1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940

Historical Context 1870s – 1920s 1870s – 1920s 1929 – 1939 Woman’s Club & The Rise of Communist and Art Programs Ideologies in Europe The Great Depression Settlement Movements in the United States Communists believed that socialism could be achieved only These movements take root to provide access to through violent revolutions and totalitarian dictatorship. This begins with the Stock Market Crash of 1929, at Hull-House education and social opportunities, evolving into a Communism focused on flattening capitalism’s hierarchical which is considered the most devastating crash in source of social reform and community involvement. structure to improve the overall lives of the working class U.S. history to this day. The U.S. and rest of the world proletariat instead of the bourgeoisie. The labor advocacy Structure of Capitalism suffered devastating changes to commerce, personal aspects made communist ideologies appealing and incomes, and livelihoods. Bourgeoisie widespread beyond Russia. The wealthy capitalist class who own 1876 the means of production and whose primary concern is the preservation of Women’s Club capital and their economic superiority 1884 in society. Intent This notable club was Toynbee Hall established by women Proletariat Works Progressive Administration (WPA) who believed it was Located in London, The working class in a capitalist 1934 – 1943 society who do not own any means of It was the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency their duty to make England, Toynbee Hall production and whose only significant This diagram aims to show the impact of historical Chicago a safe and was the world's first that centered on public works projects. virtuous city as well value is their ability to sell their labor social settlement house. power for a wage. The New Deal eras and movements on Hull-House art programs. as improve municipal and Ellen Federal Art Project (FAP) conditions for women Gates Starr used this as This series of federal Hull-House was closely linked to several eras and and children. Notable the model for their own A WPA program that provided relief employment to members included settlement house. est. 1919 programs includes public artists in a wide range of media, such as mural Jane Addams and works projects, aimed at helping movements, such as: Julia Lathrop. 1880 Communist Party USA painting, easel painting, sculpture, graphic art, posters, Bohemian Art Club the country recover from the photography, theater scenic design, and arts and crafts. After splintering from the Socialist Party of devastating economic impacts This is the first major show of government support for America, this group was closely related to of the Depression. the visual arts in the United States. Woman’s Club and One of Chicago’s first art the US Labor Movement, to which Morris associations for women, this Topchevsky belonged. club provided a strong support system for serious female Second Industrial Revolution artists. Notable members included Alice DeWolf Kellogg The Rise of Communist Ideologies in Europe Tyler and Enella Benedict. In 1888, the group’s name was Mexican Muralist Movement changed to the Palette Club. The Great Depression 1920s – 1940s 1891 1937 – 1942 LABOR ADVOCACY U.S. Post Office Murals Grounding Hull-House programs within a larger BUTLER ART AT HULL-HOUSE Edward Millman and Mitchell Siporin global context enables the audience to understand GALLERY receive commissions from the Illinois Art Project, the Treasury Section of Painting and Sculpture, and the WPA for murals the relationship between the settlement and society, This gallery opens as the Inspired by communist ideologies about workers’ rights, Morris Topchevsky and in the post offices of Moline, IL, Decatur, first new addition to the IL, and St. Louis, MO. and how meaningful its programs were in their time. Hull-House settlement Leon Garland actively turn against art for art’s sake, focusing rather on highlighting and was the first public Lunch Hour Bargain Hunting art gallery in Chicago, IL. the struggles of the working class in the Morris Topchevsky Morris Topchevsky United States. 1935, watercolor on paper 1935, Etching with aquatint Early Pioneers Edward Millman 1938, fresco Decatur, IL post office mural

1892 1900 HULL-HOUSE HULL-HOUSE Butterfly Vase Floral Plate Ploughshare Manufacturing How to read it LABOR MUSEUM Edward Millman ART SCHOOL Camilo Fuentes Jesus Torres 1927-1937 1927-1937 1937, egg tempera on gesso Moline, IL post office mural St. Louis Post Office Murals This museum is established by Jane Edward Millman and Mitchell Siporin The school is founded and 1942, fresco directed by Enella Benedict. Addams and to 1927 1935 – 1943 St. Louis, MO post office mural She remains the director showcase the craft knowledge of for nearly 50 years. skilled immigrants and preserve HULL-HOUSE WPA-FAP AT HULL-HOUSE Historical and display a global range of pre- industrial craft traditions, such KILNS Era or as pottery, printing, metallurgy, Streamlined Teapot There was a high concentration of WPA-FAP bookbinding, and woodworking. Michael Gamboney Co-founded by Myrtle Merritt 1935 French and Hazel Johnson artists who taught, resided at, or had some Movement connection to Hull-House, including Eleanor Jean More information Hannell, the Kilns offered migrants the facilities and Coen Kahn, Leon Garland, and Edward Millman. about era/ training to create “Mexican” movement handicrafts and market them xxxx to the public.

Historical event

or organization Blue Tray & Sugar Myrtle Merritt French 1927-1937 Mexican Town Morris Topchevsky 1937, etching & drypoint 1889 1930s – 1940s xxxx Within Hull-House HULL-HOUSE 1895 FESTIVAL OF CIRCULATING GALLERY Hull-House MEXICAN CULTURE event or The settlement house Ellen Gates Starr develops the gallery with the To a New Life program Each year, the Festival of Mexican Morris Topchevsky is co-founded by Jane idea that members of the community could rent 1937, woodcut Culture is held at Hull-House to Photo Addams and Ellen Gates out pieces of artwork to display in their homes. or artifact celebrate Mexican traditions and exhibit Shoemaker Starr in Chicago, IL. Mexican arts and crafts. Edward Millman Persecution 1937, woodcut William Jacobs 1937, woodcut Work of art Strike Breakers, Company Violence Morris Topchevsky 1937, oil on canvas Within Hull-House

Travels in Mexico City

1924 1934 1941 Morris Topchevsky, Jane Addams, and Edward Millman travels to Mexico City to Eleanor Jean Coen Kahn wins the James Emily Edwards travel to Mexico City, where study with Mexican muralist Diego Rivera. Nelson Raymond Traveling Fellowship from 1850s – 1914 1887 – 1920s they are introduced to Mexican muralists the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco. which she uses to go to Mexico City to study at the Taller Grafica Popular (People’s The Arts & Crafts Graphic Arts Workshop). Second Industrial Revolution Movement This movement begins in response in the United States to the influx of mass-produced goods during the Second Industrial This period involved rapid industrial development in which “man- Revolution. The movement made” was replaced by “machine-made.” advocated a return to the skilled craft labor that occurred before 1910 – 1920 industrialization. 1920s – 1970s Mexican Revolution The failure of the 35-year long regime Mexican Muralist Pre-industrialization, highly skilled workers had control over their interactions with customers, and could charge for their craft. of Porfirio Díaz to establish presidential Advances in machinery took control away from individual workers and gave most of the power (and money) to companies. succession and the challenge of the Movement 1897 outcome of the presidential election of The Chicago Arts 1910 leads to the struggle of the working class against oppression and agrarian This movement occurs in an effort to reunify Pre-industrialization Industrialization & Crafts Society and urban middle-class insurgence. Mexico following the Mexican Revolution Co-founded by Ellen Gates pay pay pay low wages Starr and George Mortimer through murals with social and political themes. Sources Rendel Twose. With the revolution and the disorder that Woman’s Club & Settlement Movements Mexican Muralist Movement Jane Cunningham Croly. The History of the Woman’s Club in America, p.64. Center for Research Libraries, www.crl.edu followed, artists (including Diego Rivera and Legal Examiner,greensboro.legalexaminer.com Commons Wikimedia, commons.wikipedia.org Library of Congress, www.chroniclingamerica.loc.gov Library of Congress, www.loc.gov Loyola University Chicago, www.lib.luc.edu Robert Graham Files, www.loc.gov individual skilled mass unskilled José Clemente Orozco) strove to redefine what businesses NHL Netherlands, www.nhl.nl University of Illinois at Chicago, www.hullhouse.uic.edu customers workers consumers workers The Newberry, dcc.newberry.org it meant to be a Mexican and who Mexico would University of Illinois at Chicago, www.hullhouse.uic.edu The Great Depression in the United States Women’s Clubs in America blogspot, www.womensclubsinamerica.blogspot.nl Art and Work in the US, www.artandwork.us become as a nation. Art for a Change Blog, www.art-for-a-change.com Second Industrial Revolution in the United States Art Fuse Contemporary Art Blog, www.artefuse.com School of the Art Institute of Chicago, www.saic.edu Content Delivery Networks, www.cdn.history.com University of Illinois at Chicago, www.hullhouse.uic.edu Modernism in the New City Collection, www.chicagomodern.org US History Scene, www.ushistoryscene.com Old Sailors Almanac, www.oldsailorsalmanac.com sell individual goods sell make mass-produced Library of Congress, www.loc.gov The Art Institute of Chicago, www.artic.edu goods using machines The Living New Deal, livingnewdeal.org The Rise of Communist Ideologies in Europe The Newberry, dcc.newberry.org Debating Europe, www.debatingeurope.eu The Professional Association for Design, www.aiga.org Modernism in the New City Collection, www.chicagomodern.org Town News, www.townnews.com Odessa Secrets, www.odessasecrets.files.wordpress.com OUP Blog, www.blog.oup.com © 2017, Archana Belani, Gustavo Cascio, Kira Novak, Alexa Stern, The Art Institute of Chicago, www.artic.edu IIT Institute of Design with Professor Tomoko Ichikawa advising.