Exploring the Categories and Models of Everything As a Service (Xaas)

International Journal of Grid Distribution Computing Vol. 8, No.6, (2015), pp.215-228 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijgdc.2015.8.6.21

Exploring the Categories and Models of Everything as a Service (XaaS)

Yucong Duan1, Wenlong Feng2, Xiaoyi Zhou3, Linfeng Dong4, Tao Hu5 and Honghao Gao6 1,2,3College of Information Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China 4,5School of Tourism, Hainan University, Haikou, China 6Computing Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China [email protected], 2,4{fwlfwl,dlfphd}@163.com, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract Researchers have proposed numerous service models for various contents. Providing products, processes, data and information as a service has emerged into the huge stream of Everything as a Service(XaaS). However there lacks a uniﬁed view of XaaS which hinders the systemic application of XaaS in the Web Service Ecosystem. The uniﬁed view of XaaS can aid the classification of services for service registration, discovery and composition. Based on a throughout literature survey, we propose a taxonomy on service types covering traditional service, telecommunication service, SOA and Cloud service.

Keywords: Everything as a Service; Anything as a Service; Cloud computing; SOA

1. Introduction New IT paradigm is increasingly shaped by various emerging trends especially Cloud Computing and Big Data analysis that can be identified by different “as a Service (aaS)”. The trend of providing everything as a service(XaaS) depicts a scenario where service-oriented architecture and design supports the running of future society. However, it has been verified [34] that in the last several years related terms used in a discretionary way creating some entropy. The appearance of numerous discretionary classifications is contributing to the entropy. This should be avoided with a uniﬁed classification on top of a clarified understanding of the state of the art of various ”aaS”. None of the existing literature or efforts has yet dealt this challenge that demands a survey covering the broad existing work that extends back to the very early form of services. Based on the hypothesis that the classification under the name of “aaS” partially reflect the trends of natural evolution of services sharing comment characteristics, we present in this work our effort of literature survey towards describing a technical classification of various“aaS” which include explicitly focused “aaS”, mentioned “aaS” and implicitly derived “aaS”covering the work from traditional areas to IT applications. With the help of this survey, the article can initiate a profound discussion on the future trends of business service opportunities,IoT service development, service migration to Cloud, and Big Data service analysis. We consider DBLP1 as our primary literature searching tool. The search words include “as a service” and “as-a-service”. DBLP returned us high relevant results. Then we browsed the following these databases with same keywords:

1http://dblp.uni-trier.de

1. Wiley Online Library http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com 2. IEEE Xplore Digital Library http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp 3. ACM Digital Library http://dl.acm.org With the keywords and different databases, we snapshot ﬁrst 500 items of each database and select citation information (abstract is included). We carefully selected about 100 papers with full text for further analysis. Based on existing papers, we also searched earlier published papers according to bibliographies of previous papers. After this process, earlier literatures replaced related existing literatures. Some newer literatures are not abandoned, for example, Database-as-a-service model is proposed by [42] in 2002, but at that time, Database as a service is not a Cloud service. Literatures with same content but different meaning are retained. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents our classification of services. Section 3 gives class diagrams of explicit services. Section 4 analyzes the distribution of services. Section 5 and Section 6 shows related work and concludes the work with future directions.

2. Taxonomy Symbols E, M, and D in this section follows the rules listed in Table 1. None of the abbreviations shown in this section is created by Ourselves.

Table 1. Denotion Services Abbrev. Explanation E Explicit: is explicitly talked. M Mentioned: Related literature points out the “aaS” D Derived: Related “aaS” is implicitly mentioned

The abbreviation of a speciﬁed service is referred from the surveyed paper. Literatures that propose only an abbreviation of a service but contributes no change in service classification or proposed styles are ﬁltered from this section. Traditional service includes: • Information as a Service (E) (1984, Ives and Learmonth [47]) • Mathematics as a Service (E) (1988, Howson et al. [45]) • Ownership as a Service (M) (1997,Beaumont et al. [8]) • Consulting as a Service (D) (1999, Kailer and Scheff [51]) • Education as a Service (D) (1999, Kailer and Scheff [51])• Knowledge Management as a Service (E)(1999, Kailer and Scheff [51])• Health as a Service (D) (2001, Edworthy [32]) • Telemedicine as a Service (D) (2001, Edworthy [32]) • Medical Care as a Service (M) (2002, Fano and Gershman [35]) • Health as a Service (M) (2005, Panlilio et al. [64]) • Internet as a Service(E) (2006, van Deursen and Pieterson [85]) • Media Rendering as a Service (D) (2007, Bottaroet al. [14]) • Washing Machine as a Service (D) (2007, Bottaro et al. [14]) • Dashboards as aService (E) (2009, Pauwels et al. [68])•Music as a Service (E) (2010, Doerr et al. [29]) Network service includes: • Authentication as a Service (E) (2005, Laitinen et al. [55]) • Cellular Authentication as a Service (E) (2005, Laitinen et al. [55])•Routing as a Service (E)(2006, Lakshminarayanan et al. [56]) • Accountability as a Service (2007, Bender et al. [10]) Internet service includes: • Data Mining Models as a Service (E) (2000, Sarawagi and Nagaralu [76]) • Integrated AAA as a Service (D) (2014, Bitterman et al. [12]) Service in programming includes: • Virtual CPU as a Service (M) (2003, Figueiredo et al.[37]) • Coordination as a Service (E) (2003, Viroli and Omicini [87]) • Communication as a Service (M) (2004, Dunkels et al. [30]) • Function as a Service (M) (2004, Dunkels et

al. [30]) • Program Call as a Service (M) (2004, Dunkels et al. [30]) • Data Access as a Service (D) (2007, Dan et al. [27]) • Component as a Service (D) (2009, Jansen et al. [48])• Functionalityas a Service (D) (2009, Jansen et al. [48]) • Network Protocol as a Service (M) (2011, Fenget al. [36]) ASP and SaaS includes: • Software as a Service (SAAS) (E) (2000, Bennett et al. [11]) • Database as a Service (E) (2002, Hacigumus et al. [42]) • Database Management as a Service (E) (2002, Hacigumus et al. [42])• Business Process as a Service (D) Transactions as a Service (D) (2003, Papazoglou [65]) SOA Service includes: • Print as a Service (D) (2003, Perrey and Lycett [71]) • Quote as a Service (D) (2003, Perrey and Lycett [71]) • Knowledge as a Service (E) (2005, Xu and Zhang [94]) • Application as a Service (M) (2005, Xu and Zhang [94]) • Database as a Service (M) (2005, Xu and Zhang [94]) • Information as a Service (IaaS) (E) (2007, Dan et al. [27])•Operating System as a Service (E) (2007, Milanovic and Malek [60]) • Function as a Service (D) (2007, Papazoglou et al. [66]) • Data as a Service (M) (2008, Dwivedi and Kulkarni [31])• Data Analytics as a Service (M) (2008, Dwivedi and Kulkarni [31]) • Functionality as a Service (D) (In 2009, Patel et al. [67]) • Process as a Service (E) (2010, Wang et al. [88]) • Cashier asa Service (CaaS) (E) (2011, Wang et al. [89]). Web Service (belongs to SOA) includes: • Industrial Machines as a Service (IMaaS) (E) (2006, Gilart-Iglesias et al. [39]) • Flexibility as a Service (FAAS) (E) (2009, van der Aalst et al. [84]) • Computational Resource as a Service (E) (2002, Furmento et al. [38]) • Web Service Composition as a Service (D) (2003, Sirin et al. [79]) • Experiments as a Service (E) (2005, Ott et al. [63]) • Identity as a Service (E) (2007, Emig et al. [33]) • E-assessment as a Service (E) (2011, Amelung et al. [5]) • Modeling as a Service (D) and Training as a Service (D) (2014, Bitterman et al. [12]) • Laboratories as a Service (LaaS) (E) (2014, Caminero et al. [17]) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) includes: • Storage as a Service (E) (2009, Grossman et al. [41]) • Hardware as a Service (M) and IT Infrastructure Management as a Service (M)] (2009, Kaufman [53]) • Communication as a Service (M) and computing as a Service (M)] (2010, Tsai et al. [83]) • Resource as a Service (RaaS) (E) (2012, Agmon Ben-Yehuda et al. [1]) • Big Data Platform as a Service (E) (2012, Horey et al. [43])•Security as a Service (E) (2014, Varadharajan and Tupakula [86]) Platform as a Service (PaaS) includes: • Development as a Service (M) , Modeling as a Service (M), and Testing as a Service (M). (2010, Tsai et al. [83]) • Disaster Recovery as a Service (E) (2010, Wood et al. [92]) • Database as a Service (E) (2011, Howe et al. [44]) • Continuous Analytics as a Service (CaaaS) (E) (2011, Chen et al. [22]) Software as a Service (SaaS, in Cloud) includes: • Software as a Service (SaaS) (E) (2008, Aymerich et al. [6]) • Custom Relationship Management as a Service (M) (2009, Kaufman [53]) • Middleware as a Service (M) (2009, Kaufman [53]) • Social Network as a Service (SNaaS) (E) (2009, Maamar and Badr [59]) • Models as a Service (MaaS) (E) (2010, Bruneliere et al. [15]) • Design as a Service (M), Email as a Service (M), ERP as a Service (M), Ofﬁce as a Service (M), User Interface as a Service (M) (2010, Tsai et al. [83]) • Testing as a Service (E) (2010, Yu et al. [96]) • Application Based Paas as a Service (aPaaS) (E) (2011, Beimborn et al. [9]) • Authentication as a Service (AaaS) (E) (2011, Senk and Dotzler [77]) • Biometric Authentication as a Service (BioAaaS) (E) (2011, Senk and Dotzler [77]) • Exploit as a Service (E) (2012, Grier et al. [40]) • Component as a Service (E) (2013, La et al. [54]) • Simulation as a Service (SMaaS) (E) (2014, Bitterman et al. [12]) • Business Analytics as a Service (BAaaS) (E) (2014, Chang [19]) • Business Intelligence as a Service (BIaaS) (E) (2014, Chang [19]

Heston Volatility And Pricing as a Service (HVPaaS) (E) (2014, Chang [19]) • Hospital Information Software as a Service (HI-SaaS) (E) (2014, Yao et al. [95]) • Data as a Service (E) (2009, Truong and Dustdar [81]) Cloud Serivce includes: • Hardware as a Service (HaaS) (E) , Platform as a Service (PaaS) E) (2008, Aymerich et al. [6]) • Everything as a Service (E) (2008, Robison et al. [74]) • Database Management as a Service (E) (2009, Agrawal et al. [2]) • Commerce as a Service (CaaS) (E) (2009, Cai et al. [16]) • Privacy as a Service (PasS) (E) (2009, Itani et al. [46]) • Application as a Service (M), Business Process as a Service (M), and UML Modeling as a Service (2009, Kaufman [53]) • Computing Resources as a Service (M) (2009, Patel et al. [67]) • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) (M), Business as a Service (BaaS) (M), Database as a Service (DaaS) (M), Desktop as a Service (DaaS) (M), Development as a Service (DaaS) (M), Framework as a Service (FaaS) (M), Organization as a Service (OaaS) (M) (2009, Rimal et al. [73]) • Videoconference as a Service (VaaS) (E) (2009, Rodr´ıguez et al. [75]) • Search as a Service (E) (2009, Singh et al. [78]) • Storage as a Service (M) (2009, Truong and Dustdar [81]) Automated Software Testing as a Service (TaaS) (E) (2010, Candea et al. [18]) • Information Acquisition as a Service (E) (2010, Craciunas et al. [26]) • Risk Assessment as a Service (E) (2010, Kaliski Jr and Pauley [52]) • Virtual Machine as a Service (D) (2010, Wu et al. [93]) • IDE And Hosting as a Service (E) (2011, Aho et al. [3]) • Education And Learning as a Service (ELaaS) (E) (2011, Alabbadi [4]) • IT as a Service (ITaaS) (M) (2011, Alabbadi [4]) • IT Management as a Service (D) (2011, Banerjee et al. [7]) • Routing as a Service (RaaS) (E) (2011, Chen et al. [20]) • IP Networks as a Service (E), and Virtual Routers as a Service (E)] (2011, Nascimento et al. [62]) • Secure Communication as a Service (D) (2011, Peraković et al. [69]) • Capabilities as a Service (D) (2011, Subashini and Kavitha [80]) • Disaster Tolerance as a Service (E) (2012, Rajagopalan et al. [72]) • Threat as a Service (E) (2012, Tsai et al. [82]) • MPP Database as a Service (MPPDBaaS) (E) (2013, Wong et al. [91]) • OLTP Database as a Service (M) and Parallel Database as a Service (M) (2013, Wong et al. [91]) • Auditing as a Service (D) (2013, Zargari and Smith [97]) • Forensics as a Service (E) Policing as a Service (E) and Privacy as a Service (2013, Zargari and Smith [97]) • E-commerce as a Service (D) (2014, Bitterman et al. [12]) • Media Network as a Service (MNaaS) (E) (2014, Cicic and Elmokashfi [25]) • Telepresence as a Service (TPaaS) (E) (2014, Cicic and Elmokashfi [25]) • Content Delivery as a Service (CoDaaS) (E) (2014, Jin et al. [49]) • Content Distribution as a Service (CoDaaS) (M) (2014, Jin et al. [49]) • Consistency as a Service (CaaS) (E) (2014, Liu et al. [57]) The following services belong to Cloud Service as well as Big Data Service: • Analysis as a Service (AaaS) (E) (2014, Jingliang et al. [50]) • Value as a Service (VaaS) (E) (2014, Jingliang et al. [50]) The following services belong to Cloud Service as well as Internet of Things Service: • Data as a Service (DaaS) (E) Information as a Service (InaaS) (E), Knowledge as a Service (KaaS) (E) and Wisdom as a Service (WaaS) (E) (2014, Chen et al. [21]) • Sensing as a Service (E) (2014, Perera et al. [70]) The following services belong to Cloud Service as well as Network service: • Hybrid Network as a Service (HaaS) (E) (2011, Mizusawa and Kitsunezaki [61]) • Networking as a Service (E) (2011, Feng et al. [36]) The following services belongs to Cloud Service as well as SOA Service: · Component as a Service (M) (2010, Dawoud et al. [28]) • E-health as a Service (eHaaS) (E) (2014, Black et al. [13]) • Analysis as a Service (E) (2014, Lomotey and Deters [58]) • Traffic Analysis as a Service (E) (2014, Chu et al. [24]) The following services belongs to Cloud Service as well as Web of Things Service: • Things as a Service (E) (2011, Christophe et al. [23]) • Environment as a Service (2011, Christophe et al. [23])

3. Classification of Explicit Services

Figure 1. Class Diagram of Explicit Cloud Services (excluding IaaS, PaaS and SaaS)

Figure 2. Class Diagram of explicit Cloud Services (only in IaaS, PaaS or SaaS)

Figure 1 shows general cloud services that were explicitly proposed. Services that belongs to SaaS, PaaS or IaaS is shown in Figure 2 shows services that are proposed under IaaS, PaaS orSaaS.

Figure 3 shows explicitly services that belong to SOA (or Web Service), traditional, Internet, network, Web of things or Internet of Things.

Figure 3. Class Diagram of Non Cloud Services

4. Analysis of Survey Figure 4 shows an overview on all services appeared in surveyed papers, including explicit, mentioned and derived services. Figure 5 gives an overview on all services and their classes from network perspective. Figure 5 is drawn by the Gephi2 Software. In Figure 5, each node is shown as a circle together with related service name (shown as labels), and an arrow from node A to node B exists if and only if service A belongs to service class B. The font size of each service class is positively related to the number of services belonging to the class. In Figure 4, top service classes are represented in red color. Top service classes include Cloud service, programming service, Internet service, traditional service, SOA service, network service, Internet of Things service and Web of Things service. Combined Figure 4 and Figure 5, we see that the number of Cloud service is significantly more than other service classes. SOA service and traditional Service also have many service types. IaaS, PaaS and SaaS is shown with green color and we see that SaaS occupies the largest number of services during IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. The number of services under IaaS and PaaS is significantly less than that under SaaS. Another

2 http://gephi.github.i

Figure 4. All Explicit, Mentioned and Derived Services

Import service class is Web Service. Many service is implemented with Web Service methodology. In Figure 5 we notice that some services are not service classes, but still serve as active hubs. These services include Database as a Service, Data as a Service, Component as a Service, Authentication as a Service, Information as a Service, Analysis as a Service and so on. Services with new technologies such Big Data, Internet of Things and Web of Things are still under development according to Figure 5.

Figure 5. A Network Overview of “as a Service”

5. Related Work Some related service classification researches are based on existing business practice. Weinhardt et al.[90] described a technical classification of Grid and Cloud Computing to meet the opportunities of the Cloud Computing paradigm. The business model framework took Infrastructure, Platform and Applications as basic classes. Based on the analysis of offering of service like Amazon EC2, Google App Engine, some service types like Storage, Infrastructure are proposed. Rui Esteves [34] gave a taxonomy of Cloud computing. The taxonomy is based on service Delivery model and includes Business Process as a service except for IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. The taxonomy took Everything as a Service the universe of all the cloud delivery services.

6. Conclusion and Future Work This paper analyzes related literatures and describes both traditional services and IT services. We also summarized the classification of various services. Based on the survey, we got an overview of how many services each service class has. The work will benefit related investigation of service industry investment, service migration, service based Big Data analysis, etc. Currently some of the created classifications do not help due to the lacking of an efficient Ontology underlying it. We will work towards creating such a model in the next stage.

Acknowledgment The authors of the paper acknowledge the support of the Natural Science Foundation of of China (No. 61363007 and 61440019), Natural Science Foundation of Hainan (No. 20156234), Hainan University Research program (HDSF201310),

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Authors

Yucong Duan, he received a PhD in Software Engineering from Institue of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China in 2006. He is currently a full professor and vice director of Computer Science department in Hainan University, P. R. China. His research interests include software engineering, service computing, cloud computing, and big data. He is a member of IEEE, ACM and CCF (China Computer Federation).

Wenlong Feng, he graduated from Jilin University, P. R. China. He received his Master’s Degree from South China University of Technology. His research interests include network theory and technology, E-commerce and Cloud computing.

Xiaoyi Zhou, she is currently an associate professor in College of Information Science and Technology at Hainan University, P. R. China. Her research interests include Cryptology and Steganography.

Linfeng Dong, he received his Ph.D from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He is currently the director of Tourism Information Management Department in Hainan University, Hainan, P. R. China. His research interests include tourism information management, e-commerce in tourism, tourism destination management, network marketing and computer simulation.

Tao Hu, he received his Ph.D degree in computer application from Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, P. R. China, in 2004. He is currently the vice dean of Tourism College in Hainan University. His research interests include information security, mobile information technology, tourism information management and e-commerce.

Honghao Gao, he received the Ph.D degree in computer application technology from the School of Computer Engineering and Science of Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China, in 2012. His research interests include Web service and model checking.