93(1) :218-221. of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), in Conowingo Reservoir. Proc. 24th Ann. Conf. Waters, T. F. 1972. The drift of stream insects. Annual Southeastern Assoc. Fish. Comm., Atlanta, Georgia. Entomology Review Vol. 17, 253-272 p. 377-386 p. Wiggins, G. B. 1977. Larvae of the North American Menzel, R. W. 1945. The catfish fishery of Virginia. Caddisfly genera (trichoptera). Univ. of Toronto Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 73:364-372. Press. 401 p.

29 CHAPTER 4 Fecundity and Sexual Maturation of CHANNEL CATFISH from the Missouri and Its Tributaries

By Leigh Ann DeVore (Retelsdorf)

Results and Discussion fish were sampled. As before sex ratios were 1:1. Channel catfish reproductive biology was studied Length at maturity during the summer of 1978 and 1979 in the Little Little Nemaha River females matured at smaller Nemaha River, Niobrara River, and channelized Mis­ sizes than Niobrara or Missouri River females; 71 % souri River, Nebraska. Gonadal somatic indexes (GSI) were mature between 310 to 364 mm (Table 4.1), while and fecundity estimates were calculated for fish from 27% of Niobrara and 6% of channelized Missouri River the Little Nemaha and Niobrara Rivers. None were females were mature at 319 to 364 mm TL. Seventy­ obtained for Missouri River catfish due to length of time one percent of Niobrara River female catfish and 100% the samples were held in formalin. However, stage of of Missouri River female catfish longer than 452 mm TL maturity as related to water temperature, and date was were mature. recorded for Missouri River catfish. From May to August 1978, 506 channel catfish were Length at age compared to length at maturity sampled from the Little Nemaha River; 255 were male Backcalculated length at age for female catfish is and 251 were female. There was no significant devia­ compared to length at maturity in Table 4.2. Females tion from a 1:1 sex ratio (chi-square, P >0.05). During began to mature at age 5 in the Little Nemaha River April through October 1979, 154 channel catfish were and the Missouri River upstream from Lewis and Clark captured from the Niobrara River; 84 were male and 70 Lake, and age 6 in the Niobrara River. In the Little were female. Population sex ratios did not deviate sig­ Nemaha River, 70% of females were mature by age 6, nificantly from 1:1, although individual April and May while 70% of Missouri River females were mature by sex ratios were 2:1 and 2.5:1, respectively. During May age 8, and 70% of Niobrara River females were mature through August 1979, 59 Missouri River channel cat- by age 10.

Table 4.1. Percentage of female channel catfish found mature at various sizes from the Niobrara, Missouri, and Little Nemaha Rivers, Nebraska, 1978 to 1979.

Total Niobrara River Channelized Missouri River Little Nemaha River length No. of fish No. of fish No. of fish (mm) sampled % mature sampled % mature sampled % mature

<275 8 12 2 0 45 0 275·318 31 6 10 10 77 35 319·364 15 27 16 6 69 71 365-411 4 0 8 37 41 83 412-451 2 0 3 67 9 100 <452 7 71 3 100 9 100

Totals 67 42 250

30 Table 4.2. Backcalculated length at age compared to length at Absolute fecundity as related to body weight of Niob­ maturity for female channel catfish from the Little rara fish was best described by the exponential equa­ Nemaha, Missouri, and Niobrara Rivers, Nebraska. tion, Log F = 1.588 + 0.82114 Log W, (P = 0.0001), where F = absolute fecundity (total no. of ova) and W Little Missouri River = total body weight (g). The fecundity-length rela­ Age Nemaha upstream from Niobrara tionship was best described by the exponential equa­ 1 2 2 class River lewis & Clark River tion, Log F = -3.287 + 2.747 Log L, (P = 0.00001), where F = absolute fecundity (total no. of ova) and W = total body weight (g). The fecundity-length rela­ 4 266 239 224 tionship was best described by the exponential equa­ 5 318 291 253 tion, Log F = -3.287 + 2.747 Log L, (P = 0.00001), Begin maturation where F = absolute fecundity (total no. of ova) and L = total length (mm). 6 363 328 289 7 411 391 293 Ova diameters 8 451 518 305 Ova diameters were measured with an ocular micro­ meter following the procedure outlined by Clark (1934). 523 563 327 9 Two distinct types of ova were present. Bagenal (1967) 10 790 589 366 described two modes of ova which occurred in matur­ 70% mature ing and ripe females. He refers to the smaller, white ova as "Atretic Eggs", defined as ova which may have been resorbed except for the zona radiata. He also 1From Hesse et al. (1979) suggested that they may be sites of hormone formation 2From Hesse et al. (1980) rather than resorbed eggs. The larger white ova are termed "Recruitment Stock" in early stages and "Maturing Eggs" when they become yellow just prior to Fecundity spawning. The smaller "Atretic Eggs" were present in Females were classified mature when ova develop­ some immature females from Missouri River tributaries ment indicated spawning would occur in the current as well as developing, ripe, and spent ovaries. season. Criteria for stage of maturity followed Bagenal Mature ova diameters for Little Nemaha River and Braum (1971). Fecundity estimates were deter­ females varied from 1.83 mm (18 May) to 2.90 mm (5 mined using a sphere volume method (Kucera and July). Maximum mean ova diameter was 3.36 mm (6 Kennedy 1977). Use of this method requires the June). Mature ova diameters for Niobrara female cat­ assumption of uniform ova size throughout the ovary. fish ranged from 1.78 mm (22 April) to 2.68 mm (3 To test this forty ovaries were sectioned into anterior, July). Maximum mean ova diameter was 2.82 mm (6 mid, and posterior sections. Ova from each'section June). were then measured. No significant difference (P >0.05 Student's Hest) in ova diameter was found. Gonadal somatic index and spawning period Fecundity estimates were made from a sample of 87 Gonadal somatic index (GSI) (total gonad weight ex­ female Little Nemaha River catfish; body length ranged pressed as a percentage of total body weight) was from 280 to 525 mm TL. Fecundity was estimated from calculated for all channel catfish with a gonad weight nine Niobrara River female catfish; body length ranged greater than 0.1 g. Gonads were weighed intact when from 265 to 600 mm TL. first removed. Outer ovarian tissue was removed and The correlation of absolute fecundity and body gonads were reweighed for fecundity estimates. weight of Little Nemaha River fish was highly signifi­ GSI values were calculated for 506 Little Nemaha cant (P = 0.00001). This linear relationship is de­ River channel catfish in 1978 and 154 Niobrara River scribed by F = 1230.8 + 12.8W, where F = absolute catfish in 1979. The mean bimonthly GSI values for fecundity (total no. of ova) and W = body weight (g). immature females from the Little Nemaha River ranged The linear relationship of fecundity and total length of from 0.13% to 0.62%, and mean monthly GSI values Little Nemaha females was described by F = -13516.1 for Niobrara River immature females ranged from 0.3% + 58.6L, (P = 0.00001), where F = -13516.1 + 58.6L, to 0.4%. Bimonthly average GSI for Little Nemaha Riv­ (P = 0.00001), where F = absolute fecundity (total no. er immature males ranged from 0.1 % to 0.3%. Monthly of ova) and L = total body length (mm). averages for Niobrara River immature males ranged

31 from 0.5% to 0.7%. Mean monthly GSI values for mature females began to Little Nemaha River mature male GSI values aver­ decline 11 July (0.9%) and reached a low (0.6%) in aged 0.36% in May, increased to 0.52% the third week mid-August. The spawning period for the Niobrara Riv­ of June, peaked at 0.62% the first week of July and er in 1979 was June to early July when the temperature dropped to 0.25% in mid-August. Niobrara River ma­ ranged between 25 to 29 C. ture male GSI values ranged from 0.3% in May to 0.8% in July, and peaked in early August at 1.1 %. The duration and time of channel catfish spawning in Literature Cited the Little Nemaha River was determined from changes Bagenal, T. B. 1967. A short review of fish fecundity, In in mature female catfish GSI and numbers of spent fish S. G. Gerking (ed.), The Biological Basis of Fresh­ in the sample. Mature female catfish collected 18 May water Fish Production. Blackwell Scientific Publica­ 1978 had a mean GSI of 6.5% when the water temper­ tions, Oxford, England. pp. 89-111. ature was 18 C. Mean GSI values peaked at 15.6% the Bagenal, T. B., and E. Braum. 1971. Eggs and early life third week in June when the water was 24 C. A de­ history. In W. E. Ricker (ed.), Methods For Assess­ crease in GSI occurred the first week in July (mean ment of Fish Production in Fresh Waters. I.B.P. GSI = 12.3%; mean water temperature = 26 C). Handbook, 3, Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford, En­ Twenty-one female catfish sampled from 6 June to 10 gland. pp. 166-198. July 1978, had GSI values greater than 20.0%. The Clark, F. N. 1934. Maturity of the California sardine maximum GSI for a single specimen (27.6%) was re­ (Sardina caerulea) determined by ova diameter corded 10 July from a 315 mm female weighing 315 g. measurements. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Fish. Mature female GSI values were less than 1.0% by 2 Bull. 42:1-49. August. The first spent female was sampled 23 June, Hesse, L. W., L. Zadina, R. Winter, L. A. Retelsdorf and and by the first week in July, 32.0% of all mature B. Newcomb. 1979. Evaluation of the influence of females sampled were spent. This suggested that tributaries to the Missouri River commercial fishery. spawning began in late June, when water temperature Nebr. Game and Parks Comm. 26p. averaged 21 to 24 C, and lasted through 21 July when Hesse, L. W., G. Zuerlein, R. Vancil, L. Koziol, B. New­ the water temperature averaged 29.4 C. comb, L. A. Retelsdorf. 1979. Niobrara-Missouri Riv­ Mature female catfish from the Niobrara showed a er Fishery Investigations. Nebr. Tech. Ser. NO.5. steady increase in mean monthly GSI values from Nebr. Game and Parks Comm. 3.4% (22 April) to 15.4% (3 July). The peak value Kucera, Paul A. and Joseph L. Kennedy. 1977. Evalua­ (15.4%) occurred when the water temperature was 29 tion of a sphere volume method for estimating fish C. All mature females sampled thereafter were spent. fecundity. Prog. Fish. Cult. 39(3):115-117.

32 CHAPTER 5 Movement, Population Estimation, ePE, Mortality and Harvest of Missouri River and Tributary CHANNEL CATFISH By Larry W. Hesse, Brad Newcomb, and Steven Schainost

Results and Discussion Table 5.2 depicts the movement of channel catfish tagged in the Missouri River characterized from fisher­ Channel catfish were tagged in each study site; men recaptures and research personnel recaptures. 12,461 fish were marked between 1974 and 1978. A Those fish tagged in the main river that moved into a total of 1,307 (10.5%) were recovered by research per­ tributary were included in the column totals for direction sonnel and fishermen (Table 5.1). The most recaptures moved since some travel in the river was necessary came from the Blair-Brownville study site (14.7%); the before entering tributary streams. Although movement least returns came from the site upstream from Lewis upstream and downstream did occur regularly, no and Clark Lake (5.0%). movement was the biggest category in research sam-

Table 5.1. The number of tagged and recaptured (by angler, commercial fisherman, and research personnel) channel catfish from the Missouri River and its tributaries, 1974-1979.

Number Year Year of recapture Total Recaptures Tag site tagged tagged 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 No. %

Missouri River 325 1976 4 9 13 4.0 near Niobrara 276 1977 13 4 17 6.2

Missouri River 3,109 1976 219 145 44 7 415 13.3 near Sioux City, 2,573 1977 109 97 17 223 8.7 Yankton, Vermillion 1,378 1978 31 27 58 4.2

Missouri River 10 1974 near Blair and 1,861 1975 129 161 42 19 4 355 19.1 Brownville 350 1976 23 8 1 32 9.1 561 1977 14 6 2 22 3.9

Niobrara 750 1976 28 32 5 5 70 9.3 River 1,082 1977 53 20 13 86 8.0

Little Nemaha 84 1976 5 5 6.0 River 102 1977 8 3 11 10.8

Totals 12,461 1,307 10.5

33 Table 5.2. Movement of tagged fish in the Missouri River based on tag returns from fishermen and Nebraska Game and Parks research personnel, percents in parenthesis.

Tag Total No Upstream Downstream Mov. site No. mov. mov. mov. into trib.

Fishermen recapture data forfish tagged in the Missouri River

Missouri River 16 4(25) 4(25) 8(50) 3(19) near Nio brara

Missouri River 301 9(3) 202(67) 90(30) 133(44) near Blair and Brownville

Missouri River near 360 97(27) 103(29) 160(44) 104(29) Sioux City, Yankton, and Vermillion Research personnel recapture data for fish tagged in the Missouri River

Missouri River 14 8(57) 2(14) 4(29) 4(29)* near Niobrara Missouri River 113 50(44) 25(22) 38(34) 19(17)** near Blair and Brownville Missouri River near 359 342(95) 12(3) 5(2) 0*** Sioux City, Yankton, and Vermillion * Only Niobrara River sampled ** Only Little Nemaha River sampled *** No tributaries were sampled other than the two target tributaries.

Table 5.3. Movement of tagged fish in the Little Nemaha and Niobrara Rivers based on tag returns from fishermen and Nebrasl(a Game and Parks research personnel, percents in parenthesis.

Into Into Missouri River Tag Total No. Upstream Downstream Missouri and into a site No. mov. mov. mov. River tributary ... Fishermen recapture data for fish tagged in a Missouri River tributary Little Nemaha 9 2(2) 3(33) 4(44) 1(11 ) 3(33) River

Ni 0 brara River 63 18(29) 21(33) 24(38) 12(19) 1(2)

Research personnel recapture data for fish tagged in a Missouri River tributary

Little Nemaha 7 1(14) 3(21) 3(21) 3(21) 0 River

Niobrara River 95 64(67) 7(7) 24(25) 8(8) 0

34 pies. This was expected since the majority of the re­ of recaptures, were the Nishnabotna River (including capture effort was expended in the original tagging the east and west branches) in Iowa (59 recaptures), locations. Fishermen returns showed that catfish the Big Sioux River (Iowa-South Dakota border) (58), movement ranged over long distances. Movement the James River (41) in South Dakota, the Little Nema­ from the Missouri River into tributaries occurred com­ ha River (18) in Nebraska, the Platte River (16) in Neb­ monly. raska, and the Little Sioux River (10) in Iowa. Since Fish tagged in both tributary study sites were shown movement into these tributaries occurred at various to leave these tributaries, travel upstream or down­ times of the year, and by small as well as large catfish, stream in the Missouri and enter other tributaries we surmised that this was in response to a need for (Table 5.3). The tributaries of the Missouri, where food as well as for suitable spawning locations. There marked channel catfish were recovered, are listed in were no perceptible patterns to emigration that might Table 5.4; 267 fish were recaptured in 28 streams. The be explained by subpopulations with special migratory most important rivers, as defined by the largest number instincts, instead migration was likely a spontaneous,

Table 5.4. The number of fish recaptured in various tributaries of the Missouri River.

Tag site Missouri River near Little Missouri River Niobrara Missouri River near Sioux City, Yankton, Nemaha Recap location near Niobrara River Blair· Brownville Vermillion River

NEBRASKA Long Creek 1 Rock Creek Ditch 2 Elkhorn River 1 Platte River 16 5 Little Nemaha River 18 Wilson Creek 1 (trib. of Little Nemaha) Spring Creek (trib. of Little Nemaha) Missouri River 12 Niobrara River 3 Ponca Creek

IOWA Little Sioux River 10 2 Big Sioux River 4 58 Monona·Harrison Ditch 1 Boyer River 6 E. Nishnabotna River 11 W. Nishnabotna River 14 Silver River 1 (trib. of W. Nish.) Indian Creek (trib. of E. Nish.) Nishnabotna 34 3 (before splitting) Floyd River 3

MISSOURI Soldier River 1 Big Tarkio Ditch 3 Nodaway River 2 One Hundred Two River 2 Platte River 1

KANSAS Kansas River 2

SOUTH DAKOTA James River 41 Vermillion River 5

35 density dependent event. This adaptable nature prob­ a population not too different than some channelized ably accounts for the success of the Missouri River sites. The Missouri River upstream from Lewis and channel catfish. The importance of these tributaries to Clark Lake is the most natural section of river studied the overall well-being of the main Missouri River and the relative populations near Niobrara and Sun­ populations cannot be overstated. shine Bottoms were the lowest recorded. Habitat is Since nearly all effort to capture channel catfish in certainly present but this region is significantly farther each study site was carried out using the same north than other main river study sites and water methods, catch per unit effort (CPE) was an indicator temperature may have played a role in limiting popula­ of relative population size in the study areas as sec­ tion size through an abbreviated spawning season. tions of the entire system. Channelized, unchannel­ Estimating real numbers of channel catfish in the ized, stabilized, and tributary sections are included in Missouri River has proven to be difficult. No barriers to Table 5.5. The Niobrara River (a tributary of the un­ movement exist between Gavins Point Dam and the channelized Missouri River) was shown to support the confluence with the Mississippi River and channel cat­ largest relative population. The channelized Missouri fish were found to move about freely in the system. River near Blair, Nebraska was next in relative density. This factor complicated procedures for estimating The section from Yankton downstream is unchannel­ numbers based on mark-recapture. However, an esti­ ized but undergoing degradation; this section supports mate was made for several populations. In 1976 an estimated 20,299 (17,158 to 24,414) channel catfish were determined to be in 20 km of river near Yankton, Table 5.5. Catch per unit effort (CPE) of baited hoopnets for South Dakota. This is approximately 1,015 fish/km, channel catfish in the Missouri River and two tribu· and includes only those fish 200 mm TL or larger. Win­ taries. ter provides a much better opportunity than summer to estimate numbers since movement is curtailed almost Standard entirely. Channel catfish numbers were estimated at Site Years No. fish Effort CPE error 89,940 (75,248 to 109,484) in a 9.6 km (9,369/km) reach of channelized river near Tekamah, Nebraska during the winter of 1980-1981. An estimate of the Missouri· 75-76 191 90 2.1 1.2 population of catfish in the Niobrara River was also Sunshine Bottoms made; 22,413 (18,044 to 27,581) channel catfish lived between Spencer Hydro and the confluence with the Missouri· 76· 77 717 286 2.5 0.8 Missouri River (63 km, 356 fish/km). Niobrara Instantaneous and annual mortality was computed Niobrara· 76-77 2,893 205 14.1 4.1 for populations inhabiting each site based on percent below Spencer frequency of age classes (Table 5.6). Since youngest and oldest age classes were often inadequately repre­ Niobrara· 78 248 40 6.2 2.2 sented due to sampling bias, mortality could only be above Spencer computed using age-classes that were fully vulnerable to sampling. Total annual mortality, from percent fre­ Missouri· 75· 78 7,803 2,236 3.5 0.4 quency of age-classes, was found to be in excess of Yankton and 60% after age 4 in all sites. Cheese baited hoopnets Vermillion may be biased towards smaller fish though because of the more piscivorous diet of larger catfish. This would Missouri - 75-78 3,346 1,254 2.7 0.6 tend to push mortality estimates higher in older, less Sioux City well represented age groups. A mail survey of Nebraska's fishermen in 1975 re­ Missouri - 71-75 4,981 576 8.7 1.7 vealed that 52% of anglers preferred to fish for channel Blair catfish (Morris 1977); 1,644,382 were harvested statewide. Only crappie and bluegill were more fre­ Missouri - 71·77 4,111 1,445 2.9 0.3 quently caught. A 1978 roving creel of the Missouri Brownville River showed 988 channel catfish harvested in the im­ mediate tailwaters of Gavins Point Dam between Little Nemaha 76·78 2,013 628 3.2 0.6 March, 1978 and January, 1979 (Hesse 1979). This

36 represented only 4.3% of the total harvest, but only ters. Total effort (hr) was 108,103 for the 2 km of tailwa­ 6.2% of the fishermen in the tailwaters were seeking ters, and 106,478 hr for the 387 km of channelized catfish. This is an important factor since catfish require river. The low harvest of channel catfish was due pri­ slightly different fishing methods. The majority of marily to low fishing pressure which is closely related to tailwaters fishermen were seeking sauger, walleye, extremely limited river access downstream from Yank­ paddlefish, or carp (68%). Channel catfish ranked ton, South Dakota. Low harvest in the tailwaters is fourth in the creel of sport fishermen on the channel­ probably related to fishing techniques. Groen and ized river (Sioux City to Nebraska-Kansas border); Schmulbach (1978) also attributed the paucity of 1,875 were harvested between March, 1978 and Janu­ fishermen on the river to the lack of access. ary, 1979. Numerically they accounted for 10% of the The annual rate of fishing (Ricker 1958) was com­ total harvest. The fishermen in this section sought puted for the channel catfishery of the Niobrara River channel catfish above all other species (33.3%); carp during 1976-1977. Total annual (1976) mortality (natu­ was a distant second (17.6%). The mean length of ral plus fishing) for the fall, winter, and early spring channel catfish captured by fishermen was 293 mm TL fishery was computed to be 20% of which 0.2% was (Gavins Point Dam tailwater) and 309 mm TL (channel­ attributed to fishing pressure. The late spring, summer, ized river). Sport fishing pressure was very low on the and fall fishery in the Niobrara is by far the best season channelized section when compared with the tailwa- for this species; total annual (1977) mortality was esti-

Table 5.6. Instantaneous and annual mortality at each site for all years combined.

Instantaneous mortality (annual mortality) Age Site 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1-Missouri River 1.54(0.79) 1.01(0.67) 0.29(0.25) 0.41 (0.33) Sunshine Bottoms 2-Missouri River upstream 0.33(0.28) 0.21 (0.19) 0.77(0.54) 0.93(0.61) 1.10(0.67) 0.25(0.22) from Lewis & Clark Lake

3·Niobrara River downstream 0.47(0.38) 0.34(0.29) 1.65(0.81 ) 2.40(0.91) 0.69(0.50) from Spencer Dam

4-Niobrara River upstream from Spencer Dam 5-Missouri River near Yankton 0.59(0.44) 0.99(0.63) 0.97(0.62) 1.38(0.75) 0.80(0.55) 1.54(0.79) and Vermillion, SO

6-Missouri River near 0.71(0.51) 1.01(0.63) 1.63(0.80) 0.99(0.63) 0.85(0.57) Sioux CitY,lA

7-Missouri River 0.46(0.37) 1.54(0.79) 2.93(0.95) 1.39(0.75) near Blair, NE

8-Missouri River 1.15(0.68) 1.34(0.74) 1.72(0.82) 0.69(0.50) near Brownville, NE

9-Little Nemaha River 1.41 (0.33) 0.68(0.49) 0.84(0.57) 1.31(0.73) 1.05(0.65)

Note: Mortality is computed from the percent frequency of age classes and estimates are reported only when percent composition between two successive age classes decreases.

37 mated to be 21% and 2% was attributed to fishing. 1977 data for the unchannelized segment, survival was Tag return data was also used to estimate harvest of 32% for 1976 tagged fish and 34% for 1977 tagged channel catfish from most study sites. Based on an fish. Survival in the channelized portion (where com­ average of 30% annual natural mortality, 3% annual putations were meaningful) was nearly double that in tag loss (Schainost (1981) showed tag losses of 3.6, the unchannelized section; 68% for fish tagged in 13.8 and 22.7%), and 50% non-reporting of tags, har­ 1976. Mean survival computed from percent frequency vest was placed at 3% in 1977, 5.3% in 1978, and of age classes was about 43% for unchannelized/sta­ 6.5% in 1979 for this same section of the Niobrara bilized section channel catfish, and about 30% for River (Spencer Dam to mouth). Schainost's (1981) tag­ channelized section catfish. These data somewhat ging method included the use of wire harnesses with contradict tag based survival estimates, and suggest the tag attached to the harness by polyethelene cord. A that hoopnet samples (at least in the channelized Riv­ portion of the tags lost were of this type. Most other er) are biasing length frequency data. For the purpose tagging was done with wire harness and tag directly. of modeling, total mortality should be placed between Tag loss could well have been as low as 7% and 19% 30 and 60% for Missouri River channel catfish. in the second and third years for the wire harness If all tags recovered by fishermen are not returned method. There can also be a great amount of variability our estimates of exploitation will be lower than the real in tag shedding as related to the method of insertion of values. We believe that a portion of tags are not re­ the harness. Improper placement or inadequate tight­ ported. The calculated fishing rates are low in any ening of the harness can result in increased tag loss. event; (i.e. 3%, 2%, and 2%, respectively, for 1976, Arriving at a value for tag loss is difficult based on one 1977, and 1978 tagged fish in the unchannelized/sta­ team's activities. It is for these reasons that we chose bilized section, and 7%, 2%, and 1%, respectively, for to use 3% as a tag loss correction factor. Therefore as 1975, 1976, and 1977 tagged fish in the channelized stated the harvest rate is for a 3% tag loss rate. Har­ section). Even with 50% or greater non-reporting, vest would be slightly different with additional losses. rates, exploitation would be below 6%. Using the same corrections for mortality, tag shed­ Commercial harvest of channel catfish is permitted ding, and non-reporting bias as above, harvest of the by Nebraska as well as South Dakota, Iowa, and Mis­ Little Nemaha River channel catfish was placed at souri. By far the largest number of channel catfish are 10.8% in 1976, 11.0% in 1977. and 7.3% in 1978. harvested by commercial fishermen from these four Using the same correction factors as before, harvest states; an estimated 14,500 in 1976 and 13,434 in from the Missouri River near Niobrara was computed 1977. Since tag returns came back from both sport and to be 6.6% in 1977, and 4.7% in 1978. Harvest was commercial fishermen the harvest percentages pre­ estimated at 7.2% (1976), 8.8% (1977), 7.3% (1978), viously stated include both sport and commercial har­ and 2.9% (1979) near the Yankton, Sioux City, and vest estimates. The importance of population esti­ Vermillion study sites. Harvest showed more temporal mates surface at this point. If we apply our rough esti­ variation at Blair and Brownville; 9.0% (1975), 24.8% mate of 9,369 fish/km as stated previously, there could (1976),10.5% (1977), 8.7% (1978), and 3.2% (1979). be over 3,600,000 channel catfish between Sioux City Survival, annual mortality, and rate of exploitation and the Nebraska-Kansas border. Commercial harvest was estimated from tag recoveries for a section of un­ then would account for only 0.4% of the total popula­ channelized/stabilized River near Yankton, Vermillion, tion if the impact of size limits is ignored. Approximately and Sioux City, and for a section of channelized River 2% of the estimated 3,600,000 catfish are of commer­ near Blair and Brownville. Since marking in these cial size. Based on the 1977 reported commercial har­ areas continued for three years and recaptures were vest of 13,434, 18% of the legal population could have available for four years we used the Robson-Seber been harvested under maximum compliance with size method to estimate survival (Ricker 1975). The esti­ limit restrictions. mate of survival rate from this method is valid even if The greatest concern at present is not that of over­ the reporting of tags is incomplete, although exploita­ harvest but one of overharvest of several size classes. tion may not be valid if some tags are not reported. A Commercial fishermen are restricted to harvesting only graph of the logarithm of recoveries indicated that those fish 330 mm TL or larger. COincidentally re­ marked fish were not vulnerable during the year of search sampling has shown a low number of fish grea­ marking to the same degree as in later years, therefore ter than this size. There exists the reality that a new first year recovery data was excluded from the com­ regulatory strategy is needed to maintain more larger putations of survival and exploitation. Excluding the fish to provide a better quality sport fishery.

38 Literature Cited Game and Parks Co., Lincoln. 10p. Ricker, W. E. 1958. Handbook of Computations for Groen, C. L. and J. C. Schmulbach. 1978. The sport Biological Statistics of Fish Populations. Fish. Res. fishery of the unchannelized and channelized middle Bd. of Can. Bulletin No. 119. 300p. Missouri River. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 107(3) :412- Ricker, W. E. 1975. Computation and interpretation of 418. biological statistics of fish populations. Fish. Res. Hesse, L. W. 1979. Creel survey-Missouri River com­ Bd. of Can. Bulletin No. 191. 382p. mercial and sport fishermen. Unpublished final re­ Schainost, S. 1981. Population dynamics of the com­ port, DJ project No. F-15-R. Nebraska Game and mercial fishery resource of the unchannelized and Parks Commission. stabilized Missouri River. Unpublished final report, Morris, J. W. 1977. Nebraska postal fishery creel cen­ N.O.A.A. project 2-257-R, Nebraska Game and sus. Final Report, DJ project F-4-R-22, Nebraska Parks Commission. Lincoln. Publication Pending.

39 CHAPTER 6 The Relationship of Hoopnet Mesh Size to CHANNEL CATFISH CATCHES

By Larry W. Hesse, Gene Zuerlein, Brad Newcomb, and Leigh Ann DeVore(Retelsdorf)

Results and Discussion mesh. Fifty-five percent (101 fish) of the catfish cap­ tured in 1978 were captured in the 25 mm mesh nets; A total fishing effort of 330 net-nights was expended 39% (72 fish) were captured in the 6 mm mesh, 1% (2 in 24 sampling days during 1978. The mean CPE of fish) in the 50 mm mesh, and no fish were captured in channel catfish (184) captured was 0.56 fish per net­ the 63 mm or 76 mm mesh nets. night. This represented a dramatic decline from the 6.8 CPE was highest in July and August in 1978 as in fish per net-night captured in 1974 and 1975 in this previous years with 1 .25 and 1.08 fish per net-night, same section of the channelized Missouri River (Hesse respectively (Table 6.1). CPE was highest in the 6 mm and Wallace 1976). Fishing methods were the same mesh nets in April, and lower but equal in 6 mm and 25 except that in 1974 and 1975 all nets were 25 mm mm mesh nets in July. All other months showed grea-

40 Table 6.1. Catch per unit effort (CPE) of channel catfish from the Missouri River in baited hoop nets of six different mesh sizes.

Mesh Effort Mesh Effort size No. fish net-nights CPE size No. fish net-nights CPE

APRIL JULY 6 5 9 0.6 6 6 2 3.0 25 3 9 0.3 25 6 2 3.0 38 9 38 3 2 1.5 50 9 50 2 63 9 63 2 75 9 75 2

Total 8 54 0.2 Total 15 12 1.3 MAY AUGUST 6 11 12 0.9 6 37 14 2.6 25 22 12 1.8 25 50 14 3.6 38 12 38 3 14 0.2 50 12 50 1 14 0.1 63 12 63 14 75 12 75 14

Total 33 72 0.5 Total 91 84 1.1 JUNE SEPTEMBER 6 10 16 0.6 6 3 2 1.5 25 13 16 0.8 25 7 2 3.5 38 3 16 0.2 38 2 50 16 50 2 1.0 63 16 0.1 63 2 75 16 75 2

Total 27 96 0.3 Total 10 12 0.8

Effort Seasonal totals No. fish net-nights CPE 184 330 0.6

Total length Number Mean Std dev sampled 6 mm mesh 161.1 90.1 72 25 mm mesh 300.4 63.5 101 38 mm mesh 373.3 28.2 9 50 mm mesh 464.5 30.5 2

Sum of squares OF Mean square Between groups 995,810.00 2 497,905.001 ANOVA within groups 1,018,485.00 179 5,689.86 TOTAL 2,014,295.00 181

Computed F = 87.5074, probability of a greater F < 0.005

41 Table 6.2. Length frequency of channel catfish captured in hoopnets of six different mesh dimensions from the channelized Missouri River. Entries in table are num· ber of individuals sampled.

Mesh dimension Mesh dimension Size class Size class intervals intervals in mm. inmm. TL 76 mm 63 mm 50 mm 38 mm 25 mm 6 mm TL 76 mm 63 mm 50 mm 38 mm 25 mm 6 mm

0 20 361 21 380 2 4 40 6 381 41 400 2 3 60 2 401 61 420 3 80 4 421 81 440 100 9 9 441 101 460 120 5 461 121 480 2 140 5 481 141 500 160 3 501 161 520 180 8

181 200 8

201 220 3 4

221 240 13 3

241 260 12 3

261 280 9 3

281 300 8

301 320 16 3

321 340 9

341 360 3 9 3 ter CPE's for the 25 mm mesh nets than for other River tributaries resulting in a reduction of the popula­ meshes. tion in the Missouri River proper during years of high Table 6.2 represents the length-frequency of chan­ water, or the absolute population declined dramatically nel catfish captured in each mesh size. The mean TL ± between 1974 and 1978 is unknown. SO of channel catfish captured in 6 mm mesh nets was Younger age-class fish were better represented in 161.1 mm ± 90.1 mm. The 72 fish caught ranged from the total sample when 6 mm mesh nets were included 27 mm to 395 mm TL. The mean TL of catfish captured in the overall effort, as demonstrated by the significant­ in 25 mm mesh nets was 300.4 mm ± 63.5 mm; 101 ly different mean lengths of fish captured in each mesh fish ranged in length from 270 mm to 469 mm. The size net. During 1978, 25 mm nets captured larger mean TL of catfish captured in 38 mm mesh nets was numbers of fish longer than 330 mm TL than either the 373.3 mm TL ± 29.2 mm; the nine fish ranged from 6 mm or 38 mm and larger nets; therefore, when a 340 mm to 422 mm. The two catfish captured in 50 mm single mesh size is to be used, 25 mm mesh nets nets were 495 mm and 434 mm; mean TL was 464.7 would provide the best overall sample. mm ± 30.5 mm. ANOVA (Table 6.1) revealed the dif­ Most previous investigations on dynamics of channel ference between the mean TL of channel catfish cap­ catfish in the Missouri River used percent frequency tured by each mesh size to be highly significant within age-class as a means of assessing total annual (P<0.005). mortality based on Ricker (1958). A major assumption Ninety-four percent of the channel catfish captured is necessary to use Ricker's equation; the net sample in 6 mm mesh hoop nets were 330 mm TL or less; 70% must be taken randomly from the age-groups present. of the catfish sampled in 25 mm nets were 330 mm TL It is evident from this study that when a survey is based or less; all of the fish taken in 38 mm and 50 mm mesh on one mesh size (25 mm) this requirement is not met. nets were larger than 330 mm TL (330 mm TL is the All age-classes present in the river are not vulnerable size limit imposed on commercial harvest). to capture in 25 mm or larger nets; catfish smaller than Fishing locations were randomly chosen from all 80 mm TL are not sampled in meshes larger than 25 habitats expected to harbor channel catfish. Nets mm. placed parallel to deeply cut banks between wing dikes The evidence also shows that the length frequency were most successful. The mean depth of successfully of the catfish populations living in the channelized Mis­ set nets was 1.7 m. souri is different from the unchannelized and from Mis­ Channel catfish were netted with 25 mm mesh hoop­ souri River tributaries. The percent of catfish 330 mm nets in 1974 and 1975 at Blair and Brownville, Neb­ TL or less, taken in 25 mm nets from the channelized raska; 75% of 944 fish captured in 1974 were 330 mm Missouri was nearly the same in 1974, 1975, 1976 and TL or less (Hesse and Wallace 1976). Channel catfish 1978 (75%, 75%, 68%, and 70%, respectively). This studies were carried out in 1975 and 1976 near the value was 80% in the Little Nemaha River, and 91 to mouth of the Little Nemaha River (but in the Missouri) 95% in the Niobrara, while 88% were 330 mm TL or and within the Little Nemaha; 75% of the catfish sam­ less in the unchannelized Missouri. The observed pled in the Missouri were 330 mm TL or less (Hesse et length frequency of a sample from the channelized riv­ al. 1979). Additional studies were completed on chan­ er changes when the mesh size of nets used to sample nel catfish from the unchannelized Missouri River up­ catfish is changed. stream from Lewis and Clark Lake in 1976 and 1977; 88% of the fish sampled in each year were 330 mm TL or less. Channel catfish were also sampled from the Niobrara River in 1976, (91 % were 330 mm TL or less), Literature Cited and 1977 (95% were 330 mm TL or less). All of these investigations incorporated 25 mm baited hoopnets. Hesse, L. W. and C. R. Wallace, 1976. The effects of During the 1978 investigation, 330 net-nights were cooling water discharges from Fort Calhoun and expended, which is nearly 33% of the effort expended Cooper Nuclear Stations on the fishes of the Mis­ in 1974 and 1975 (997 net-nights). Only 184 fish were souri River. Unpublished final report OJ project F-4- captured, which is 3% of the 1974-75 catch of 6,816. R. Less effort was expended with 25 mm nets in 1978, but Hesse, L. W., L. Zadina, R. Winter, L. A. Retelsdorf, B. even when the catch in 25 mm nets is expanded to Newcomb, 1979. Evaluation of the influence of tribu­ represent the effort of 1974-1975, the sample still rep­ taries to the Missouri River commercial fishery. Un­ resents only 12% of the 1974-1975 catch. However, published final report, National Marine Fisheries Ser­ 78% of the fish were under 330 mm TL (Table 6.2). vice project 2-283-R. Nebraska Game and Parks Water was high in most Missouri River tributaries in Commission, Norfolk, Nebraska. 1978. Survey samples from selected tributaries in­ Ricker, W. E. 1958. Handbook of Computations for cluded large numbers of channel catfish. Whether Biological Statistics of Fish Populations. Fish Res. sufficient numbers of catfish migrate into the Missouri Bd. of Can. Bull. No. 119. 300pp.

43 CHAPTER 7 Simulating the Missouri River CHANNEL CATFISH

By Larry W. Hesse

Results and Discussion sportfishery, 275 mm TL at maturity, growth was consi­ dered to be independent of the density of individuals, Sufficient data has been gathered on the Missouri the fecun~my equation = 1230.0 + 12.8 x weight (g), the density dependent juvenile survival equation = River channel catfish to create an initial mathematical 001 model for the purpose of simulating the present 0.01 x e- x 1,400 kg/km, the density dependent mor­ population conditions, which can then be subjected to tality equation = 0.80 + 0.0002 x 1,400 kg/km, the length-weight equation used for both sexes was W = experimental manipulation to test the stability of this 315 population. A computerized model was used on an IBM 0.0000065L ; natural mortality by age class (in the 370 machine. The model, Generalized Inland Fishery model this data is entered for males and females); Simulator (GIFSIM), was written by Taylor (1981). 123456789 Basic information used to establish a model of the 0.90 0.50 0.30 0.40 0.25 0.25 0.10 0.10 0.05 existing situation was as follows: 15 age-classes, 330 10 11 12 13 14 15 mm commercial size limit, 225 mm TL at entry into 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

44 and fishing mortality by age class (this data entered by 15% has little effect on population levels, biomass, or sex as well). annual yield, suggesting that the population is near the carrying capacity at present levels. 123456789 Arriving at a figure for maximum sustained yield of 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.10 0.05 the Missouri River channel catfish is difficult since va­ 10 11 12 13 14 15 rious exploitation rates in the model result i~ stable 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 population biomasses over the model penod (30 years). The concept of optimum may well apply on t~e Average annual yield from this model was 208 kgl Missouri River even better. As Table 7.1 shows, in­ km, for a 30 year period beginning in 1980. The creased harvest starting with the important 5 and 6 population size averaged 8,620 fish/km, with an ave.r­ age biomass of 1,860 kg. The average annual catch In numbers was 120 fish/km and fish averaged 1,729 g. Table 7.1. Predicted biomass, yield, and average size of catfish The available empirical data at least partially sup­ subjected to various rates of exploitation. ports and validates this initial model. We must acknow­ ledge that factors such as harvest and total mortality as Average used in this initial model are subject to question. These Fishing rate Average Average weight variables can hopefully be verified through future data for 5 and 6 population annual of fish in collection. Mark-recapture estimates place the popula­ year olds biomass (kg) yield (kg) creel (kg) tion size at 9,370 fish/km. The observed average biomass per km was 1,405 kg. Sport and commercial fishermen have been estimated to harvest nearly 15% 1,700 224 1.440 15000 channel catfish annually, for an average 39 35% 1,356 256 1.039 fish/km. Commercial fishing reports were used to esti­ 45% 1,180 276 up 7.8% 0.925 mate harvest. We feel these are inaccurate though and 55% 1,008 288 up 4.3% 0.847 harvest is likely greater. In fact the. predicted catch. of 65% 844 292 up 1.4% 0.792 120 fish/km may represent the extent of non-reporting on commercial annual reports. If this is true nearly 40,000 fish are caught but not reported by c?mmercial year olds, increases yield but the annual gain in yield fishermen in the region between the U.S. Highway 81 declines dramatically after the exploitation rate ex­ bridge at Yankton, South Dakota and Rulo, .Nebraska ceeds 45% of these important age groups. In essence (based on a difference of 81 non-reported flsh/km for a maximum sustained yield may lie somewhere be­ 505 km of river). , tween 120 fish/km (assumed to be close to the existing Hoopnet data has demonstrated excessively high situation) and 276 fish/km. I feel we should strive for an mortality of Missouri River channel catfish after they optimum yield. Reducing harvest from 25% to 2% for 5 reach 4 years of age when mean TL is 260 mm or and 6 year olds (essentially sport harvest only) w~uld longer. If we increase natural mortality in ages 5 and 6 improve the size of fish caught to 2.024 kg .. The Yield from 25% to 60%, population biomass declines 28%, under these conditions would drop to approximately 96 and the average size of fish in the creel decreases to fish/km. Essentially then the maximum sustained yield 1,186 g. Harvest in numbers and weight decreases is 276 fish/km and the optimum sustained yield would slightly. If we leave natural mortality of 5 and 6 year be 96 fish/km. olds at 25% and increase fishing mortality to 35% to Certainly this model will benefit from additional ~ata represent a total mortality of 60% for these ag~­ and fine tuning, but we are at a pOint where the applica­ classes, population parameters, as expected, remain tion of management technique can now be considere? the same, but harvest in numbers nearly double to Such techniques as are possible will be discussed In 248/km. The yield increases to only 256 kg/km (23%). the final chapter. This is due to the smaller average size of the fish caught (1,039 g). Since this average size is closer to the observed size captured by fishermen we might Literature Cited again conclude that 3ctual harvest is much higher than reported data suggests, and this points to the need for Taylor, M. 1981. GIFSIM: Generalized inland fishery more accurate harvest information. simulator for management biologists. N. Amer. J. Decreasing mortality of age-1 fish by as much as Fish. Mgmt. 1 (1 ):60-72.

45 CHAPTER 8 A Selected, Indexed Bibliography of the CHANNEL CATFISH I ctalurus punctatus (R afinesque)

by Brad Newcomb

Contents and Paulus (1977); Dean (1923); Dees (1961, 1963); Eschmeyer and Harris (1974); Iowa Cooperative I Introduction Fishery Unit (1978); Jenkins (1965); Kelts and Bressler II Methods (1971); Kernehan (1976); Mayhew (1974); and U. S. III Format Description Fish and Wildlife Service (1955). IV Citations V Subject Headings VI Subject Index Format Description VII Geographical Index The format of this bibliography follows Heidinger VIII Literature Cited (1974). The bibliography and indices are contained within 4 sections: Citations, Subject Headings, Subject Introduction Index, and Geographical Index. The Citations section contains all channel catfish re­ The purpose of this bibliography is to provide a com­ ferences listed alphabetically by author and numbered prehensive reference source on channel catfish, Icta­ consecutively. lurus punctatus (Rafinesque). The following topics The Subject Headings section contains the subject have generally been omitted: checklists, culture, fish heading names listed in alphabetical order and num­ farming, propagation, and laboratory studies concern­ bered consecutively. Numbers following each refer­ ing blood chemistry, diseases, parasites, and pesti­ ence in the Citations section correspond to these sub­ cides. ject heading numbers. Methods The Subject Index lists the subject headings with all corresponding citation numbers under each heading. Literature citations were obtained from several The Geographical Index contains a list of locations sources. A BIOSIS computer search was completed by (states), with the corresponding citation numbers the University of Nebraska-Library Commission in under each location. September 1978. According to the 1978 BIOSIS listing, this service searches 12,497 titles for the years 1969 to Citations 1978. A computer printout on Ictalurus punctatus was obtained from the Library Reference Service, Federal 1. Ackerman, G. 1965. Age structure of spawning Aid in Fish and Wildlife, Denver, Colorado, in August channel catfish. Iowa Cons. Comm. Quart. 1978. Biological abstracts Vol. 1 (1926) to Vol. 50 BioI. Rep. 17(3):52-58. (1, 46, 60, 65) (1969), Sport Fishery Abstracts Vol. 1 (1955) to Vol. 23 2. --, 1965. Movement of tagged channel cat­ (1978), and The Zoological Record Vol. 1 (1804) to fish before the impoundment of the Red Rock Vol. 110 (1973) were searched manually. Reservoir, Iowa Cons. Comm. Quart. BioI. Additional helpful reference sources were Atz (1971, Rep. 17(4):18-22. (37,47) 1973); Breder and Rosen (1966); Bureau of Commer­ 3. Adair, W. D., and J. B. Looper. 1969. Effects of cial Fisheries (1969a, 1969b, 1970); Carbine (1952); thermal pollution upon Lake Norman fishes, Carlander (1969); Cvancara (1978, 1979); Cvancara N.C. Wildl. Res. Comm. D-J Job Progress

46 Rep., Proj. F-19-1, Study 9, Job 9-C. (27, 41, 29,72) 47,55,74) 18. --, T. Maurai, and G. Gibbons. 1973. The 4. Adams, C. C. 1892. Mollusks as catfish food. influence of dissolved oxygen on the growth of Nautilus, 5:127. (30) channel catfish. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 5. --, and T. L. Haukinson. 1928. The ecology 102(4):835-838. (15, 19, 28) and economics of Oneida Lake fish. Bull. New 19. Anthony, M. 1965. The utilization of selected for­ York St. Coil. Forestry, 1(4a); Roosevelt Wild­ age organisms (fish, salamander larvae, cray­ life Annals, 1(3,4):235-548. (31) fish) by channel catfish {/ctalurus punctatus}. 6. Ager, L. A. 1971. The fishes of Lake Diss. Abstr. 25(9): 5452-5453. (25, 30, 57) Okeechobee, Florida. Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 20. Appleget, J. G. 1951. Age and growth of the 34:53-62. (20, 41) channel catfish. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Minn., St. 7. Aitken, W. W. 1937. Albinism in Ictalurus punc­ Paul. 63p. (1, 65, 66) tatus. Copeia 1937(1 ):64. (3, 20) 21. --, and L. L. Smith, Jr. 1951. The determina­ 8. Albaugh, D. W. 1969. Sources of growth variation tion of age and rate of growth from vertebrae of among individual black bullheads, Ictalurus the channel catfish, Ictalurus lacustris punc­ melas, and channel catfish, Ictalurus punc­ tatus. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 80:119-130. (1, tatus. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 98(1 ):35-44. 2,15,46,51) (15,16,25) 22. Archibald, K. D. 1934. Age determination in the 9. Allen, D. E. 1974. The effects of impoundment on catfish. MA thesis, Ohio St. Univ. 22p. (2) the food habits of various game fishes in Cor­ 23. Bailey, R. M., and H. Harrison, Jr. 1943. Food dell Hull Reservoir, Tennessee. Unpubl. M.S. habits of channel cat reveal interesting facts. thesis. Tennessee Technological University. la. Conserv. 2(8):57, 60, 64. (30) (30,37) 24. --, and --. 1948. Food habits of the 10. Allen, K. 0., and J. W. Avault, Jr. 1969. Effects of southern channel catfish {/ctalurus lacustris salinity on growth and survival of channel cat­ punctatus} in the Des Moines River, Iowa. fish, Ictalurus punctatus. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 75:110-138. (1,30, E. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 23:319-331. (15, 58, 59, 60, 73, 76) 28, 42, 62, 71) 25. Baker, C. 1958. Fish harvest by wire nets in a 11. --, and --. 1970. Effects of brackish wa­ stream impoundment. Ohio Dept. of Nat. Res. ter on Ichthyophthiriasis of channel catfish. Publ. 323. 14p. (5, 35, 41, 63, 73, 76, 78) Prog. Fish-Cult. 32(4):227-230. (18, 62) 26. Baker, D. W. 1962. A comparative study of two 12. --, and --. 1971. Notes on the relative catfish basket baits. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. salinity tolerance of channel and blue catfish. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 16:317-319. (5, 63) Prog. Fish-Cult. 33(3): 135-137. (62) 27. Baker, F. C. 1916. The relation of mollusks to fish 13. --, and K. Stawn. 1967. Heat tolerance of in Oneida Lake. New York St. Coil. Forestry, channel catfish. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Tech. Publ. 4:(27, 41) Game Fish Comm. 21 :399-411. (73) 28. Baker, W. D. 1966. The biology of Fontana Re­ 14. --, and --. 1971. Rate of acclimation of servoir Fishes. North Carolina Wildl. Res. juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, to Comm. D-J Final Rep., Proj. F-16-R, Job No. high temperatures. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 3-A. 11p. (1,9,41) 100(4): 665-671. (42,73) 29. Barnickol, P. G., and W. C. Starrett. 1951. Com­ 15. Allison, R. 1963. Parasite epidemics affecting mercial and sport fishes of the MiSSissippi Riv­ channel catfish. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. er between Caruthersville, Missouri, and Game Fish Comm. 17:346-347. (18) Dubuque, Iowa. Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. 16. Anderson, W. K., and W. M. Lewis. 1974. Use of 25(5):267-350. (1, 2, 33, 34, 56, 60) a sudden temperature decrease to reduce the 30. Barron, J. C. 1968. Appraisal of various mesh excitability of channel catfish during handling. sizes in taking fishes. Texas Parks Wildl. Dept. Prog. Fish Cult. 36(4):213-215. (10, 73) D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-6-15, Job No. 17. Andrews, J. W. and R. R. Stickney. 1972. In­ D-3. 10p. (30) teractions of feeding rates and environmental 31. Beaver, J. A., K. E. Sneed, and H. K. Dupree. temperature on growth, food conversion, and 1966. The difference in growth of male and body composition of channel catfish. Trans. female channel catfish in hatchery ponds. Amer. Fish. Soc. 102( 1) :94-98. (8, 15, 17, 28, Progr. Fish-Cult. 28(1): 47-50. (15, 16)

47 32. Behmer, D. J. 1965. Movement and angler har­ Amer. Fish. Soc. 87:215-223. (30, 41) vest of fishes in the Des Moines River, Boone 45. Boggess, T. S., Jr., Heaton, E. K., and A. L. County, Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 71 :259- Shewfelt. 1971. Storage stability of commer­ 263. (34, 45, 47, 56, 60) cially prepared and frozen pond-raised chan­ 33. Beland, J. M. 1969. The potential of channel cat­ nel catfish (lctalurus punctatus, Rafinesque). fish, Ictalurus punctatus, production in Central J. Food Sci. 36:969. (14, 58) Virginia. M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Insti­ 46. Bonn, E. W., and B. J. Follis, 1967. Effects of tute, Blacksburg, 69p. (15, 25, 26, 41, 42, 58, hydrogen sulfide on channel catfish, Ictalurus 71 ) punctatus. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 96(1):31- 34. Beland, R. D. 1954. Report on the fishery of the 36. (8, 49, 52) lower Colorado River, the Lake Havasu 47. Bonneau, D. L., J. W. McGuire, O. W. Tiemeier, fishery. Calif. Fish and Game, Inland Fish. and C. W. Deyoe. 1972. Food habits and Admin. Rept. No. 54-17, 42p. (1, 13, 30, 34, growth of channel catfish fry, Ictalurus punc­ 41 ) tatus. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 101 (4):613-619. 35. Belusz, L. C. 1968. The relationship of bottom (1, 15, 25, 26, 30, 42) organisms to the food chain of five fish species 48. Bowers, G. M. 1913. Report of the Commissioner in the Connecticut River above the Holyoke of Fisheries for the fiscal year ended June 30, Dam, Massachusetts. M.S. thesis, Univ. 1911. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish., Doc. 743. 70p. Mass., Amherst. 64p. (11, 30, 60) (59, 65) 36. Bennett, C. D., and B. E. Brown. 1967. A com­ 49. Boyd, C. E., E. E. Prather, and R. W. Parks. parison of fish population sampling techniques 1975. Sudden mortality of massive phyto­ on Lake Raymond Gary, Oklahoma. Okla. plankton bloom. Weed Sci. 23(1):61-67. (9, Dept. Wildl. Conserv. D-J Job Compl. Rep., 23) Proj. F-23-R. 26p. (5, 27, 41, 63, 78) 50. Brader, J. D. 1979. A comparative study of food 37. Bennett, G. W. 1970. Management of lakes and habits and feeding periodicity of channel and ponds. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, blue catfishes in Kentucky and Barkley Lakes. New York, N.Y. 375p. (41, 44, 63) M.S. thesis, Murray State Univ. (In prepara­ 38. Benson, W. W., W. Webb, D. W. Brock, and J. tion) (30, 41) Gabrica. 1976. Mercury in catfish and bass 51. Brauhn, J. L. 1971. Fall spawning of channel cat­ from the Snake River in Idaho. Bull. Environ. fish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 33(3):150-152 (36, 59, Conton. Toxical. 15(5): 564-567. (8, 9, 55, 60) 65,66). 39. Beuchat, L. R., E. K. Heaton, and T. S. Boggess, 52. --, and J. McCraren. 1975. Ovary matura­ Jr. 1973. Preservation of channel catfish with tion in channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. some selected chemicals. J. Food Sci. 37(4):209-212. (14,46,54,59) 38(3):531-535. (8, 14) 53. --, and J. W. Hogan. 1972. Use of cold 40. Birkhead, W. S. 1967. The comparative toxicity of brands on channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. stings of the ictalurid catfish genera Ictalurus 34(2):112. (45) and Schilbeades. Compo Biochem. Physiol. 54. Breder, C. M., Jr., and D. E. Rosen. 1966. Modes 22( 1): 101-111. (8, 51) of reproduction in fishes. The Natural History 41. --. 1972. Toxicity of stings of ariid and icta­ Press, Garden City, New York. 941 p. (59, 65, lurid catfishes. Copeia 1972 (4):790-807. (8, 66) 51 ) 55. Bridges, W. R., and D. B. Cope. 1965. The rela­ 42. Bisbee, L. E. 1962. Harney-Malheur district. Ore. tive toxicities of similiar formulations of St. Game Comm. Fish. Div. Ann. Rep. pyrethrum and rotenone to fish and immature 1962.: 135-163. (30) stoneflies. The Pyrethrum Post 8(1 ):3-5. (9, 43. Block, R. M. 1973. Effects of acute cold shock on 27) the channel catfish. In Thermal Ecology, J. W. 56. Broach, R. W. 1967. Arkansas' catchable chan­ Gibbons and R. R. Sharitz (eds.) AEC Sympo­ nel catfish program. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. sium Series (CONF 730505), p. 109-118 (10, Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 21 :445-452. (44, 73) 55,69) 44. Boesel, M. W. 1938. The food of nine species of 57. Brown, B. E. 1965. Two-year study of a bass, fish from the western end of Lake Erie. Trans. sunfish, channel catfish exposed to flooding

48 and angling. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. ment of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Game Fish Comm. 17:367-72. (11,34,78) (Ratinesque), in Oregon. M.S. thesis, Oregon 58. --, I. Inman, and A. Jerald, Jr. 1970. School­ State Univ., Corvallis. 84p. (1, 13, 15, 20, 24, ing and shelter seeking tendencies in fingerl­ 34, 37, 47, 59, 60, 65, 66) ing channel catfish. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 70. Canfield, H. L. 1947. Artificial propagation of 99(3): 540-545. (20, 42) those channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 9:27- 59. Brown, W. H. 1950. Results of stocking large­ 30. (24, 65, 66) mouth black bass and channel catfish in ex­ 71. Carlander, K. D. 1969. Handbook of freshwater perimental Texas farm ponds. Trans. Amer. fishery biology. Vol. one, Iowa St. Univ. Press, Fish. Soc. 18:210-217. (23, 26, 42, 57, 58, 69, Ames. 752p. (1,3,7,15,25,26,30,37,41,46, 71 ) 47, 60, 65, 66) 60. Bryan, C. F., and D. S. Sabins. 1978. Manage­ 72. Carlson, A. R., R. E. Siefert, L. J. Herman. 1974. ment implications in water quality and fish Effects of lowered dissolved oxygen concen­ standing stock information in the Atchafalaya trations on channel catfish (lctalurus punc­ River Basin, Louisiana. Proc. 3rd Costal Marsh tatus) embryos and larvae. Trans. Amer. Fish. and Estuary Mgt. Symp. LSU, March 6, 1978. Soc. 103(3):623-626. (19,42) (44, 68) 73. Carroll, B. B., and G. E. Hall, 1964. Growth of 61. Bryan, P., and H. H. Howell, 1946. Depth dis­ catfishes in Norris Reservoir, Tennessee. J. tribution of fish in lower Wheeler Reservoir, Tenn. Acad. Sci. 39(3):86-91. (1,41,78) Alabama. Reelfoot Lake BioI. Sta. Rep. 10:4-9. 74. Carter, N. E. 1967. Fish distribution of Keystone (20,41,73) Reservoir in relation to physiochemical strati­ 62. Bryson, W. T., and R. T. Lackey. 1975. Restock­ fication. M.S. thesis, Okla. State Univ. Stillwa­ ing after fish kills as a fisheries management ter. 50pp. (9, 20, 41) strategy. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 104(2):256- 75. , and R. L. Eley. 1968. Effects 263. (13, 44, 69) of a flood on fish distribution in Keystone Re­ 63. Buchanan, C. C., and A. W. Fast. 1973. Effect of servoir. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 47:382-385. fishing techniques and baits on the catch rates (21, 41, 73, 76, 78) of five fishes from a California reservoir. Prog. Fish-Cult. 35(4):209-213. (5, 13, 34, 41, 44, 76 Carter, R. R. and A. E. Thomas. 1977. Spawning 63) of channel catfish in tanks. Prog. Fish-Cult. 64. Buck, D. A., and F. B. Cross. 1952. Early limnolo­ 39(1):13. (14,59,65,66) gical and fish population conditions of Canton 77. Charles, J. R. 1957. Final report on population Reservoir, Oklahoma, and fishery manage­ manipulation studies in three Kentucky ment recommendations. Okla. A. Am. Coil. streams. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Game Res. Found. Rep. 11 Op. (41, 56) Fish Comm. 11 :155-185. (1,20,44,56,60,61, 65. Buck, H. D. 1956. Effects of turbidity on fish and 69) fishing. Okla. Fish Res. Lab. Rep. No. 56. (34, 78. Cheetham, J. L., C. T. Garten, Jr., C. L. King, and 76) M. H. Smith. 1976. Temperature tolerance and 66. Bulkley, R. U., L. R. Shannon, and R. L. Kellogg. preference of immature channel catfish, Icta­ 1974. Contamination of channel catfish with lurus punctatus. Copeia 1976(3): 609-612. dieldrin from agricultural runoff. Iowa St. Wat. (42, 73) Resour. Res. Inst. Compl. Rep., Proj. A-042- 79. Cherko, I., L. Harrow, and A. Schlesinger. 1976. lA, Rep. ISWRRI-62. 144p. (8, 9, 38, 55, 60) Cold shock in fish, the feasibility of similating a 67. --, R. L. Kellogg, and L. R. Shannon. 1976. power plant trap at the Fort Calhoun nuclear Size-related factors associated with dieldrin power station, Nebraska. Proc. Nebr. Acad. concentrations in muscle tissue of channel cat­ Sci. Affi!. Soc. 86:11. (10, 73, 74) fish Ictalurus punctatus. Trans. Amer. Fish. 80. --, --, and --. 1976. Long term ex­ Soc. 105(2):301-307. (8,9, 15,38,55,60) posure to effluents of the Fort Calhoun nuclear 68. Busbee, R. L. 1968. Piscivorous activities of the power station: effects upon survival and de­ channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 30(1 ):32-34. velopment of age 0 (Ictalurus punctatus). Proc. (11, 30, 44, 69) Nebr. Acad. Sci. Affi!. Soc. 86:11. Abstract 69. Campbell, H. J. 1963. Age, growth, and manage- only. (15,42,71,73,74)

49 81. --, --, and --.1976. Monitoring of maintenance flows. Idaho Dept. Fish Game the Missouri River icthyoplankton population and Idaho Coop. Fish Unit Stream Resource between Sioux City, Iowa and Rulo, Nebraska: Maintenance Flow Studies, 1975. 136p. (60, interception sampling at seven locations. Proc. 78) Nebr. Acad. Sci. 86:11-12. (42, 60, 73) 94. Collins, H. L., J. R. Davis, and G. P. Markin. 82. Cherry, D. S., and K. L. Dickson, and J. Cains, Jr. 1973. Residues of Mirex in channel catfish and 1975. Temperatures selected and avoided by other aquatic organisms. Bull. of Environ. Con­ fish of various acclimation temperatures. J. tamin. and Texicol. 10(2): 73-77. (8, 9, 55) Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 32(4): 485-491. (73) 95. Conder, J. R. and R. Hoffarth. 1962. Growth of 83. Christensen, D. 1967. Effect of the ten inch size channel catfish, Ictalurus puncta tus , and blue limit on channel catfish. Indiana Div. Fish catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, in the Kentucky Game, Fish Res. Sect. Rep. 6p (15, 34, 44) Lake Portion of the Tennessee River in Ten­ 84. --. 1968. The distribution of fishes through­ nessee. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. G. F. out the White River system and the effects of Comm. 16:348-354. various environmental factors upon the com­ 96. Copeland, J. B. 1957. Experimental use of explo­ mercial fishery. Indiana Div. Fish Game D-J sives on the Aucilla River. Proc. S. E. Assoc. Job Compl. Rep., Proj. 4-16-R-2. 55p. (20,33, Game Fish Comm. 11 :277-280. (60, 61, 63) 55, 60) 97. Countant, C. C. 1974. Cold shock tolerable 85. Christenson, L. M. 1952. Pecatonica River cat­ temperatures and guidance for power plants. fish tagging study and test netting investiga­ Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 18:47-48. (10, 74) tion. Wisconsin Cons. Dept., Fish BioI. Invest. 98. --. H. M. Ducharme, Jr., and J. R. Fishes. Rept. No. 800. 6p. (45, 47, 59, 60) 1974. Effects of cold shock on vulnerability of 86. Cleary, R. E. 1953. Channel catfish surveys in juvenile channel catfish (lctalurus punctatus) northeast Iowa from 1952 to 1955. Iowa Cons. and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) Comm. Quart. BioI. Rep. 7(4). 6p. (1, 63) to predation. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 31 :351- 87. --, and J. Greenbank. 1954. An analysis of 354. (10, 42, 57) techniques used in estimating fish populations 99. Crawford, B. 1957. Report on fall and winter in streams, with particular reference to large drawdown on Blue Mountain Lake, 19561957. non-trout streams. J. Wildl. Mgt. 18(4):461- Arkansas Game Fish Comm. D-J Job Compl. 477. (13, 45, 46, 56, 60, 63) Rep., Proj. F-1-R-6. 6p. (30, 33, 34, 41, 78) 88. Clemens, H. P. 1952. Pre-impoundment studies 100. . 1957. Report on the of the summer food of three species of fishes second fall and winter drawdown on Nimrod in Tenkiller and Fort Gibson reservoirs, Okla­ Lake, 1956-1957. Arkan. Game Fish Comm. homa. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 33:72-79. (30, D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-1-R-6, Job No. A. 37,41) 8p. (30, 33, 41, 78) 89. --, and K. E. Sneed. 1957. The spawning 101. --. 1957. Propagation of channel catfish behavior of the channel catfish Ictalurus punc­ (lctalurus lacustris) at state hatchery. Proc. tatus. U.S. Fish Wildl. Servo Spec. Sci. Rep.­ Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. Fish. No. 219:1-11. 11:132-141. (24, 65, 66) 90. --, and --. 1958. The chemical control 102. Cross, F. B. 1950. Effects of sewage and of a of some diseases and parasites of channel headwaters impoundment on the fishes of catfish. Prog. FishCult. 20(1 )8-15. (18) Stillwater Creek in Payne County, Oklahoma. 91. --, and --. 1959. Lethal doses of sever­ Amer. MidI. Nat. 43(1):128-145. (20, 37,.55, al commercial chemicals for fingerling channel 79) catfish. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Ser. Spec. Sci. 103. --. 1953. Early limnological and fish popula­ Rept.-Fisheries No. 320, 21 p. (8, 42) tion conditions of Canton Reservoir, Oklaho­ 92. --, and --. 1962. Bioassay and use of ma, with special reference to carp, channel pituitary materials to spawn warm-water catfish, largemouth bass, green sunfish, and fishes. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Bur. Sport bluegill, and fishery management conditions. Fish. and Wildl. Res. Rept. No. 61. 30p. (36, Ph. D. thesis, Okla. A. and M. Coil. 65) 104. Cuerrier, J. P. 1951. The use of pectoral fin rays 93. Cochnauer, T. 1965. Interim stream resource for determining ages of sturgeon and other

50 species of fish. Can. Fish-Cult. 11 :1-9. (2) channel catfish in Western Lake Erie. J. Wildl. 105. Curry, K. D. 1975. An experimental study of the Mgt. 29(1): 280-286. (1, 15, 41, 46, 64) effects of galvanonarcosis on behavior and 118. Dietz, E. M. C., and K. C. Jurgens. 1963. An growth of rainbow trout (Salrna gairdneri, evaluation of selective shad control at Medina Richardson) and channel catfish (/ctalurus Lake, Texas. Tex. Parks Wildl. Dept. I F Rep. punctatus, Rafinesque). M.S. thesis. Univ. of 5:1-32. (1,11,41) Arizona. 43p. (22) 119. Dill, W. A. 1944. The fishery of the lower Colora­ 106. Dabb, B. and C. W. Thompson. 1975. Food do River. Calif. Fish Game 30(3):109-211. (20, habits of black bullhead, channel catfish, wal­ 30,60) leye, and white bass in Utah Lake. Unpub. re­ 120. Dove, G. R., O. W. Tiemier, and C. W. Doyoe. port, Utah Div. Wildl. Resources. (30, 41) 1976. Effects of three diets on growth and 107. Dahlberg, M. D., and D. C. Scott. 1971. Introduc­ mineral retension of channel catfish fingerl­ tion of freshwater fishes of Georgia. Bull. Ga. ings. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 105(3):481-485. Acad. Sci. 29:111-112. (39) (15, 25, 42, 50) 108. Davis, H. S. 1947. Studies of the protozoan para­ 121. Doze, J. B. 1925. The barbed trout of Kansas. sites of freshwater fishes. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 55:167-183. (1, 18, Servo Fish. Bull. 51(41):1-29. (18) 21,31,42,57,64,65,73) 109. Davis, J. 1959. Management of channel catfish in 122. Dupree, H. K. 1966. Vitamins essential for growth Kansas. Univ. of Kansas, Museum of Nat. Hist. of channel catfish. U. S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. Misc. Publ. No. 21. 56p. (1, 4, 15, 20, 23, 34, Techn. Pap. No.7. 21 p. (25, 29, 50) 41,44,45,57,58,65,69,70,76) 123. Eaton, T. H., Jr. 1948. Form and function in the 110. Davis, J. T. 1960. Fish populations and aquatic head of the channel catfish, Ictalurus lacustris conditions in polluted waters in Louisiana. La. punctatus. J. Morph. 83(2):181-194. (54) Wild I. Fish Comm. Bull. Bull. 1(1960): 121p. 124. Eddy, S., and J. C. Underhill. 1974. Northern (55) Fishes. Univ. of Minn. Press. Minneapolis, 111. --, and L. E. Posey, Jr. 1958. Length at Minn. 414p. (20,31) maturity of channel catfish (Ictalurus punc­ 125. Edwards, R. J. 1978. The effect of hypolimnion tatus) in Louisiana. Proc. Ann. Cant. S. E. reservoir releases on fish distribution and spe­ Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 12:72-74. (1, 33, cies diversity. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 41,46,60) 107(1):71-77. (20,37,73,78) 112. Davis, W. L. 1979. A comparative food habitat 126. Edwards, R. W., J. P. Harley, and J. C. Williams. analysis of channel and blue catfishes in Ken­ 1977. Parasites of channel catfish from the tucky and Barkley Lakes. M.S. thesis, Murray Kentucky River with a comparative note on the St. Univ. (In preparation) (30, 41) Ohio River. Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 38(3-4):132- 113. Deacon, J. E. 1961. Fish populations, following a 135 (18, 60) drought, in the Neasho and Marais des 127. EI-Ibiary, H. M., J. W. Andrews, J. A. Joyce, J. W. Cygnes Rivers of Kansas. Univ. of Kansas, Page, and H. L. Deloach. 1976. Sources of Mus. Nat. His. Misc. Publ. 13(9):359-427. (1, variation in body size traits, dress-out weight, 15,20,21,60,65,78,79) and lipid content and their correlation in chan­ 114. --, and W. G. Bradley. 1972. Ecological dis­ nel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Trans. Amer. tribution of fishes of Moupa (Muddy) River in Fish. Soc. 105(2): 267-272. (1,15,16) Clark County, Nevada. Trans. Amer. Fish. 128. Elkin, R. E. 1954. The fish population of two cut­ Soc. 101 (3): 408-419. (20, 39, 60) off pools in Salt Creek, Osage County, Oklaho­ 115. Dendy, J. S. 1945. Fish distribution, Norris Re­ ma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 35:25-29. (1, 15) servoir, Tennessee, 1943: Part II. Depth dis­ 129. Ellis, J. E. 1973. Survival, growth, and feed con­ tribution of fish in relation to environmental fac­ version of channel catfish after conversion of tors, Norris Reservoir, Rept. Reelfoot BioI. Sta. channel catfish after electronarcosis. Proc. 9:114-135 (20, 41, 73) Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Game and Fish 116. --. 1946. Food of several species of fish, Comm. 27:624-629. (15, 22, 28, 71) Norris Reservoir, Tennessee. J. Tenn. Acad. 130. ---. 1975. Electrotaxic and narcotic re­ Sci. 21(1): 105-127. (30,41) sponses of channel catfish to various electrical 117. DeRoth, G. C. 1965. Age and growth studies of pulse rates and voltage amplitudes. Prog.

51 Fish-Cult. 37(3):155-157. (22) 144. Fisher, H. J. 1945. Report on the fisheries survey 131. --. 1975. Observations on electrically shock­ of the lower Missouri River for the period April ed channel catfish. PRog. Fish-Cult. 37(3): 8, 1945 to October 31, 1945. Mo. Cons. 148-149. (22) Comm. Unpubl. Report, 81 p. 132. Elrod, J. H. 1974. Abundance, growth, survival, 145. Fisher, Herberg J. 1962. Some fishes of the Low­ and maturation of channel catfish in Lake er Missouri River. Amer. MidI. Nat. 68(2):424- Sharpe, South Dakota. Trans. Amer. Fish. 429. (20, 60) Soc. 103(1):53-58. (1,41,46,71) 146. Fitz, R. B. 1968. Fish habitat and population 133. --, and J. R. Kelley. 1966. Cost analysis of changes resulting from impoundment of Clinch sport fishing in commercial catfish ponds. River by Melton Hill Dam. Tenn. Acad. Sci. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Game Fish 32(1):29-30. (37, 56) 147. Fleener, G. C. Comm. 20:273-278. (34, 58) 1956. A study of the species composition and 134. Evermann, B. W., and U. O. Cox. 1896. A report relative abundance of fishes present (with par­ upon the fishes of the Missouri River Basin. ticular reference to small mouth bass) in two Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fishing. 20(1894): Missouri small mouth bass streams. Missouri 325-429. (20, 60) Dept. Cons. D-J Job Com pI. Rep., Proj. F-1-R- 135. Ewers, L. A, and M. W. Boesel. 1935. The Food 3, Job No.2. 18p. (56, 60) of some Buckeye Lake fishes. Trans. Amer. 148. Flickinger, S. A 1972. Hybridizing blue catfish Fish. Soc. 65:57-69. (30,41) and channel catfish Colo. Div. Wildl., Fish Res. 136. Fast, A. W. 1966. Fisheries management of EI Rev. 7:49. (59) 149. Follis, B. J. 1969. Fish Capitan Reservoir, San Diego County, Califor­ stocking evaluation. Texas Parks Wildl. Dept. nia, 1960-1962. Calif. Dept. Fish Game Inland D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-5-16. Job No. 14. Fish. Adminis. Rep. No. 66-5. 29p. (41,44,69) 7p. (63, 69) 137. Feit, D., and S. Schainost. 1975. Economics and 150. --. 1971. Mass-marking evaluation. Texas feasibility of high density catfish culture in Parks Wildl. Dept. D-J Job Progress Rep., irrigation canals. Nebr. Game Parks Comm., Proj. F-5-R-18, Job No. 14. 4p. (34,45) NOAA Rep., Proj. No. 2-242-R. 8p. (14, 40, 151. Fontaine, P. A. 1944. Notes on the spawning of 58) the shovelhead catfish, Pilodictus olivaris 138. Ferguson, R. G. 1958. The preferred tempera­ (Rafinosque). Copeia 1(1944): 50-51. (65) ture of fish and their midsummer distribution in 152. Forbes, S. A 1888. Studies of the food of fresh­ temperate lakes and streams. J. Fish. Res. Bd. water fishes. Bull. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., Can. 15(4): 605-624. (20, 41, 60, 73) Vol. 2, p. 433-473. (30, 41) 139. Finnel, J. C. 1954. Comparison of growthrates of 153. Forney, D. L. 1962. Development of midwater fishes in Stringtown Sub-prison Lake prior to, trawl for sampling young fish. New York Dept. and three years after, draining and restocking. Environ. Cons. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F- Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 35:30-36. (1, 15,69) 17-R-6, Job No.3. 7p. (42, 63) 140. --. 1955. Growth of fishes in cutoff lakes and 154. Fowler, H. W. 1917. Some notes of the breeding streams of the Little River system, McCurtain habits of local catfishes. Copeia 1917:32-36. County, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. (65, 66) 35:61-66. 155. Freeze, T. M. 1977. A comparative age and 141. Finnel, J. C., and R. M. Jenkins. 1954. Growth of growth, condition, and length-weight rela­ channel catfish in Oklahoma waters: 1954 re­ tionship study of Ictalurus furcatus and I. punc­ vision. Okla. Fish. Res. Labr. Rep. 41. 37p. (1, tatus from Barkley and Kentucky Lakes. M.S. 41,44,49) thesis, Murray St. Univ. 47p. (1, 41) 142. Finnel, J. C. and R. M. Jenkins, and G. E. Hall. 156. --. 1977. Displaying fish spine sections with 1956. The fishery resources of the Little River a 35 mm projector. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. system, McCurtain County, Oklahoma. Okla. 52(3):94. (2) Fish. Res. Lab. Rep. 55. 82p. (1, 20, 60) 157. Freeze, T. M., and B. Tatum. 1977. Comparative 143. Fish, M. P. 1932. Contributions to the early life age, growth, and condition of channel catfish histories of Sixty-two species of fishes from from Lake Dardanville, Arkansas. Trans. Ky. Lake Erie and its tributary waters. U. S. Dept. Acad. Sci. 38(3-4):123-127. (1, 15,41) Commerce, Bur. Fish. Bull. No. 10. 398p. 158. Fry, J. P., and W. D. Hanson. 1968. Lake

52 Taneycomo: a cold-water reservoir in Mis­ and maturity of channel catfish. Upp. Miss. R. souri. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 97(2): 138-145. Conserv. Comm. Tech. Commit. Fish., Progr. (41,73) Rep. 3:28-31. (14,46,59,60,64,65,66) 159. Funk, J. L. 1953. The Black River studies. VI. 172. Greenbank, J., 1957. Creel census on the upper Management and utilization of the fishery of Mississippi River. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Servo Black River, Missouri. Univ. of Missouri Stud. Spec. Sci. Rept.-Fish. No. 202. 57p. (13, 60) 26(2):113-122. (13,44,60,69) 173. Greenland, D. C., and J. D. Bryan. 1974. Anchor 160. --. 1955. Movement of stream fishes in Mis­ tag loss in channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. souri. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 85:39-57. (45, 36(3):181-182. (45) 47,60) 174. Gregory, R. W. 1965. Effect of inorganic ion con­ 161. --. 1958. Relative efficiency and selectivity centration on the reproduction of some warm of gear used in the study of stream fish popula­ water fishes. Colorado Game Fish Parks dept. tions. Trans. 23rd. N. Amer. Wildl. Cont., p. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-29-R-1. 39p. (9, 236-249. (60, 63) 34,41,59) 162. Funk, J. L. and R. S. Campbell. 1953. The Black 175. Grimm, W. W., and R. V. Bangham. 1934. River studies. IV. The population of larger Growth of Buckeye Lake fishes in 1930-six fishes in Black River, Missouri. Univ. Missouri common species compared. Ohio Dept. Agric., Stud. 26(2):69-82. (20, 60, 63) Div. Cons. and Nat. Resources Bull. 71. 1, 41) 163. Gengerke, T. W., and R. D. Beck. 1978. Assess­ 176. Grizzle, J. M., and W. A. Rogers. 1976. Anatomy ment of change in commercial length limit of and histology of the channel catfish. Auburn channel catfish. la. Cons. Comm., Comm. Fish Univ. Agr. Exper. Station, Auburn, Alabama. Invest. Ann. Perf. Rep. 16p. (1, 33, 59, 79) 96p. (51, 54) 164. Gerald, J. W., and J. J. Cech, Jr. 1970. Respira­ 177. Groen, C. L., and J. C. Schmulbach. 1978. The tory response of juvenile catfish (lctalurus sport fishery of the unchannelized and chan­ punctatus) to hypoxic conditions. Physiol. nelized middle Missouri River. Trans. Amer. Zool. 43(1 ):47-54. (19,42) Fish. Soc. 107(3):412-418. (7, 13,34,60) 165. Goodman, R. K. 1973. A comparison of mor­ 178. Guest, W. C., J. W. Avault, Jr., and J. D. Roussel. phometric characteristics of channel catfish, 1976. A spermatology study of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), from seven Ictalurus punctatus. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. different geographical locations. M.S. thesis, 105(3) :463-468. (67) Auburn Univ., Auburn, Alabama. 19p. (20, 33, 179. --, --, and --. 1976. Preservation 54) of channel catfish sperm. Trans. Amer. Fish. 166. Goodson, L. F., Jr. 1966. Crappie. In Inland Soc. 105(3):469-474. (67) Fisheries Management, Alex Calhoun, ed., 180. Guillery, V. A. 1974. Distribution and abundance Calif. Dept. Fish Game, p. 312-332. (42, 57) of fishes in Thompson Creek and lower Missis­ 167. Grantham, B. J. 1961. Completion report of pollu­ sippi River, Louisiana. M.S. thesis, Louis St. tion studies on the Pearl River. Miss. Game Univ., Baton Rouge. 97p. (20, 60) Fish Comm. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-9-R- 181. Hall, G. E. 1916. Preimpoundment fish popula­ 1. tions of the Wister Reservoir area in the 168. --. 1962. Completion report of pollution stu­ Poteau River Basin, Oklahoma. Trans. N. dies on the Leaf River. Miss. Game Fish Amer. Wildl. Conf. 16:226-283. (1, 37, 44, 69) Comm. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-9-R-3. 182. Hall, G. E. and R. M. Jenkins. 1952. The rate of 81p. (9, 55, 60) growth of channel catfish in Oklahoma waters. 169. --. 1965. Population studies of the Pasca­ Okla. Fish. Res. Lab. Rep. No. 27, 15p. (1,59, goula River. Miss. Game Fish Comm. D-J Job 70,76) Compl. Rep., Proj. F-9-R-5. 36p. (8, 27, 55) 183. --, and --. 1953. Continued fisheries in­ 170. Greeley, J. R. 1929. Fishes of the Erie-Niagara vestigation of Tenkiller Reservoir, Oklahoma, watershed. In A biological survey of the Erie­ during its first year of impoundment, 1953. Niagrara system. New York Cons. Dept., Okla. Fish. Res. Lab. Rep. 33:1-54. (1, 15,37, Suppl. 18th Ann. Rep. 1928, No.3, Sect. 6, p. 44) 150-179. (20, 33, 60, 65) 184. Hall, G. E. and W. C. Latta. 1952. Pre-and post­ 171. Greenbank, J., and M. A. Monson. 1947. Size impoundment fish populations in the stilling

53 basin below Winster Dam. Proc. Okla. Acad. fish and black bullheads in the Humbolt area of Sci. 32:14-19. (15, 37) the Des Moines River following the removal of 185. Hancock, H. M. 1955. Age and growth of some of a vast population of rough fish by chemical the principal fishes in Canton Reservoir, Okla­ treatment. la. Cons. Comm. Quart. BioI. Rep. homa, 1951, with particular emphasis on the 10(1):23-28. (1, 15,27,61,69) white crappie. Okla. Fish. Game Comm. Proj. 199. --. 1962. The status of the fish population, Rep., Part 2:11 Op. (1, 30, 41) Humbolt study area-spring, 1962. la. Cons. 186. --. 1969. Catfish fishery investigations. Ken­ Comm. Quart. BioI. Rep. 17(2) :6-12. (34, 56, tucky Dept. Fish Wildl. Res. Rep., Proj. No. 60,69) 4-27-R. 83p. (1) 200. Hart, J. S. 1952. Geographic variations of some 187. Hanson, W. D.1965. Harvest offish in Clearwater physiological and morphological characters in Reservoir and its tailwater. Missouri Dept. certain freshwater fish. Univ. Toronto BioI. Ser. Cons. D-J Job Compl. Rept., Proj. F-1-R-14, 60:1-78. (20, 54, 73) Job No.2. 6 5p. (13, 34, 41, 72) 201. --. 1957. Seasonal changes in CO2 sensitiv­ 188. --. 1966. Harvest of fish in Pomme de Terre ity and blood circulation in certain freshwater Reservoir, its tailwater, and Bagnell Dam fishes. Canadian Jour. of Zool. 35(2):195-200. tailwater. Missouri Dept. Cons. D-J Job Compl. (19, 54, 73) Rep., Proj. F-1-R-15, Job No.3. 7p. (13, 34, 202. Hashagen, K. A., Jr. 1973. Population structure 41, 72) and yields of fishes during the initial eight 189. --. 1968. Harvest of fish in Lake of the years of impoundment of a warmwater reser­ Ozarks and its tailwater. Missouri Dept. Cons. voir. Calif. Fish Game 59(4):221-244. (13,27, D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-1-R-17, Job No. 34, 37, 56, 73) 1. 7p. (13,34,41,72) 203. Haslbauer, O. F.1945. Fish distribution, Norris 190. Hargis, H. L. 1966. Development of improved Reservoir, Tennessee, 1943: Part III. Relation fishing methods for use in southeastern and to the bottom to fish distribution, Norris Reser­ south-central reservoirs. Tenn. Game Fish voir. Rept. Reelfoot Lake BioI. Sta. 9:135-138. Comm. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. 4-5-R-1. (20, 41) 34p. (34, 41) 204. Hassur, R. L. 1971. Studies on the osteology of 191. Harlan, J. R., and E. B. Speaker. 1956. Iowa fish catfishes, order Siluriformes. Diss. Abstr. Int. and fishing. Iowa Cons. Comm. 377p. (31,34) 31 (11 ):6998B-6999B. (51) 192. Harms, C. E. 1960. Some parasites of catfishes 205. Heard, W. R. 1959. Cotton rats, Sigmodon hispi­ from Kansas. J. Parasit. 46(6): 695-702. (18) dus, as food of channel catfish, Ictalurus punc­ 193. Harrison, H. M. 1951. Channel catfish population tatus. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 39:200-201. (30, studies with notes on various collecting de­ 41 ) vices and their effectiveness. la. Cons. Comm. 206. Helms, D. 1964. 1964 annual survey of the Coral­ Quart. BioI. Rep. 3(4): 33-44. (56, 63) ville Reservoir fish population. la. Cons. 194. --. 1953. Returns from tagged channel cat­ Comm. Quart. BioI. Rep. 16(4): 32-38. (1, 41, fish in the Des Moines River, Iowa. Proc. la. 63) Acad. Sci. 60:636-644. (1, 45, 47, 60) 207. --. 1965. Age and growth of channel catfish 195. --. 1954. An estimate of the channel catfish of the Coralville Reservoir. la. Cons. Comm. in the Humbolt area with notes on the hoopnet Quart. BioI. Rep. 16(4): 6-13. (1, 13,41,72) as a sampling instrument. la. Cons. Comm. 208. --. 1965. Channel catfish tagging on the Quart. BioI. Rep. (6(1 ):21-25. (56, 63) Coralville Reservoir and adjoining waters. la. 196. --. 1956. Channel catfish population esti­ Cons. Comm. Quart. BioI. Rep. 17(4):23-26. mates, Humbolt area, 1953 through 1955. la. 209. --. 1967. Trends in channel catfish harvest Cons. Comm. Quart. BioI. Rep. 8(2): 41-44. (1, in the Mississippi River. la. Cons. Comm. 56) Quart. BioI. Rep. 19(4) :27 -31 . 197. --. 1957. Growth of the channel catfish, Icta­ 210. --. 1968. Comparative growth of channel lurus punctatus (Ratinesque), in some Iowa catfish from stunted and normal populations. waters. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 64:657-666. (1, la. Cons. Comm. Quart. BioI. Rep. 20(4):12- 2,20) 13. (15, 69, 70) 198. --. 1958. Increased growth of channel cat- 211. --. 1969. Fifteen inch size limit proposal for

54 channel catfish in the Mississippi River. la. tionship in DeSoto Bend Lake. la. Cons. Cons. Comm. Quart. Biol.Rep. 21 (4):49-54. Comm. Compl. Rep., Res. Proj. Seg., Study (15, 33, 44, 56, 60) No. 402-3. 41p. (30,33,34,35,41,44,56,63, 212. --. 1970. Commercial fishermen's reaction 68) to a proposed 15-inch commercial catfish size 223. Hoffman, G. L. 1967. Parasites of North American limit. la. Cons. Comm. Quart. BioI. Rep. freshwater fishes, Univ. California Press, Los 24(3): 13-25. (33, 44) Angeles, Calif. 486p. (18) 213. --. 1973. Progress report from the first year 224. Holden, P. B., and C. B. Stalnaker. Distribution study of sub-legal sized channel catfish in the and abundance of mainstream fishes of the Mississippi River. la. Conserv. Comm., Com­ middle and upper Colorado River Basins, mercial Fisheries Investigations, Project No. 2- 1967-1973. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 178-R-2, 38p. (1, 15, 24, 38, 60, 63, 74) 104(2):217-231. (1, 20, 34, 60) 214. --. 1974. Progress report on the second 225. Hoopes, D. T. 1958. Mayflies and caddis flies as year study of sub-legal sized channel catfish in food of several species fish in the Mississippi the Mississippi River. la. Cons. Comm., Com­ River. Presented at 20th Midwest Wildl. Conf., mercial Fisheries Investigations, Project No. 2- Dec. 15-17, 1958, Columbus, Ohio. 4p. (30, 178-R-2, 38p. (1, 15, 24, 38, 60, 63, 74) 60) 215. --. 1975. Variations in the abundance of 226. Houser, A. 1955. Continued age and growth stu­ channel catfish year classes in the upper Mis­ dies of principal fishes in Tenkiller Reservoir. Sissippi River and causative factors. la. Fish. Okla. Game Fish Dept. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Research Tech. Ser. No. 75-1. 30pp. (1, 24, Proj. F-4-R-2, Job No. 2/D. 22p. (1, 15,37,41) 33, 38, 44, 60, 65, 66) 227. --. 1958. A summary of fisheries investiga­ 216. Heman, M. L. and F. M. Grogan. 1970. The de­ tions of Fort Gibson Reservoir, Oklahoma. velopment of an intensively managed channel Okla. Dept. Wildl. Conserv. D-J Job Compl. catfish sport fishery in Missouri. Missouri Dept. Rep. Proj. F-6-R-1. (1, 37, 56) Cons. Memo. 4p. 228. --. 1958. Rough fish removal evaluation­ 217. Hepworth, D. K. 1973. Results of stocking chan­ Fort Gibson Reservoir. Okla. Dept. Wildl. nel catfish in the South Platte River-an urban Cons. D-J Job Compl. Rept., Proj. F-6-R-1. (1, fishing program. M.S. thesis, Colorado St. 37,56) Univ., Fort Collins. 63p. (1, 20, 34, 55, 69) 229. --. 1959. The effect of homing on channel catfish population estimates in large reser­ 218. Hesse, L. W., and C. R. Wallace. 1976. The voirs. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 40:121-133. (20, effects of cooling water discharges from Ft. 41,45,47,56) Calhoun and Cooper nuclear stations on the 230. Houser, A. and M. G. Bross. 1963. Average fishes of the Missouri River. Nebr. Game growth rates and length-weight relationships Parks Comm. Unpubl. Rep. 378p. (1, 60, 73, for fifteen species of fish in Oklahoma waters. 74) Okla. Res. Lab. Rep. 85. 75p. (1, 15) 219. Hesse, L. W., C. R. Wallace, and L. Lehman. 231. Hover, R. J. 1976. Vertical distribution of fishes in 1978. Fishes of the channelized Missouri. the central pool of Eufaula Reservoir, Oklaho­ Nebr. Game Parks Comm., Nebr. Techn. Ser. ma. M.S. thesis, Okla. St. Univ., Stillwater. NO.4. 461 p. (1, 4, 48, 49, 60, 71) 62p. (20, 41) 220. Hesse, L. W., G. Zuerlein, L. Koziol, B. Newcomb, 232. Howard, A. D. 1913. The catfish as a host for and L. A. Retelsdorf. 1978. Population esti­ freshwater mussels. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. mates of 18 species of lower Niobrara River 42(1912):65-70. (18) fishes. Nebr. Game Parks Comm. Unpubl. 233. Howland, R. M. 1969. Laboratory studies on Rep. 6p. (56, 60, 63) possible fish-collecting aids, with some toxici­ 221. Hesse, L. W., L. Zadina, R. Winter, L. A. Retels­ ties for the isomers of cresol. U. S. Dept. Inter. dort, and B. Newcomb. 1979. Evaluation of the Bur. Sport Fish Wildl., Invest. Fish Contr. No. influence of tributaries to the Missouri River 34:1-10. (9,27,63) commercial fishery. Nebr. Game Parks Comm. 234. Hubley, R. C., Jr. 1961. Harvest and movement D-J Job Compl. Rep." Proj. No. 2-283-R. 26p. of channel catfish in the upper Mississippi Riv­ (1,21,24,32,33,47,59,60,65,73,79) er. Wisc. Cons. Dept. Invest. Mem. 12. 11 p. 222. Hill, K. 1978. Dynamics of predatorprey rela- (34, 47)

55 235. --. 1963. Movement of tagged channel cat­ fish, Ictalurus punctatus, outside the spawning fish in the upper Mississippi River. Trans. season. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 107(2):309- Amer. Fish. Soc. 92(2):105-168. (37, 45, 47, 315. (59, 65, 67) 60) 248. Jearld, A., Jr. 1965. Fecundity, food habits, age 236. Huggins, D. G., and R. E. Moss. 1974. Fish and growth, length-weight relationships and population structure in altered and unaltered condition of channel catfish, Ictalurus punc­ areas of a small Kansas stream. Trans. Kans. tatus (Rafinesque), in a 3300-acre turbid Okla­ Acad. Sci. 77(1):18-30. (7,20,56,60) homa reservoir. M.S. thesis, Okla. St. Univ., 237. Hulquist, R. G. 1961. A study of the Piru Reser­ Stillwater. 78p. (1, 24, 30, 41, 63, 76) voir fishery, Ventura County, California. Calif. 249. Jearld, A., Jr. and B. E. Brown. 1971. Fecundity, Dept. Fish Game Inland Fish Admin. Rep. age and growth, and condition of channel cat­ 61 (9): 19p. (1, 13, 44, 69) fish in an Oklahoma reservoir. Proc. Okla. 238. Hulsey, A. H. 1956. Effects of a fall and winter Acad. Sci. 51: 15-22. (1,24,30,41,63,76) drawdown on a flood control lake. Arkansas 250. --, and --. 1971. Food of the channel Fish Game Comm. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in a Southern F-1-R-6, Job A. 7p. (33, 34, 41, 56, 78) Great Plains reservoir. Am. MidI. Nat. 239. Humphries, R. L. 1965. A study of the channel 86(1):110-115. (30,41) catfish, Ictalurus lacustris punctatus, in the 251. Jenkins, R. M. 1953. Growth histories of the prin­ Savannah River Operations Area. U. S. Ato­ cipal fishes in Grand Lake (0' the Cherokees), mic Energy Comm. Rep. No. T1 D-21791. 53p. Oklahoma, through thirteen years of impound­ (35, 45, 47, 60) ment. Okla. Fish. Res. Lab. Rep. No. 34. 87p. 240. Hunn, J. 8., and J. L. Allen. 1974. Urinary excre­ (1,41,44) tion of quinaldine by channel catfish. Prog. 252. --. 1975. Black bass crops and species Fish-Cult. 36(3):157-159. (8, 9) associations in reservoirs. In Black Bass Biolo­ 241. Hunt, E. G. 1964. Fish population surveys in agri­ gy and Management, H. Clepper (ed.). Sport cultural drains. Calif. Dept. Fish Game D-J Job Fishing Institute, Washington, D.C., p. 114- Com pI. Rep., Proj. FW-1-R-1, Job No.1. 3p. 124. (41, 56, 68) (8,38,40) 253. Jenkens, R. M. and E. M. Leonard. 1952. Initial 242. Inman, I., Jr. 1968. Observations of shelter seek­ effects of impoundment on the growth rate of ing tendencies in fingerling channel catfish channel catfish in two Oklahoma reservoirs. Ictalurus punctatus. M. S. thesis, Okla. St. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 33:79-86. (1, 15,37,41, Univ., Stillwater. 19p. (20, 42) 79) 243. Jackson, S. W., Jr. 1965. Summary of fishery 254. Jenkins, R. M., E. M. Leonard, and G. E. Hall. management activities on Lakes Eucha and 1952. An investigation of the fisheries re­ Spavinaw, Oklahoma. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. sources of the Illinois River and pre­ Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 19:315-343. (1, 13, impoundment study of Tenkiller Reservoir, 34, 41, 44, 61) Oklahoma. Okla. Fish. Res. Lab. Rep. 244. Jacocks, C. W. 1943. Notes on the commercial 26:136p. (1, 15, 37, 59) fisheries of Lake Okeechobee. Fishery Market 255. Jenkins, R. M. and J. C. Finnell. 1957. The News, Comm. Fish. Rev., No.:13-15. (5, 33, fishery resources of the Verdigris River in 63) Oklahoma. Okla. Fish. Res. Lab. Rep. 59:1- 245. Jaspers, E. J. M. 1972. Some spermatological 46. (1, 20, 56, 60) aspects of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus 256. Jester, D. B. 1977. Effects of color, mesh size, (Rafinesque). Ph. D. thesis, Louis. St. Univ., fishing in seasonal concentrations, and baiting Baton Rouge. 98p. (59, 65, 67) on catch rates of fishes in gill nets. Trans. 246. Jaspers, E. J. M., J. W. Avault, Jr., and J. D. Amer. Fish. Soc. 106(1 ):43-56. (5, 20, 41, 63) Roussel. 1976. Spermatozoal morphology and 257. Jester, D. B., T. M. Moody, C. Sanchez, Jr., and ultrastructure of channel catfish, Ictalurus D. E. Jennings. 1969. A study of game fish punctatus. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. reproduction and rough fish problems in 105(3):475-480. (59,65,67) Elephant Butte Lake. New Mex. Depart. Game 247. --,--, and--.1978. Testicular and Fish D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-22-R-9, Job spermotozeal characteristics of channel cat- No. F-1, 73p. (1,30,41,65)

56 258. Johnson, D. W., and J. B. Sickel. 1979. Catfish 270. Katz, M. 1954. Reproduction of fish. Data for investigation at Kentucky and Barkley Lakes. Handbook of Biological Data. 22p. (59, 65) Kentucky Dept. Fish. Wildl. Res., Comm. Fish. 271. Keeton, D. 1963. Growth of fishes in the Des Research and Devel. Act Compl. Rep., Proj. Moines River, Iowa, with particular reference 2-277 -R, Seg. NO.3. 196p. (1, 15, 30, 79) to water levels. Ph.D. thesis, Iowa St. Univ., 259. Johnson, D. W. and S. Lew. 1970. Chlorinated Ames. (1, 60, 78) hydrocarbon pesticides in representative 272. Keith, W. E. 1971. Culture, stocking and man­ fishes of southern Arizona. Pesticides Monitor­ agement of catfish in Arkansas. Proc. N. C. ing Jour. 4(2): 57-61. (38, 55, 60) Warmwater Fish Culture-Management Work­ 260. Johnson, J. N. 1967. Effects of water level fluc­ shop (1971):164-169. (14,44,69) tuations on growth, relative abundance and 273. Kelley, D. W. 1953. Fluctuation in trap-net catch­ standing crop of fishes in Lake Carl Blackwell, es in the upper Mississippi River. U. S. Fish Oklahoma. M.S. thesis, Okla. State Univ., Still­ Wildl. Servo Spec. Sci. Rep.: Fish No. 101. water. 72p. (1, 15, 68, 78) 38p. (60, 63) 261. Johnson, J. N. and A. K. Andrews. 1973. Growth 274. Kellogg, R. L. 1974. Dieldrin contamination of of white crappie and channel catfish in relation channel catfish, invertebrates and minnows to variations in mean annual water level of from the Des Moines River. M.S. thesis, Iowa Lake Carl Blackwell, Oklahoma. Proc. Ann. St. Univ., Ames. 115p. (1, 8, 9, 30, 38, 60) Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish Game Comm. 27:767- 275. Kellogg, R. L. and R. V. Bulkley. 1976. Seasonal 776. (1, 15,41,78) concentrations of dieldrin in water, channel 262. Johnson, L. G., and R. L. Morris. 1974. Chlorin­ catfish, and catfish-food organisms, Des ated insecticide residues in the eggs of some Moines River, lowa-19711973. Pesticides freshwater fish. Bull. Environ. Contan. Toxicol. Monitoring Journal 9(4): 186-194. (8, 9, 38, 55, 11 (6) :503-510. (21, 38, 55, 60) 60,73) 263. Johnson, R. E. 1942. The distribution of Nebras­ 276. Kendall, W. C. 1904. Habits of some of the com­ ka fishes. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Michigan, Ann mercial catfishes (Siluridae). U. S. Fish. Arbor. 145p. (20) Comm. Bull. 22(1902):399-415. (20, 30, 65) 264. Jones, P. W., F. D. Martin, J. D. Hardy, Jr. 1978. 277. --. 1910. American catfishes: habits, culture Development of fishes of the MidAtlantic and commercial importance. U. S. Fish Comm. Bight-an atlas of egg, larval and juvenile Rep. (1908): 3-39. (14, 31, 33) stages. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv., BioI. Servo 278. Kilambi, R. V., J. Noble, and C. E. Hoffman. Prog. FWS/OBS-78/12:323-327. (20, 21, 42, 1970. Influence of temperature and photo­ 47,65,79) period on growth, food consumption and food 265. Jordan, D. S. 1877. Contributions to North Amer­ conversion efficiency of channel catfish. ProC. ican ichthyology. No.2. B. Synopsis of the Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. freshwater Siluridae of the United States. Bull. 24:519-531. (15, 25, 28, 53, 73) U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 10:69-120. (31) 279. Kilch, B. L. 1976. Horizontal distribution and rela­ 266. --. 1885. The habits and the value for food tive abundance of larval fishes in Center Hill of the American channel catfish (Ictalurus Reservoir, Tennessee. Tennessee Wildl. Re­ punctatus, Rafinesque). U. S. Fish. Comm. sources Agency Technical Report No. 53. 40p. Bull. 5(1885):34. (1, 20) (20, 41, 42) 267. --. 1891. Report of explorations in Colorado 280. Kim, K-B, and J-U Jo. 1976. The spawning of and Utah during the summer of 1889, with an channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Bull. Ko­ account of the fishes found in each of the river rean Fish. Soc. 9(4):261-264. (59, 65) basins examined. U. S. Fish. Comm. Bull. 281. Kimsey, J. B., R. H. Hugy, and G. W. McCam­ 9(1998): 1-40. (20) mon. 1957. Progress report on the Mississippi 268. Jordan, D. S. and B. W. Evermann. 1896-1900. threadfin shad, Dorosoma petensis atcha­ The fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. faylae, in the Colorado River for 1956. Calif. U. S. Nat. Mus. 47(1-4): 3313p. (20) Dept. Fish and Game, Inland Fish. Admin. 269. Kalman, D. A. 1943. Age determination in the Rept. No. 57-23. 48p. (1, 13, 30, 41, 60) catfish. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, Ohio St. Univ., 282. King, J. E. 1955. Growth rates of fishes of Lake Columbus. (2) Hiwassee, Oklahoma after two years of

57 attempted population control. Proc. Okla. Comm., Fish. Bull. 6:92p. (20, 58, 59) Acad. Sci. 34: 53-56. (1, 15, 27, 41, 49, 61) 296. Laughlin, H. E. 1959. Stomach contents of some 283. Kirkland, A. L. 1960. Basket fishing. Georgia aquatic snakes from Lake McAlester, Pittsburg Dept. Nat. Res. D-J Job Compl. Rep. Proj. F-5- County, Oklahoma. Texas Jour. Sci. 11 (1 ):83- R-6, Job No.6. 16p. (5, 41, 63) 85. (57) 284. --. 1963. Evaluation of special netting reg­ 297. Lawler, R. E. 1960. Observations of the life his­ ulation on Lake Seminole. Georgia Dept. Nat. tory of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Res. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-14-R-1, Job (Rafinesque) in Utah Lake, Utah. M.S. thesis, No.8. 5p. (41, 44, 61, 63) Utah State Univ. 69p. (1, 13, 18, 24, 30, 33, 41 , 285. Klaassen, H. E., and M. K. Eisler. 1973. Age and 45, 47, 59, 65, 75, 76) growth of the channel catfish in the Smokey 298. Lenz, G. 1947. Propagation of catfish. Outdoor Hill River of western Kansas. Trans. Kans. Nebraska 25(1):1-46. (65, 66) Acad. Sci. 73(4):439-445. (1, 60) 299. Leonard, E. M., and K. E. Sneed. 1951. Instru­ 286. Klaassen, H. E. and A. H. Townsend. 1973. Age ment to cut catfish spines for age and growth and growth of channel catfish in Tuttle Creek determinations. Prog. Fish-Cult. 13(4):232. (2) Reservoir, Kansas. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 300. Levine, S. J. 1977. Food and feeding habits of 76(3) :248-253. (1, 41) juveniles and adults of selected forage, com­ 287. Klaassen, H. E. and A. M. Kadoum. 1975. Insec­ mercial, and sport fishes in the Atchafalaya ticide residues in the Tuttle Creek Reservoir Basin, Louisiana. M.S. thesis, Louis. St. Univ., ecosystem. Pestic. Monit. J. 9(2):89-93. (8, 9, Baton Rouge. 72p. (30, 42) 38,41,55) 301. Lewis, C. E. 1976. Summer food of channel cat­ 288. Knable, A. E. 1973. A comparison of the food fish in a West Virginia flood control reservoir. intake of male and female channel catfish, Prog. Fish-Cult. 38(4): 177-178. (30,41,52) Ictalurus punctatus. Trans. III. St. Acad. Sci. 302. Lewis, S. A., K.D. Hopkins, and T. F. White. 66(3-4): 41-43. (25, 30) 1971. Average growth rates and length-weight 289. Krumholz, L. A. and W. L. Minckley. 1964. relationships of sixteen species of fish in Can­ Changes in the fish population in the Upper ton Reservoir, Oklahoma. Okla. Fish. Res. Ohio River following temporary pollution Lab., Fish. Div. Rep. 66p. (1, 41) abatement. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 93(1 ):1-5. 303. Lewis, W. M. 1950. Fisheries investigations on (15, 50, 60, 62) two artificial lakes in southern Iowa. II. Fish 290. Krummrich, J. T., and R. C. Heidinger. 1973. Vul­ populations. Iowa St. Coil. J. Sci. 24(3): 287- nerability of channel catfish to largemouth 323. (1, 18, 30, 41, 65) bass predation. Prog. Fish-Cult. 35(3):173- 304. Lewis, W. M., M. Anthoney, and D. R. Helms. 175. (42, 57) 1963. Selection of animal forage to be used in 291. Kudo, R. R. 1934. Studies on some protozoan the culture of channel catfish. Proc. Ann. Conf. parasites of fishes of Illinois. Illinois BioI. S. E. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 17:364-367. Monogr. 13(1):1-41. (18) (30) 292. Kuyon, B. N. 1965. Age and growth of the chan­ 305. Lewis, W. M., R. C. Summerfelt, and A. Lopinot. nel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), 1963. Results of stocking catchable-sized in the Des Moines River, Iowa. 1963-1964. warmwater fishes in a lake with an established M.S. thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames. 76p. (1, fish population. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 2,60) 93(3):235-238. (13,34,41,44,69) 293. LaFaunce, D. A. 1965. Long-term retention of 306. Little, R. G. 1964. Evaluation of catchablesize tags by some freshwater fish. Calif. Fish Game channel catfish stocking in southeastern New 51 (1 ):52-53. (45) Mexico. New Mex. Depart. Game Fish D-J Job 294. Lambou, V. W. 1961. Efficiency and selectivity of Compl. Rep., Proj. F-22-R. 6p. (13, 41,60, 69) flag gill nets fished in Lake Bistineau, 307. Lopinot, A. 1959. Channel catfish in artificial Louisiana. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. lakes and ponds. Illinois Dept. Cons., Fish. Game Fish Comm. 15: 319-359. (41, 63) Div. Unpubl. Rep. 2p. (1, 11, 30, 34, 41, 59, 295. Lantz, K. E. 1970. An ecological survey of factors 69) affecting the fish production in a Louisiana 308. Luce, W. M. 1933. A survey of the fishery of the natural lake and river. Louis. Wildl. Fish. Kaskaskia River. III. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull.

58 29(2) :71-123. (1, 13, 35, 42, 55, 63) Amer. Fish. Soc. 106(3):258-267. (41, 74) 309. Lundberg, J. G. 1971. The evolutionary history of 322. Mauck, W. L. and D. W. Coble. 1971. Vulnerabil­ North American catfishes, family Ictaluridae. ity of some fishes to Northern Pike (Esox Diss. Abst. Int. 31 (12)(i): 7693B. (31) lucius) predation. J. Fish. Bd. Can. 28(7):957- 310. Lynch, T. M., and D. G. Lemons. 1953. Age­ 969. (11, 57) growth determinations and length weight rela­ 323. May, E. B., and C. R. Gasaway. 1967. A prelimin­ tionships of channel catfish (lctalurus punc­ ary key to the identification of larval fishes of tatus) collected from Colorado waters. Colora­ Oklahoma, with particular reference to Canton do Game Fish Dept., Fish Mgt. Div. Rep. 12p. Reservoir, including a selected bibliography. (1,40,41) Okla. Fish. Res. Labr. Bull. No.5. 33p. (42) 311. Magnin, E., and C. Fradette. 1975. Croissance 324. May, O. D., Jr. 1954. Rough fish investigations of de la barbue (lctalurus punctatus) du fleuue some of Georgia's warm water streams. Geor­ Sant-Laurent pies de Quebec. J. Fish. Res. gia Dept. Nat. Res. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. Bd. Can. 32(10):1867-1870. (1,60) F-1-R, Job No.4. 26p. (13, 34, 63) 312. Magnin, E. and G. Beaulieu. 1965. Various 325. --. 1955. Experiments with commercial aspects of biology and ecology of the catfish, fishing traps in the Oconee, Ocmulgee, and Ictalurus punctatus, in the Saint Laurent River Altomaha Rivers of Georgia. Ga. Game Fish derived from data obtained by marking. Natur. Comm. D-J Job Progress Rep., Proj. F-1-R-3. Can. 92(12):277-291. (1,45,47,60) 11 p. (33, 63) 313. Mansueti, A. J., and J. D. Hardy, Jr. 1967. De­ 326. --. 1956. An evaluation of two years com­ velopment of fishes of the Chesapeake Bay mercial trapping in the Oconee, Ocmulgee, Region. Part 1. Nat. Res. Inst., Univ. Maryland, and Altamaha Rivers of Georgia. Ga. Game Baltimore, Md. 202p. (21, 24, 42, 65) Fish Comm. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-4-R- 314. Maret, T. R. 1978. A distributional study of fishes 2. 16p. (33, 63) in Salt Creek drainage basin, Nebraska. M.S. 327. Mayhew, J. 1958. The fish population of a south­ thesis, Univ. Nebr., Lincoln. 65p. (20, 55, 60) ern Iowa artificial lake. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 315. Markle, D. F. 1976. The seasonality of availability 65:565-570. (1, 41, 56) and movements of fishes in the channel of 328. --. 1971. Intra-stream movement and dis­ York River, Virginia. Chesapeake Sci. tribution of channel catfish. Proc. Iowa Acad. 17(1 ):50-55. (47-60) Sci. 65:565-570. (1,41,56) 316. Marzolf, R. C. 1952. Age and growth determina­ 329. --. 1972. Some biological characteristics of tion in the channel catfish. MA thesis, Univ. of a channel catfish population in the lower Des Missouri, Columbia. 55p. (1, 2) Moines River with an evaluation of potential 317. --. 1955. Use of pectoral spines and verteb­ commercial harvest. Iowa Cons. Comm., Fish. rae for determining age and rate of growth of Res. Techn. Ser. No. 72-2. 49p. (1, 33, 34, 48, the channel catfish. J. Wildl. Mgt. 19(2):243- 49, 56, 58, 60, 68) 249. (1, 2) 330. --. 1972. The development of commercial 318. --. 1957. The reproduction of channel cat­ food fish populations of Red Rock Reservoir fish in Missouri ponds. J. Wildl. Mgt. 21 (1 ):22- during the first three years of impoundment. la. 28. (4, 23, 59, 69) Cons. Comm., Techn. Series No. 72-4. (33, 319. Mathur, D. 1970. Food habits and feeding chro­ 37,41,56) nology of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 331. --. 1973. Variations in the catch success of (Rafinesque) in Conowingo Reservoir. Proc. channel catfish and carp in baited hoopnets. Ann. Conf. S. E. Game Fish Comm. 24:377- Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 80(3):136-139. (5,63) 386. (30, 41) 332. Mayhen, J., D. Kline, and G. Wurder. 1970. 320. --. 1972. Seasonal food habits of adult white Effects of exploitation and environmental fac­ crappie, Pomoxis annularis, Rafinesque, in tors on catch success on channel catfish in Conwingo Reservoir. Am. MidI. Nat. baited hoopnets. la. Cons. Comm. Quart. BioI. 87(1):236-241. (57,73,79) Rep. 23(2):20-26. (5, 33, 56) 321. Mathur, D., P. G. Heisey, and N. C. Magnusson. 333. McCabe, R. L. 1971. Experimental aging study. 1977. Impingement of fishes at Peach Bottom Texas Parks Wildl. Dept., Proj. F-6-R-18, Job atomic power station, Pennsylvania. Trans. No.4. 3p. (2)

59 334. McCammen, G. W. 1956. A tagging experiment 347. --. 1945. The catfish fishery of Virginia. with channel catfish (/ctalurus punctatus) in Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 73:364-372. (33, 60) the Lower Colorado River. Calif. Fish Game 348. Messman, L. 1973. Movements, age and growth 42:323-335. (45, 47, 60, 63) of channel catfish (/ctalurus punctatus) in the 335. McCammen, G. W. and D. A. LaFaunce. 1961. Republican River, Nebraska. M.S. thesis, Mortality rates and movements in the catfish Univ. of Nebr., Lincoln. 96p. (1, 37, 45, 47, 60) population of the Sacramento Valley. Calif. 349. Meyer, F. P. 1965. The experimental use of Fish Game 47(1 ):5-23. (41,45,47,49,49,60) guthian as a selective fish eradicator. Trans. 336. McClellan, W. G. 1954. A study of the southern Amer. Fish. Soc. 94(3):203-209. (8, 9, 27) spotted channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus 350. Migdalski, E. C. 1955. Reproduction and classi­ (Rafinesque). M.S. thesis, North Tex. St. Coil. fication of some of the better known fishes of 59p. (14, 42) North America. Data for Handbook of Biologic­ 337. --. 1961. Report of fisheries investigations­ al Data. 42p. (59, 65) channel catfish study. Tex. Game Fish Comm. 351. Miller, E. E. 1966. Channel catfish. In Inland D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-8-R-7, Job No. fisheries management, A. Calhoun (ed.) Calif. B-17. 26p. (4, 19, 41, 42, 46, 52, 57, 76) Dept. Fish Game, p. 440-463. (1, 2, 4, 9, 15, 338. McConnell, W. J., S. Lewis, and J. E. Owens. 18,19,30,34,41,42,44,46,47,48,49,60, 1977. Gross photosynthesis as an estimator of 68,69,70,71,73,76) potential fish production. Trans. Amer. Fish. 352. Miller, G. 1972. Some observations on the move­ Soc. 106(5):417-423. (58, 69) ment of channel catfish in small streams and 339. McCormick, E. M. 1940. A study of the food of rivers. Nebr. Game Parks Comm. Unpubl. some Reelfoot Lake fishes. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. Rep. 7p. (45, 47, 60, 63) 15(1):64-75. (30,41) 353. Miller, L. F. 1945. A comparison of the hoop-net 339. McCormick, E. M. 1940. A study of the food of catches in several fish habitats of Wheeler Re­ some Reelfoot Lake fishes. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. servoir. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 73:37-40. (20, 15(1):64-75. (30,41) 41, 63) 340. McCraren, J. P., F. T. Wright, and R. M. Jones. 354. Miller, L. W., and L. J. Bottroff. 1968. ExplOitation 1974. Bibliography of diseases and parasites rates of stocked catchablesized channel cat­ of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. fish, Ictalurus punctatus, in San Diego County, Wildl. Dis. (65): 1-18. (6,18) California. Calif. Dept. Fish Game, Inland Fish. 341. McDonald, D. B., and P. A. Dotson. 1960. Admin. Rep. No. 68-11. 12p. (34, 69) Fishery investigations of Glen Canyon and 355. Miller, M. J. 1940. Parasites of freshwater fish. III. Flaming Gorge impoundment areas. Utah St. Further studies on the internal trematodes of Dept. Fish Game Info. Bull. 60-3:70p. (1, 30, fish in the central St. Lawrence watershed. 41 ) Canadian Jour. Res. Sect. D. Zool. Sci. 342. McGrew, W. C. 1963. Channel catfish feeding on 18(12):423-434. (18, 60) diamond-backed water snakes. Copeia 1963 356. Miller, R. R., and J. R. Alcorn. 1943. The intro­ (1):178-179. (30,41) duced fishes of Nevada, with a history of their 343. McNall, W. J. 1967. Evaluation of catchable-size introduction. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 73:173- channel catfish stockings. New Mex. Depart. 193. (39) Game Fish D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-22-R- 357. Minckley, W. L. 1959. Fishes of the Big Blue Riv­ 7, Job C-4. 11 p. (1, 13, 34, 45, 69) er Basin, Kansas. Univ. Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. 344. McNeeley, D. L., and W. D. Pearson. 1974. Dis­ Hist. 11 (7):401-442. (13, 20, 34, 63) tribution and condition of fishes in a small re­ 358. Mitzner, L. 1967. Age and rate of growth of the servoir receiving heated waters. Trans. Amer. channel catfish in Coralville Reservoir. la. Fish. Soc. 103(3): 518-530. (1,20,41,73,74) Cons. Comm. Quart. BioI. Rept. 19(2):55-59. 345. --, and --.1977. Food habits of chan­ (33, 41, 47, 56) nel catfish in a reservoir receiving heated wa­ 359. --. 1967. Estimates of the channel catfish ters. Hydrobiologia 52(2-3) :243-249 (30, 41, population in Coralville Reservoir. la. Cons. 73,74) Comm. Quart. BioI. Rept. 19(2):55-59. (33, 41, 346. Menzel, R. W. 1944. Albino catfish in Virginia. 47, 56) Copeia 1944(2):124. (3, 20) 360. --. 1968. Movement of the channel catfish in

60 Coralville Reservoir. la. Cons. Comm. Quart. Fish. Res. Unit, Ames, p. 23-27. (63) BioI. Rept. 29(4): 1-6. (41, 45, 47) 375. --. 1958. Movements of channel catfish in 361. --. 1968. Population dynamics of channel Des Moines River, Boone County, Iowa. Iowa catfish in Coralville Reservoir. la. Cons. St. Coil. J. Sci. 32(4):563-571. (47, 60) Comm. Quart. BioI. Rept. 20(2): 8-14. (1, 49, 376. --. 1958. Trammel net increases sampling 56) efficiency of the electric shocker. Prog. Fish­ 362. Mitzner, L. and R. Middendorf. 1975. The cage Cult. 20(2) :88. (22, 63) culture of channel catfish in Iowa and related 377. --. 1959. Age and growth of channel catfish mangement implications. la. Cons. Comm., from the Des Moines River, Boone County, Fish Res. Techn. Ser. No. 75-2. 49p. (1, 14, Iowa, 1955 and 1956. la. St. J. Sci. 34(2):127- 28, 30, 34, 44, 48, 49, 68) 137. (1, 2, 24, 60) 363. Moen, T. 1959. Sexing of channel catfish. Trans. 378. Mundell, R. L. 1975. An illustrated osteology of Amer. Fish Soc. 88(2):149. (64) the channel catfish (lctalurus punctatus). Nat. 364. Morris, G. A. 1967. Production of channel catfish Park Serv., Midw. Archeol. Center, Lincoln, to creel size. Prog. Fish-Cult. 29(2):84-86. (33. Nebr. 11p. (51) 42, 44, 49, 58, 76) 379. MurphY,J. P. and R. I. Lipper. 1970. BOD pro­ 365. Morris, J. M. 1960. Growth of the channel catfish duction of channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. in the Platte River, Nebraska. Unpubl. M.S. 32(4):195-198. (9,25) thesis, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia. (1, 60) 380. Nail, M. L. 1962. The protein requirement of 366. Morris, L. A. 1960. The distribution of fish in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Proc. Platte River, Nebraska. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. Missouri, Columbia. 73p. (20, 60) 16:307-316. (50) 367. Morris, L. A. and P. F. Novak. 1968. The tele­ 381. Nash, V. S. 1978. Fisheries investigations in phone generator as an electrofishing tool. lakes and streams- Dist. IV. South Carolina Prog. Fish-Cult. 30(2):110-112. (22,63) Wildl. Mar. Res. Dept. Ann. Prog. Rep., Proj. 368. Moss, D. D. and D. C. Scott. 1961. Dissolved­ F-11-12. 65p. (30, 60) oxygen requirements of three species of fish. 382. Navarre, R. J. 1960. Pecos River fish barrier and Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 90(4):377-393. (19, trap no. 1. New Mex. Dept. Game Fish D-J Job 73) Compl. Rep., Proj. F-22-R-1, Job No. C-1-2-3. 369. Moyle, J. B. 1955. Summary of some aspects of 24p. (60, 63) the 1946 test netting operation-northern sec­ 383. Nelson, B. A. 1958. Progress report on golden tion. Proc. Upp. Miss. R. Conserv. Comm. channel catfish. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. 11 :71-94. (63) Game Fish Comm. 12:75-78. (3, 46, 59, 69) 370. Mueller, J. F. 1936. New gyrodactyloid trema­ 384. --. 1960. Spawning of channel catfish by todes from North American fishes. Trans. use of hormone. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Amer. Micros. Soc. 55(4):457-464. (18) Game Fish Comm. 14:145-148. 371. Muncy, R. J. 1956. Movement of large and small 385. Norton, V. M., H. Nishimura, and K. B. Davis. channel catfish in the Des Moines River, Iowa. 1976. A technique for sexing channel catfish. Midwest Wildl. Conf. 18: 3p. (47, 60) Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 105(3):460-462. (64) 372. --. 1957. Distribution and movements of 386. O'Connell, T. R., Jr. 1956. Experimental electric­ channel and flathead catfish in Des Moines al fishing gear development. Florida Game F. River, Boone County, Iowa. la. St. Coil. J. Sci. W. Fish Comm. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. 32(2):227-229. (20, 47, 60) F-5-R-3, Job NO.1-H. 15p. 373. --. 1957. Distribution and movements of 387. Ohio Bureau of Scientific Research. 1934. channel catfish and flathead catfish in Des Length-weight relationship of several Ohio Moines River, Boone County, Iowa. Ph.D. food and game fishes. Ohio Bur. Sci. Res. Bull. thesis, Iowa St. Coil., Ames. 118p. (1, 2, 20, 70:2p. (1) 24,47,60) 388. Olson, C. L. 1975. Effect of chlorinated sewage 374. --.1957. Factors affecting hoop net and trap effluent on the Iowa River, Marshalltown, Iowa. net catches of channel catfish. In symposium M.S. thesis, Iowa St. Univ., Ames. 75p. (9, 55, on evaluation of fish populations in warm­ 60,78) water streams, K. Carlander (ed.). la. Coop. 389. Orr, O. E. 1958. The populations of fishes and

61 limnological conditions of Heyburn Reservoir 42, 48, 58, 69) with reference to productivity. Ph.D. thesis, 402. --. 1961. A comparison of production of albi­ Okla. St. Univ., Stillwater. 68p. (41, 56) no and normal channel catfish. Proc. Ann. 390. Otte, L. E. 1975. An evaluation of the rainbow Conf. S. E. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 15:302- trout-warmwater species fishery in Parker 303. (3, 58) Canyon Lake. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Ariz., Tuc­ 403. --. 1964. Channel catfish shows promise as son. 53p. (9, 19, 20, 30, 41, 73) farm pond sport fish. Highlights Agr. Res. 391. Paloumpis, A. A. 1963. A key to the Illinois spe­ 11(3): 15. (23,34) cies of Ictalurus (class Pisces) based on pec­ 404. Price, J. W. 1963. A study of the food habits of tora spines. Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. some Lake Erie fishes. Bull. Ohio BioI. Surv. 56(3):129-133. (54) 11(1). 89p. (30,41) 392. --. 1964. A key to the Illinois species of Icta­ 405. Provine, W. C. 1973. Lake Bastrop channel cat­ lurus (Class Pisces) based on the supraeth­ fish stocking study. Tex. Parks Wildl. Dept. D-J moid bone. Trans. III. State Acad. Sci. 57(4) Final Rep., Proj. F-12-R-18. 8p. (13,41,69) 253-256. (51, 54) 406. Purkett, C. A., Jr. 1957. Growth of the fishes in 393. Paragamian, V. L. 1977. Fish population de­ the Salt River, Missouri. Trans. Amer. Fish. velopment in two Iowa flood control reservoirs Soc. 87: 116-131. (1, 15,34,47,60) and the impact of fish stocking and floodwater 407. --. 1958. Growth rates of Missouri stream management. Iowa Cons. Comm., Fish. Res. fishes. Missouri Cons. Comm. D-J Job Compl. Techn. Ser. No. 77-1. 59p. (15,33,37,41,44, Rep., Proj. F-1-R. 46p. 69,75) 408. Rafinesque, C. S. 1818. Discoveries in natural 394. Perry, W. G., Jr. 1967. An improved method of history, made during a journey through the sectioning catfish spines for age and growth western regions of the United States. Amer. studies. Prog. Fish. Cult. 29(1 ):12. (2) Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev. 3(5):354-356. (20, 395. --. 1967. Distribution and relative abund­ 31 ) ance of blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, and 409. Ragland, D. V., and J. W. Robinson. 1972. Dyna­ channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, with rela­ mics and growth of commercially exploited cat­ tion to salinity. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. fish populations in the lower Missouri River. Game Fish Comm. 21 :436-444. (20, 62) Missouri Dept. Cons., Fish Res. Comm. Fish. 396. --. 1969. Food habits of blue and channel Invest. Final Rep., Proj. 4-3-R. 47p. (1,30,33, catfish collected from a brackish-water habitat. 44,46,63) Prog. Fish-Cult. 38(1):47-50. (30,62) 410. Randolph, K. N., and H. P. Clemens. 1978. 397. --. 1973. Notes on the spawning of blue and Effects of short-term food deprivation on chan­ channel catfish in brackish water ponds. Prog. nel catfish and implications for culture prac­ Fish-Cult. 35(3):164-166. (62, 65) tices. Prog. Fish-Cult. 40(2):48-50. (14, 29) 398. Perry, W. G., Jr. and D. C. Carver. 1972. Length 411. Ranthum, R. G. 1971. A study of the movement at maturity and total length-collarbone length and harvest of catfish tagged in the lower conversions for channel catfish, Ictalurus Trempealeau River and Trempealeau Bay. punctatus, and blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, Wisc. Dept. Nat. Res. Manage. Rep. No. 50. collected from the marshes of southwest 21 p. (34, 47, 60) Louisiana. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. 412. Rawstrom, R. R. 1967. Harvest, mortality and Game Fish Comm. 26:541-553. (1, 46, 74) movement of selected warmwater fishes in 399. Pfhieger, W.L. 1971. A distributional study of the Folsom Lake, California. Calif. Fish Game fishes of Missouri. Univ. Kans., Mus. Nat. Hist. 53(1 ):40-48. (34, 41, 47, 48, 49) Publ. 20(3):225-570. (20) 413. --. 1976. Evaluation of the 1971 introduction 400. Posewitz, J. 1963. Missouri River fish population of yearling channel catfish in Merle Collins Re­ study. Montana Fish Game Dept. D-J Job servoir. Calif. Depart. Fish and Game, Inland Compl. Rep., Proj. F-11-R-1 0, Job NO.3. Op. Fish. Adminis. Rep. No. 76-1. 16p. (30, 34, 42, (60, 63) 45, 59, 69, 71) 401. Prather, E. E. 1959. The use of channel catfish 414. Reagan, R. E. and C. M. Conley. 1977. Effect of as sport fish. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc., egg diameter on growth of channel catfish. Game Fish Comm. 13:331-335. (26, 34, 41, Prog. Fish-Cult. 39(3): 133-134. (15, 21)

62 415. Regier, H. A. 1963. Ecology and management of 427. --. 1976. An ecological evaluation of game channel catfish in farm ponds in New York. fishes at Deer Island, Lower Colorado River, N.Y. Fish GameJ. 10(2): 170-185. (1, 15,23, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Ariz. Tucson. 240p. (9, 42,44,56,59,68,69,71) 19, 30, 44, 65, 73, 75, 76) 416. Rice, L. A. 1940. The food of six Reelfoot lake 428. Saksena, V. P., K. Yamamoto, and C. D. Riggs. fishes in 1940. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 16(1):22- 1961. Early development of the channel cat­ 26. (30, 41) fish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 23(4):156-161. (21, 42, 417. Riggs, C. D. 1958. Selected references on the 73) channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. U.S. Fish 429. Sanders, L. 1979. A comparative age and Wildl. Ser. Spec. Sci. Rep.-Fish. No. 240. (6) growth, condition, and fecundity study of blue 418. Rivera, J. E. 1976. Relationship between the and channel catfishes from Barkley and Ken­ population dynamics and environmental water tucky Lakes. M.S. thesis, Murray St. Univ. (In quality of four fisheries in Puerto Rico. Puerto preparation) (1, 24) Rico Sport Fisheries Research and Surveys. 430. Sanderson, A. E., Jr. 1956. Fish trap evaluation. 156p. (9, 13, 21, 24, 65, 78) Maryland Dept. Nat. Res. D-J Job Compl. 419. Rock. L. F., and H. M. Nelson. 1965. Channel Rep., Proj. F-8-R-2, Job No.4. 3p. (63) catfish and gizzard shad mortality caused by 431. --. 1958. Age and growth determination of Aeromonas liquefaciens. Prog. Fish-Cult. smallmouth black bass and associated spe­ 27(3):138-141. (18, 49, 60) cies. Maryland Dept. Nat. Res. D-J Job Compl. 420. Rockett, L. C. 1967. Evaluation of walleye fry Rept., Proj. F-8-R-3, Job No.3. 13p. (1, 2) plants, channel catfish reproduction, and rain­ 432. --. 1958. Smallmouth bass management in bow trout growth in Keyhole Reservoir, 1967. the Potomac River basin. Trans. N. Amer. Wyom. Game Fish Comm. Adminis. Rep., Wildl. Conf. 23:248-262. (1, 13, 56, 60) Proj. 03-06-371. 9p. (59, 69) 433. --. 1959. Evaluation of effect of trotline use 421. --. 1970. Evaluation of walleye year class, on the Potomac River fishery. N.Y. Fish and channel catfish plants, rainbow trout growth Game 26:6-12. (5, 34, 60, 63) and condition and aquatic vegetation distribu­ 434. Sandhu, S. S. 1977. Study on the post-mortem tion in Keyhole Reservoir, 1969. Wyom. Game identification of pollutants in the fish killed by Fish Comm. Adminis. Rep., Proj. 03-06-371. water pollution: detection of arsenic. Bull. En­ 11p. (41, 42, 69) viron. Contam. Toxicol. 17(3):373-378. (38, 422. Rosenbery, D. A. 1950. Fishery management of 41, 55) Claytor Lake, an impoundment on the New 435. Sandoz, O. 1960. A pre-impoundment study of River in Virginia. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. Arbuckle Reservoir, Rock Creek, Murray 18:194-209. (11, 13,34,44) County, Oklahoma. Okla. Fish. Res. Lab. Rep. 423. Rupp, L. O. 1973. Some aspects of the ecology 77:28p. (1, 20, 37, 56, 68) of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus 436. Saul, G. E. 1974. Ichthyofaunal investigations of (Rafinesque) in the Loup Power Canal, Neb­ the Tickfaw River drainage basin. M.S. thesis, raska. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Nebr., Lincoln. Louis. St. Univ., Baton Rouge. 53p. (60) 111 p. (1, 15, 16, 40) 437. Schacht, R. 1967. Progress report no. 2- 424. Russell, T. R. 1965. Age, growth and food habits channel catfish tagging studies on the Wapsi­ of the channel catfish in unchannelized and pinicon River. la. Cons. Comm. Quart. BioI. channelized portions of the Missouri River, Rep. 19(4):23-26. (45,47,56) Nebraska, with notes on limnological observa­ 438. --. 1967. Results of removal on the growth tions. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Missouri, rate of channel catfish from the Wapsipinicon Columbia. 165p. (1, 7, 9, 30, 60, 79) River. la. Cons. Comm. Quart. BioI. Rep. 425. Rutledge, W. P. 1974. Hooking mortality study. 19(1):1-4. (1, 11,35) Texas Parks Wildl. Dept. D-J Job Performance 439. Schafer, H., L. Posey, and G. Davidson. 1965. Rep., Proj. F-23-R-3, Job No.2. 3p. (48) The use of cans in harvesting catfish. Proc. 426. Saiki, M. K. 1972. A channel catfish spawning Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 19: experiment of Parker Canyon Lake. Ariz. 210-216. (63) Coop. Fish. Res. Rep. Ser. No. 72-1. 7p. (41, 440. Schainost, S. 1978. Population dynamics of the 59, 65, 73, 78) commercial fishery resource of the unchannel-

63 ized and stabilized Missouri River. Nebr. 454. Scott, B. W., and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Fresh­ Game Parks Comm. Prog. Rep., Proj. 2-257- water fishes of Canada. Fish. Res. Bd. Cana­ R. 25p. (1, 7, 48, 49, 60,71) da Bull. 184:966p. (1, 20, 31, 59) 441. Schmulbach, J. 1958. Angling success on the 455. Scott, B. W., and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Fresh­ Des Moines. Iowa Conserv. 17(8):57,63,64. water fishes of Canada. Fish. Res. Bd. Cana­ (13, 34, 60) da Bull. 184:966p. (1, 20, 31, 59) 442. Schmulbach, J., G. Gould, and C. L. Groen. 456. Scruggs, G. D. 1955. Fish migrations through the 1975. Relative abundance and distribution of Pinopolis Lock. South Carolina Wildl. Mar. fishes in the Missouri River, Gavins Point Dam Res. Dept. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-1-R- to Rulo, Nebraska. Proc. S. D. Acad. Sci. 54: 3, Job No. V. 18p. (47) 194-222. (20, 60) 457. Seaman, E. A 1948. Channel catfish tagging in 443. Schoffman, R. J. 1954. Age and growth of the West Virginia. Prog. Fish-Cult. 10:150-152. channel catfish in Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee. (47, 60) J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 29(1):2-8. (1,41) 458. Selcher, J., and C. Cooper. 1976. Channel cat­ 444. --. 1961. Age and rate of growth of the chan­ fish. In The Warmwater Rationale, Pennsylva­ nel catfish in Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, for nia Fish Comm. Unpubl. Rep., p. 102-109. (1, 1953 and 1960. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 36(1 ):7-11. 31,34,41,44,60,68,69,76) (1,33,41) 459. Shannon, L. R. 1974. Accumulation and elimina­ 445. --. 1967. Age and growth of the channel cat­ tion of dieldrin by channel catfish, (lctalurus fish in Reelfoot Lake for 1960 and 1966. J. punctatus) Ph.D. thesis, la. St. Univ., Ames. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 42(1):12-14. (1,33,41) 82p. (8, 38, 55) 446. . 1969. Summary of age and rate of 460. Shiffer, C. N. 1973. A proposal concerning the growth of fish in Reelfoot Lake. J. Tenn. Acad. use of the channel catfish in Pennsylvania. Sci. 44(1):2-3. (1,33,41) Pennsylvania Fish. Comm. Unpubl. Rep. 8p. 447. Scholl, R. L. 1968. A rapid decalcifying method (41, 42, 44, 60, 69) for sectioning channel catfish pectoral spines. 461. Shira, A F. 1917. Notes on the rearing, growth, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 97(2):210-211. (2) and food of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punc­ 448. Schoonover, R., and W. H. Thompson. 1954. A tatus. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 46:77-88. (1,4, post-impoundment study of the fisheries re­ 15,21,30,42,59,65,66,73) sources of Fall River Reservoir, Kansas. 462. Schradle, J. B., D. W. Tiemeier, and C. W. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 57(2):172-179. (1,37) Deyoe. 1969. Effects of temperature on rate of 449. Schoumacher, R. 1965. Commercial channel digestion by channel catfish. Prog. Fish. Cult. catfish catch studies in the Mississippi River in 31(3):131-138. (17,28,63) 1964. la. Cons. Comm. Quart. BioI. Rep. 463. Sibley, C. K. 1929. The food of certain fishes of 17(2): 14-16. (33, 60) the Lake Erie drainage basin. N.Y. Cons. Dept. 450. Schoulllacher, R. 1973. Some observations on Suppl. Ann. Rept. No. 18:180-188. (30) channel catfish populations in the Ohio River 464. Simco, B. A, and F. B. Cross. 1966. Factors bordering West Virginia. Proc. W. Va. Acad. affecting growth and production of channel Sci. 45(2):136-145. (56,60) catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Univ. of Kans. 451. Schoumacher, R. and G. Ackerman. 1965. Com­ Publ., Museum of Natural History 17(4):191- parative age and growth of channel catfish 256. (1, 19, 26, 30, 50, 52, 58, 59, 69, 73) from some eastern Iowa rivers. Proc. la. Acad. 465. Singer, M. A. 1973. The ecology of sport fish in Sci. 72:248-253. (1, 15, 33, 44, 60) two dredged backwaters of the lower Colorado 452. Schoumacher, R., P. E. Zurbach, and J. E. River. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson. 57p. Woodrum. 1975. Moncove Lake forage fish in­ (1,19,30,45,47,60,65,73) vestigations. West Virginia Dept. Nat. Res. D-J 466. Skrypek, J. L. 1965. Three years of winter catfish Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-17 -R. 169p. (1, 13, angling on Lake Pepin, 1962-1965. Minn. 30, 34, 44, 60) Dept. Cons. Invest. Rep. No. 286. 7p. (13, 34, 453. Schradieck, H. E. 1916. Food of the fry of some 41, 44) freshwater fishes with notes on their parasites. 467. Smith, C. G., and L. F. Miller. 1942. A compari­ M.S. thesis, Univ. of III., Urbana. 96p. (30, 42, son of the hoop net catch on several waters in 79) the Tennessee Valley before and after im-

64 poundment. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 72:212- 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. 26(4):325-366. (33, 60, 219. (37, 41,60) 63) 468. Smith, W. A., Jr. 1958. Fish depth distribution 480. Stauffer, J. R., Jr. 1975. The influence of temper­ studies. Kentucky Dept. Fish Wildl. Res. D-J ature on the distribution, community structure Job Progress Rep., Prog. F-11-R-2, Job No. and condition of fish of the New River, Glen 2-E. 41 p. (19, 20, 41, 73) Lyn, Virginia. Ph.D. thesis, Va. Poly tech. Inst. 469. Sneed, K. E. 1950. A method for calculating the and St. Univ., Blacksburg. 249p. (1, 20, 60, 73, growth of channel catfish, Ictalurus lacustris 74) punctatus. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 80:174- 481. Stauffer, J. R., Jr., J. Cairns, Jr., and K. L. Dick­ 183.(1,2) son. 1974. Distribution of fish in relation to 470. Sneed, K. E. and E. M. Leonard. 1956. Age and thermal discharges. Assoc. Southeast BioI. growth of the channel catfish Ictalurus punc­ Bull. 21 (2):86. (20, 73, 74) tatus, in Lake Texoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 482. Stauffer, J. R., Jr., J. H. Wilson, and K. L. Dick­ 37:73-78. (1,41) son. 1976. Comparison of stomach contents 471. Sneed, K. E. and H. P. Clemens. 1960. Use of and condition of two catfish species living at fish pituitary to induce spawning in channel ambient temperatures and in a heated dis­ catfish. U. S. Fish Wildl. Servo Spec. Sci. Rep. charge. Prog. Fish-Cult. 38(1 ):33-35. (1, 30, 329. 12p. (36, 59, 65, 66) 73,74) 472. --, and --. 1963. The morphology of the 483. Stauffer, J. R., Jr., K. L. Dickson, J. Cairns, Jr., testes and accessory reproductive glands of and D. S. Cherry. 1976. The potential and real­ the catfishes (Ictaluridae). Copeia ized influences of temperature on the distribu­ 1963(4):606-611.54,59,66,67) tion of fishes in the New River, Glen-Lyn, Virgi­ 473. Snow, J. R. 1960. A comparison of spawning en­ nia. Wildl. Monogr. (50): 5-40. (10, 20, 73, 74) vironments for the channel catfish, "Ictalurus 484. Stauffer, J. R., Jr., K. L. Dickson, J. Cairns, Jr., punctatus" (Rafinesque). Proc. Ann. Conf. S. W. F. Calhoun, M. T. Masnik, and R. H. Myers. E. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 14:137-142. (4, 1975. Summer distribution of fish species in 14,65) the vicinity of a thermal discharge New River, 474. Snyder, D. E. 1975. Passage of fish eggs and Virginia. Arch. Hydrobiol. 76(3): 287-301. (20, young through a pumped storage generating 60,73,74) station. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 342(8):1259- 485. Stavick, L. C. 1968. The intensified pisciculture of 1266. (21, 41, 42, 65, 78) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus as a com­ 475. Spall, R. D., and R. C. Summerflet. 1969. Host­ mercial enterprise. M.S. thesis, Okla. St. Univ., parasite relations of certain endoparasitic hel­ Stillwater. 31 p. (14, 33) minths of the channel catfish Ictalurus punc­ 486. Stevens, R. E. 1959. The white and channel cat­ tatus (Rafinesque). Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. fishes of the Santee-Cooper Reservoir and 72(1):1-15. (9,55) tailrace sanctuary. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. 476. Sparks, R. E., J. Cairns, Jr., and F. B. Cross. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 13:203-219. (1,15, 1969. Some effects of a neutral mixture of cal­ 30,41,46,64,65,72) cium oxide and sulfuric acid on channel catfish 487. Stewart, R. W. and W. S. Murawski. 1973. Eva­ Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Trans. Kans. luation of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punc­ Acad. Sci. 72(1):1-15. (9,55) tatus, Rafinesque, in New Jersey. New Jersey 477. Speirs, J. M. 1952. Nomenclature of the channel Dept. Envir. Protect., Misc. Rep. No. 37. 27p. catfish and the burbot of North America. (1, 13, 34, 39, 41, 49, 59, 60) Copeia 1952(2) :99-103. (31) 488. Stickney, R. R., and J. W. Andrews. 1971. The 478. Starostka, V. J., and W. R. Nelson. 1974. Age, influence of photoperiod on growth and food growth, sexual maturity, and food of channel conversion of channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. catfish in Central Lake Oahe, 1968-69. U.S. 33(4):204-205. (28, 53) Fish Wildl. Servo Techn. Pap. 71, 13p. (1, 15, 489. Stone, J. L. 1971. Cottonwood clearance prog­ 30,46, 79) ram on the Verde River and its tributaries. Ariz. 479. Starrett, W. C., and P. G. Barnickel. 1955. Effi­ Game Fish Depart. D-J Job Progress Rep., ciency and selectivity of commercial fishing Proj. FW-16-10. Job NO.8. 6p. (4, 60) devices used on the Mississippi River. Bull. 490. Strawn, K. 1958. Optimum and extreme tempera- tures for growth and survival: various fishes. 252. (45) Data for Handbook of Biological Data. 1p. (71, 504. Thompson. D. H. 1933. The migrations of Illinois 73) fishes. III. Nat. Hist. Surv. BioI. Notes 1 :1-25. 491. Stucky. N. P 1970. Pesticide residues in channel (47) catfish from Nebraska. Pesticides Monitoring 505. Tiemeier, O. W. 1957. Notes on stunting and re- Journal 4(2):62-66. (8. 38. 55. 60) covery of the channel catfish. Trans. Amer. 492. Summerfelt. R. C 1967. Fishes of the Smoky Hill Fish. Soc. 60(3): 294-296. (70) River. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 70(1 ):1 02-139. 506. Tiemeier, D. W. and C. W. Deyoe. 1967. Produc- (20. 60. 68) tion of channel catfish. Kans. St. Univ. Agr. 493. Sumner. R. 1969. Stream and lake surveys and Exper. Sta. Bull. 508. 23p. (1, 15, 18, 19, 25, investigations-species combinations in small 57, 58. 59, 69) impoundments. W. Virginia Dept. Nat. Res. D. 507. --. and --. 1970. Nutrition of catfishes. J. Job Compl. Rept .. Pro] F-10-R-10. Job No. Kansas Forest., Fish Game Comm. D-J Job 3-2. 15p. (42.44. 56. 694) Progress Rep., Proj. F-12-R-6, Job No. 1-6. 494. Suppes. C .. D. W. Tiemeier. and C. W. Deyoe. 31 p. (15, 26, 28, 30, 42, 50, 69, 71) 1967. Seasonal variations of fat, protein. and 508. Tiemeier. D. w., C. W. Deyoe, and C. Suppes. moisture in channel catfish. Trans. Kansas 1967. Production and growth of channel cat- Acad. Sci. 70(3):349-357 (25. 54) fish fry (lctalurus punctatus). Trans. Kans. 495. Surber. E. W. 1970. Smallmouth bass stream in- Acad. SCi.70(2):164-170. (1,14,42,58,69) vestigations-Shenandoah River study. Virgi- 509. Timms, A. M., and H. Kleerekoper. 1972. The nia Comm. Game Inland Fish. D-J Final Rep., locomoter responses of male Ictalurus punc- Proj. F-14-R. Job No.2. 209p. (13. 34. 60) tatus, the channel catfish, to a pheromone re- 496. Surber. T. 1914. Notes on the natural hosts of leased by th'e ripe female of the species. freshwater mussels. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc. 101 (2) :302-310. (36, 32(1912):101-116. (18) 54,66) 497. Swingle. H. S. 1949. Some recent developments 510. Toole, M. 1951. Channel catfish culture in Texas. in pond management. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Prog. Fish-Cult. 13(1): 3-10. (14, 65, 66) Conf. 14:295-312. (23, 26. 44, 48, 49, 69) 511. Toole, J. E. 1968. Population and reproduction 498. --. 1950. Relationships and dynamics of ba- study of channel catfish in Lake 0' the Pines. lanced and unbalanced fish populations. Ala. Tex. Parks Wildl. Depart. D-J Job Compl. Poly tech. Inst., Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 274:74p. Rep., Proj. No. F-3-R-15. 11p. (1,57,59,63, (30.56) 69) 499. --. 1953. Fish populations in Alabama River 512. Towery, B. A. 1958. Tagging and distribution stu- and impoundments. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. dies. Mississippi Game Fish Comm. D-J Job 83:47-57. (27. 35. 37. 41, 55. 60) Compl. Rep., Proj. F-6-R-5, Job NO.4. 26p. 500. Swor, C. T., and F. J. Bulow. 1975. Changes in (30,41) the food habits of various game fishes after 513. --. 1960. Food habits studies. Mississippi stocking rainbow trout in the Cordell Hull sec- Game Fish Comm. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. tion of the Cumberland River, Tennessee. J. F-6-R-5, Job NO.4. 26p. (30, 41) Tenn. Acad. Sci. 50(1): 12-15. (30,44,60) 514. Tubb, R. A. 1973. Food habits of some Lake Erie 501. Taber. C. A. 1969. The distribution and identifica- fishes Perca flavescens, Morone chrysops, tion of larval fishes in the Bucombe Creek Arm Ictalurus punctatus, and Aplodinotus grun- of Lake Texoma with observations on spawn- niens. Ohio St. Univ. Res. Found. Final Rep., ing habits and relative abundance. Okla. Fish RF Proj. 3466 AI. 18p. (30, 41) Game Council and Univ. of Okla. Rep. 120p. 515. UMRCC (Upper Mississippi River Conservation (20.42.65) Committee). 1946. An analysis and description 502. Tarzwell. C. M. 1942. Fish populations in the of commercial fishing devices with recom- backwaters of Wheeler Reservoir and sugges- mended terminology. Second Progress Rep. tions for their management. Trans. Amer. Fish. of Techn. Comm. for Fish., Jan. 1946:8-15. Soc. 71:201-214. (41.44) (33.63) 503. Thomas. A. E. 1975. Marking channel catfish 516. UMRCC. 1950. Catfish tagging experiment. Sixth with silver nitrate. Prog. FishCult. 37(4):250- Progress Rep. of Techn. Comm. for Fish., Jan.

66 1946:8-15. (45,47) River Reservoir. Amer. MidI. Nat. 93(1 ):218- 517. Van Eeckhout, G. 1974. Movement, reproduction 221. (30, 41,79) and ecological relationships of channel catfish, 528. --. 1976. Changes in the fish population of Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), in the Little Lewis and Clark Lake, 1956-1974, and their Missouri River, North Dakota, 1972-1973. relation to water management and their en­ M.S. thesis, Univ. of North Dakota, Grand vironment. U. S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. Res. Forks. 71 p. (45, 46, 47, 59, 60, 65, 73, 78, 79) Rep. No. 79. 34p. (15,37,41,44,63,65,78) 518. Wahlquist, H. 1974. Fecundity and maturity of 529. --.1977. Lake Francis Case, a Missouri Riv­ channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, from Ala­ er reservoir: changes in the fish population in bama. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 45(1) :23-29. (24, 46) 1954-75, and suggestions for management. U. 519. --. 1975. Age and growth of channel catfish S. Fish Wildl. Servo Techn. Pap. 95:1-12. (41, in the Alabama and Tombigbee River drain­ 44,56,78) ages, Alabama. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 46(1 ):32-51. 530. Walburg, C. H., G. L. Kaiser, and P. L. Hudson. (1, 15,60) 1971. Lewis and Clark tailwater biota and 520. Wahtola, C. H., Jr. 1969. The age, rate of growth, some relations of the tailwater and reservoir and ecological distribution of channel catfish, fish populations. In Reservoir Fisheries and Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), in the Little Limnology, G. E. Hall (ed.) Amer. Fish. Soc. Missouri Arm of Lake Sakakawea, before and Spec. Publ. No. 8:449-467. (15,20,30,65,72, during commercial exploitation, 1968-1971. 73) Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of North Dakota. (1, 33, 56) 531. Walker, R. B. 1974. Techniques for evaluating hydrostatic pressure effects on small and lar­ 521. --. 1971. The population dynamics of chan­ val fishes. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 49(2):59. (37, nel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), 42,49) in the Little Missouri Arm of Lake Sakakawea, 532. --. 1975. Distribution of larval fishes in the before and during commercial exploitation, riverine portion of Nickajack Reservoir, Ten­ 1968-1971. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of North Dako­ nessee. Assoc. Southeast BioI. Bull. 22(2):85- ta. (1, 33, 56) 86. (20, 41, 42) 522. --. 1973. Population estimates of channel 533. Wallace, C. R. 1968. Catfish spawning behavior. catfish in the Little Missouri Arm, Lake Saka­ Nebr. Game Parks Comm. Unpubl. Rep. 24p. kawea, 1969-1971. Proc. North Dakota Acad. (59,65,66) Sci. 26(Part I): 22. (56) 534. Wallen, E. E. 1951. The direct effect of turbidity 523. Wahtola, C. H., Jr. and J. B. Owen. 1973. The on fishes. Bull. Okla. A. and M. Coil. 48(2):1- vertical distribution of channel catfish, Ictalurus 27. (76) punctatus, in the Little Missouri Arm of Lake 535. Ward, H. C. 1951. A study of fish populations, Sakakawea, North Dakota. Proc. N. Dak. with special reference to the white bass, Acad. Sci. 27(1 ):37. (20) Lepibema chrysops (Rafinesque), in Lake 524. Walburg, C. H. 1964. Fish population studies, Duncan, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci., Lewis and Clark Lake, Missouri River, 1956 to 30(1949):69-84. (1, 41) 1962. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Servo Spec. Sci. 536. Ware, F. J. 1966. The food habits of channel Rep.-Fish. No. 482. 27p. (1, 20, 41, 56, 63, 65, catfish in South Florida. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. 79) Assoc. Game Fish. Comm. 20: 283-288. (30, 525. --. 1969. Fish sampling and estimation of 41 ) relative abundance in Lewis and Clark Lake. 537. Watson, B. S. 1971. Trotline study. Texas Parks U. S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. Techn. Pap. No. Wildl. Dept. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-6-R- 18:3-15. (41, 42, 71, 78) 18, Job No.3. 9p. (5, 34, 63) 526. --. 1971. Loss of young fish in reservoir dis­ 538. Weatherby, C. 1976. An electrophoretic analysis charge and year class survival, Lewis and of five hatchery stocks of Ictalurus punctatus Clark Lake, Missouri River. In Reservoir (channel catfish). J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 47(3):138. Fisheries and Limnology, G. E. Hall (ed.) (8, 54) Amer. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 8:441-448. 539. Weber, D. T. 1968. Narrows Reservoir pre­ (41,42,71,78) impoundment investigations. Colo. Div. Game 527. --. 1975. Food of young-of-year channel Fish Parks, Fish. Res. Rev. 5:29-31. (41, 44, catfish in Lewis and Clark Lake, a Missouri 69)

67 540. Webster. L. L. 1976. Chemical communication in selected bank stabilization structures on game the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Proc. fish and associated organisms. M.S. thesis, Oreg. Acad. Sci. 12:24. (8, 9, 54) Iowa St. Univ. Ames. 115p. (7, 15, 60) 541. Welker, B. 1965. Fish population in five Missouri 555. Wollitz, R. E. 1968. Smallmouth bass stream in­ River oxbow lakes. Proc. la. Acad. Sci. vestigations-Clinch River study. Virginia 72:230-237. (1, 15, 41) Comm. Game and Inland Fish. D-J Job Compl. 542. --. 1967. Comparison of channel catfish Rept., Proj. F-14-R-6, Job No.3. 90p. (1,9,27, populations in channeled and unchanneled 55,60) sections of the Little Sioux River, Iowa. Proc. 556. Woodrum, J. E. 1976. Food preference of large­ la. Acad. Sci. 74:99-104. (7, 15,60) mouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, Proc. W. 543. --. 1967. Movements of marked channel Va. Acad. Sci. 48(1 ):29. (57) catfish in the Little Sioux River, Iowa. Trans. 557. Yasuzumi, F. 1971. Electron microscope study of Amer. Fish. Soc. 96(3): 351-353. (47, 60) fish spermiogenisis. J. Nara. Med. Assoc. 544. Wenger, A G. 1967. Mortality of netted catfish. 22(4):343-355. (59, 67) Texas Parks Wildl. Dept. D-J Job Compl. Rep., 558. Yeu, C. F. 1977. Relative selectivity of fishing Proj. F-12-R-12, Job No. E-4. 10p. (49, 63) gear used in a large reservoir in Texas. Trans. 545. West, B. W. 1966. Growth, food conversion, food Amer. Fish. Soc. 106(4): 309-313. (41, 63) comsumption, and survival at various temper­ 559. Ziebell, C. D. 1973. Ultrasonic transmitters for atures of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punc­ tracking channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. tatus (Rafinesque). M.S. thesis, Univ. of 25(1 ):28-32. (45, 47, 77) Arkansas, Fayetteville. 65p. (1, 15, 25, 28, 42, 560. Ziebell, C. D. and J. R. McClain. 1977. Rela­ 71, 73) tionships of water quality and habitat to fish 546. Whitaker, J. 0., Jr. 1975. Foods of some fishes distribution in Arivaca Lake, Arizona. Ariz. from the White River at Petersburg, Indiana. Coop. Fish. Res. Unit Res. Rep. Series No. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 84:491-499. (30, 60) 77-3. 21p. 547. White, R. G. 1975. A proposed methodology for recommending stream resource maintenance flows for large rivers. Idaha Dept. Fish Game and Idaho Coop. Fish. Unit, Stream Resource Subject Headings Maintenance Flow Studies Rep. 1975. 20p. 1. Age and growth (60,65,78) 2. Age determination 548. Whitney, E. W. 1962. Investigations and man­ agement of the fisheries of Herrington Lake 3. Albinism and Dewey Lake, Kentucky. Kent. Dept. Fish 4. Artificial spawning Wildl. Res. D-J Job Compl. Rep., Proj. F-11-R. 5. Baiting 74p. (35, 41, 44, 59, 71, 79) 6. Bibliography 549. Wickliff, E. L. 1934. Returns from fish tagged in Ohio. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 63:326-329. 7. Channelization (45, 47) 8. Chemical composition of, or concentration in 550. --.1937. Additional returns from tagged fish channel catfish in Ohio. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 67:211. (47) 9. Chemical consideration of water 551. Wickliff, E. L. and M. B. Trautman. 1930. Sugges­ tions for stocking certain species of fish in 10. Cold Shock Ohio. Ohio Dept. Agric., Div. Cons. and Nat. 11. Competition Resources Bull. 23. (69) 12. Condition factor (See age and growth) 552. Witt, A, Jr. 1961. An improved instrument to sec­ 13. Creel census tion bones for age and growth determinations of fish. Prog. FishCult. 23(2):94-96. (2) 14. Culture 553. Witt, L. A. 1966. Ecology of the Little Nemaha 15. Differential growth River. Nebr. Game Parks Comm. D-J Job 16. Differential growth between male and female Compl. Rep., Proj. F-4-R-11, Job No. 18: 10- 17. Digestion rate 25. (1, 30, 60) 554. Witten, A L., Jr. 1975. A study of the impact of 18. Diseases and parasites

68 19. Dissolved oxygen 61. Rough fish control 20. Distribution (geographical, schooling, or seasonal) 62. Salinity 21. Eggs 63. Sampling method selectivity or efficiency 22. Electric current 64. Sex differentiation 23. Farm ponds 65. Spawning associations 24. Fecundity 66. Spawning behavior 25. Feed and feeding 67. Spermatozoa 26. Fertilization 68. Standing crop 27. Fish toxicants 69. Stocking rates, ratios, combinations, and restock- 28. Food conversion ing densities 29. Food deprivation 70. Stunting 30. Food habits 71 .Survival 31. General description 72. Tailwaters 32. Gonad somatic index (see fecundity) 73. Temperature 33. Harvest by commercial fishing 74. Thermal effluent 75. Total length-collarbone length conversions (also 34. Harvest by sport fishing standard length, fork length, width conversions) 35. Harvest other than angling 76. Turbidity 36. Hormones 77. Ultrasonic tracking 37. Impoundment, effects on channel catfish 78. Water level 38. Insecticides, pesticides 79. Year-class strength, young-of-year, or spawning 39. Introduction into a new geographical location success 40. Irrigation canals 41. Lakes, ponds, reservoirs Subject Index 42. Larva, Fry, Fingerling 43. Length-weight relationship (see age and growth) 1. Age and growth 44. Management 1 20 21 24 28 29 34 47 69 45. Marking, tagging 71 73 77 86 95 109 111 113 117 118 121 127 128 132 139 140 141 142 46. Maturation 155 157 163 175 181 182 183 185 186 47. Migration or movement 194 196 197 198 206 207 213 214 215 48. Mortality (fishing) 217 218 219 221 224 226 227 230 237 49. Mortality (other than fishing) 243 248 249 251 253 254 255 257 258 50. Nutrient requirements 260 261 266 271 274 281 282 285 286 292 297 302 303 307 308 310 311 312 51. Osteology 316 317 327 329 341 343 344 348 351 52. pH 358 361 362 365 373 377 387 398 406 54. Physiology (also anatomy, histology, morphology) 407 409 415 423 424 429 431 432 435 55. Pollution 438 440 443 444 445 446 447 451 452 56. Population estimates and dynamics 455 458 461 464 465 469 470 478 480 57. Predator-prey relationships 482 486 487 506 508 511 519 520 521 524 535 541 545 553 555 58. Production 59. Reproduction 2. Age determination 60. Rivers and streams 21 22 29 104 156 197 269 292 299

69 316 317 333 351 373 377 394 431 447 69 71 80 83 109 113 117 120 127 469 552 128 129 139 140 157 183 184 198 210 211 214 226 230 253 254 258 260 261 3. Albinism 278 282 290 351 393 406 407 414 415 7 71 346 383 402 423 451 461 478 486 506 507 519 528 4. Artificial spawning 530 541 542 545 554 109 318 337 351 461 473 16. Differential growth between male and female 5. Baiting 8 31 127 171 423 25 26 36 63 244 256 283 331 332 17. Digestion rate 433 537 462 6. Bibliography 18. Diseases and parasites 340 417 11 15 90 108 121 126 192 223 232 7. Channelization 291 297 303 340 351 355 370 419 475 496 506 71 177 208 219 236 424 440 542 554 19. Dissolved oxygen 8. Chemical concentration of, or concentration in channel catfish 18 72 164 201 337 351 368 390 427 464 465 468 506 560 17 38 39 40 41 66 67 91 94 169 240 241 274 275 287 349 459 491 20. Distribution (geographical, schooling or sea- 538 540 sonal) 9. Chemical consideration of water 6 7 58 61 69 74 75 77 84 102 109 113 114 115 119 124 125 134 28 38 46 49 55 66 67 74 94 138 142 144 145 162 165 170 180 197 167 168 174 233 240 274 275 287 349 200 203 217 224 229 231 236 242 255 351 379 388 390 418 424 427 476 540 256 263 264 266 267 268 276 279 295 550 560 314 328 344 346 353 357 366 372 373 10. Cold shock 390 395 399 408 435 442 455 468 480 481 483 484 492 501 520 523 524 530 16 43 79 97 98 483 532 560 11. Competition 21. Eggs 35 57 68 118 307 322 422 438 113 121 221 262 264 313 414 418 428 12. Condition factor (See age and growth) 461 474 13. Creel census 22. Electric current 34 62 63 69 87 159 172 177 187 105 129 130 131 367 376 386 188 189 202 207 216 228 237 243 281 297 305 306 308 324 343 357 405 418 23. Farm ponds 422 432 441 452 466 487 495 49 59 109 318 403 415 497 14. Culture 24. Fecundity 39 45 52 76 137 272 277 336 362 69 70 101 213 214 215 221 248 249 410 473 485 508 510 297 313 373 377 418 429 512 518 15. Differential growth 25. Feed and feeding 8 10 17 18 21 31 33 47 67 8 19 33 47 71 120 122 216 278

70 288 379 494 506 545 51 89 92 354 471 509 26. Fertilization 37. Impoundment, effects on channel catfish 33 47 59 71 401 464 497 507 2 9 69 71 88 102 125 146 181 27. Fish toxicants 183 184 202 226 227 235 253 254 330 348 393 435 447 467 499 528 531 3 36 55 169 198 202 228 233 282 349 454 499 555 38. Insecticides, pesticides 28. Food conversion 66 67 213 214 215 241 259 262 274 275 287 434 459 491 10 17 19 129 278 362 462 488 507 545 39. Introduction into a new geographic location 29. Food deprivation 107 114 356 487 17 122 410 40. Irrigation canals 30. Food habits 137 241 310 423 434 4 9 19 23 24 34 35 42 44 41. Lakes, ponds, reservoirs 47 50 68 71 88 99 100 106 112 3 6 25 27 28 33 34 36 37 116 119 135 152 167 185 205 222 225 44 50 61 63 64 71 73 74 75 248 249 250 257 258 274 276 281 288 88 95 99 100 103 106 109 111 112 297 300 301 303 304 307 319 339 341 115 116 117 118 132 135 136 138 140 342 345 351 362 381 390 396 404 409 141 143 152 155 157 158 174 175 185 413 416 424 427 452 453 461 463 464 187 188 189 190 203 205 206 207 216 465 478 482 486 498 500 507 513 514 222 226 228 229 231 238 243 248 249 527 530 536 546 553 250 251 252 253 256 257 261 279 281 31. General description 282 283 284 286 287 294 297 301 302 303 304 306 307 310 319 321 327 330 5 121 124 191 265 277 309 408 455 335 337 339 341 342 344 345 351 353 458 477 517 358 359 360 389 390 393 401 404 405 32. Gonad somatic index (see fecundity) 412 416 421 426 434 443 444 445 446 458 460 466 467 468 470 474 475 486 33. Harvest by commercial fishing 487 499 502 512 513 514 524 525 526 29 84 99 100 111 163 165 170 209 527 528 529 532 535 536 539 541 548 211 212 215 221 222 238 244 277 297 558 325 326 329 330 332 347 359 393 409 42. Larva, fry, fingerling 444 445 446 449 451 479 485 515 521 10 14 33 47 58 59 72 78 80 34. Harvest by sport fishing 81 91 98 120 121 143 153 164 166 29 32 34 57 63 65 69 83 99 242 264 279 289 300 308 313 323 337 109 133 150 174 177 187 188 189 190 351 364 401 413 415 421 428 453 460 191 199 202 216 217 222 224 228 234 461 474 493 501 507 508 526 527 531 238 243 304 307 324 329 343 351 354 532 545 357 362 364 401 403 406 411 412 413 43. Length-weight relationship (see age and 433 441 452 458 466 487 495 537 growth) 35. Harvest by other than angling 44. Management 25 222 239 308 438 499 548 37 56 60 62 63 68 77 83 103 36. Hormones 109 136 141 159 181 183 211 212 215

71 222 237 243 251 272 284 304 351 360 168 169 217 259 262 275 287 290 308 362 393 409 413 415 422 427 451 452 314 388 434 459 476 491 499 555 458 460 466 489 493 497 500 502 528 56. Population estimates and dynamics 529 539 548 29 32 64 77 87 103 146 147 193 45. Marking, tagging 195 196 199 202 209 211 220 222 227 32 53 85 87 109 150 160 173 194 229 236 238 252 255 327 329 330 332 208 228 229 235 239 293 297 312 334 359 361 389 415 432 435 437 450 493 335 343 348 352 437 465 503 516 517 498 521 522 524 525 529 549 559 57. Predator-prey relationships 46. Maturation 19 27 59 98 109 121 166 289 296 1 21 52 71 111 117 132 171 221 320 322 337 506 511 556 336 337 351 383 409 478 486 495 398 58. Production 517 518 24 33 45 56 59 109 133 137 221 47. Migration or movement 270 280 295 297 329 338 364 401 402 2 3 32 69 71 85 87 160 194 413 455 464 497 506 508 548 208 221 229 234 235 239 264 297 312 59. Reproduction 315 320 334 335 348 351 352 359 360 371 372 373 375 406 411 412 437 456 24 48 51 52 54 69 76 85 89 457 465 504 512 516 517 543 549 550 141 148 163 171 174 182 245 246 247 559 295 307 318 350 383 413 415 420 426 461 464 471 472 487 497 506 511 517 48. Mortality (fishing) 533 557 219 329 335 351 362 401 412 425 440 60. Rivers and streams 49. Mortality (other than fishing) 24 29 32 35 38 66 67 69 46 219 282 329 335 351 361 362 364 71 77 81 84 85 87 93 96 111 412 419 440 487 531 544 113 114 119 126 134 138 140 142 143 50. Nutrient requirements 144 145 147 159 160 161 162 167 168 170 171 172 177 180 194 199 209 211 120 122 380 464 507 213 214 215 218 219 220 221 224 225 51. Osteology 235 236 239 255 259 262 271 273 274 275 281 285 290 292 306 311 312 314 21 40 41 176 204 378 392 315 328 329 334 335 347 348 351 352 52. pH 355 365 366 371 372 373 375 377 381 382 388 400 406 407 411 419 424 432 46 301 337 464 433 436 440 441 442 449 450 451 454 53. Photoperiod 457 458 460 465 467 479 480 484 487 278 488 489 491 492 495 499 500 517 519 542 543 546 547 553 554 555 54. Physiology (also anatomy, histology, morphol- 61. Rough fish control ogy) 77 52 123 165 176 200 201 391 392 472 96 198 228 243 282 284 386 494 509 538 540 62. Salinity 55. Pollution 10 11 12 290 395 396 397 3 38 66 67 84 94 102 110 167 63. Sampling method selectivity or efficiency

72 25 26 30 36 37 63 81 86 87 13 14 16 17 24 25 43 61 69 96 149 153 161 162 193 195 206 213 75 78 79 80 82 115 121 125 138 214 220 222 233 244 249 256 273 283 158 200 201 202 218 221 275 278 320 284 294 308 324 325 326 331 334 352 344 345 351 368 390 426 427 428 461 353 357 367 369 374 376 382 386 400 462 464 465 468 480 481 482 483 484 409 430 433 439 454 479 511 515 524 490 517 530 545 560 525 528 537 544 558 74. Thermal effluent 64. Sex differentiation 3 79 80 97 218 321 344 345 398 71 117 121 171 363 385 486 480 481 482 483 484 65. Spawning associations 75. Total length-collarbone length conversions 1 20 48 51 54 70 71 76 89 (also standard length, fork length, width con- 92 101 109 113 121 151 154 170 171 versions). 215 221 245 246 247 257 264 270 276 297 427 280 297 298 303 313 350 384 397 418 426 427 461 465 471 473 474 486 501 76. Turbidity 510 517 524 530 533 547 24 25 65 75 109 182 248 249 297 66. Spawning behavior 337 351 364 427 458 534 20 51 54 70 71 76 89 101 154 77. Ultrasonic tracking 171 215 298 461 471 472 509 510 533 559 67. Spermatozoa 78. Water level 178 179 245 246 247 472 557 25 36 57 73 75 93 99 100 113 68. Standing crop 125 238 260 261 271 388 393 418 426 474 517 526 528 529 547 560 60 222 252 260 329 351 362 415 435 458 492 79. Year-class strength, young-of-year, or spawn- ing success 69. Stocking rates, ratios, combinations, and res- 102 113 163 214 221 253 254 258 264 tocking densities 320 424 453 478 517 524 527 548 56 59 62 68 77 109 136 139 149 159 181 198 199 210 216 217 237 272 304 306 307 318 338 343 351 354 383 393 401 405 413 415 420 421 452 458 Geographical Index 460 464 493 497 506 507 508 511 539 1. Alabama 551 15 49 61 349 401 402 454 473 497 70. Stunting 498 499 502 518 519 538 109 182 210 351 505 2. Arizona 71. Survival 34 224 259 281 334 338 390 426 427 10 33 59 80 129 132 219 351 413 465 489 560 415 440 490 507 526 545 548 3. Arkansas 72. Tailwaters 51 56 99 100 129 130 131 157 173 187 188 189 207 486 530 238 272 278 383 384 545 73. Temperature 4. California

73 34 63 199 136 166 202 237 241 281 17. Minnesota 293 334 335 351 354 412 413 172 234 235 369 466 5. Colorado 1 B. Mississippi 55 148 174 217 224 267 281 310 539 94 167 168 169 414 512 513 6. Florida 19. Missouri 6 201 386 536 52 53 144 145 147 158 159 160 162 7. Georgia 187 188 189 216 318 364 399 406 407 409 479 17 18 39 68 107 239 283 284 324 325 326 20. Montana B. Idaho 400 38 93 547 21. Nebraska 9. Illinois 79 80 81 137 145 177 218 219 220 348 352 364 366 367 4 16 19 145 152 288 289 290 291 221 263 298 314 423 424 440 442 491 524 525 526 527 305 307 308 391 392 419 453 479 504 528 529 530 533 10. Indiana 22. Nevada 83 84 546 34 114 224 281 356 11. Iowa 23. New Jersey 1 2 7 20 21 23 24 29 32 487 66 67 81 86 145 163 171 172 177 191 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 206 24. New Mexico 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 256 257 306 343 382 222 225 234 235 262 271 274 275 292 303 327 328 329 330 331 332 358 359 25. New York 360 361 362 369 371 372 373 374 375 5 27 153 170 415 376 377 388 393 437 438 441 449 451 26. North Carolina 459 461 479 541 542 543 554 3 26 28 41 12. Kansas 27. North Dakota 47 109 113 121 145 192 236 285 286 523 287 357 448 464 492 494 506 507 508 517 520 521 522 13. Kentucky 2B. Ohio 387 514 549 550 77 126 186 258 353 468 548 25 44 117 135 175 551 14. Louisiana 29. Oklahoma 10 11 12 60 110 111 180 246 247 36 58 64 74 75 88 102 103 128 294 295 300 395 396 397 398 436 139 140 141 142 181 182 183 184 185 15. Maryland 205 226 227 228 229 230 231 242 243 248 249 250 251 253 254 255 260 261 264 313 319 320 430 431 432 433 282 296 302 323 342 389 435 470 475 16 .. Massachusetts 485 501 534 535 35 30. Oregon

74 42 69 540 and Wildl. Servo U.S. Fish Wildl. Servo Fish. Leaflet 624. 52p. 31. Pennsylvania --. 1970. Available fishery bulletins of the U.S. 319 320 321 458 460 474 Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Fish Wildl. Servo Fish. Leaflet. 628. 11 p. South Carolina 32. Carbine, W. F. 1952. Doctoral dissertations on the 381 456 486 management and ecology of fisheries, additional listing-1952. U.S. Fish Wildl. Servo Spec. Sci. 33. South Dakota Rep-Fish. No. 87. 43p. 132 177 442 478 524 525 526 527 528 Carlander, K. D. 1969. Handbook of freshwater fishery 529 530 biology. Vol. one. Iowa St. Univ. Press, Ames. 752p. Cvancara, V. A. 1978. Current references in fish re­ 34. Tennessee search, Vol. II, 1977. Dept. BioI., Univ. Wisc.-Eau 9 73 95 98 115 116 146 190 203 Claire. 108p. 279 353 385 416 443 444 445 446' 467 --. 1979. Current references in fish research, Vol. III, 1978. Dept. BioI., Uniy. Wisc.-Eau Claire. 122p. 500 532 Cvancara, V. A. and L. P. Paulus. 1977. Current refer­ 35. Texas ences in fish research, Vol. I, 1976. Dept. BioI., Univ. Wisc.-Eau Claire. 78p. 46 30 59 118 125 149 150 333 336 Dean, B. 1923. A bibliography of fishes. Enl. ed. by C. 337 344 345 405 425 510 511 537 544 R. Eastman. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. 558 Dees, L. T. 1961. List of special scientific reports (No. 36. Utah 1-67) and special scientific reports-fisheries (No. 106 224 267 297 341 1-357). U.S. Fish Wildl. Servo Fish. Leaflet 514. 36p. --. 1963. Index of fishery biological papers by U.S. 37. Virginia Fish and Wildlife Service authors appearing in non­ 33 62 315 346 347 422 480 481 482 government publications, 1940-56. U.S. Fish Wildl. 483 484 555 Ser. Circ. 151. 138p. Eschmeyer, P. H., and V. T. Harris (eds). 1974. Bib­ 38. Washington liography of research publications of the U.S. 43 Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, 1928-72. 39. West Virginia U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. Resource Publ. 120. 154p. 301 450 452 457 493 556 Heidinger, R. C. 1974. An indexed bibliography of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides 40. Wisconsin (Lacepede). Fish Res. Lab. and Dept. Zool., South. 85 171 234 235 235 273 411 III. Univ. Carbondale. 84p. Iowa Cooperative Fishery Unit. 1978. Publications­ 41. Wyoming aquatic biology: Iowa Cooperative Fisheries Re­ 224 420 421 search Unit, 1941-1965; Iowa Cooperative Fisheries Unit, 1966-1974, 1965-1977. la. Coop. Fish Unit Publ. Literature Cited Jenkins, R. M. 1965. Bibliography on reservoir fishery biology in North America. U.S. Fish Wildl. Ser. Re­ Atz, J. W. 1971. Dean bibliography of fishes, 1968. search Rep. 68. 57p. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. Kelts, L. I., and J. I. Bressler. 1971. Fish and fisheries --. 1973. Dean bibliography of fishes, 1969. Amer. literature resources: an annotated bibliography. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 100(2) :403-422. Breder, C. M., Jr., and D. E. Rosen. 1966. Modes of Kernehan. R. J. 1976. A bibliography of early life reproduction in fishes. The Nat. Hist. Press, Garden stages of fishes. Ichthol. Assoc. Inc. Bull. No. 14. City, New York. 941p. 190p. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. 1969a. Fishery pub­ Mayhew, J. 1974. Bibliography of fisheries publications lication index, 1955-64. Publications of the Fish and of the Iowa Conservation Commission, 1935-74. la. Wildlife Service by series, authors, and subjects. Cons. Comm., Fish. Sec. 36p. Bur. Comm. Fish. Circ. 296. 240p. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1955. Fishery publica­ -. 1969b. List of special scientific reports and tion index, 1920-54. U.S. Fish Wildl. Servo Circ. 36. special scientific reports-fisheries of the U.S. Fish 254p.

75 CHAPTER 9 Summary and Conclusions

By Larry W. Hesse

This report presents a summarization of research Summary data on channel catfish collected between 1974 and 1981. It will not necessarily serve as a management Channel catfish grow most rapidly in the Missouri plan for the species because of gaps in data and the River during their first three years of life. Fish enter the dynamically changing nature of the populations associ­ sportfishery at age 1 and are fully recruited by age 4. ated with the many different habitats. It will provide an They enter the commercial fishery at age 3 and are insight into the ability of an altered ecosystem to sup­ fully recruited by age 7. Along the river the fastest port a catfishery; establish a sound information basis growth, at least to age 7, occurs in the channelized from which to compare future information; identify the portion. Mississippi River channels appear to grow needs for future research; and suggest strategies use­ more rapidly, and the longer .growing season in Okla­ ful for short term management programs. homa produces nearly two-fold larger fish in the early

76 years (out to nearly age 6). Portions of the Missouri year-class strength is related to stage. There are (channelized segment) grow channels as rapidly as several instances though, throughout our studies that any areas of Nebraska (Table 9.1). point to such a relationship. Recruitment to Missouri River channel catfish stocks Missouri River channel catfish fed primarily on occurred in most years. There is evidence from 1981 crustaceans and aquatic insect larvae. Drifting inverte­ sampling that successful recruitment may be a more brates play an important role since crustaceans emin­ cyclic event from Gavins Point Dam upstream. As ate primarily from the upstream reservoirs and the Schainost (1981) pointed out year-class strength can aquatic insect larvae consumed were primarily au­ be highly variable. His samples revealed a weak year­ fwuchs supported by a large drift population. Since class in 1976 in the unchannelized Missouri River and benthos plays a limited role in the food cycle of catfish, a very strong year-class in 1975. He noted that 1975 the nature of aufwuchs substrates becomes ex­ was a very high water year on the Missouri and its ceedingly critical to the well-being of Missouri River tributaries, but was unable to prove conclusively that channel catfish.

Table 9.1. Comparative growth rates of Nebraska channel catfish, with notations on growth from Iowa and Oklahoma waters. Mean length (mm) Age Location 2 3 456 7 8 9 10

lake Bluestem' 83 150 199 295 312 375 427 484 564 614

North Platte 2 307 389 429 452 475 River

loup Canal 3 140 196 265 314 354 418 441 494

Unchannelized Missouri River 195 232 263 294 333 382 441 482 431 507

Channelized Missouri River 155 217 282 324 365 395 456 475

little Nemaha River 137 205 238 278 329 366 432 468 503 642

Mississippi River 4 (Iowa) 84 193 272 345 483 671

Oklahoma 5 239 460 554 660 714 170 795 787 833 859 (Statewide average fastest growth)

Republican River6 58 138 211 307 390 509 557 483

'Personal communication with l. Zadina (Dist. V Supervisor) 2Personal communication with J. Peterson (Dist. I Supervisor) 3 Personal communication with l. Rupp (Dist. III Supervisor) 4 Harrison (1957) 5 Houser and Bross (1963) 6Unpublished Master Thesis UNl., l. O. Messman (1973)

77 In the northern sections of the Missouri River and in cally, is the widely fluctuating stage of the river, due to the Niobrara River spawning occurs between 1 July the operating plan for the upstream reservoirs. Not only and 15 July. In southerly regions the spawning season are diurnal fluctuations excessive (as much as 0.6 m), occurs from the last week of June through mid-July. but stage varies nearly 2 m from summer high to winter Tributaries play an important role in mainstem catfish low periods. reproduction. Channel catfish demonstrated a propen­ The limestone of the channelized segment normally sity for long distance migrations. Tributary streams remains partially flooded even under low stage condi­ were especially attractive and the wide range of sizes, tions, and probably this factor has reduced mortality of including small sexually immature specimens, indi­ age-O catfish, although no data is presently available to cates that the tributaries not only are vital for spawning, show this. But the widely fluctuating stage can be ex­ but feeding as well. Tagging has indicated that fish, pected to seriously impair survival of catfish (as well as moving into tributaries, readily return to the mainstem. most other species) in unchannelized segments of the Population estimation has proven difficult during river. This due primarily to the lack of protective cover most of these studies. Recently developed methodolo­ in main and braided channels of the unchannelized gies, however, have succeeded in revealing population section when water levels recede. The periphytic com­ size from one limited study area on the channelized munities are likely destroyed with these fluctuations, river. This estimate of 9,369 fish per km represents a thereby removing the base of the unchannelized food high density in our opinion. web. Total annual mortality from age composition was Trawl CPE from Lewis and Clark Lake between 1975 estimated to be nearly 60% after age 4. We are con­ and 1981 showed a pattern of variable recruitment or cerned with sampling biases reflected in this value, as survival of age-O channel catfish; 1975 - 35 fish, 1976- well as with our inability to discover with certainty all 17 fish, 1977 - 12 fish, 1978 - 8 fish, 1979 - 71 fish, factors contributing to high mortality. 1980 - 33 fish, 1981 - 10 fish (personal communication Fabrication of commercial fishing reports is a serious with D. Unkenholz, South Dakota Game, Fish, and concern since creeling these fishermen has proven in­ Parks). Our hoopnet data reflects these trends as well. effective. We feel (based on personal observations) In 1976 (using 25 mm mesh hoopnets which primarily that commercial fishing accounts for a larger portion of sampled the 1981 year-class from the unchannelized total harvest than sport fishing. However, using re­ Missouri River near Niobrara, Nebraska) we had a ported harvest data and expanded population esti­ CPE of 2.5 fish per net-night. In 1981 (using 6 mm mates, only 0.4% harvest of the total population can be mesh hoopnets which primarily sampled the 1981 attributed to reported commercial harvest. If we relate year-class from this same area) we had a CPE of 0.6 the reported commercial harvest to the commercially fish per net-night. The ratio of hoopnet CPE to trawl legal fish, then 18% of the legal length population is CPE was nearly 1:1 between 1976 and 1981. The low harvested since only 2% of the rivers' channel catfish recruitment in 1981 in this upper unchannelized reach are 330 mm TL or longer. may have been related to the abnormally low reservoir levels which likely exaggerates diurnal fluctuations in stage downriver. Conclusions Storage in Lewis and Clark should reflect water levels in the river upstream. Table 9.2 shows the These data provide irrefutable evidence that channel monthly gain and loss of stored water and is somewhat catfish prosper in the channelized Missouri River. A useful to demonstrate a possible relationship between combination of factors have probably mitigated the water levels and catfish production and survival. Varia­ consequences of channelization. tions in stage of as little as 300 mm in backwaters of Numerous tributary streams have continued to pro­ the river should be sufficient to dewater feeding areas vide suitable spawning areas to support annual recruit­ (personal observation). Not only was there less total ment throughout the length of the Missouri River. The storage loss in 1975, but a large increase occurred in limestone used to maintain the channel of the main­ July which remained through September of 1975. This stem into a desired alignment provides a large amount would benefit newly hatched catfish and may alone of protective cover for improved juvenile survival. account for the higher CPE's. Though increases in These same rocks have a high surface area for a storage occurred in July 1978 the degree of increase flourishing periphytic community, essential to feeding was less and the Lake was coming out of a winter with catfish. reduced storage. The greatest threat to the channel catfish, hypotheti- These data may not depict limiting factors in year-

78 class strengths but they are suggestive that there is a essential pieces to this same puzzle. Better under­ relationship between reproductive success and water standing of and stricter control over commercial har­ management. vest and compliance with honest reporting procedures During 1981, 6 mm mesh hoopnets, fished in the is a vital need. channelized river near Tekamah, Nebraska, yielded 19 The goal of Missouri River fisheries management is fish per net-night (this compared to 0.6 fish per net­ to reach an optimum sustained yield of channel catfish. night in the unchannelized river near Niobrara in 1981). In chapter 7 we established the maximum sustained The only previous attempts to fish with 6 mm mesh yield to be approximately 276 fish/km and optimum hoopnets was in 1978 near Blair, Nebraska (channel­ yield to be somewhere near 96 fish/km. We are unlikely ized river). The CPE in 1978 was 1.3 fish per net-night; to ever reach the maximum yield since we believe 1978 was a poor year for catfish recruitment in Lewis (based on modeled data) that present yield is some­ and Clark Lake. These data are also highly suggestive where near 120 fish/km. The optimum yield is a better of a relationship between water management and re­ concept in any case, since the quality of catfishing in cruitment in the unchannelized river and that a rela­ the river needs improvement. By quality we mean in­ tionship might exist between unchannelized recruit­ creased size not increased numbers. We believe the ment and downstream densities of age-O catfish. best procedure to accomplish this goal is a reduction in The channel catfish of the Missouri River and its commercial harvest. But before we proceed to per­ tributaries are vitally important as a sport fish. The data manently alter regulations I feel we need additional obtained since 1974 have given us the insight neces­ empirical data to further validate the predictions of the sary to remove restrictive regulations on sport harvest. model. There are two avenues research can follow. It is clear that additional data will be necessary to effec­ The first would be a well-designed creel survey to tively manage the species. Data to be gathered should obtain commercial harvest information and improve the include factors which limit year-class strengths in un­ sport harvest data to include those fish captured by channelized portions of the river; this is essential data if setline fishermen. These data could then be supplied we hope to improve occasionally poor reproduction. to the simulation model to improve predictive capabili­ Research into the impacts of water management on ties. There are very great problems though, to be over­ the ecology of backwaters of the unchannelized river is come, with this approach and the acquisition of sound the next logical step in participation in a resource man­ data here would require the development of new gement program for the river. Creel survey data on methodologies for creeling big rivers. sport harvest of unchannelized segments would add The other course of action that could be taken would necessitate the closure of the Missouri River to com­ Table 9.2. Net gain in storage of water in Lewis and Clark Lake mercial channel catfishing for a period of years (3 to 5 during the 1975 and 1978 water years.' years probably). Closure would require cooperation from other border states to be effective. Prior to and 1975 1978 during this time a segment of river should be intensive­ Change in contents Change in contents ly creeled to document the effects of reduced commer­ Month {acre-feed (acre-feet) cial harvest on the sport catch. Increasing size of cat­ fish in the creel would suggest that commercial fishing has had a detrimental impact on sport fishing. Several Jan + 2,000 - 23,000 weeks of hoopnetting during this project would also be Feb - 87,000 -98,000 useful to qualify past hoopnet data. Mar +12,000 +26,000 In view of the difficulty associated with an adequate Apr + 3,000 + 7,000 commercial creel survey we recommend that the latter May - 7,000 + 2,000 track be implemented at the earliest opportunity. After Jun + 7,000 +11,000 the period of closure or the project terminates, we Jul +62,000 +18,000 would hopefully be in a better position, datawise, to Aug + 4,000 +32,000 decide on the future of Missouri River commercial Sep + 7,000 + 1,000 fishing. This paper does not represent the best forum for selecting the methods of choice in any event. Total - 4,000 - 16,000 Rather it serves the function of listing the options avail­ Trawl CPE 35 fish 8 fish able for additional future discussion. In retrospect our efforts on the Missouri River have 'U.S.G.S. 1976 and 1979 carried us to an important level of understanding. It is

79 clear that deep misunderstandings existed about the adjusted water management strategy. This necessi­ relationship of fisheries in channelized segments of tates cooperative dealings with the Corps of Engineers this river. It has proven to be a highly productive, albeit and the acquisition of key data, currently unavailable less aesthetic region. In fact our studies have revealed requiring a great deal of speculation. It should be noted problems of nearly as great a magnitude for the un­ that the changes that would improve the catfishery channelized areas. would also likely benefit many other fish species. Problems for the river are only beginning; recently developed plans, if adopted by South Dakota, will di­ vert mainstem water to Wyoming for use in a coal slur­ Literature Cited ry pipeline. More demands will certainly follow. An Harrison, H. M. 1957. Growth of the channel catfish, understanding of the relationship of stage and fish pro­ Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), in some Iowa wa­ duction is essential to deal with future water withdraw­ ters. Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sci. als. An effort should be made to correlate existing fish 64:657-666. abundance data with past stage records, but because Houser, A. and M. G. Bross. 1963. Average growth the data was not gathered initially to assess this rela­ rates and length-weight relationships for fifteen spe­ tionship, the frequency of sampling may have been too cies of fish in Oklahoma waters. Okla. Fish. Res. widely spaced to obtain reliable relationships. Follow­ Lab. Rep. No. 85. Norman. 79pp. ing this effort, we would be in a better position to design Messman, L. D. 1973. Movements, age and growth of a study specifically geared to exploring these rela­ channel catfish (lctalurus punctatus) in the Republi­ tionships. can River, Nebraska. M.S. thesis, UNL, Lincoln. 96p. Nebraska is in a position to speak clearly from a Schainost, S. 1981. Population dynamics of the com­ position of knowledge about these resources. Our ex­ mercial fishery resource of the unchannelized and perimental management efforts should continue un­ stabilized Missouri River. Final Report N.O.A.A. pro­ abated, and we should assume a greater role in the ject 2-257-R. Nebraska Game and Parks Commis­ management and research of the middle and lower sion, Lincoln. Missouri River to possibly include the creation of a U.S.G.S. 1976. Water resources data for Nebraska border state commission to deal with future problems water year 1975. U.S.G.S. Water-Data Report NE- of the river. We are convinced that the potential exists 75-1. for a higher quality fishery from the tailwater of Fort U.S.G.S. 1979. Water resources data for Nebraska Randall Dam to Rulo, Nebraska. We are also con­ water year 1978. U.S.G.S. Water-Data Report NE- vinced that an important key to improvement lies in 78-1.

80 NEBRASKA TECHNICAL SERIES

1. FIRE 1. A Computer Program for the Computation of Fishery Statistics on Samples with Aged and Non-Aged Subsamples. IBM 360/65, Fortran IV G Level. 2. The McConaughy Rainbow ... Life History and a Management Plan for the North Platte River Valley. 3. A Simulation Model for Ring-Necked Pheasants. 4. Fishes of the Channelized Missouri. Age-Growth, Length-Frequency, Length-Weight, Coefficients of Condition, Catch Curves and Mortality of 25 Species of Channelized Missouri River Fishes. 5. Niobrara-Missouri River Fishery Investigations. 6. Survival and Recovery Distribution of Central and Western Mississippi Flyway Winter-Banded Mallards. 7. Nebraska Rainbow Trout. 8. The White Perch in Nebraska. 9. Physical and Chemical Limnology of Lake McConaughy. 10. Evaluation of Instream Flow Methodologies for Fisheries in Nebraska. 11. The Missouri River Channel Catfish.

Illustration and layout design by Michele Farrar

81