Journal of Neuropterology 3: 43-50, 2000 (2001) ISSN: 1029-2020

Rediscovery of Nineta gravida (Banks, 1911) in British Columbia and review of the genus Nineta Navds, 1912 in Canada (: )

J. A. Garland 1011 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA K1Y 4E7 E-mai1:garlandj @em.agr.ca

Key Words: Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Nineta gravida, Canada.

ABSTRACT

The capture of an adult male of Nineta gravida (Banks, 1911) on Gabriola Island, British Columbia, in 1999, represents the first record of the species in Canada since 1908. The genus Nineta Navbs, 1912, and all available information on N. gravida in Canada, are reviewed. Illustrations of the male terminalia of N. gravida are provided for the first time.

Un specimen mdle de Nineta gravida (Banks, 1911) a CtC capturk en 1999 sur l'ile Gabriola en Colombie-Britannique. C'ebt la premikre fois que cette espltce est retrouvCe au Canada depuis 1908. Le genre Nineta NavAs, 1912, et tous les renseignements disponibles sur l'espltce N. gravida au Canada, sont examinks. Des illustrations des terminalia de l'adulte m2le de N. gravida sont prCsentCes pour la premiitre fois.

INTRODUCTION

Among the Chrysopidae of Canada (GARLAND, 1984), Nineta gravida (Banks, 1911) was last collected in the Province of British Columbia in 1908. At present, any mention of that species for the fauna of British Columbia, and thus for Canada, would be based on out-of-date information. The purpose of this contribution is to document the recent capture of a specimen of Nineta gravida on Gabriola Island, British Columbia, and to review the genus Nineta NavBs, 1912, with respect to Canada.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Specimens used in this study were mounted on pins, if not already done so. Wings detached for study were later glued onto paper strips with mounting 44 GARLAND, J. A. shellac, then attached to the pin with the specimen. Genitalia for examination were prepared by removing the terminal portion of the abdomen and digesting the soft tissues in a 5% solution of potassium hydroxide in water, then flushing with water. Genitalia were stored in glycerol in 6 x 12 mm polyethylene genitalia vials, attached by the rubber stopper to the specimen's pin. Gut contents were examined by making a semi-permanent glycerine mount on a microscope slide. Measurements were taken using a micrometer-ruled slide on the stage of a binocular microscope. For high-power viewing, a depression slide and cover slip, and a differential contrast microscope were used. Drawings were made with a camera lucida attachment on a binocular microscope. Terminology here follows that of BARNARD (in: CANARD et al., 1984). Depositories for specimens mentioned in this paper, together with their acronyms and curators at the time of loan, include: CNC: Canadian National Collection, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Ottawa; Mr. J. E. H. Martin [deceased, Jan. 19991. MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Miss Mary Hathaway. UBCZ: Spencer Entomological Museum, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia; Mr. R. A. Cannings, Mr. S. G. Cannings, and Dr. G. G. E. Scudder. USNM: United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C.; Dr. 0. S. Flint.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: British Columbia. Departure Bay [Nanaimo], VIl1311908, 1 9, CNC; Gabriola Island, VIIl1911999, 1 0,R. D. Kenner & K. S. Kenner, UBCZ; Vanc[ouver] Island, VIl211888, 1 specimen [abdomen missing], G. W. Taylor, CNC; Victoria, [undated; see note], 1 specimen [abdomen missing], W. H. Danby, Geo[logical] Survey [of] Canada, CNC. (Note: The specimen from Victoria BC can be attributed to the late 1880s or 1890s when Mr. W. H. Danby lived and published importantly on Lepidoptera there; the Entomological Record (Canada) reveals that he had moved to Rossland BC by 1901). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: California. Yosemite [National Park], [undated], 1 0 [abdomen missing, genitalia vial empty], [collector unknown], MCZ, Type 11384. Washington. Bellingham, VIII/20/1962, 1 9, J. F. G. Clarke, USNM.

RESULTS

Nineta NAVAS, 1912: 98.

TYPE-SPECIES: Hemerobiusflavus SCOPOLI, 1763; by original designation.

DIAGNOSIS Adult: Mandibles symmetrical, each with a small basal tooth (TJEDER, 1966:345-346; HOLZEL, 1970); figured for N. vittata in: BROOKS & BARNARD Journal of Neuropterology 3: 43-50,2000 (2001) 45

(1990: 228, Fig. 416), and for N. JZava in: GARLAND, 1981 (1982, Fig. 105). Maxillary galea short and inflated (TJEDER, 1966:346); figured for N. vittata in: BROOKS & BARNARD (1990:228, Fig. 415). The antenna1 scape may be elongate in some species (BROOKS & BARNARD, 1990). A basal subcostal cross-vein, and an intramedian cell are present in the fore wing (ADAMS, 1967; figured for N. vittata in: BROOKS & BAFWARD (1990:228, Fig. 4 14), and for N. JZava in: GARLAND, 1981 (1982, Fig. 106). In the hind wing, the radial sector and media are not fused but run very close to one another (TJEDER,1966:346; HOLZEL, 1970; figured for N. JZava in: GARLAND, 1981 (1982), Fig. 106 c). The heads of six Palaearctic Nineta species are unmarked, and in one of these, N. inpunctata (Reuter, 1894), the pretarsal claws have a basal dilation (HOLZEL, 1965). Similarly, the pretarsal claws of the type-species, N. flava, have a basal dilation [GARLAND, 1981 (1982), Fig. 74 m]. To this may be added certain genitalic characters, as follows: Male genitalia: Sternum VIII and IX separated by a transverse membrane, not fused (figured for N. flava in: BROOKS & BARNARD, 1990:228, Fig. 417, and in: GARLAND, 1981 (1982), Fig. 107a). Gonarcus, entoprocessus, and arcessus are present (BROOKS, 1997) as gonocornua; figured for N. flava in: BROOKS & BARNARD (1990:228, Fig. 419); in: GARLAND [I981 (1982), Fig. 1071; and as the arcessus alone in: HOLZEL (1970:97, Figs. 15-16, as pseudopenis). Female genitalia: Subgenitale apically bilobed; spermatheca narrow, without a ventral impression, or not conical if present (HOLZEL, 1965, 1970); vela long; duct long and sinuous; figured for N. vittata in: BROOKS & BARNARD (1990:228, Figs. 420-422).

DISTRIBUTION

Nearctic, and eastern and western Palaearctic (BROOKS & BARNARD, 1990).

REMARKS

Character traits that place Nineta in the subfamily Schneidel; 1851, include the presence of a tympanum at the base of the radial vein below in the fore wing (TJEDER, 1966:230, 232), a basal subcostal cross-vein and intramedian cell in the fore wing, and lack of a jugal lobe in the fore wing and of a frenulum in the hind wing (ADAMS, 1967), and the flagellar setae arranged in four rings (BROOKS & BARNARD, 1990). It has been further placed in the tribe Schneider, 1851 (HOLZEL, 1970; BROOKS & BARNARD, 1990). In Canada, Nineta is represented by a single species, as follows: Nineta gravida (BANKS, 1911) Figures 1-2. 46 GARLAND, J. A.

NOMENCLATURE Chrysopa gravida BANKS (1911: 343). Type: Male; Yosemite, California; by original designation; MCZ, No. 11384. Nineta gravida (Banks, 1911): GARLAND (1984:94) SYNONYMY PERTAINING TO CANADA Chrysopa gravida Banks, 19 11: SMITH (1 932:597), SPENCER (1942:27); GARLAND (1979:745-746). Nineta gravida (Banks, 1911): GARLAND [I981 (1982):238-241, figs. 74,99- 104, map 19, unpubl.]; 1984:94; 1985:747-749,751); PENNY et al. (1997:56). DIAGNOSIS Nineta gravida is the only representative of the genus Nineta in the Canadian chrysopid fauna (GARLAND, 1984). It cannot be confused with any other species there, although small specimens may resemble Meleoma schwarzi (Banks, 1903), which also has black cephalic markings, black wing veins, and occurs in British Columbia (GARLAND, 1979, 1985). Nineta gravida, however, has the genae and basal part of the fore wing subcostal vein yellow-green (BANKS, 1911, and below), not black as in M. schwarzi (GARLAND, 1979). Also, on present evidence, these two species are geographically separated in British Columbia; Meleoma schwarzi occurs in the Okanagan Valley, an arid area east of the Coast Range of mountains, whereas Nineta gravida is confined to the humid coastal area west of the Coast Range. DESCRIPTION Egg, Larva, Pupa: unknown. Adult: Body: Length 11 mm, width of mesothorax 1 mm [based on one male originally in alcohol; UBCZ]; yellow-green; setae amber-brown or blackish brown; pronotum broad, narrower at the anterior angles, and longer than wide; head marked with black; thorax with a broad dorso-lateral brownish-black stripe on each side from the anterior margin of the pronotum, extending onto the lateral lobes of the meso- and meta-thorax; wings sub-equal; legs yellow-green; pretarsal claws with a basal dilation (GARLAND,1981 (1982), Fig. 74 1). Head: GARLAND [I98 1 (1982), Figs. 99- 100, 1041. Antenna1 scape, pedicel, and flagellum unmarked, scape curved in male, more straight-sided and elongate in female; labial palpi black on ectal surface; labrum unmarked; clypeus with a black lateral mark; vertex black bordering the antennal sockets, otherwise unmarked or with small brownish dots and larger faint black spots near the attachment of the cervical membrane; genae unmarked or with a trace of black anteriorly [as in the type-specimen]; sub-genae unmarked; post-genae broadly black; frons black between and below the antennal sockets to the edge of the compound eyes, unmarked bordering the clypeus. Fore wing: GARLAND [I981 (1982), Fig. 101 a, c]. Length 15 mm [based on one male originally in alcohol; UBCZ]; pterostigma distinct, pale brown; costa Journal of Neuropterology 3: 43-50, 2000 (2001)

Fig. 1. Nineta gravida, male genitalia, dorsal view; Gabriola Island, VII/19/1999, R.D. Kenner & K.S. Kenner, UBCZ.

Fig. 2. Nineta gravida, male abdomen with genitalia everted, lateral view; idem. 48 GARLAND, J. A. black basad, yellow-green distad; other longitudinal veins mostly yellow-green; costal cross-veins, subcostal cross-vein, and most radial cross-veins brownish- black; base of the radial sector, and pseudomedia to beyond the third median cell, brownish-black; branches of the radial sector black, or black from base to about the level of the inner gradate cross-veins, yellow-green beyond; inner gradate cross- veins blackened in their centre; outer gradate cross-veins except the outermost ones, entirely yellow-green; anal veins black; wings large, broad, and rounded at the tip; microtrichia present only in the anal angle above; macrotrichia present above and below on all wing veins and on the wing margin; base of radius swollen below [site of the tympanum]; the first cubital cell not as long as the second; the second cubital cell as long as the third [distal cubital cell], the latter wider at its base than at the wing margin [not wider at the margin as indicated in BANKS (191 I)]; first anal vein forked; second anal vein forked, the inner branch meeting third anal vein before the wing margin; intramedian cell extending beyond the first branch from the radial sector; inner and outer gradate veins arranged in two linear series, the inner series numbering five in the male from Gabriola Island, British Columbia, eight in the original description (BANKS, 1911), and nine in one female from Bellingham, Washington [GARLAND, 1981 (1982), Fig. 101 a]; first inner gradate cross-vein convergent on a branch of the radial sector, not the pseudomedia; inner gradates closer to the outer gradate series than to the radial sector; and, supernumerary cross- veins may be present beyond the outer gradate veins, as seen in the female from Bellingham, Washington. Wingspan 31-36 mm (cf. BANKS, 1911). Hind wing: GARLAND [I98 1 (1982), Fig. 101 b]. Length 13 mm [based on one male originally in alcohol; UBCZ]; pterostigma distinct, pale brown; costa straight-edged; costal vein and costal cross-veins black; radius weakly blackened basad, yellow-green distad; other veins as in fore wing but less heavily marked with black; radial sector and base of pseudomedia not fused, but running close to each other for some distance; macrotrichia present above and below on all veins, and on the wing margin. Male terrninalia: terminal abdominal tergites and sternites densely covered with microtrichia [discernible at 200 x magnification], and two sizes of macrotrichia or true setae [readily seen at 40 x magnification], the shorter ones most numerous, the longer ones more sparse; tergum 9 dorsally undivided, arching cephalad around the anus, indistinguishably fused with the ectoprocts but with a zone devoid of setae at the lower caudal margin; callus cerci ovate, set above and apart from the dorsal apodeme, with trichobothria [tentatively 23 in the male from Gabriola Island, British Columbia]; a tuft of dense, sub-equal, convergent, bristle-like setae on the postero-lateral margin on each side of the fused tergum 9 + ectoprocts, projecting horn-like dorsad above the level of the anus; subanale weakly sclerotised, with 5-6 very small setae; sternum VIII separated from sternum IX by a membranous suture; sternum IX long, narrowing to form an upturned medio- caudal lobe, with about 7 sub-equal, ventro-lateral bristle setae on each side and many short, brush-like setae on the dorsurn of the medio-caudal lobe; gonarcus horse-shoe shaped, with lateral arms expanding distally and two median, horn-like projections on the dorsal arch proximal to the arcessus; entoprocessus Journal of Neuropterology 3: 43-50, 2000 (2001) 49 indistinguishably fused to the lateral arms of the gonarcus; arcessus directed caudad, L-shaped or slightly obtuse-angled, with a low sagittal crest at the highest part of the angle; gonosaccus with numerous short, erect gonosetae in two narrowly separate, weakly sclerotised dorso-lateral fields; hypovalva membranous, connected to the medio-caudal lobe of sternum IX. Female terrninalia: GARLAND [I981 (1982), Fig. 1031. Subgenitale with rounded apical lobes and swollen to form a ventral lobe, with a cavity on the ental surface of the ventral lobe; spermathecal duct long, and curved but not contorted; spermathecal bulb of the pill-box type with a shallow, not cmical, irregular ventral impression; vela sclerotized, tapered and reaching to the edge of the bulb.

BIOLOGY The four adults originating from Canada were caught between June 02 and July 13; that from Bellingham, Washington, a female, was caught on August 20 (label data, above), all of which indicates that there is one generation per year. As with other Chrysopidae, the larva is presumed to be predatory, but the food and feeding habits of this species are entirely unknown. Therefore, it is noteworthy that the adult male from Gabriola Island, British Columbia, had trilobed yellow pollen grains typical of species of Pinaceae (cf. BASSETT et al., 1978), and a large amount of fragmented fungal hyphae, conidia, and spores in its gut.

DISTRIBUTION Nineta gravida was previously known to occur in Canada on Vancouver Island, and specific localities were Victoria and Departure Bay near the present- day Nanaimo [SPENCER, 1942; GARLAND, 1981 (1982), Map 191. Gabriola Island, the site of the recently collected specimen, is located in the Strait of Georgia near Nanaimo.

DISCUSSION Discovery of Nineta gravida in 1999 on Gabriola Island validates the retention of that species as a component of the fauna of British Columbia, and therefore of Canada. On present evidence, it occurs from south-coastal British Columbia, south through Washington, Oregon and California including Yosemite National Park, which occurs in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of east- central California (SCHOENHERR, 1992). Based on the specimen from Bellingham, Washington, N. gravida could be anticipated on the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, e.g., Vancouver's Stanley Park, and potentially in other undisturbed areas of south-coastal British Columbia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. G. G. E. Scudder, Professor Emeritus, University of British Columbia, made the recent specimen available for study. Dr. M. Corlett [retired], and Mr. S. 50 GARLAND, J. A.

Darbyshire, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, kindly commented on its gut contents.

REFERENCES

ADAMS, P. A,, 1967. A review of the Mesochrysinae and Nothochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Haward University, Bullettn of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 135:215-238. BANKS, N., 1911. Descriptions of new species of North American Neuropteroid . Transactions of the American Entomological Society 37:335-360, pls. xi-xiii. BARNARD, P. C., 1984. Adult morphology related to classification. Pages 19-29, in: M. CANARD et al. (Eds.). Biology of Chrysopidae. Dr. W. Junk Publishers. The Hague. 294 pp. BASSETT, I. J., CROMPTON, C. W. & PARMELEE, J. A,, 1978. An Atlas of Airborne Pollen Grains and Common Fungus Spores of Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Monograph No. 18. 321 pp. BROOKS, S. J., 1997. An overview of the current status of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) systematics. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrifr 2:267-275. BROOKS, S. J. & BARNARD, P. C., 1990. The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the Briti~hMuseum of Natural History (Entomology) 59: 1 17-286. GARLAND, J. A., 1979. Meleoma schwarzi: an addition to the Canadian fauna (Neuropteroida Planipennia: Chrysopidae). The Canadian Entomologist 11 1:745-746. GARLAND, J. A., 1981 (1982). The of Chrysopidae of Ca~iadaand Alaska (Insecta:Neuroptera). Ph. D. Thesis, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada. 1:l-418. 2:132 figs. & 24 maps. GARLAND, J. A., 1984. Catalogue of Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Neuroptera). Neuroptera International 3:93-94. GARLAND, J. A., 1985. Identification of Chrysopidae in Canada, with bionomic notes (Neuroptera). The Canadian Entomologist 117:737-762. HOLZEL, H., 1965. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Chrysopidae: die Nineta Gruppe. (Planipennia, Chrysopidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaji Osterreichischer Entomologen 17:91-98. HOLZEL, H., 1970. Zur generischen Klassifikation der palaarktischen Chrysopinae. Eine neue Gattung und zwei neue Untergattungen der Chrysopidae (Planipennia). Zeitschrift der A~beitsgemeinschaftOsterreichischer Entomologen 22:44-52. NAVAS, L., 1912. Cris6pidos y hemer6bidos (ins. Neuroptera) nuevos 6 criticos. Brote'ria 10: 98-113. PENNY, N. D., ADAMS, P. A. & STANCE, L. A,, 1997. Species catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera of America north of Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 5059-1 14. SCHOENHERR, A. A., 1992. A Natural History of California. California Natural History Guides:56. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. SCOPOLI, J. A., 1763. Entomologia Carniolica. J.T. Trattner, Vindobonae. SMITH, R. C., 1932. The Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) of Canada. Annals of the Entomological Society ofAmerica 25:579-601. SPENCER, G. J., 1942. A preliminary list of the Neuroptera of British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 38:23-28. TJEDER, B., 1966. Neuroptera - Planipennia. The lace-wings of southern Africa. 5. Family Chrysopidae. South African Life 12:228-534.

Received: 5 VI 2000 Accepted: 5 VII 2000 Bibliography of the Neuropterida

Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 9974

Reference Citation: Garland, J. A. 2000 [2001.04.30]. Rediscovery of Nineta gravida (Banks, 1911) in British Columbia and review of the genus Nineta Navás, 1912 in Canada (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Neuropterology 3:43-50.

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