Climate Adaptation

Managing Rainwater in Frederiksberg Municipality

Marija Cvijovic : 70059 Frédéric Duhau : 70166 Laura Palmgren Poulsen: 72070

Number of characters: 85 656 ​

January 6th, 2021 Roskilde, Denmark

Abstract

Climate change is already affecting cities and urban environments. In Denmark, the climate change threat is mainly oriented toward heavy rains, cloudbursts, and flooding that are rising every year. In 2011, a major cloudburst created significant material and economic damages for both public and private sectors, decreasing the entire region's liveability. The situation highlighted the necessity of integrating climate scenarios within urban planning, leading to the creation of a climate adaptation plan. This project seeks to examine the climate adaptation plans of the municipality of Frederiksberg. We start analysing Frederiksberg's current situation, including its vulnerability and understanding its threats faced to the climate change crisis. We studied several climate adaptation and cloudburst management plans from different years, analysing the strategies and raising critiques according to our main theoretical focus points. We investigated the impacts of Frederiksberg's climate adaptation plans towards resilience, urban metabolism and livability. We could discover that urban metabolism has undergone a change that focuses on nature. It correlates with our livability findings, showing that increasing urban nature improves the general livability and quality of life. The process of climate adaptation is generally suffering from a lack of complete resilience translated by a lack of democratised citizens participation. Frederiksberg climate adaptation plan impacts the urban metabolism, improves its livability, and gives open opportunities to reconsider the actor's role within a resilience process.

Table of Content

Abstract 1

Introduction 2

Delimitation 3

Problem Analysis 4

Problem formulation 9

Project Design 10 ​ Methodology and Methods 11

Theories 14 ​ Analysis 20 ​ Discussion 32 ​ Conclusion 38 ​ References 39

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Introduction

Climate change is nowadays a reality that threatens many regions in the world. In Denmark, according to the Centre for Climate Adaptation (2021) climate change is predominantly represented by the constant increase of the rain quantity. It creates the particularity generating a drier summer with law precipitation rate decreasing of 18%, and at the contrary winters will suffer from heavy precipitation creating a locally unbalanced rainwater repartition. The report states that until 2100 an increase of rains of 40% in winter is expected compared to nowadays. Another issue is raised, showing that the amount of time raining will decrease, which means that heavy rains will be located in a specific place, leading to a local saturation of the sewage system and finally floodings.

Copenhagen region, including Frederiksberg, is particularly vulnerable by having dense neighbourhoods in exposed areas. In July 2011, a 1000-year rain event flooded a large part of the region leading to consequent damages in the city.

Frederiksberg is considered as a wealthy municipality which centres its urban planning to have high livability recognition. As climate change is the main threat against the local livability, Frederiksberg decided to tackle these risks by starting a long-term climate adaptation strategy based on a 50-year duration programme.

Curious about these measures for improving quality of life despite a significant threat, we have decided to analyse Frederiksberg municipality rainwater management considering its climate adaptation plans and cloudburst management programmes. To understand and analyse how the municipality is planning a solution for the future, we will highlight the interrelation between the principle of urban metabolism, climate resilience, and livability from Frederiksberg strategies and actions.

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Delimitation

Our research paper set aside various aspects that are not responding to our specific problem orientation perceptive.

● The SUDS are not analysed into technical detail such as specifying the plumbing choice, the organisation of the installation and mentioning precise effects such as the quantity of water absorbed. SUDS analysis is another complete study that requires knowledge in engineering; thus, it has been excluded.

● A topography analysis into details would have brought insightful information, but as our project is centred into a large zone, it would not have been suitable to consider it within the amount of time we disposed of for the entire project.

● We refrain from going further into the economy of the climate adaptation plans. We do not focus on the pricing of the climate adaptation process. Some prices will be mentioned only as illustrative data or to make a brief comparison to facilitate understanding.

● We are not presenting other climate change issues that are potentially threatening the same localisation. We stay only focused on adaptation against cloudburst and other types of extreme rain events, potentially creating floodings.

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Problem Analysis

Climate adaptation is a challenge that is not reduced to a single local project, but on the contrary, it is a need that is touching large affected areas in the entire Copenhagen region. Because of this current situation, we have chosen not to focus in a particular place, but instead to work around a large area choosing Frederiksberg's municipality. We decided to analyse its climate adaptation through the different plans and strategies released after the cloudburst of July 2011. We will consider the technological solutions that Frederiksberg is promoting and how it is affecting its urban planning and its consequences. We want to stay critics analysing the efficiency of the measures taken.

The municipality of Frederiksberg has since 2012 been working towards climate adaptations of their streets after discovering that their current sewage systems were not sustainable for the change in the climate. In 2019 the Frederiksberg released a document named Yearly Rapport, Climate Adaptation stating that they wanted to work intensely with climate adaptation (Årsrapport for klimatilpasning, 2019).

Since Frederiksberg is located inside the municipality of Copenhagen working with a diversion of the water is necessary. Because of it, Frederiksberg has made different goals for the rainwater adaptation in the area. One of these goals is to disconnect at least 30% of the rainwater from existing systems such as the sewage systems.

As part of the climate adaptation goal of Frederiksberg municipality, a hierarchy of solutions has been made. The hierarchy consists of 5 different ways of handling rainwater, presenting the number one as the most attractive and at the contrary the number five as the least attractive.

1. Reuse Water could be reused before being released in the sewer system, for example, the toilets flush, the garden water for plants and finally the washing machines. Reusing water highlights the requirement and necessity to reserve it with water tanks, cisterns, basins, or vats until its use.

2. Seepage ​ Seepage through the ground and to the groundwater (water table). The seepage and absorption process requires time and, therefore, would not be suitable as a unique alternative to manage sudden rainwater excess.

3. Diversion on terrain ​ Diversion to tunnels and aquatic areas, where water can either be stored or diverted further from the specific area with the least possible damage. This method can lead to localised saturation of the network. Artificialization of the flow path does not reduce the amount of water to be treated.

4. Separate diversion ​

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Uses the same principle as a field diversion, except that the rainwater is moved over longer distances to remove it from the area at risk. May be questioned concerning the final destination that receives all the rainwater. It can be a problem displacement

5. Common diversion ​ The latter measure is the least beneficial for the city, and it consists of merely diverting water to the sewage and wastewater treatment plants. This measure would be an alternative that should be considered as a last resort solution.

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) SUDS or Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems are collections of water management approaches that aim to align modern drainage systems with natural water cycles, such as soil absorption and bio-filtration. In recent decades SUDs have become irreplaceable and beneficial key points in urban development, especially in places where the sea-level rise and significant amounts of rainfall can cause damage to liveable areas. Combining techniques used in SUDS is a mixture of natural water management processes and technological achievements that can regenerate and reduce public usage of natural water. Thus, creating a better and more sustainable environment both in the metropolitan and rural areas. According to Woods Ballard et al. (2007), "the SUDS approach includes a series of elements, ranging from soaking basins to pounds, which must be used to follow the natural drainage pattern at each location." It is stated that this pattern as a system has been classified by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) into a "hierarchy of techniques” used "in series to reduce pollution incrementally, flow rates and volumes". In recent years, SUDs have been used in Copenhagen's city development and implemented in many different projects around the metropolitan area, to reduce possible damage from unexpected cloudbursts in the future.

One of these projects is Enghaveparken, a central public square in Vesterbro district, surrounded by residential buildings and public institutions. Different mechanisms are implemented in parks designed to irrigate green areas by posing as architecturally designed landscapes encircled by the rainwater drainage system. While looking at Copenhagen commune planning documents, which have presented Vesterbro as one of the most vulnerable flood risk areas, we can see that Enghaveparken is serving a long-lasting purpose of protecting the local area from future floods because of its unique location and considerable size. Moreover, seeing Vesterbro as one of Copenhagen's most liveable parts, by doing that, it also contributes to social livability. Solutions were implemented on a scale set by the collaborative planning team, scaling from Level 1 to 3.

● LEVEL 1: The aim is to reduce the likelihood of the event happening, preferably to prevent it entirely. It is established to build dikes, buildings higher above sea level, local adaptation of sewer capacity and local management of stormwater. If these measures can be implemented effectively, levels 2 and 3 measures will not be applied. ● LEVEL 2: The aim is to reduce the scale of the event. At this level are implemented; warning systems for rain, the establishment of watertight basements, sandbags, an adaptation of public spaces to store rainwater. If these measures can be taken effectively, level 3 measures will not be applied.

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● LEVEL 3: The aim is to reduce the vulnerability faced to the rain-event by taking measures that make it easier and cheaper to clear up after it. At this level, extensive utilisation of basements and emergency preparedness with pumps are required.

Picture 1. Tables showing three levels of adaptation entail widely differing solution models, ​ depending on how large a geographical area the action has to cover Miljø Metropolen (2011)

According to this example, we can see how nature protection is accomplished by preserving and celebrating liveability and leisure aspects of everyday life. By inviting people in the park, SUDS became a tool for better liveability and an example of a skillful planning practice. These solutions have become a vital planning agenda in the municipality of Frederiksberg and can be understood by researching the planning documents. Implementation of SUDS in different infrastructure projects should reduce overall water consumption and lift their citizens' liveability standards and contribute to protecting the metropolitan area from future cloudbursts that could resolve in floods and cause possible damage both to public and privately owned property.

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Picture 2: Map showing the flow of water in Frederiksberg, taken from Scalgo Live Global ​ (Scalgo, 2020).

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Picture 3: Topographic map showing the terrain elevation of Copenhagen Region and the ​ watershed division. Assembled map using Topographic-map.com. (2021) and Frederiksberg ​ Kommune (2017a)

Topography and Water Flow According to the elevation topography of Frederiksberg in picture 3 and the disposition of the existing sewer system in picture 2, we can understand the territory's situation and its challenges.

Frederiksberg municipality is landlocked inside Copenhagen and located on one of the highest zones of the urban region. The watershed division is separating Frederikserg between two zones, the west and the east part. The geographical disposition obligates Copenhagen and Frederiksberg to work together as the runoff effects can create issues in the lowest parts. Frederiksberg's east side is oriented to release its water toward the Copenhagen's districts of Norrebro, Vesterbro and the inner lakes, the Vodroffs-Rosenåen, Kalvebod Strand and

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finally the harbour. At the opposite side, the west part is oriented toward the districts of Valøse, Valby, Damhussøen lake and Harrestrup A creek. ​ ​ ​ ​

The topography allows us to identify the vulnerable areas which are low and so highly exposed to floods due to cloudburst or intense rain event periods. One hundred old sewerage systems mainly equip Frederiksberg and Copenhagen municipalities to support a 10-year rain event that is insufficient regarding cloudburst threat generating 1000-year event rain events.

Summary Both Frederiksberg and Copenhagen municipalities are related and connected with a specific topography that creates the need to collaborate and change urban governance to tackle climate change threats. The challenges are different, but the interest is equal. Frederiksberg municipality has to find manners to avoid the runoff effect toward Copenhagen.

Problem Formulation We inquire about acquiring a more profound understanding of Frederiksberg municipality's climate adaptation plans through this project. We intend to use several methods to understand what impact the plans will have on the city. To reach our goals, we implemented the following problem formulation and sub-questions:

What are the impacts of Frederiksberg's climate adaptation plans looking at resilience, urban metabolism, and livability?

● How is urban metabolism changing? ● How does resilience influence the effect of climate adaptation plans? ● How do the plans change the livability of the municipality of Frederiksberg?

The sub-questions are used as a guideline for our analysis and discussion. Here we attempt first to understand how urban metabolism is changing with the plans analysing how Frederiksberg's resilience is impacting the execution of the plans, and how this same execution will impact the general livability of the impacted urban spaces.

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Project Design

Picture 4: Overall structure of the project. ​ ​

Project design section introduces an overview of the project structure to improve the reader's understanding of the reporting workflow, represented through the previous figure.

The problem analysis section introduces the project's problem field and our ambitions working on Frederiksberg municipality current aims towards climate adaptation. It includes a short description of the hierarchy of solutions that the municipality is operating, the Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), using an example of field research previously made in Vesterbro, analysing Enghavenparken the municipalities requirements on adaptation levels, which leads to the project's problem formulation. Our problem formulation and sub-questions are explained, followed by our methodology and methods section.

The project theories section explains the main theories approaching relevant critics to analyse our problem formulation and consider different perspectives. We have chosen to focus on Carl Folke theories exposing the principle of resilience, followed by Matthew Gandy

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theories related to urban metabolism and finally, Jan Gehl's livability theories, supported by twelve urban quality criteria.

The analysis section is divided between for parts. Firstly we analysed the actors involved in the climate adaptation of Frederiksberg. Secondly, we analysed how the climate adaptation plan and the cloudburst management are considered resilient and, ultimately, how much the change impacts the urban metabolism. The last analysis part focuses on livability planning around newly climate-adapted areas and presents by visualising how livability is efficient or improved.

The discussion is divided into two focus points. The first one is oriented on discussing the hierarchy of solutions created by Frederiksberg's municipality, and the second one is oriented toward the overall climate adaptation plan, related urban metabolism, resilience, and livability.

Finally, the project concludes with a conclusion on our problem formulation concerning our findings.

Methodology and Methods

This part introduces the methodology explaining the process used to respond to our problem formulation. In order to reach various levels of information and data, we considered using several methodological techniques. We notice that the whole situation needs to be approached by defensible and holistic considerations because our problem formulation is touching an unknown global situation threatening human interactions. It led us to consider qualitative research methods, highlighted by Flick (2018. p.13), stating that "qualitative research is oriented towards analysing concrete cases in their temporal and local particularity". Adopting a qualitative research method would allow us to embrace a reflective process, giving some subjectivity because of our interpretation. We also conceived interpreting some quantitative research results and numbers to allow us to discuss them, highlight important points and make conclusions according to the current situation.

Picture and Visual Data Analysis Jung (2009, p.117), demonstrates that "qualitative images represent maps, photographs, sketches or other visual forms of information". She highlights that these qualitative images are already carrying an interpretation, a special meaning and finally an experiential knowledge from the individual or group of persons that created them. Wheeldon (2009) exposes that through the graphic construction of experience, the researchers could adopt another view of seeing the world. Finally, Flick (2019, p.356), states that the use of pictures as part of the research "involves a specific focus on an issue." Its selectivity constructs the research orientation. Confucius was saying that one image is powerful enough to represent one thousand words. In fact, we started the research impacted by strong pictures showing flooded streets during the cloudburst of July 2011, highlighting the urgency of acting against global warming. It raised our interest to start our investigation around the climate adaptation necessity. Apart

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from powerful photos, we decided to use visual data as a source of information using graphic representation, flooding forecaster maps, several GIS resources, SUDS diagrams, official projects announce, and visual renders. The large type of support helps to understand Frederiksberg's concrete situation, visualise how the territory is related with Copenhagen, evaluate the climate threat challenges, raise new questions, and have a more explicit identification of the problem. Online visual support has been used as well to understand more complex considerations, for example, to understand some critical concept of the theoretical part. We watched some recorded lectures and presentations from Carl Folke (2019), explaining the challenging context of applying the resilience approach and some technical videos presenting the SUDS, or several climate-adapted projects.

Document and Literature Analysis Flick (2018, p.378), exposes that documents and literature are "seen as a means of communication" and can be considered as a base for the project research. He highlights that they are instructive and allow us to understand "social realities in institutional contexts". Finally, he completes by stating that document analysis is useful in "addition to other forms of data" and provides context. Wolff (2004) confirms that they are a way of contextualising information. Bowen (2009, pp.29-31) introduces five main characteristics that using document analysis delivers. Documents are "proving context", they "contain information", they are useful for "data research", employed to study a "change" or "development" and finally they can be used to "verify findings or corroborate evidence from other sources". Flick (2018), finishes by raising concerns according to the way documents are generated: What are the intentions behind the documents? Which institutions are they? What are their values and, for which purpose the document has been made?

Considering these previous statements, we use document analysis and lecture analysis methods as our primary data providers. It offers us the advantage to consider various categories of sources from the municipalities of Frederiksberg and Copenhagen, from private companies such as Ramboll that allow us to use them, compare them and interpret according to our problem formulation and theoretical orientation. Our research is mainly analysing Cloudburst Management Reports and Climate Adaptation Reports of different years from Frederiksberg and its immediate surroundings.

In conclusion, documents and literature are used in a first moment to interpret the theoretical concepts and perspectives from the different researchers. In a second time, they are used to detect and expose factual data related to our problem formulation such as the climate adaptation plan from Frederiksberg municipality linked with Copenhagen. Finally, it helps us develop a critical perspective by comparing the first findings with other sources, such as private actors or companies' reports that are equally concerned and involved in this climate adaptation process. According to our problem formulation sense of urgency and its impact in the present, we consider the most recent publications as possible.

Example of the variety of reports analysed and considered.

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Methods Process Based on the different sources of information collected, we expose the current situation of Frederiksberg climate adaptation challenge and how the municipality is tackling the global warming threat linked with Copenhagen. We want to use theories to expose different visions, focus and analyse through different perspectives to be able to critique the process of climate adaptation. Some following questions lead us to consider theoretical perspectives and guide us through the analysis according to our problem formulation.

How the transformations change the livability of the spaces? Considering the large dimension of the climate adaptation projects, are they representing every member of the biosphere during the process? In this sense, the concept of resilience could be considered. Are these changes impacting the morphology of the city and creating new reconsideration, new normality? So, can we speak about urban metabolism?

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Theories

Carl Folke

Introduction: Carl Folke is a Swedish environmental scientist, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences. He is a specialist and focused on social-ecological systems and environmental resilience. He created the Resilience Alliance that gathers active international researchers to develop a common language and theories around the resilience principle initially born in the ’70s. Carl Folke critiques humanity's current situation that tends to be described as the Anthropocene. Even if humanity is highly influencing the biosphere, he believes that the change can happen. How are we able to change? Is humanity able to adopt progressive change or will we suffer from a brutal global shift regime breaking everyone's life's pathway?

Folke (2019), introduces the Resilience thinking which is divided by the necessity to persist in order to continue the change, to adapt reaching the new necessities and finally transform if the pathway is not adapted for any change. In his book, Folke (2006, p.253-67.), introduces three main concepts that approach current conditions of change. He mentions the resilience approach, the vulnerability research and finally, the adaptive creativity.

Concepts definition and link to our problem formulation: Resilience approach is about understanding the social-ecological dynamics. It reveals and emphasises the limits of it and shows how much these dynamics can be dispersive from one situation to another. This approach highlights that dynamic change is interaction through temporal and spatial scales. Folke (2016), states that the social-ecological dynamic of resilience “gathers the individual, the community, the entire society and the biosphere”. The challenge through the resilience perspective is to understand the social process as social learning. It includes “the visioning, the scenario building, agents and actor groups, institutional and organisational inertia and change, adaptive capacity, transformability and systems of adaptive governance”. They allow managing essential ecosystem services.

Considering our problem formulation, the resilience approach can be a way to critique and understand the current situation of the municipality of Fredericksberg and its surroundings. Its holistic approach is a relevant data collection opportunity, linking the climate change threat and risk on the urban environment; comparing the decisions and realisations coming from the political side. Is Frederiksberg qualified as persisting into the change having already effective climate adapted installation? If the change is politically less considered, would we still need to speak about adaptation instead of transformation? The resilience approach highlights the level of difficulty perceived by the municipality and exposes the degree of engagement taken.

The vulnerability research approach is about the susceptibility of being damaged by being ​ exposed to stresses during environmental and societal changes or by the absence of adaptation capacities. Research is centred on the impacts that generate climate change. The goal is to create reliable and credible measures through diverse methodologies, including the perception of risk, vulnerabilities, and threat on the spaces and finally the

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promotion of adaptive actions. Vulnerability research is as well a participatory and democratic step, allowing communities, citizens groups to assess and identify the planned strategies of adaptation.

This concept is related to our problem formulation as it concerns directly vulnerable zones, threatened by climate change. Several questions can be raised concerning the actual process of change in Frederiksberg Commune. How do different actors and residents accept this process? Is the change enough to respond to the risk strategy plan? What is the scale of ​ the risk plan considered? Other questions concerning the vulnerability research approach characteristics could timely be potential interview content for the municipality.

The adaptive capacity approach is implemented in a practical way to generate precise ​ adaptations up to the community scale. Adaptations are responses to risks, interacting with environmental hazards and human vulnerability. Within the climate change context, impact assessments are using adaptation climate scenarios to estimate potential damages and effectuate adjustments. An issue is raised showing that adaptation initiatives are mainly focused on risks that are already considered as problematic. Climate change is considered along with other environmental and social stresses, “most of which adaptations are integrated into other resource management, disaster preparedness and sustainable development programmes” (Folke, 2006, p.253-67).

This concept represents our problem formulation considering that adaptation is responding to a risk which can be settled in different scales. The scenarios on climate change behaviour help Frederiksberg to take specific strategies to be prepared and face an eventual natural disaster. Adaptive capacity perspective leads to consider new points of research, especially on the impact assessments and the planning adjustments that keep updating reliable decisions with relevant data inputs. In another hand a livability evaluation can be settled to define what are the losses at the community scales by being vulnerable, and how a climate adapted place could create new opportunities.

Conclusion: Carl Folke’s concepts and its considerations on the principle of change are directly related to our problem formulation. His analysis can be used to generate or criticize the main discussion of our work. It concerns the understanding of the political strategy, the responses faced to the climate threat by the municipality and all the social challenges related to the change.

Matthew Gandy

Introduction: Matthew Gandy is a professor at the department of geography from Cambridge University and generally looks at the mix of nature and urban cities. As an urban and environmental geographer, he writes about both urban nature and water in the city, concerning both sewers and flooding. Gandy looks at water in terms of what happens beneath and above the ground. In his studies, he spans from looking at the mid-nineteenth century and up until now. Gandy

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considers "urban metabolism" which is a term applied to analyzing the way of looking at water systems all over the world and through their history.

Concepts definition and link to our problem formulation: Gandy describes the "urban metabolism" as something similar to the human metabolism, ​ ​ ​ something that keeps things working correctly. He explains the urban metabolism as a flow of materials, energy and information throughout the city. A vital part of this, and therefore also the city itself, is water (Gandy, 2004.). In terms of climate adaptation and flooding, we see that water is not only a necessity to have but also something that can be, and might need to be, controlled. Looking at the urban water metabolism through the history of the city, it is clear that the outlook on water is changing. Before the 1100’s we accustomed our lives around the excitisting water, seas and streams to survive, while after the 1100’s we started accustoming the water and its flow to our needs for either protection from enemies or fire, protection from illness or for leisure.

As part of this Gandy explains "the bacteriological city". This phenomenon started in the 1800s, with diseases and new science such as microbiology. The newfound spread of disease called for a new way of controlling the water inside the city and the city of Paris invented the two-part sewers to improve health, changing the structure of the urban metabolism (Gandy, 2004.). This is just an example of how changes from the outside can have a lasting impact on the way we treat and build our water networks.

Our problem formulation needs the urban metabolism theory to analyse how we can reconsider and change the way we use water in the city. It introduces the water retention and soil integration principle to limitate the runoff effect, avoiding the saturation of Frederiksberg municipality sewers. These new concerns are changing the urban metabolism.

Gandy introduces "The hidden city": which correspond to the city infrastructure, such as ​ ​ ​ ​ water equipment, sewers, that are hidden underground. The infrastructure of the hidden city ​ has been left in the hands of engineers, whereas the visible infrastructure to designers, architects and urban planners. (Gandy, 2004.). According to our problem formulation, it would be centered on the underground climate adaptation systems, such as water basins, sewage systems and other underground tunnels used to handle rainwater.

He points out that water is not only viewed in a technological form considering the flooding combat. It has a symbolic role having an impact in the social and cultural aspects in both concepts of the hidden city and underground water systems. Concerning our problem ​ formulation on climate adapting streets, we consider that water management takes in consideration both under and overground flows activities. This theory and its ideas will be used to analyse the outlook for impact on water adaptation and the habitability of adapted areas.

Gandy argues we are moving towards fragmentation and polarization in the urban ​ technological landscape, seen by a decline in investment in urban infrastructure projects and a desire to please stakeholders rather than the community around. This criticism is shared by Marx, considering that capitalism sometimes stands in the way of the public good,

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especially for those with fewer resources. Regarding climate adaptation, it is not a concern in Frederiksberg as the municipality primarily leads these projects. He emphasizes it writing "why has technical expertise failed to provide universal access to potable water or better protection from floods?" From his notes, he seems to believe that the answer lies in wealth and power, and again might be contributed to capitalism (Gandy, 2004).

He also argues that we are moving towards more rational municipal planning and away from ​ the laissez-faire policies of earlier days (Gandy, 2004.). He describes that in rational planning, there is always a right or wrong solution and a way of planning. Then, it is necessary to keep in mind a specific goal and plan for it, trying to think about all negatives and positives solutions to overcome them. This way of planning is criticised for its defects, because of the impossibility to plan all the solutions and consequences. It is very much focused on science and technology. This is seen in part in current climate adaptation planning, where we have a strong sense of the "right" kind of planning and use scientific arguments and calculations to determine the expected consequences.

Conclusion: According to our problem formulation, we plan to use Gandy's theories on primarily urban ​ metabolism to see how hidden and climate adaptation systems are affected and how they are changing.

Jan Gehl

Introduction: Jan Gehl is a Danish architect considered as one of the most influential thinkers in the world on city design and use of urban public spaces. He graduated with a Masters of Architecture from the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. Influenced by his wife Ingrid who is a ​ ​ psychologist, Gehl developed a curiosity toward how city design impacts its inhabitants. He investigated the interaction between public space and public life. Gehl studied the space between the buildings for over 50 years. His studies analyse numerous capital cities around the world, and focus especially on Copenhagen’s history which makes it relevant for our problem formulation. Gehl's essential contribution to urban planning and architecture provides awareness of how people use cities and how urban design changes or influences people habits (Stubbs, 2020). Gehl's theory is not focused on climate adaptation itself, but on how people are using public spaces and what needs to be implemented while designing them to create livability. In relation to our problem formulation Gehl will help us in understanding what makes a space livable and how to examine a space for livability markers.

Concepts definition and link to our problem formulation: Gehl explains in Cities for People, that many cities did not focus on the human aspect during ​ ​ their plannifications of the built space. He observes that the decisions in a top-down urban planning are ignoring the human scales and does not feature organic growth or development of senses. This is shown by new ideologies which have been emphasizing the necessity of profitability making functional and fast urbanism (Harrouk, 2020). ​ ​

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Gehl (2014), introduces the Twelve Quality Criteria as a tool to investigate the way that people are experiencing public space. He precises that it is implemented to determine if the different characteristics of the public space are comfortable and enjoyable for the users.

According to a previous analysis of the livability of Enghaveparken, a new climate adapted area in Copenhagen, we can raise conclusions to define what are the positive and negative effects of this climate transformation. This analysis can be transcribed in our problem formulation context regarding Frederiksberg municipality. Through a comparaison we could be able to understand the challenges of creating new livable spaces within a climate adapted transformation process.

To conduct such thoughtful research on livability in place, we decided to use the following "Twelve Urban Quality Criteria" worksheet (Picture 4). ​ ​ We analysed a vulnerable place in Vesterbro that potentially suffers from Frederiksberg's water runoff, one of the lowest points of the zone. Enghaveparken is a compelling case because it is one of the largest climate adaptation projects of the country. The park is designed to receive cloudburst rainwater adapted for a 100-year rain event from the street, sewers, and all the buildings surroundings' roofs. We could observe the place's livability after being climate-adapted and speculating on how it would be once treating different rain events. The Twelve Urban Quality Criteria's use highlighted the place's efficiency, hiding as much as possible the artificial side and embracing nature efficiency. We observed how the pedestrians are using the space and imagined how they could be affected by the park's progressive transformation into a lake. We classified each criteria of protection, comfort, and enjoyment, assigning a positive, medium or negative value. This efficiently helped us to be aware of the livability standards and raise our critique toward the public space in general and more especially toward climate adaptation imagining its potential impact during its operation. (Gehl, 2014.)

Gehl theories are mostly adaptable to urban spaces in larger cities. An urban space that functions well in a city might not function well in a rural area and vice versa. It has to be considered when using or applying his different theories. In our particular case, we are working with urban spaces in a large city that this theory is well-fitted. The critical point about such theories is the subjective nature of the results, which depend on the researcher's perspective in a singular public place. Besides, some points, such as the feeling of safety, are not scientifically proven.

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Picture 5: 12 Urban Quality Criteria (Gehl, 2014) ​ ​

Conclusion This type of study is crucial to create more sustainable and safer areas that will protect the urban environment from the consequences of climate change. It will help us to understand how to provide more liveable and attractive people-centred spaces, considering that more than half of the world's population lives in urban areas (Ritchie, 2019.) This percentage will

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increase in the coming decades, and as Gehl (2014) points out, "we need to think if we want our cities to work well for their future inhabitants".

Analysis

Part 1: Actors Identification The actors in this project include Frederiksberg forsyning, BIOFOS and the surrounding citizens, both private and public actors. Another main actor is Copenhagen's municipality, working closely with Frederiksberg as it geographically surrounds it and shares the same infrastructure. They have both the same shared interest in climate adapt the cities. These actors have been found in the Yearly Rapport for Climate Adaptation 2019. Below these actors, their interest and their influence will be individually explained.

Municipality of Copenhagen Frederiksberg is located inside and landlocked by the municipality of Copenhagen. Because of the topography, water is running from both municipalities toward and through each other. It means that Frederiksberg is dependent on Copenhagen in terms of climate adaptation. Besides, Copenhagen is very focused on climate adaptation being also very exposed to the climate change threat. The situation and their shared interests make them strong collaborative partners.

The collaboration is bilateral with shared knowledge regarding the climate adaptation processes and works, so solutions and initiatives are shared between both municipalities. Copenhagen is very concerned about the Frederiksberg adaptation because its topography is more elevated than Copenhagen. The majority of Frederiksberg rainwater, runoff directly toward Copenhagen low geographical points which creates critical issues (Frederiksberg Kommune, 2020).

Moreover, both municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg are subject to actors' plans or laws higher in the planning hierarchy, such as the state (picture 6). The municipal plans regarding climate adaptation have to correlate with the higher state and regional plans, and therefore the municipalities also have an interest in the plans made in these sectors (By. og Landskabsstyrelsen, 2010).

The municipality of Copenhagen is involved regarding: ● Planning of the sewage system and cloudburst tunnels ● Establish the ongoing service level

Frederiksberg Forsyning Frederiksberg forsyning is an energy and resource provider company that distributes electricity, heating and water to the citizens for Frederiksberg. They work as well with climate adaptation strategies concerning water and rain. The company is 100% owned by Frederiksberg municipality, so sharing the same interests and strategies regarding climate

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adaptation. Consequently, the company works to execute the local, regional and state planning (Frederiksberg Forsyning, 2020a.).

Frederiksberg Forsyning is involved regarding: ● Planning of the sewage system and cloudburst tunnels ● Looking for reviewing cloudburst solutions ● Building new co-owned wastewater basins if needed

HOFOR HOFOR is the primary supplier of energy, water and heating in Copenhagen and is also in charge of wastewater management and climate adaptation systems (HOFOR, 2020a.). HOFOR is owned principally by Copenhagen's municipality and some surrounding municipalities such as Dragør, Herlev, and Albertslund. Copenhagen's interests and these other owners surrounding municipalities have aligned interests and share management in the same direction. As municipalities own HOFOR it is therefore also subject to the state and regional plans.

HOFOR is involved regarding: ● Planning and maintenance of the sewage system ● Building new co-owned wastewater basins if needed ● Approving the new service level

BIOFOS BIOFOS essentially works with wastewater and owns the most significant wastewater facilities in Copenhagen, Lynetten and Avedøre. BIOFOS is owned by 15 different municipalities including the municipality of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg (Skjøtt, 2014). As they are partly owned by both municipalities, this also means that BIOFOS will share their interests. BIOFOS has the power to make suggestions that can be shared within the collaboration process, but cannot make any decisions as this is up to the municipality.

BIOFOS is involved regarding: ● Planning and maintenance of the sewage system ● Approving the new service level

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Picture 6: Representation of the danish planning hierarchy. Translated from the municipality ​ of Hørsholm (Hørsholm Kommune, 2020.)

Citizens and business owners of Frederiksberg As the citizens and business owners are in the bottom of the planning hierarchy, it also means that they are subject to all plans made by the above and have the shortest amount of influence (Picture 6). Despite this fact, they are also considered being actors that are very much affected by any decisions. When it comes to more technological decisions, citizens' involvement is often skipped beside the mandatory hearings. In this particular case, it is hard to figure out what kind of participation level has been achieved as it is not mentioned in any climate adaptation reports. However, an old report from 2013 made by University of Copenhagen states that at that point, besides informing the citizens on how to climate adapt their plots themselves, the only real participation was the mandatory eight-week hearings (Hedensted Lund, 2013).

Without interviewing the citizens, it is impossible to conclude on their interests. However, climate adaptation might be designed to prevent floodings; it can lead to financial saving for both the citizens and businesses in areas considered vulnerable. Another common interest is highlighted regarding the citizens owning real estate by increasing their livability and attractiveness once transformed. It generally raises the land value leading to increasing real estate and housing prices. To non-real estate owners, this attractiveness and livability might improve life quality by refurbishing streets or other public spaces. For example, the integration of SUDS might increase the streets greenery space improving the pedestrian and

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residents comfort. For businesses, livability rises' attractiveness is also very considered because it positively affects the business flow and makes it stronger, often generating more income.

Other private actors The private actors involved in Frederiksberg's climate adaptation are changing from year to year, as the municipality outsourced architectural or engineering tasks. As an example of this Frederiksberg used to work with Rambøll in 2017 as they made two Cloudburst plans for the municipality. These actors have not been mentioned in the yearly climate adaptation plans from either 2019 nor 2020, for which reason we will leave them out of the actor identification.

Summary Most of the actors involved in Frederiksberg's climate adaptation planning are public actors associated with Frederiksberg or Copenhagen's municipality. Collaborations with private companies are almost non-existent.

Part 2: Resilience and Urban Metabolism On the 2nd of July 2011, a cloudburst representing a 1000 year rainwater event (150 millimeters of water) fell in two hours on Copenhagen Region saturating the old centenary sewage system designed to support up to a 10-year rainwater event. The non-capacity of rainwater management created significant floods in many points of the cities affecting the entire society, including individuals, communities, companies or more generally the city biosphere. The damage has been estimated to 7.4 billion DKK (one billion euros) to Copenhagen and Frederiksberg's municipalities. This major event awoke the municipalities and the Danish society towards a severe threat due to climate change. (Ramboll, 2016.)

Frederiksberg is landlocked in Copenhagen's municipality, which has led the two municipalities to work together to create a climate strategy to be protected from this trend, which predicts an increase in rainfall. From 2012, they compose the "Cloudburst Management Plan" (European Commission, 2016.), already taking into account the Danish Meteorological Previsions for 2100. It states that until winter 2100, the precipitation level will ascend to 55% with an increased intensity of 50% compared to 2011. This shared project represents a governmental metabolism that reveals an interdependency toward municipalities having the same motivations and interests to limit the over-rain prejudice. Considering Carl Folke approaches, it is possible to speak about a vulnerability research approach that generates new urban planning according to the new risks. Both municipalities started a profound change into their planning adopting adaptive creativity to understand the challenges from all the different perspectives present in the urban environment and implement concrete solutions built around a risk scenario of a 100-year rainwater event.

We can highlight that these new considerations irretrievably impact the municipalities development trajectory. In fact, climate change is leading and driving municipalities to actualize and reconsider their urban planning. New strategies demonstrate that being resilient toward the climate change threat proceeded to change urban metabolism. In response, both municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg launched a series of

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readaptation programmes. According to Hastrup Clemmensen et al. (2015), some substantial change and measures have been taken such as the reconsideration of the public spaces to make them greener increasing water retention to avoid the running off effect on the territory; or the creation of main rainwater channels directed toward Copenhagen internal lakes. These new adaptations' main goal was mainly to protect buildings and transport infrastructures with an introduction to community regeneration. It demonstrated the first steps regarding gathering actors of the urban biosphere in the resilience context.

One of the Adaptation and Cloudburst plan effects is to support the creation of the new measures and establish the “co-sharing of adaptation between both municipalities of Frederiksberg and Copenhagen, citizens and other private actors” (Hastrup Clemmensen et al., 2015). This co-sharing considers a set of adaptive capacities such as economic development, information and communication, social capital, and community competences. They are qualified as a community resilience which leads the community to enable the capacity to deal with change considering disasters (Norris et al., 2008).

In December 2015, in continuity with the first series of measures regarding the cloudburst plan, 300 urban climate adaptation projects shared between Frederiksberg and Copenhagen's municipalities were adopted to settle a strategic direction for the next 20 years. The projects are focused on adapting existing infrastructures with local solutions, integrating principles from the sustainable urban drainage systems. They emphasise the importance of water reuse, ground infiltration and absorption on site, to use the public sewage only in the last recourse. Urban and water metabolism are changing by reconsidering the use of water in the city (European Commission, 2016).

Henceforth, nature integration and reconnection are the central intermediary means to change and reorient water trajectory in the city through SUDS, such as rainwater gardens, climate-adapted parks, non-permeable floors, green roofs, community gardens or the creation of artificial lakes. The resilient city is changing its urban metabolism by promoting the ground’s de-artificialisation and the restoration of soil functions. It encourages a return to the natural side by the integration of green urbanism, being distant from any aspiration of the Anthropocene. Folke (2016), states that “a resilience approach would emphasize flexibility and opportunity of diverse pathways and keeping options open to be able to shift between those, in a manner that remains within the safe operating space of the biosphere, and with prosperity and abundance for humans in collaboration with biosphere resilience.” These new measures push collectives, communities, citizens, reduced businesses, or NGOs to develop local solutions in shared urban areas as experimentation. The process is supported by climate adaptation experts that collaborate and share their technical knowledge to put it in action.

Both summaries of the "Cloudburst Plan Concretisation" for Copenhagen West, Frederiksberg West, Frederiksberg est, Ladegårdså, and Vesterbro (Frederiksberg, 2017a. and Frederiksberg, 2017b.) are introducing main change in the cities that will profoundly reorganise the way water is considered. Modern metabolism tends to integrate nature in the heart of urban planning.

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Picture 7: Cloudburst Masterplan 2017 (Frederiksberg, 2017a.) Copenhagen and ​ Frederiksberg West

Legend order: Cloudburst roads, Delay routes, Central delay, Green roads, Cloudburst line, Municipal boundary

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Picture 8: Cloudburst Masterplan 2017 (Frederiksberg, 2017b.) of Ladegårdså, ​ Frederiksberg East and Vesterbro

Considering the previous climate adaptation masterplan we can see that, first, one important objective is to delay water runoff through the city by implementing green roads and on re-designed roadbeds, permeable pavement, gutters with overflow edges, and on terrain at road bumps. The cities would build cloudburst roads, but their uses would only be in the last resort after crossing the other equipment to reduce the water flow as maximum.

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Water recuperation is mainly considered as an essential alternative to avoid a large part of rainwater to integrate the cloudburst treatment system. Rainwater is considered as clean before it starts touching the cities's surfaces. Roads and streets are generally saturated by rubber microparticles coming from car tires, which is why water collectors are placed according to the size and the amount of care using the road. The report states that the collector will be considering roads with less than 5000 movements per day. Apart from the road, water recollection is mostly focused on the building's roofs potential. Water recuperation is showing that being climate-resilient considers public actors, communities, and ordinary citizens.

The cloudburst plan for the first time considers the entire region as the same entity. Climate-adapted urban planning is a challenge. According to the municipalities' geographical inclination, central delay elements are implemented upstream through squares and parks so that the downstream cloudburst roads can be reduced in size. These strategic settlements reconsider public places' use, leading the municipalities to an extensive work of modernisation with significant local organisation changes.

All these operating expenses are based on a 50-year lifespan. These works are representing approximately 2,1 Billion DKK in investments. The calculation is precisely defined because of the large scale of the project involving many different actors, so prices are exposed to change considering the discount rate evolution between the different companies realising the facilities. This estimation is reduced compared to the consequences of the damage caused by the 1000-year rain event cloudburst in 2011 estimated to 7.4 billion DKK of prejudice (Ramboll, 2016). Besides, it is considered that the implementation of cloudburst solutions will lead to savings and socio-economic gains.

The report is limited because this is such a massive operation touching the complete city biosphere. The plan is considering the complete resilience between all the actors involved and concerned. It already states that the agreements are not entirely achieved with the other surrounding municipalities. The climate adaptation transformation is considered as "an open process in constant evolution" (Frederiksberg Kommune, 2017a).

Regarding the urban metabolism theories from Gandy (2004), The hidden city approach represents the ancient sewage systems, invisible and underground. Climate adaptation transformations are introducing new concepts and new consideration of the priorities. SUDS are a powerful example that generally exposes the citizens' view, the water management solutions such as retention basins, green roofs, and rainwater gardens. Water planning was considered rational, but placing nature as the first actor, we can return to a controlled laisser faire or hybrid planning. Gandy mentions the fragmentation and polarisation of the urban landscape to please stakeholders instead of the communities. First, we can observe that climate adaptation initiatives are very localised in specific areas and not distributed equally on the territory, highlighting this issue of fragmentation. Observing climate reports, we can state that the citizen's participation is significantly under-represented, revealing a weakness with an incomplete biosphere according to the principle of resilience.

Summary Urban metabolism is reconsidered through the climate adaptation project changing from a very artificialised system, into a new one integrating nature action as the main actor. These changes are changing the city organisation and are touching the entire urban biosphere. The challenge of being resilient would be to integrate every part of society and ensure that the process is identified and recognised by the majority. Being resilient toward climate change would allow a balanced and complete transformation of the city standards to improve livability.

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Part 3: Livability Analysis

Jan Gehl has some concrete ideas about what makes for livable public space. These ideas are categorised through 12 main quality criteria and edge zones. Gehl's methods and theories about livability in urban spaces are implemented to analyse Frederiksberg's 2019 climate adaptation report.

Positive sensory experiences One of the solutions mentioned is a greening of the climate-adapted areas (Frederiksberg Kommune, 2019. p.4) to reduce the urban heat island effect, which can hinder water evaporation. If the projects are correctly accomplished, plants have the ability to heighten the livability of an area. It can be done by creating deliberate barriers around edge zones, blocking wind and rain or even just by creating a pleasant scenery. Both blocking unpleasant weather with other sensory experiences and creating positive sensory experiences are parts of Gehl's 12 quality criteria for a livable city or area (Gehl, 2010, p.249).

Picture 9: Rendering of the future climate adapted street in Peter Bangs Vej (Frederiksberg ​ Kommune, 2019, p.17)

The addition of greenery can be seen in the picture above. It shows the implementation of trees and grass in the area, which can help protect against noise excess, it improves the local air quality, reduces the urban heat and finally protects from the cloud burst floodings. The following rendering is even more explicit, showing how Frederiksberg in 2017 planned to avoid unpleasant sensory experiences, and raise the biodiversity quality by embracing urban

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biophilia. It is highlighted with one of Frederiksberg status quo which declares that it is always possible to see a tree from any location in the municipality.

Picture 10: Rendering representing Dalgas Boulevard, showing a biophilic transformation settling trees to create a green canopia and natural shelter with a rainwater garden (Frederiksberg Kommune, 2017a).

In the two rendered pictures from above (picture 9 and 10), we can see a strategy and work of de-artificialisation because there is a low presence of urban furniture without any sitting modules. Instead, natural elements are maximised, to encourage other types of interactions such as sitting on the grass, stand at the edge of the rainwater garden or finally observe biodiversity. The ability to stay by either sitting or standing is essential to create a livable slowed down space, especially to do an optional activity instead of necessary activities to create movement and speed. According to Gehl, the example of the sitting presence is seen in public spaces a sign of high quality. Encouraging people to stay increases the feelings of safety, making the space more attractive to pedestrians. It is considered as well as a way to prevent crime and violence.

According to Gehl, other parts of the climate adaptation plan feature collecting the excess water in above ground bassins. Besides counteracting floodings, it also serves to create a positive sensory experience by adding water to the urban spaces and increasing the livability of an area. This system has been implemented in already climate-adapted places such as the Langelands Plads square shown in the picture below. It creates a natural edge for sitting and standing and creates opportunities for kids to play (Gehl, 2010, p.150).

Picture 11: Picture showing Langelands Plads with a round water basin in the middle (Frederiksberg Kommune, 2019, p.21).

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Compared to the previous renderings, it is more visible than on Langelandsplads square; the municipality had planned to integrate various urban furniture options for staying, sitting, standing, and doing activities.

Workforce and Construction Process In an attempt to maintain habitability during construction, the municipality optimises the working hours of construction workers. This will of caring every step of the process is mainly done to reduce the work impact on the surrounded residents and ordinary citizens. The construction process is directly integrated into the climate adaptation plan goals. (Frederiksberg Kommune, 2019, p.4)

Avoiding floodings According to the climate adaptation plans, one of the main significant and noticeable effects on the livability parameter is to avoid flooding. In fact, floodings alter public spaces' access, degrade them or even make them non-usable anymore. It creates an aleatory, non-predictable and complicated situation for any public space user such as pedestrians, bike riders, cars and public transportation. In some extreme cases, the floodings are blocking people in their home or even entering them. It removes freedom and any quality of life, cancelling the livability.

Picture 12: Rendering representing the management of an everyday rain in a climate ​ adapted street (Frederiksberg Kommune, 2017a).

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The rendering above shows how Frederiksberg in 2017 planned to handle every day rain events. The strategy is similar and following the same orientation than nowadays, integrating greenery with an underground sewage infrastructure to handle the water. The reconsideration of underground infrastructures' uses reveals that they are no longer designed to receive rainwater directly within them. In fact, they are placed in a secondary role, to receive the excess water that has already passed through the greenways or the rainwater garden. It will avoid the sewerage systems' saturation and naturally reduce the amount of rainwater to be treated or moved. These new realities can illustrate and follow Gandy theories, highlighting how climate adaptation is changing urban metabolism.

Considering the forecast increase of rainwater in the future years due to climate change, Frederiksberg is in the process of adopting this urban metabolism to control water excesses and reduce it locally. According to the livability parameters, the municipality considers that the climate adaptation projects have the goal to keep a livable city during any rain event, including cloudburst. With a climate-adapted city, cloudbursts or extreme rain-events should no longer remove individual liberty or degrade public and private goods.

Summary According to Jan Gehl theories, it is clear to see that we cannot provide durable livability without planning. In the case of Frederiksberg, the livability parameters are highly considered through the municipal climate adaptation plan. Much attention has been employed to plan positive sensory experiences, increasing life quality and attractiveness, finally promoting urban nature integration. Despite the efforts to avoid negative counterparts, we can observe through the visual representation lack of urban furniture to improve the physical comfort and social interactions such as sitting modules. Urban spaces should

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systematically permit its appropriation by the city citizens. In conclusion it is clear from the renderings that the overall livability of the affected areas will either remain the same or see an improvement in livability, depending on their current state, despite minor flaws.

Discussion

Because of Frederiksbergs policy, we can assume that the municipality is trying to be fully independent regarding its water production and usability; therefore, direct recycling of water is the first agenda on its hierarchy list. According to the Waste Hierarchy created by the EU Commission in their Waste Framework Directive from 2008 preparing for reuse of waste, in ​ this case, wastewater is the most sought "after" way of handling the waste product besides prevention. ​ Picture 13: Remaking of the EU Commission's waste hierarchy (European Commission, ​ 2008)

In highly densely populated areas, such as Frederiksberg, demand for freshwater is significant, especially since Frederiksberg is almost self-sustaining in this area (Frederiksberg Kommune, 2020, p.28). With their prioritization on the reusability and recycling of water, Frederiksberg would create less dependency regarding freshwater supplies and water springs and therefore be more sustainable for the whole population, economically and socially with the implementation of the recycled water toilet flushing, laundry water and garden watering. Those solutions must be developed to be

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accommodated in densely populated urban areas and to support better lives for citizens, allowing Frederiksberg to become a sustainable metropolitan area equipped for the future climate. The choice for this solution as their first agenda is disputable according to the UN's sustainability goals. Another major downside of recycling water is that some systems can be costly to implement. The regulations may require a complex system that is usually expensive and paid from the tax deducted from citizens. Also, it may require much more maintenance than a regular sewer system.

The climate may also play a significant role in implementing these systems because it could be only possible to recycle in warmer months if the temperature becomes low. According to Mastrangelo (2018), “Soil underneath the systems may be too permeable or not permeable ​ enough that it may not be possible to make such adjustments.” On the other side, those systems, as expensive as they may be, could potentially save money in the future if used correctly and if developed to run generally with less maintenance needed. The usage of recycled water is advisable for watering vegetation (Mastrangelo, 2018). Another plus in using such systems is that it also increases the lifespan and capacity of other systems, such as septic systems, since the usage of those decreases.

According to the Frederiksberg Kommune (2019), the second agenda on the hierarchy list is to increase the soil's natural absorption to absorb more water in a shorter period. This agenda is prioritised because of Frederiksberg's vulnerability to cloudbursts that can generate floods and cause damage to local property and citizens. Frederiksberg has a large area of built urban space and a high degree of old fortification and paved areas, so, therefore, there are limited opportunities to absorb the water naturally. Some of these topographic characteristics are special to Frederiksberg's area because it is located on a hill surrounded by the City of Copenhagen on all sides, and therefore it is dependent on the water being able to be led through other parts of Copenhagen. The overall goal aims to make Frederiksberg robust so that the city can quickly become functional again when a future cloudburst places it under pressure and disrupts the city's essential function. It is also achieved by diverting the rainwater towards newly constructed tunnels and water zones, where water can be either stored for future usage or cultivation or further diverted away from the vulnerable area without causing any local damage.

The last agenda on the hierarchy is promoting green and blue elements in the city, which will reduce the temperature rising in the future. It is achieved by storing the rainwater and cultivating newly built green areas with it. Therefore, finding extra rainwater usage and fixing the temperature rise problem Frederiksberg is experiencing in warmer months also due to the high level of build area. With this agenda, their promotion of liveability, biodiversity and greenery is mentioned within water management solutions.

Urban metabolism and livability

Implementing climate-adapted infrastructure emphasises the city's de-artificialisation, placing nature as the first actor within the water management system. Floors liberated from concrete can absorb again and integrate rainwater into the soil. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are a powerful alternative compared to the traditional saturated sewers systems. SUDS consider nature's positive role, preventing rainwater excess though green roofs, green

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facades, and rainwater gardens. These new considerations and standards increase biophilic urbanism, raising the quality of life of climate-adapted places. Sustainable urban metabolism proposes other considerations within the livability standards showing that reintegrating biodiversity creates a balanced environment.

These climate adaptation projects are still in process and not largely integrated and visible in both Frederiksberg and Copenhagen municipalities. As city pedestrians, we can observe the systematic presence of sewers holes in the streets. It makes us raise questions about emergency consideration due to climate change by the municipalities. Plans are not stating when the climate adaptation will be entirely completed in all the city. Will urban metabolism have to be readapted again by facing other threats such as the seawater rise? Or will technology create an opportunity to use urban water flows to create new energy sources?

Extending green spaces is not the only reason for improving livability. How are citizens, pedestrians, and the persons transiting considered? The street infrastructure tends to be reduced to let the green area expand, and it is essential to keep in mind practical concerns such as mobility, social interactions and the comfort of the public space. Livability is about creating a balanced composition of elements. So what would be the percentage of the SUDS to create a livable place? Is there a limit?

Climate adaptation

All over the western world countries and municipalities are investing large amounts of money into climate adaptation. It is necessary to adapt to the environmental changes that we are experiencing, quickly becoming worse. As mentioned earlier, the 2011 cloudburst showed that Frederiksberg's municipality was no longer able to handle the weather.

One of the concerns about climate adaptation is adapting to climate change instead of not trying to stop it. Climate adaptation will have to be updated regularly as the climate crisis tends to increase. Constant adaptation will generate a constant inversion and represent an essential part of the municipal budget. It is also evident in the way that Frederiksberg keeps evaluating its climate adaptation plan yearly.

Another risk of climate adaptation would be to care less regarding climate change to avoid all its impacts in the short term and local view positive. The western world is considered more prosperous and has increased capacities to adapt whereas compared with developing countries such as Botswana, the consequences of climate change are negatively more impactful, and because of the lack of financial capacities, it turns into a real issue. (United Nations, 2019) & (Gouvernement du Canada, 2020.).

Climate adaptation can be argued to accept the status quo in a way that might take away the urgency for working with the climate crisis and treat the symptoms instead of the disease itself.

Increasing livability in the streets by adding vegetation often requires space from the former infrastructure. It can generate more reduced streets where parking is removed and at the

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contrary, pedestrian and bike lanes enhanced. This street restructuration leads to improving the livability being as well climate-adapted and is considered a positive consequence of the tackling climate change crisis. In some cases, regular streets are challenging to refurbish or restructure to bring new solutions. For example, the concrete layer can be very thick in the ground, acting as structural support, or many interconnected pipes cross the underground. So, it is crucial to plan for climate adaptation before the project construction starts.

Resilience

When working with many actors problems can occur, especially when it comes to involucrate citizens participation. What are the problems and consequences that this can amount to, and what is the connection with resilience? What is the problem with having so many actors, where many are changing from year to year?

The biosphere is not well represented, creating a partial resilience, or oriented toward main actors such as the municipalities, private companies and limited actors. Many are either not part of the project or have not been mentioned in the climate adaptation reports. The lack of a complete biosphere creates a partial resilience as we can see that the information on citizen participation is missing for the climate adaptation report creation. Climate adaptation resilience should be more resilient by systematically including or directing citizens' needs to democratise the process. The institutions should include these urban changes in the process of communication to raise awareness to the citizens. As climate adaptations are not visible, an ordinary person would not recognise it or pay attention to it.

One of the few measures taken by the municipalities integrating the citizens is to encourage them to transform their garden and courtyard to keep the rainwater that falls into their property inside it, creating a water retention basin, for example, to avoid using the public sewage systems. If a citizen or business manages to do it, the municipality offers the possibility to beneficiate a refund on the ‘connection contribution’ (Frederiksberg Kommune, 2021). The contribution is usually paid for the service of using the sewers. The refund depends on the percentage of water you choose to handle yourself and can be either a partial or complete refund, however, this might be upwards of 24.000DKK per January 2020 (Frederiksberg Forsyning, 2020b).

Picture 14: Actor web for resilience project. Example taken on a climate resilient block courtyard in Copenhagen by Palomino (2017).

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Conclusion

Throughout the analysis and discussions, we have found that the general livability of the affected areas in Frederiksberg is positively affected. It is mostly due to the use of vegetation to relieve the effects of cloudbursts or sudden rain events. Increasing livability working with the general comfort and everyday use of spaces might help further improve the spaces' attractiveness.

When it comes to resilience, we found that in the different projects, the variety of actors that constitute the entire biosphere are lacking. We observed that it concerns especially the citizens participation and we found proof that there is a lack of necessary communication. To improve resilience, we would recommend ameliorated participation throughout all actors.

In terms of the urban metabolism, we assume that a combination of technical solutions and social involvement towards climate adaptation, can create more sustainable areas, focusing on minimising waste and creating a better future for its residents.

Overall, Frederiksberg's climate adaptation plans seem to have a decent impact on raising livability and finally changing urban metabolism. In terms of resilience, it can be compared as a two-way road where the plan impacts and is at the same time impacted by resilience.

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