1. Explain how the HMS Challenger, Forbes, and Maury relate to the history of . HMS Challenger was the first ship used specifically to study the oceans. Edward Forbes was the pioneer of oceanography who focused his study on the biological component of the oceans. Matthew Maury is considered the modern father of oceanography. He studied the physical components of the ocean (waves, currents, , etc.) 2. Define oceanography and identify at least three types of science included in the study of oceans. Oceanography is the study of anything and everything pertaining to the oceans. Biology- study of the marine life in the oceans. Geography- study of the ocean floor features Chemistry- study of the composition of ocean water. 3. Label the oceans of the world on a map and list at least four characteristics of each ocean below. Atlantic- Most traveled, most polluted, between North America and Europe, 2nd largest ocean. Pacific- Widest ocean, deepest ocean, between North America and Asia, contains the Marianas Trench. Arctic Ocean- Shallowest ocean, coldest ocean, least traveled because it is covered by ice part of the year, farthest north ocean. Indian Ocean- Has a monsoon season that limits travel, located between the tropics, warmest surface temperatures. 4. Explain at least three obstacles to ocean exploration. Identify and explain equipment/tools used to overcome these obstacles. Water- Humans need air to breathe, not . SCUBA allows humans to carry compressed air down into the oceans so we can breathe and explore more.

Temperature- Oceans are very cold in the deepest parts and therefore equipment like submersibles need to be equipped to withstand these freezing temperatures.

Pressure- increases with depth in the ocean so if a submersible is used at great depths it must be able to withstand immense . allows scientistis to use sound waves to “see” the ocean floor without actually going there. 5. Be able to calculate the salinity of a given sample of seawater. Be able to calculate the percentage recovery of water purified via distillation.

6. Diagram the hydrologic cycle. Label and define A) evaporation B) Condensation C) Precipitation D) Transpiration E) Run-off F) Infiltration, and G) Collection.

7. Explain the relationship between salinity, density, and . Salinity is a measure of the dissolved salts in water. The higher the salinity of a body of water the greater the density of that water and therefore the more buoyant that water will be. 8. Compare and contrast currents, waves, and . Include specific examples of each (ex. Rip , Rogue Waves, etc.) Waves- are generated by the friction created between the wind and water surface. Rogue Waves- Occur when waves at sea match up and become larger. Tsunami- Immense waves generated by earthquakes underwater. Currents- there are two types of currents: surface currents are created by global wind patterns and deep currents are generated by density differences with exist due to differences in and salinity of ocean water (density differences). Rip Currents- Created as water is trapped behind a sandbar and then breaks through creating a very rapid current of water that is moving out into the ocean. Tides- are generated by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun on the Earth. 9. Describe the shape and direction of gyres. Why do they exist? Gyres are the circular movement of currents through the oceans. They move clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. They exist because of the Coriolis Effect. 10. Explain the formation of tsunami. Tsunami form as large volumes of water are moved during an earthquake that shifts the ocean floor. These waves have very long wavelengths and travel very quickly. As they start to feel bottom (break) they build to be extremely tall. 11. Diagram a wave. Label and define A) crest B) trough C) wavelength and D) wave height.

12. Diagram a sample ocean food chain. Include at least one producer, consumer, and decomposer.

13. Diagram the three horizontal and four vertical ocean life zones. Describe the habitat conditions and sea life in each zone.

14. Identify and describe three types of marine life locomotion. Give examples of organisms that utilize each type. Plankton- Organisms that float at or near the surface of the water (phytoplankton). Nekton- Organisms that are able to swim freely (shark, dolphin) Benthos- Organisms that are crawl or cling to the bottom (starfish, lobster) 15. Label and define the features listed below on an ocean seafloor map. a. Continental shelf- Gently sloping section of the continental crust that extend out into the oceans. b. Continental slope- Steeply sloping boundary between oceanic and continental crust. c. Mid-ocean ridge- Mountain range that extends throughout the world’s oceans where the oceanic plates are pulling apart and generating new ocean floor. d. Volcanic islands- Volcanoes that form on the ocean floor and break through the surface of the water. e. Trench- Deep crack or crevasse in the ocean floor where two plates are colliding and the oceanic plate dives below the continental plate. f. Abyssal plain- Flat featureless bottom of the ocean floor. g. Seamount- Volcano under the ocean surface that is at least 1,000 m tall, but does NOT break the surface of the water.