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Left out of the Bargain Stolen Asset Recovery (Star) Series Left out of the Bargain Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Series Th e Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (StAR) is a partnership between the World Bank Group and the United Nations Offi ce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) that supports international eff orts to end safe havens for corrupt funds. StAR works with developing countries and fi nancial centers to prevent the laundering of the proceeds of corruption and to facilitate more systematic and timely return of stolen assets. Th e Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Series supports the eff orts of StAR and UNODC by providing practitioners with knowledge and policy tools that consolidate international good practice and wide-ranging practical experience on cutting edge issues related to anticorruption and asset recovery eff orts. For more information, visit star.worldbank .org. Titles in the Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Series Stolen Asset Recovery: A Good Practices Guide for Non-Conviction Based Asset Forfeiture (2009) by Th eodore S. Greenberg, Linda M. Samuel, Wingate Grant, and Larissa Gray Politically Exposed Persons: Preventive Measures for the Banking Sector (2010) by Th eodore S. Greenberg, Larissa Gray, Delphine Schantz, Carolin Gardner, and Michael Latham Asset Recovery Handbook: A Guide for Practitioners (2011) by Jean-Pierre Brun, Larissa Gray, Clive Scott, and Kevin Stephenson Barriers to Asset Recovery: An Analysis of the Key Barriers and Recommendations for Action (2011) by Kevin Stephenson, Larissa Gray, and Ric Power Th e Puppet Masters: How the Corrupt Use Legal Structures to Hide Stolen Assets and What to Do About It (2011) by Emile van der Does de Willebois, J. C. Sharman, Robert Harrison, Ji Won Park, and Emily Halter Public Offi ce, Private Interests: Accountability through Income and Asset Disclosure (2012) On the Take: Criminalizing Illicit Enrichment to Fight Corruption (2012) by Lindy Muzila, Michelle Morales, Marianne Mathias, and Tammar Berger Left out of the Bargain Settlements in Foreign Bribery Cases and Implications for Asset Recovery Jacinta Anyango Oduor Francisca M. U. Fernando Agustin Flah Dorothee Gottwald Jeanne M. Hauch Marianne Mathias Ji Won Park Oliver Stolpe © 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 16 15 14 13 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. Note that The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content included in the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of the content contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Oduor, Jacinta Anyango, Francisca M. U. Fernando, Agustin Flah, Dorothee Gottwald, Jeanne M. Hauch, Marianne Mathias, Ji Won Park, and Oliver Stolpe. 2014. Left out of the Bargain: Settlements in Foreign Bribery Cases and Implications for Asset Recovery. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0086-3. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0086-3 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0087-0 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0086-3 Cover photos: Shutterstock (front cover, “Approved” seal, ticker with reflected images); Thinkstock (front cover, money changing hands, stock ticker); iStockphoto (back cover). Used with permission; further permission required for reuse. Cover design: Naylor Design. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Left out of the bargain : settlements in foreign bribery cases and implications for asset recovery / Jacinta Anyango Oduor, Francisca M.U. Fernando, Agustin Flah, Dorothee Gottwald, Jeanne M. Hauch, Marianne Mathias, Ji Won Park, Oliver Stolpe. pages cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4648-0086-3 (alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-4648-0087-0 1. Forfeiture. 2. Compromise (Law) 3. Reparation (Criminal justice) 4. Corporations–Corrupt practices. 5. Bribery. 6. Damages. 7. Political corruption–Prevention. I. Oduor, Jacinta, editor of compilation. K5107.L47 2014 345’.02323–dc23 2013034128 Contents Contributors ix Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii Executive Summary 1 1. Key Findings 2 2. Additional Observations 3 3. StAR’s Proposals 4 Introduction 7 1. Background 7 2. United Nations Convention against Corruption: Setting the Stage 11 3. Methodology and Overview of the Study 13 1. Settlements in Foreign Bribery Cases 17 1. Defining the Term Settlement 17 2. Legal Frameworks for Settlements 20 3. Shortened Criminal Procedures and Other Forms in Certain Civil Law Countries 21 3.1 Switzerland 21 3.2 Norway 23 3.3 Italy 23 3.4 Germany 25 4. Guilty Pleas, Civil Liability, and Other Forms in Certain Common Law Countries 26 4.1 United Kingdom 26 4.2 Canada 30 4.3 Nigeria 30 4.4 United States 32 2. Common Threads and General Observations about Settlements 39 1. Criteria for Understanding Settlements 39 1.1 Forms of Legal Liability: Criminal, Civil, and Administrative 39 1.2 Judicial Oversight 40 1.3 Transparency 41 2. Terms Typically Included in Settlements 41 v 3. The Role of International Organizations in Settlements 44 4. The Rationale behind Settlements 45 5. Trends and Developments 50 5.1 General Trends 50 5.2 Developments in Countries Whose Officials Have Been the Object of Alleged Bribes 53 3. The Impact of Settlements on Pending and Future Cases in Other Jurisdictions 57 1. The Principles of Ne Bis in Idem and Double Jeopardy 58 2. International Cooperation and Mutual Legal Assistance 62 4. Implications of Settlements on Asset Recovery 67 1. Recovering Assets in the Context of Settlements: The Current State of Affairs 67 1.1 Combination and Ratio of Monetary Sanctions: Sample Jurisdictional Comparisons 69 1.2 Monetary Sanctions Imposed 71 1.3 Involvement of Public Procurement Contracts and State-Owned Enterprises 82 2. Barriers to Asset Recovery in the Context of Settlements 83 3. Modes of Participation in Criminal Enforcement Actions for the Purpose of Asset Recovery 86 3.1 Participation of Affected Countries through Formal Legal Avenues 86 3.2 Participation in Criminal Enforcement Action in Civil Law Jurisdictions 87 3.3 Restitution and Compensation in Common Law Jurisdictions 91 3.4 Participation of Affected Countries in Settlements through Other Avenues 94 4. Conclusion 96 5. Conclusions 97 6. Case Summaries 101 1. Alcatel-Lucent (Costa Rica and United States) 101 2. Alstom (Switzerland, Tunisia, Latvia, Malaysia, and World Bank) 105 3. BAE Systems (Tanzania, United Kingdom, and United States) 107 4. Daimler (More than 22 Countries) 110 5. Haiti Teleco (Haiti and United States) 112 6. Innospec (United Kingdom and United States) 115 7. Johnson & Johnson (Greece, United Kingdom, and United States) 117 8. Mabey & Johnson (Ghana, Iraq, Jamaica, and United Kingdom) 121 9. Macmillan Publishers (United Kingdom and World Bank) 123 10. Mercator/Giffen et al. (Kazakhstan, Switzerland, and United States) 125 11. Schneider Electric (Lesotho) 128 12. Siemens AG (Germany, Greece, Italy, Nigeria, United States, and others) 131 vi I Contents 13. Statoil (Norway and United States) 134 14. TSKJ Consortium (Nigeria, United Kingdom, and United States) 136 Appendix I Forms of Legal Remedies Relevant to Foreign Bribery Cases 141 1. Confiscation: Criminal, Civil, and Administrative 141 2. Compensation: Criminal and Civil 142 3. Disgorgement: Civil Remedy Variation on Confiscation 142 4. Restitution: Criminal and Civil 143 5. Fines: Criminal and Civil 143 6. Reparations: Gratuitous and/or Voluntary Payments 144 Appendix II U.K. Remedies 145 1. Criminal Remedies 145 2. Civil Remedies 145 Appendix III Settlements Cases Database: Methodology 147 StAR Database of Settlements of Foreign Bribery and Related Cases 147 1. Details of the Settlements Cases Database 148 1.1 Time Period Covered 148 1.2 “Case” Defined 148 1.3 Sources Used 149 2. Explanation of Fields and a Sample Entry 150 Appendix IV Glossary 159 Boxes I.1 A Time for Action, 2010 ICHA Meeting Report 10 1.1 Elements of a Deferred Prosecution Agreement: Alcatel-Lucent SA and the Department of Justice, in the United States District Court, Southern District of Florida 35 3.1 Practices to Promote International Cooperation in Cases of Prior or Pending Settlement 65 4.1 Components of Monetary Sanctions 68 4.2 NGOs as Parties Civiles 90 Figures 1.1 U.K.
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