ௐ 4 ഇ! ࢱ 1-37! 2018 ѐ/؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 14 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 1-37 Winter 2018
馬來西亞的獨立建國*
߉ϒዡ ර̂ጯϔְચၱ൴णጯրିڌ
ၡ ࢋ
Ν۞ޢࡻ઼ጼ̬ޢ൴ण࿅ĂڼԧࣇАᖎֽҘֲ۞߆ ֲֽᓑЪ֣۞זϤૻˠٙᙱ۞ֲֽᓑ֣ځതϔ߆ඉĂତᄲ ซֽቁϲĂѨଣ৶າΐזϲĂГֽᑭෛֽҘֲᓑ֣Ϥᔞ឵ ၹĄޙኢ̳ϔᝋᄃϔ઼छ۞ޢҘֲĂ
ă̳ϔᙯᔣෟĈ ֲֽᓑ֣ăֲֽᓑЪ֣ăֽҘֲᓑ֣ăາΐ ᝋ
൴ण۞ֽҘֲጯఙࡁົķĂέΔĈέ៉रቑ̂ጯݎέ៉઼ᅫࡁտጯົᏱĶቿٺ൴ܑ * ဦ३ᐡ७ડࡊԫᄃ̍ጯੰ 3 ሁົᛉވĂ2018/6/30Ą ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 2
壹、序論
ֽҘֲ1ĞMalaysiağࣧώߏࡻ઼۞ᛳгă઼᜕̈́ܲĂ።གྷֲֽ2 ĞMalayğݑొ۞ֽᓑ֣3ĞFederated Malay States, 1895-1946ğăֲֽᓑ ,ĞMalayan Union, 1946-48ğăͽֲֽ̈́ᓑЪ֣ĞFederation of Malaya֣ ăΐ˯Ւ͐4ҶϲĂซ҃д 1963 ѐඕЪາΐކ1948-63ğĂд 1957 ѐϒё ĞSabahğ̈́ࡀٛĞSarawakğĂјࠎֽҘֲᓑ֣ĞFederation of Malaysiağć Ą઼ޙజ࢝ੜᓑ֣ăҋҖϲд 1965 ѐĂາΐ ă̈́Ңି̼͛۞ᇆᜩĂତдȈ˘͵ࡔିޘОזצֽҘֲΗफ5 ѝ д 1511ăޢϲᛂ઼̜ĞsultanateğćཬͰ̈́ఈᜋАޙЈĂЧгฟؕܫаିצତ ᕖण۞ፂᕇĞဦ 1ğćдȈ˛͵ࡔĂΔᙝ۞ٽѐซϚҫᅳ౫̱ϥĂүࠎ 1641 ćࡻ઼д 1824 ѐྫྷఈᜋᘪࢎ୧ࡗĞAnglo-Dutchܢֽ֣࣎6 ࠎፎᘲ۞̣ ཏफĞОκğĂޘОڌTreatyğĂఈᜋឰ౫̱ϥĂ̶઼Ҿϝ̶ֲֽă̈́ ڌЧѣҋ̎۞๕˧ቑಛć͟ώд˟Ѩ̂ጼഇมൺᇶҫᅳֽΗफă̈́ ཌྷĂֽˠଂѩ̙Г઼ޓĞ1942-45ğĂခᐽֽϔཌྷֽͅԩࡻ઼ ։ऽᆍឰĞSimandjuntak, 1969: 10-12, 33-34; Tan, 2008: 13ćOngkili, 1985: 19-30; Bedlington, 1978: chap. 1; Khoo, 1991 chap. 1ğĄд 1957 ѐĂࡻ઼ࠎ
ࢋڍߏĶֲֽ̂ķĞMelayu Raya, Greater MalayağĞSimandjuntak, 1969: 125ğĄтޥຍ 1 ,ĞTanѣ՟ѣΒӣາΐٺ̶Ķֽ̂ҘֲķĞGreater MalaysiağᄃĶֲֽ̂ķĂमҾд 2008: 52ğĄ ߏĶֽˠ̝гķĞland of the MalaysğĂޥĂຍ۞ځMalayaĞֲֽğ࣎фߏለ߷ˠ൴ 2 ֽˠҋ̎۞ϡфߏ Tanah MelayuĞSimandjuntak, 1969: 1ğĄ҃ 3 Βӣౠᜋ≌ĞSelangorğă࡚ᜋĞNegeri SembilanğăᜧិĞPerakğăͽ̈́ೆқĞPahangğ Ąعඈαֽ֣࣎Ă༊гරˠ˫Ⴭࠎαэ ᖞჍΔᘲ߷ĞNorth BorneoğăٕߏࡻᛳΔᘲ߷ĞBritish North BorneoğĄ 4 ֽҘֲĞEast MalaysiağΒӣՒ͐ă̈́ࡀڌਠჍࠎҘֽҘֲĞWest MalaysiağĂ҃˘ 5 ౻Ą၁Ăፋֽ࣎Ηफቑಛᕖ̂ΒӣոĞΗफ۞ҘΔğăͽ઼̈́ĞΗफ̚ొă ࢋՐ̶ҾԼعĂ߆ăҘ͐ૄҘ͐ڌᛇֽညعΔొğĄд 1973 ѐĂ߆ڌ̈́ ϡĶΗफֽҘֲķĞPeninsular Malaysiağăͽ̈́Ւ͐ᄃࡀ౻ĞRoss-Larson, 1976: ixğĄ 6 Β߁ࠟሬξĞPerlisğăРχĞKedahğăРᜋ̜ĞKelantanğă൳လሁĞTerengganuğăͽ ߘҢĞJohorğĂፎᘲд 1909 ѐᘪࢎ୧ࡗĞAnglo-Siamese TreatyğĂ݈α֣౷ឰගࡻ̈́ ĄعĂΐ˯ߘҢĂЪჍࠎֽᛳ֣ĞUnfederated Malay StatesğĂ༊гරˠჍࠎ̣э઼ 3 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
फ़ֽĈOpen University MalaysiaĞ2018: 21ğĄྤ ౫̱ϥ۞͕̚ٽ͞ڌဦ 1Ĉүࠎ
щᇬֽˠͽ၆ԩВ۞ᛢજĂឰֲֽᓑЪ֣АҖϲćࡀٛăՒ˞ ΐˢֽҘֲĄޢĂᐌڼд 1963 ѐҋă̈́າΐ͐ ቁϲĂࡻᛳֲֽ7ĞBritisĥڼд˘Ѩ̂ጼ݈Ăࡻ઼дֽΗफ۞ MalayağΒ߁ĞSimandjuntak, 1969: 7, 17-22; Ongkili, 1985: 8-11ğĈ(1) ঔद ѐĂΒӣ౫̱ϥăᕠݱă̈́າΐ 1826 ٺതϔгĞStraits Settlementsğјϲ ΦĞBritish East India CompanyğĂд 1867 ᕩതϔг̳ޘОڌĂࣧᛳࡻᛳ (ĞColonial OfficeğۡᔑĂВТజЕࠎ࠱छതϔгĞCrown Colonyğ8ć(2ొ
ߏᛳгĄౌܧϒቁĂЯࠎ֭ޝSimandjuntakĞ1969: 175ğĂࡻᛳֲֽ̙֭ߏ 7 д࿅ΝĂგᔑঔदതϔг۞ߏᓁ༛ĂТॡֽ֣ࣘ۞৺ࣶĞHigh Commis- sionerğĂ 8 გᔑզăࡀ౻ăͽ̈́۞Ւ͐ĞOngkili, 1985: 11ğĄ˫ޢд 1888 ѐ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 4
फ़ֽĈWikipediaĞ2018: British MalayağĄྤ
ဦ 2Ĉ1920 ѐ۞ࡻᛳֲֽ
αֽ֣࣎д 1895 ѐᄃࡻ઼ᘪࢎࡗĞTreaty of FederationğඕЪࠎֽᓑ֣Ă (࿅ඕ༖͞ёֽԩᏊፎᘲĂԛё˯ϲă၁ኳ˯ߏࡻ઼۞઼᜕ܲćͽ̈́ (3 ֽ࣎ᛳ֣ٙጾѣ۞ҋّൾк˘ᕇĂᔵ̙ߏതϔгĂ̙࿅Ặֶ ၆ࡻ઼֏ࢍଂĂზߏࡻ઼۞๕˧ቑಛĞဦ 2ğĄώኳ˯҃֏Ăതϔгߏۡତ Ăࡻ઼ڼߏᓁ༛ć࠹၆̝˭Ăֽ֣ăͽֽ̈́ᛳ֣ߏมତܜĂࢵڼ ࠁዸણ߆ΦĞResidentğăٕߏᜪયĞAdviserğĂᝀߏг˭ৌϒ۞̂ҁᔲĄ ڌҫᅳОκ۞ఈᜋ֭Ϗৌϒϲ֖ᘲ߷Ăࡻ઼ߏдȈ˝͵ࡔߖٺϤ Ҙᙝ۞ࡀٛăͽ̈́Δᙝ۞פޢĂឭࢴ ӌզĞBruneiğᛂ઼̜ĂА Ւ͐ĂЪჍࡻᛳᘲ߷ĞBritish Borneoğ9Ĉࡀٛд 1946 ѐ 7 ͡ 1 ͟јࠎ
ᅳఞࣧѣඕࠎᓑ֣̝ᛉĞSopiee, 1973: 719; Milne & Ratnam, 1974: 21ğĄڼᄃ༊г߆ޢࡻ઼ጼ 9 5 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
फ़ֽĈჯૄѺࡊĞ2018ğĄྤ
።઼ޙဦ 3ĈֽҘֲ۞
ࡻ઼ۡତგᔑ۞࠱छതϔгĂՒ͐Ад 1888 ѐјࠎࡻ઼۞઼᜕ܲăᚶ ăᐌӈᄃڼд 1946 ѐ 7 ͡ 15 ͟јࠎࡻ઼തϔгĂгд 1963 ѐᒔҋ҃ ࡻ઼۞᜕ܲĂд 1959 ѐᒔצВТΐˢֽҘֲćզд 1888 ѐତາΐ ߏӎΐˢᓑ֣ؕᓝഗ̙ؠĂдٺፉ͕ྤќৈ۞̶ֳĂ၆ٺĂϤڼҋ ,д 1984 ѐҋҖ௲ᗓࡻ઼ϲĞဦ 3ğĞOngkiliٺᛗՙؠະᔁ̙ୂĂ̶˘ޢ 1985: 11-17; 137-51; Tilman, 1963: 898-900ğĄ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 6
貳、英國戰後的去殖民政策
ݑֲ۞തڌϏֽĂΒ߁۞઼ޓѨ̂ጼឰࡻ઼ᛇुυืࢦາෞҤ̂ࡻ˟ ķĞdivide and ruleğതϔ߆̝ڼཌྷ็˯۞Ķ̶઼҃ޓለ߷ٺϔгĄ࠹ྵ Ă˵ಶߏڱߏĶരЪ̖֕ˠķĞunite and quitğү۞פଳޢඉĂࡻ઼ҋᄹдጼ ᑒӄതϔгଂְϔౄĞnation-buildingğăͽ઼̈́छχౄĞstate-buildingğĂ າϲ۞઼छΞͽЪү၆ԩВயཌྷĂΪ̙࿅Ăˠზ̙т͇ზĂ͟ޞซ҃ഇ дֲֽ۞၁ᅫ൴णݒߏְᄃᙸ࿁ĞHack & Tobias, 2006: 17ğĄޢ SmithĞ1978ğ៍၅ࡻ઼۞Νതϔ߆ඉĂᕩৼαีপҒĈ(1) ॲፂ።Ϋ (рჸрć(2ޞĂᓁߏഇם઼۞ޢᅳăٕߏጼڼགྷរĂ̙გߏጼ݈۞ҋ ᄃ઼࡚۞ᙯ̷ܼĂੜ۞ࡻ઼ΞͽЈᏥ઼࡚ྃᝋ˧۩ć̚ۋጼٺϤ ਕჯ˘ర۞߆ඉć̈́ (4) ᙸຍֶፂ༊гϔཌྷ۞পҒЯྵͧטᛨ (3) ĂՙؠࢋྫྷኡЪүă;к͌ᆊăͽ̈́ឰк͌ᝋ˧Ă༊Ăԁآטг ঐໝ၆͞Ğp. 73ğĄDarwinĞ1984ğ˵ᄮࠎࡻ઼ܧߏࠎ˞݇ऴă҃ــឰՎם ࠻ֽ̡ѣԔĂҬͼΞͽࣘᜪ႕઼֖࡚ăщᇬᔕኢăрڱΝതϔ۞ү ĂЯѩ̂˯ѣˬ࠻ֽЪந۞ྋᛖĈ(1) ࡻ઼ѣዂ۞ϔމതϔг۞߆ ГڼΞͽЯ๕ӀጱăೈԔ႙ซĂАҋقĂՙඉ۰ࢬ၆ଐ๕۞តજĂԜ็ ҋۢ̂๕̏Νă˧ٚፉܲޢϲĂտΞͽѣᚑгၣੜć(2) ࡻ઼дጼ ᜕۰۞֎ҒĂΐ˯ࢬ၆ϔཌྷ۞߄ጼĂᔌРᔖ̵ă֕ࠎ˯ඉć(3) ಶநّ Ăࡻ઼ᝋᏊεăณ˧҃ࠎĄޘᏴፄ۞֎ ҋԧәᆞĂல۞ܪኜཀྵޢ࿅ĂDarwinĞ1984: 190ğᄮࠎֱౌߏְ̙ ᐹฮćإགྷរֽ࠻Ăࡻ઼д઼ᅫᄅέ۞ੜಞĂ̙֭ߏ֤ᆃ۞ޢౣĂϤጼ ٺĂ၆֕ă̈́͐ૄޘ͘ឰОٸТຍ̖ג˘ޢҌ͌дֲ߷Ăࡻ઼ߏд дֲֽՀ̙ᜪ༊гˠ۞ͅٺոăͽ̈́ᐁᜋ۞ϲ͕̙ϟଐ̙ᙸĂҌ ၆ăർߏइ˯Щ၁̙۞ֲֽᓑ֣ᑕ߇ְĄDaivisĞ2013: 6ğ˵ᄮࠎࡻ ჯᇆᜩ˧ĄTanڱͷጼͷ֕Ăৌ۞̙̏υืឰതϔгϲĂ˵ࢋຐᏱ઼ ˵ࢂТĂ̙˵ڱٙᏜĶࡻ઼ጱֽҘֲϲķ۞ᄲٺĞ2008: 3-4ğ၆ ᕇăᔘߏགྷᑻӀৈ۞ሹზĂᄮࠎࡻ઼Ϊ̙࿅ߏึ៍۞ڼಶߏ̙გгቡ߆ ณ۞֎˧Ą˧ڼӄᚡ۞ߏдг߆گଯҐĂৌϒଯͪ 7 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
՟ڼѐజ͟Խ˭̝݈Ăࡻ઼ࣧώనдֲֽ۞ 1942 ٺдາΐ ਗ਼मٽĂੵ˞ࢋࢬ၆ޢጼ˞זѣഇࢨĂΝതϔ࠻ֽᅌᅌഇĂ՟ѣफ़ ᚥăͽ̈́ዸч۞ੑ߆ፉĂீ֍ఈᜋᑕ;ОκϲࢭĞ1945-49ğă۞ ࠷Νതϔ̏གྷٺౝˢ̚ݑΗफጼְĞ1946-54ğĂд 1940 ѐϐഇ઼ڱ ߏጿ̙ҝ۞ሗ߹Ă̙࿅Ă̪ԓ୕ਕ࿅გ۞͞ёГᇣ˘࣎͵ćមᅿϏ һ൴غ͡ ѐ 11 1950 ٺᔹጼд 1950 ѐ 6 ͡ 25 ͟ᘕ൴Ă઼̚זؠĂ՟ຐ ඕՁ݈ٙઇ۞࡚ေĂࡻ࠹ғᇇᖃĞClementۋજĶԩ࡚೯ഈķĂχใ˞ࡻ઼дጼ Attlee, 1945-51ğፉ઼͕࡚ᓁՆጆܝĞHarry S. Truman, 1945-53ğົԸ ቁᄮĂጐგтѩĂ̰ᅦјֶࣶᇎ͕عරـΓΓࢳܐ͡ ࣧ̄ᇅಡೇĂд 12 ซֲֽĂдॡ࣏Ăޢࢶപăତݑ˭̚ݑΗफăܬߏӎົˢ઼̚ ᘕ൴ᇷજĞMaria Hertogh RiotsğĂ̙͞Һଭ͕༊гདྷᑕ۞ਕ˧Ă˫າΐ ;͘АឰֲֽϲГᄲĞStockwell, 1984: 80, 83-84ٸኜְ̙ึĂΪрՙؠ Wikipedia, 2018: Maria Hertogh RiotsğĄ ࡻ઼дጼޢ઼˧̙̂т݈ĂপҾߏซˢ 1960 ѐࢬ၆઼࡚ăͽ̈́ᛂᓑĂ જࣶĂѨߏෛ̝ࠎᅃҥ઼࡚ಛВڼ߆ٺതϔ߆ඉ۞҂ณߏགྷᑻ൴णࢦ ߏӎᙸ̄ޅϲ̙ߏᐹА۞߆ඉϫᇾĂბᏥٕ̈ڼய۞๕˧ቑಛĂЯѩҋ ຍଂჁം۞ͭᏐĂਕᇣк˳ಶზк˳ĞDarwin, 1984: 205-206ğĄֲֽ ᗗϓĂࠎ˞ࢋᐺᔘ࡚ܛ࡚̮γ๗۞פᐝਕᔇ઼྆ޓயቱă̈́ᐁĂߏ̂ࡻ ٺăոăͽ̈́ᐁᜋࣗ࠱҃Ăࡻ઼၆ޘдОٺഇ̚۞ഠĂ࠹ྵۋдጼ઼ :ăٕߏϲѣٙܲĂЯѩυืѣԁච۞щଵĞDarwin, 1984ڼ༊г۞ҋ ˞ࠎ˞ੑ߆ᑅ˧̙̏ឰֲֽϲĂᗕ͞ᔘߏᘪޢז197ğćӈֹࡻ઼ ؠĞAnglo-Malayan Defence Agreement, 1957ğĂֲֽдࡻםЊ֨˘ ᗅડᜈᚥ࡚̮ĞCheah, 1999: 105; Darwin, 1984: 201; Sutton, 2016ğĄ Ϊߏࡻ઼ᄃֲֽᓑ͘ϡֽᗉᑅͅതϔ۞າതϔཌྷķ׀Ϥѩ࠻ֽĂĶЪ ϭĄٸ۞ܧĞneocolonialismğ۞ଠĞTan, 2008: 92ğĂ֭
參、由強人所難的馬來亞聯邦到馬來亞聯合邦的獨立
ॲፂ StockwellĞ1974: 333ğ۞៍၅Ăࡻ઼ጼ݈дֲֽ۞߆ඉΞͽᕩ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 8
۰۞ᝋăग़ֽ֣۞ҋّăͽ᜕̈́ܲڼৼࠎˬ̂ีĂࢦֽ Ăેຍࢦາඕ୧ڱĂࡻ઼ृ఼ሹଯᖙҋֽ۞үޢˠ۞পঅгҜćጼֽ ˘ࠎ׀ࡗăࢋՐᛂ̜10 ឰഭԊొ۞ᝋĂχზԯֽኜ֣̈́ঔदതϔгፋ ࣎ಏ˘۞ĞunitaryğҖ߆ಏҜĂ֭ᄰ֏೩ֻ̳ϔᝋගဩ̰ٙѣ۞ă၁ኳ Ȉѐ۞ֲֽ߆ޢࣤဳֽˠ۞ᐹّĄStockwellĞ1984: 70ğࡻ઼ጼ˯ Ад 1945-48 ѐϨѓ˘ಞă˫д 1948-51 ѐອᕚ̙ؠĂعඉ̶ࠎˬഇć̍ᛨ߆ д 1951-57 ѐมâ͞ࢬͽְ˧ณֲֽ֨ͤརˢВᛨعତ͘۞ܲчᛨ߆ ซˢϲĄڼ͘̚ăΩ˘͞ࢬϭԠᅳֲֽϤҋ צᄲĂࡻ઼༊ѐྫྷֽЧᛂ̜ᘪࢎ୧ࡗĞAnglo-Malay treatiesğăߏ ࣶăءᔛֽ݈೩ֻᏙᛉĂ༊υืࢦ็۞ֽۤົĂ҃Ăࡻ઼Җ߆ ࠹༊՟ѣड़தă̙Ӏ༊г۞གྷᑻ൴ण11Ă።ֽڼͽ̈́Ϡຍˠు႙൴னมତ ٯᛉםϫĂֽ҃ˠॲፂ୧ࡗ۞ี۞ڼࣶ˘ۡဘྏᕖ̂ۡତءതϔ۞ ࣶΞͽདྷԟᇘءѪ̙ଂĞSimandjuntak, 1969: 17-22ğĄдֽᓑ֣Ăࡻ઼ ҋ̎۞ˠ̙֖͘ĂٺֽˠֽซҖགྷᑻࣤ݇Ă࠹၆гдֽᛳ֣ĂϤܧЈᏥ ć̂វ҃טޙăֵ྅ࢦ༊г۞Җ߆ރΪрܑࢬ˯ᇶͷटԡ็۞ֽᝋ Ăֽ҃ᛳ֣۞ֽˠЯٸ˭˧֏Ăдֽᓑ֣۞ֽˠԓ୕ࡻ઼ਕᝋ :ፋ࣎ΗफඕЪࠎ˘វ۞೩ᛉະᔁ̙ୂĞStockwell, 1974ٺࠎፉ͕జ༣̼ă၆ 334ğĄ дֽΗफ۞ЧᛳгĂ׀ѝд 1920-30 ѐĂࡻ઼ಶഅགྷဘྏ͘Ъ χზ˘ֱᝋ˧Ϲගֽᓑ֣ĂАឰࣇΞͽྫྷֽᛳ֣ππӱăГҨ፟ ćጐგܑࢬ˯࠻ֽрညߏࡻ઼ᙸຍᗫ͘ăឰٙѣ۞֣ᆅᐝπඈĂд၁׀ፋ ᅫ˯ĂĶ̶ᝋķĞdecentralizationğݒߏࠎ˞ĶГ̚δะᝋ̼ķĞrecentralizationğ เ˾̈ΞͽᚶᜈഡݢĂٙᏜ۞ܧٙઇ۞౯12ĂΪ̙࿅Ăֽˠॡ࣏̏
۰Ⴭࠎڼ۰ĞRulerğჍࠎᚑბăࠟሬξڼߏĂੵ˞࡚ᜋ็۞ڱჟቁ۞ᄲྵͧ 10 ٛຒĂ۞֣Ⴭࠎᛂ̜ĞჯૄѺࡊĂ2018ĈֽҘֲэᛳᓑ֣ۡᔑડğĄ ͛ĞCecil Clementiğܛᛊтд 1930-34 ѐมፉЇঔदതϔгᓁ༛ࣘࡻ઼ዸֲֽ৺ࣶ 11 ᛉޥአЪүĂ؎၁̙Ξםѩ̝มͻكಶᄮࠎĂᏄႬֲֽౣѣ 10 ࣎Җ߆ಏҜĂ ĞSimandjuntak, 1969: 26ğĄ SimandjuntakĞ1969: 26ğ˵ᕇĂĶΝᓑ֣̼ķĞdefederateğߏࠎ˞ĶГᓑ֣̼ķĞrefederateğĄ 12 ѣᕇညߏຐࢋԯᓲකᗆღĂᑕྍАᗫฟ˘ᕇГᗆღĄ 9 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
д͟ז႕ຍĂЯѩĂ՟ѣඈזߏ՟ѣ˘͞ຏޢԼࢭ͞९གྷ࿅˛ԶˣљĂ ֽˠĂᅁღ˫ࢦϦົ۞ޤႷ҃˫ᇙ۔ѐ 8 ͡ᑅဩĂࡻ઼ࠎ˞щᇬ 1941 ,ࢦ୧ࡗཌྷચă֭ᄰ֏ჯ᜕ֽˠ۞ӀৈĞStockwell, 1974: 334; Simandjuntak 1969: 22-32ğĄ ĻĞColonial Developmentڱࡻ઼઼ົд 1940 ѐ఼࿅ĺതϔ൴ण̈́ࡅ ࣖ۞ٺand Welfare ActğăٚᏚࢋፉതϔгԼචགྷᑻ̈́ۤົ۞యЇĂ၆ ֽࣶᄲĂ͟ҫᅳֲֽϏဘ̙ߏநጼಞ۞ݵ፟Ăԓጔд̂དྷፋ࿅ء :Ξͽ႕֖ࡻ઼дጼரăͽ̈́གྷᑻ˯۞ᅮࢋĞStockwell, 1974ޙĂགྷ࿅ࢦޢ ഇมĂ઼࡚˘Г༛ܳ༖֣ਕ၁ኹĺ̂Ҙ߶ጳౢĻĞAtlanticۋ335ğĄдጼ Charter, 1941ğٙ೬㋃۞Νതϔ̼நຐĞLouis, 1978ğćࡻ઼֭Ϗវ̯Ꮪ ٙѣ۞തϔгĂݒυืҌ͌ᄃ؎ఏĂాҬͼᅌᅈ۞ֲֽ˵ѣԼٺዋϡ ؽՀૺ۞υࢋĂЯѩдგ۞̂ࣧ˭Ăბֽ۞າ߆ඉѣ˟ีࢦᕇĈ೩ ĞStockwell, 1974: 336ğĄڼҖ߆ड़தă̈́౯ҋ ߷ૻᝋֲ۞ש ୀග B઼ޓд 1942 ѐ 2 ͡ౝĂନ̙̈́͘۞̂ࡻາΐ Ԉဦග઼࡚࠻Ă۞ޢώĂᗞࢬႽεĂ؎၁ӌ̙˭˾ঈĂυืो˘इጼ͟ ҂тңग़ҋޥٙͽ˘͞ࢬ੨Ъ઼࡚дҘ͉π߶۞֨ొཌăΩ˘͞ࢬ ፋវӀৈĂ۲̙ͪརγˠϣĂΒ߁ֲֽăࢶപăͽ̈́ոć۞ڌдᅈ֗ തϔгĂֲֽ̙Һజஉᄏ۞ڌߏ઼࡚ᓁᘲ࣍ᛉϤαૻВგᅈ͍ ፋវఢထĂҺ۞ڇܫݑֲࢋѣ˘इрညΞͽ΄ˠڌд̰Ăࡻ઼Ҍ͌੫၆ ឰ઼࡚ˠᛇߏ࡚ˠᏵᇍĂЯѩĂֲֽᓑ֣Ϊߏާಶౢ۞ᑕഀࢍ൪ă҃ :གྷ࿅఼ሹᑭٙᒔ۞ྎࢍ൪ĞStockwell, 1984: 68; Stockwell, 1974ܧ 336-37, 348, note 24ğĄ ВᙊĂᄮࠎдĺ̂Ҙ߶ጳפд 1942 ѐ 9 ͡Ăࡻ઼γϹొᄃതϔгొ ቁܲсࣇ۞щБăܮд͉π߶гડ۞ᛳгĂͽܔౢĻ۞॰ߛ˭Ăࡻ઼ᑕྍࢦ ᛉ۞ֲֽăۋઇ౯Ă͍ߏѣΞਕனڼฟ൴༊г۞ྤă֭ͷࠎҋ ݑֲѣឰˠீڌԊ۞ఢထ̚Ăࡻ઼υืд͞ڌࡻᛳᘲ߷ćдതϔгొ̈́ ˘ࢍ൪˵ಶᛦ౦ᖙ֗Ăវ҃֏ಶߏనཉ׀ҶԊĂጼ݈۞ፋ۞ܪ˘༗ࠎ̝ Ϲ఼͕̚۞ֲֽᓑ֣Ăஉᄏֲֽă̈́ঔदതϔгĂ̈́ٽࠎ࣎ͽາΐ :Гᕖ̈́ࡻᛳᘲ߷Ăϫ۞ߏؼҩОκă̈́ոĞStockwell, 1974ޢ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 10
ଭЩˠă၁ኳᔴᛳതϔгొ۞ొۋ338ćSimandjuntak, 1969: 38ğĄϤጼ ࢍ൪̈ĞMalayan Planning Unit, MPUğд 1943 ѐϒёྻүĂԓ୕ਕֲֽ ,ă֭೩Җ߆ड़தĞStockwell, 1974: 338-39; Simandjuntakڼૻ̼തϔ পঅгҜă҃ᘲ߷۞ᛳг۞າΐٺ35-38ğĄ̙̈˳ಶ൴னĂϤ :1969 ᛉ̙ޙĂٙͽٽݑֲٙѣ۞ᛳгፋЪࠎ˘ྕᛳ̙ڌϠ့Ăࢋࡻ઼д̪ ݑֲᓁ༛ڌӸᇶͷАඕЪֽኜ֣ă౫̱ϥă̈́ᕠݱಶрĂΩγనཉ˘࣎ ĞGovernor-General for South-East AsiağֽᓁјĞStockwell, 1974: 339ğĄ ઼࡚әͨՐஷĂזҋ̎۞ჟ͕ᑞထкߏዎזࣶΪഇء༊ॡĂࡻ઼ ̙ࣚី۞ֲֽෳĂᑕྍΞͽహർࣘ߉࿀ࣇಶቑĂፆ̝࿅ֱ֤ٺҌ ৼˢ҂ณćдࣇ۞ڱĂ̙χზଳᏙથशă˵՟ѣ༊гҁѺؖ۞ຐާ ڱጳפĂ݈೩ߏυืֶፂ୧ࡗֽعѣ͛ˠ߆̖ڱఢထ̚ĂυืАѣጳ υ྿ĂೱήྖᄲĂிֹֽعٙᅮࢋ۞ᝋĂ༊ĂՀࢦࢋ۞࿅ְ߆ ᛂ̜υืᝋឰഭගࡻ઼ĂЧֽ֣࣎ಉεҋăֽˠ̙ГֳѣপҾ ඕՁ݈ಶ̏གྷቁؠĂᐌ༖౯൳ౙۋᝋӀĞprivilegesğćֱౌߏдጼ ֲֽͅԽдӈĂϤࣖொዸᐁᜋ೩ĞKandyğ۞ MPU јࣶᐌॡಶΞͽ ĞStockwell, 1974: 339-42ğĄعซዸ͛ˠ߆ ĂГڼࣧАĂࡻ઼ࢍ൪ు˘ЍೇЧֽ֣ĂАͽ౼Ӏ̝ݻซҖְ ཌྷٸ͉ԣԸࢫĂឰࡻεΝԷႊྋ͟זјϲć՟ѣຐ۞عପ᜕͛ˠ߆ ѣ՟ѣһχጼĂֶિυืֶࢍ൪నཉغז˞։፟Ăࡻ઼ᜪ̙۞ ᔑ۞ϔ߆ְચĞcivil˭ܮĞBritish Military Administration, BMAğĂͽع߆ affairsğΞͽᇶͷૻ๕ྻү˘ੱ̄ĂЯѩĂ༊ࡻд 1945 ѐ 9 ͡ 3 ͟൳ౙĂ Чгనཉ˞˝࣎ડזјϲᓁొĂ֭ࠁᅋˠ̶ࣶᐝಶдРษ͟ 12 ٺع߆ ĞStockwell, 1974: 342-43ğĄΪ̙࿅Ăֲֽᓑ֣۞ଯજ֭՟ѣຐညعા߆ ֏ă៍ҖĂ҃âόྎڱࡻ઼۞ᄲٺӀĄ˘ฟᐝĂֽˠ၆ึ̚ ତڱ೬ᜨ13Ă༊гˠಶ၅ᛇజ҃ཏᙈĂߊܐ۞̰टд 1946 ѐ ҋ̎۞ᝋӀᕖ̈́ĂՀϠঈ۞ߏࡻ઼࿀࢝ᛂ̜צᝋజࣤဳă˵̙ਕԡצ
ЊϨϩ३۞̰ट֍ OngkiliĞ1985: 40-42ğĄ 13 11 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
ᘕ൴̂ޘဧĂЯѩࢵޢᘪཌ୧ࡗ14Ăࣇፉ͕ҋ̎ົՎ˯Δ࡚߷Оௐщˠ۞ ֽˠķĞMalaya Belongs to Malaysğćٺఢሀ۞ԩᛉҖજĂ಄Ķֲֽᛳ ۰ޢĂڼˠ̳ϔᝋă˵ඍᑕտኬ̟ҋޘ࠹၆гĂጐგࡻ઼ˠధᏚරˠ̈́О ਾĞStockwell, 1974: 343; Ongkili, 1985: 40-51ğĄٺݒҬͼજ ಶЩϫ˯҃֏Ăֲֽᓑ֣Ϊߏ࿅ഭॡഇ۞߆щଵĂ݄કૅ࠱۞ந ϫᇾдዛྮĂְ၁˯ݒߏтΒೱ۞തϔгćೱήྖڼϤߏࠎ˞ໂ۞ҋ Ăனд୮̙ᐗඬгూҖۡڼߏ࿅ᛂ̜၁߉มତ۞פᄲĂࡻ઼ጼ݈ଳ ĂֽˠЯѩૻধͅᇅĞStockwell, 1974: 333-34ğĄ˘ฟᐝĂڼତ۞തϔ ᅁԣ࿅ᙯăిጼిՙĂ၆ࣇڱࣶԓ୕ֲֽᓑ֣۞ጳءҋͽࠎߏ۞ࣖ рĂֲֽᓑ֣ЯѩдֽڼְܜГިᆃᒷᎣ˵ᓁͧؼعᄲĂ͛ˠ߆ֽ ѐ 4 ͡ 1 ͟јϲćΪ̙࿅ĂࢵЇᓁ༛ Edward Gent 1946 ٺ˭̕˯ࡻ઼ᜦͳർ ᅁعЇಶ൴னࡺᐝ̙၆҃˯ࣆ͖15Ăѷᐝ˿ᓚ۞ࣖ߆ז˘Ğ1946-48ğ ݑֲᓁ༛ĞGovernor-General for Southeast AsiağMalcolm MacDonaldڌ΄˭ღ ֲֽזۡ˘ᚙ૧ઙĂЯѩĂعᛉ߆ޙ˵༛ੱĂኡۢـĞ1946-48ğ݈ ăͽ̈́߆ඉࡩѪཛ̚Ăॲώ՟ѣ;ኜטޙ̝Ăֲֽᓑ֣۞҃פᓑЪ֣ ၁߉۞፟ົĞStockwell, 1974: 343-44ğĄ щᇬϔཌྷ̏ڱ҇ĂЯѩυืຐᏱ˘֤̚˾˭ٸࡻ઼ᔘ̙ຐٺϤ થĂࡻ઼ᄃֲֽםགྷజᇨ۞ֽˠĞOngkili, 1985: 53ğĄགྷ࿅˘ѐΗ۞ ᛉĞFederation of Malaya Agreement, 1948ğĂᗕ͞Чੜ˘ՎĂ͍ߏם྿ј ͡ ֲֽᓑЪ֣д 1948 ѐ 2۞םᄲр̙Ν߄ጼֽˠপѣ۞ᝋӀĂ·႕ԁ ᄲൺ۞ֲֽᓑ֣ߏтΒೱ۞ࡻ઼തϔгĂᛂ̜ԛТᐻĂڍјϲĄт ؈َ۞ЪĂ˝ֽ֣࣎Ğαֽ࣎ᓑ֣ޝ࠹ྵ̝˭ĂֲֽᓑЪ֣ߏ ֽ֣ặֽ̈́࣎ᛳ֣ğޭೇ઼᜕ܲ۞гҜĂ҃ᕠݱă̈́౫̱ϥჯ۞
ๆĂͽЧᛂޘдһਣใ̚Ăᅟᘪࡗ۞ࡻͳপֹ Harold MacMichael үࢲૻ๕ăၗ 14 ֏ĂΪр˘˘ᘪࢎ୧ࡗឰ̙ޤᅊҜĂ̂छރഇมࠎϤۋ۰дጼڼ็̜ ፬ֲֽϔཌྷ۞ԣి൴णĂוᝋĂֱಉᝋ઼۞୧ࡗĞMacMichael Treaties, 1945ğ ,ဥវ̈́߆ᛨ৾৾னĞWikipedia, 2018: Harold MacMichael; Ongkili, 1985: 39-40ڼ߆ 47-52, 91-94; Simandjuntak, 1969: 39-43ğĄ Gent д 1948 ѐ 7 ͡జΡаࣖᖚĂЯࠎࢳ፟εְ֗˸ĞStockwell, 1984: 74-75ğĄ 15 ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 12
തϔг۞гҜĂᗗТĂߏᝋϲ઼छᄃതϔг۞̂ᗔᒏĄSimandjuntak ߛၹֽ࠻Ă۰၁дώኳ˯֭՟ѣڼĞ1969: 14, 39ğᄮࠎĂಶፋវ۞߆ к̂۞मҾĂᝋ˧ֶ࠹༊ะ̚Ğp. 83ğĄതϔг̂Ҋ Arthur Creech Jones ă֭ͷعĞ1946-50ğۡ֏Ăࣧώֲֽᓑ֣۞ώኳಶߏૻ҃ѣ˧۞̚δ߆ ૻአੑ߆ᘦؠĂЯѩĂੵ˞ٙᏜ۞ĶВТ̳ϔᝋķĞcommon citizenshipğĂ Ăᖞ੧າĂдֲֽᓑЪ֣̂វ˯ߏ՟ѣڱࣧώֱ֤ٙᏜĶซՎ۞ķү к̂ԼតĞStockwell, 1984: 70-71; Simandjuntak, 1969: 81ğĄ д 1948 ѐ 6 ͡Ăͽරˠࠎ۞ВĞMalayan Communist Party, MCPğ ๏۞ࡻٺၗĞMalayan Emergency, 1948-60ğĂѓېְĂֲֽซˢღާ ಞă̈́ᚩಞ۞ຽ̙ࢋၣྤĂ̍ᛨࢵ࠹ғᇇᖃྺ̂ڇߏтңᄲ۞ڦٙᙯ઼ Ă͕זч၆ֲֽٚᏚ۞ϲĂݒۡ֏ࡻ઼֕ˠ۞ॡ፟ϏܫጐგкѨܲᙋ ࣶ၅ᛇءሹზ۞ߏ 25 ѐ۞࿅ഭॡഇĂ҃Ăᔹጼд 1950 ѐᘕ൴Ăдг̚ υืعᛉ߆ޙĂڱЯ৵ĂΒ߁າ˘ֽˠѣ̙Т۞࠻۞טଠڱֱ˘ז ძᒼăΐిΝതϔ۞ཙՎĂٕధᑕྍॡᒺൺࠎ 10Ƃ25 ѐćዸֽܥϏ ৺ࣶ Henry GurneyĞ1948-51ğд 1951 ѐ 10 ͡జВຳ୭֗˸Ăিֲ Ğ1951-55ğعРႬܲчᛨ߆ܘ೩઼݈ົԼᏴक़ୀĂаᔦ۞ع؋۞̍ᛨ߆ٺ ՟ѣ֤ᆃຏଐϡְĂതϔгొ̂Ҋ Oliver Lytteltonྵͧڼതϔг۞ҋٺ၆ Ğ1951-54ğᄃາֽ۞ֲֽ৺ࣶ Gerald TemplerĞ1952-54ğ߱͘ૻർă Ğ1955ğᄃϲĞ1957ğ۞ڼݒ̙Ԟд๏В࿅рϔ͕Ă҃ৌϒܳјҋ ߏതϔ̂ҊĞSecretary of State for the ColoniesğAlan Lennox-BoydĞ1954-59ğ ᄃֲֽ৺ࣶ Donald MacGillivrayĞ1954-57ğĞStockwell, 1984: 69-73ğĄ ڼֲֽҋזݑֲ৺ࣶ Malcolm MacDonaldវᄮڌ߆ᝋᖼொ۞ྭ ߆ᝋĂૺາ۞઼छυืΒटפጿă˫ᇎ͕Вഫᑝጼܡڱϲ̝๕ к̮ĞཏğĂБ˧ٛᘇࠁ۞Ķֽϔ˘፟ၹƟԒķĞUnited Malays National Organisation, UMNOğ౹ᛨयਃຒ̼ĞDato Onn bin Jaafar, ͘ĂЯѩဘྏฟٸΪࢋཏયᗟ̙ྋՙăࡻ઼ಶ̙ົܫ1895-1962ğćਃຒ̼࠹ ᛉᛨЩԼࠎĶֽ亞ϔ˘፟ၹķĞUnited MalayansޙֽˠăܧԒගٸ Ăᇙ҃д 1951 ѐ௲ᛨΩĶֲֽϲᛨķڍNational OrganisationğĂϏ ᒔڱߐݒдᏴᓝ̝̚͟ځĞIndependence of Malaya Party, IMPğĂҜ 13 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
;кᇴֽˠ۞ᄮТ҃ެĂम˘ᕇᗼ˞ࡻ઼۞̂ԊĞStockwell, 1984: 76-77 Simandjuntak, 1969: 64-69ğĄ ᛉົĞFederal Legislative CouncilğᏴᓝĂڱᓑЪ֣ϲبд 1955 ѐᓝᏱ۞ࢵ ,ϤԒăĶֽҘֲරˠ̳ົƟර̳ົķĞMalayan Chinese Association ,ϔ̂ົᛨƟ઼̂ᛨķĞMalayan Indian Congress઼ޘMCAğăͽ ̈́ĶֽҘֲО MICğٙඕЪ۞ֽᓑ༖ĞAlliance Partyăٕ Malayan Allianceğͽѝ͟ ٛતĞTunku Abdul Rahmanğؑڌϲࠎ߆֍Ăᛏ 52 य̚۞ 51 यĂᅳ۞ ĞChief MinisterğĂᐌӈᄃࡻ઼णฟ˘րЕ۞ϲኘҿĞMerdekaܜЇࢵयొ ᛉĞFederation of Malaya Agreement, 1957ğĂֲֽםNegotiationsğăᘪࢎ ܢҶϲĞProclamation of IndependenceĂކ͟ ᓑЪ֣16 д 1957 ѐ 8 ͡ 31 ᄲ 1955 ѐߏֲֽϔ۞ጌڍᐂ 1ğĂϤፉЇௐ˘Їࢵ࠹Ğ1957-63ğćт ,ĂֲֽᓑЪ֣۞ϲಶߏֲֽϔ۞ኚϠĞSimandjuntak, 1969: 15ځ 70-77; Ongkili, 1985: 94-98, 105, 114-22ğĄ
肆、馬來西亞聯邦由醞釀到確立
ݑֲঔڌШາΐז͟ ѐ 5 ͡ 27 1961 ٺٛતؑڌֲֽᓑЪ֣ࢵ࠹ ĞForeign Correspondent Association of Southeast AsiağႊᓾĂົםγপࠁࣶ ăΔᘲ߷ă̈́զඈгᑕྍ൴णĶՀღ۞ᙯᛉֲֽăາΐޙϒё ֲֽ߆ٺགྷᑻᙯܼĄϤ̈́ڼѩ۞߆كૻ̼ܮķĞcloser associationğĂͽܼ ᛉĂޙ۞׀Ъ۞གྷкѨ١າΐ̏ۏˠڼඕЪ17ă߆Шͅ၆ྫྷາΐ˘ع :၅छម៨̙̏ĞFernado & Rajagopal, 2017៍ڼٛત۞а͕ᖼຍ΄߆ؑڌ ֲֽᓑЪ֣۞ϲĂϤז97-98ğĄְ၁˯Ăଂֽᓑ֣ăֲֽᓑ֣ă ώ˯ߏజଵੵдγ۞ĞTan, 2008: 32ğĄࢵАĂૄֽයࡻͅ၆Ăາΐٺ ۞˾ΐˢົᗼཏˠ۞ፉ͕າΐعѣѺ༱රˠĂֲֽ߆າΐٺϤ
16 ѩޢ˫Ⴭࠎ Merdeka FederationĄ re-unificationĂ̙࿅Ă֭ זგჍࠎ mergerăunionăassociation ٕ integrationĂઊ҃֍̙ 17 unification фீĄ זϏ֍ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 14
फ़ֽĈNational Archives ofྤ SingaporeĞ2018ğĄ ٛત۞ĶՀღؑڌ ဦ 4Ĉ ᙯܼķ።Ϋّႊᓾ۞
߆ᝋĂפΞਕٺăࠤҌܜ႙ൄ͟Вயᛨ๕˧дາΐٺπᏊćΩγĂϤ ĞFernado & Rajagopal, 2017: 98; Tan, 2008: 31ğĄރֲֽࢺຏ ࡻ઼ᛳгߏӎඕЪࠎՀ̂۞˘ᅳгĂ၁ѝߏϤ઼ົᛉ˯ٺѣᙯ Ξਕֽ۞р׀ࣶд 1887 ѐ೩ֽ۞Ăതϔгొχఏᐌഘ˯Ă̙ॡ೩ᏹЪ ޢĂΪ̙࿅ĂֱౌઃдΪሁୗᜩă̙֍ˠ˭ֽ۞ล߱ćࡻ઼дጼ ৼˢֲֽĂ҃Яࠎ҂ณࢬ၆Νതϔ۞ᑅ˧Ăᔵሹზ࿅тңາΐ ,ซֲֽᓑ֣ĞFernado & Rajagopalٸപ۞ጼரࢦࢋّĂտ՟ѣາΐ ഇĂࡻ઼̙ಝఈዸঔγฟዚĂᄮࠎֽޢ100-101ğĄд 1950 ѐ :2017 гĂ̙ૄ۞ፋЪ۞ॡ፟̏གྷјሢĂሹზΪࢋਕᚶᜈֹϡາΐᄃາΐֲ ă̈́ᘲ߷ᛳгϲ۞ኝᗟϴගֲֽĂ˵ಶߏγొયރӸԯВᛨ۞ ;ᗟΐͽ̰߆̼ăٕγొПᐍ̰ొ̼ĞTan, 2008: 18-20, 29-31; Milne, 1963: 76 Jones, 2002: 572-73ğĄ ᅳăڼݑֲ۞ٙѣᛳгᑕྍඕЪࠎ˘࣎ҋڌĂࡻ઼ؕᄮࠎсдޢጼ сࣇ۞Ϡхਕ˧ĂপҾߏࡻᛳᘲ߷۞զٺ۰Ҍ͌ߏ֣ᓑĂࢋߏீٕ ᙱдОκăޝăࡀٛăͽ̈́Ւ͐Ăˬг۞ˠ˾ΐֽΪѣ˘Ѻ༱Ăऻُ ࣶ۞ఢထ̚Ăֱᅳг۞ღඕЪءᄼăͽ઼̈́̚۞ӵᓀ̚Ϡхćдޠහ ล߱ೈԔ႙ซĂАϤᘲ߷۞ˬгАҖЪүפѣӀचĂ̙࿅Ăрଳ 15 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
Ҙྭঔᕖֲֽ̈́ăـॡ፟јሢГޞ࠻࠻ĂΪࢋਕૉᒔ༊гˠ۞͚Ăඈ ݑֲ৺ࣶڌߏд 1948-55 ѐፉЇۏĂ˵ಶߏ 3+2Ă҃ᙯᔣˠາΐ̈́ & ĞCommissioner-General for Southeast Asiağ۞ Malcolm MacDonaldĞFernado Rajagopal, 2017: 101-106; Stockwell, 1984: 74-78; Tan, 2008: 15; Simandjuntak, 1969: 118-20ğĄ ڌĂݎݎඕЪᎸڼ߆ٺѣăͽ̈́ՂЍᚹ၆ڒۏˠڼ߆ጐგາΐ Ăࡻޢѐϲ 1957 ٺֲֽᓑЪ֣זٛતݒߏຍᎸᔰࠞĂЯѩâۡࢋؑ ޥăզăࡀٛăͽ̈́Ւ͐ඈг۞݈Ăࢦາฟؕຕࢦ҂ᇋາΐ઼̖ ࠎᓑ֣۞ĶԈဦķĞGrand Designğć͍ߏՂЍ׀҂ֱᛳгᄃֲֽЪ ᙱВາΐ۞ޢٛતϹ͕Ăᇎ͕ϲؑڌᚹдࡻ઼ˠ۞ခᐽ˭Ăᇤ͛Ш ݑֲĂЯѩૺָ۞ྋՙ͞९ߏֲֽڌᛨᜲೠăซ҃ΞਕП̈́ፋ࣎ ăͽ̈́ᘲ߷ˬгඕЪĞFernado & Rajagopal, 2017: 106-10ğĄࡻ઼ᄃາΐ ࣶд 1960 ѐ೩α͞९ĈࡀٛŮՒ͐ăࡀٛŮՒ͐Ůզءതϔгొ ăࡀٛŮՒ͐ŮզŮֲֽăࡀٛŮՒ͐ŮզŮֲֽŮາΐ ҂ᇋ۞፺̋͘ă҃զ˵ѣΞਕົனયᗟޢߏజĂΞͽ࠻າΐ ĞFernado & Rajagopal, 2017: 112ğĄ ߏӎ൏ᕇĂ˵ಶߏາΐ۞ڦᙯعϏֽજШҋֽߏֲֽ߆۞າΐ ϲăߏӎົྫྷֲֽඕЪĂ͍ߏᓑЪ֣ଂ 1948 ѐјϲͽֽಶࠎ˞๏ົ ϏֽߏӎົརˢВᛨ̙͘̚Ξ͟Ă˵ಶߏາΐٺВҋᜪ̙ີĂ၆ ,Ο͐ķିĞMeans, 1963: 139; Tan, 2008: 5; Simandjuntak۞ੰޢٙᏜ۞Ķ ΞਕົᗼனѣޝΐˢĂ125ğĄ҃Ăֲֽݒ˫ፉ͕˘όឰາΐ :1969 ཏјֽ࠻Ğܑ۞ޢᝋ˧۞ϠၗĄͽ 1960 ѐ݈ڼཏπᏊăซ҃ᇆᜩ߆۞ ҫ1ğĂֽˠдֲֽҫ˞ˠ˾۞˘Ηăරˠ 37%Ă࠹၆гĂරˠдາΐ ԯࡻᛳᘲ߷ˬг˘ৼซֽ18Ăֽˠ۞ڍ75%ăֽˠΪѣ 14%ćт ˞
ۢ˵ٛત༊ؑڌĂ҃ܕᘲ߷ˬг۞ࣧҝϔٕధ̙ᄮࠎҋ̎۞ҕቡ̼͛ᄃֽˠ࠹ 18 Т̼Ă၆ٽֽˠֽᄲĂҌ͌ࣇͧරˠटٺĂ҃Ă၆ޘᘲ߷̙ߏֽˠ۞઼ ٛતᄮࠎ༊гˠೀͼಶߏֽˠć࠹၆ؑڌĂܫߏΞͽඕ༖၆ԩරˠ۞၆෪Ăࡻ઼ˠ࠹ ,ĞLim Kean SiewğᄮࠎĂࣇ̙ਕზߏֽˠĞTan, 2008: 6ုޙڒۏˠڼгĂරˠ߆ 53ćSimandjuntak, 1969: 133-34ğĄ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 16
ΐˢĂරˠĞ41.9%ğĂࢋߏಏಏឰາΐٺૻݍˠ˾ּͧ 46.7% ᔘΞͽ ֽˠ۞ּͧజ՞୶ࠎ 41.9%Ăͧරˠ۞ 43.3% ᔘҲĂˠ˾ᐹ๕̙ГĂ ༊тᓜஎஅăтᆹᓠДĄ
1ĈֽҘֲ۞ཏј ܑ
!ࡻᛳᘲ߷ ᓁᇴ ֲֽ! າΐ
3,125,474 197,060 876,509 4,199,043 ֽˠ (49.8%) (13.6%) (68.3%) (46.7%) 2,333,756 1,090,595 355,491 3,779,842 ර! ˠ (37.1%) (75.1%) (27.7%) (41.9%) 696,186 124,084 5,535 825,805 Оޘˠ (11.1%) ( 8.6%) ( 0.4%) ( 9.2%) 123,342 34,190 45,292 202,824 ! ( 2.0%) ( 2.4%) ( 3.5%) ( 2.2%) 6,278,758 1,445,929 1,282,827 9,007,514 ᓁ! ᇴ (69.7%) (16.1%) (14.2%) ( 100%)
फ़ֽĈአፋநҋ MeansĞ1963: 140ğĂણ ҂ SimandjuntakĞ1969: 130-31, tablesྤ 1-3ğăOngkiliĞ1985: 153-54, tables 1-2ğăOhĞ1967: 433, table 1ğăTilman Ğ1963, 901, table 1ğĄ ˠ˾ߏॲፂ 1957 ѐ۞ߤĂࡻᛳᘲ߷۞ˠ˾ߏ۞Ĉֲֽă̈́າΐځ ᄲ ϏΐˢֽҘֲ۞զğćֽˠΒӣֽޢॲፂ 1960 ѐ۞ߤĞΒӣ ࣧҝϔĄ
ᅳጱ۰ֽᄲĂֽҘֲυืߏ˘࣎Ϥֽˠᄃࣧҝڼֲֽ۞߆ٺ၆ кᇴ۞઼छĂலౣĂ྆ߏࣇ˘۞য়઼ĂЯѩĂ̙გߏˠᇴăاϔ عᝋ˧Ăֽˠ۞ᐹ๕၆̙̯ధజᗼćጐგֲֽ۞ᓑ༖߆ڼᔘߏ߆ ଠڼϲдྭཏ۞ЪүĂֽˠፉᇎፉ͕රˠ۞གྷᑻᐹ๕ົֽ߆ޙߏ Ăгνາΐ׀ĂপҾߏВᛨྻજጾѣྵּͧ۞රˠТଐâόЪט ٛતҋؑڌᓍᏴை๕υԣిᕖૺĂрߏܲᗓăͽඉщБćְ၁˯Ă ķĂٕΞ༊үĶֽҘֲ۞৸ࡗķĂݒ၆̙ధޅߏĶયᗟ̈ᄮࠎາΐؕ ĞTan, 2008: 6, 24, 49-50, 53, 192-93ğĄڼරˠ̬ˢֽΗफ۞߆ Ăࡻ઼ᖼ҃Ш۞ઘٛ͘ᖠҹĞAbdulޘٛત۞Ԧຕ͕̈ၗؑڌࢬ၆ ۰࠹ޢνᓍ๕˧͟ᎸĂឰRazakğፍͽ̂ཌྷĂ͍ߏӈ֕Шϲ۞າΐ 17 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
& ٛતĞFernadoؑڌڇඕЪ๕дυҖăซ҃јΑᄲڼၗᚑࢦ҃វᄮ߆ְܫ າΐٺଐ๕ѣតĂϤٺٛત۞ࢦາ҂ᇋߏ࢝ؑڌRajagopal, 2017: 111ğĄ гҜд 1963 ѐؠဳĂߊࡻ઼̙Ξਕϖᅈ˭ֽᑒѓĂ҃ՂЍᚹ߆ᝋ۞ ൭̙тൺ൭ĂՙؠજᑝĂາΐܜ̝Ă҃פᐌॡѣΞਕజВᛨ˫ ৼˢಶг࠻გĞTan, 2008: 56-58ğĄ ѣ̪ٙޢརڼࡀٛă̈́Ւ͐۞߆ٺٛત၆ؑڌ࿅ĂԼត͕ຍ۞̙ ࡻ઼ਕᚶᜈдՒ͐˘߱ޞГᄲĂপҾߏഇڼăԓ୕гਕА͘ҋܲ ॡมâ͞ࢬෛࠎְૄгăΩ˘͞ࢬ൴णགྷᑻćЯѩĂ۞ϥ९ߏֽ ९̖ߏֲֽŮࡀٛŮ˙ٺŮࡀٛŮզĂ˵ಶߏ̈ݭ۞ᓑ֣ĂҌֲ ͞ࡴᘽٙӌ˭າΐܧ۞ྤڌĂೱήྖᄲĂզŮՒ͐Ůາΐ ,υื੨۞Ꭴ19ĞFernado & Rajagopal, 2017: 113-14; Tan, 2008: 6, 54; Ongkili 1995: 161-74; Milne, 1953: 77ğĄ ৶۞զᛂ̜кΪᙸຍΐˢனѣ۞ֲֽᓑЪ֣Ă҃ࡀקጐგᎸ ࡻ઼҂ٺٛăͽ̈́Ւ͐г۞ҁѺؖព႕ຍϫ݈۞തϔггҜĂҌ ᄼ۞˾ĂޠณгநЯ৵ă̈́ˠ˾јĂҋؕፉ͕ѿˢ઼̚ăОκăٕߏහ ٛત̏གྷТຍᕖ̂ᓑ֣ĂᅅؑڌЯѩેຍјϲ̂ݭ۞ֽҘֲᓑ֣Ăߊ ٛત̈́νΠ͘ĂؑڌҐ̏࿅༱ࢦ̋Ăְቤćд 1961 ѐĂࡻ઼̙ᕝྼᄲ ٛતտТຍͽᘲ߷ˬгะវΐˢؑڌኛৈĂРษـՂЍᚹ˵кѨ݈ ٺ͟ д 1963 ѐ 7 ͡ 9ٺΐ༖ĂᐌӈणฟѐኘҿĂ۞ᓑֽ֣Ϲೱາΐ ؠĻĞMalaysia Agreement, 1963ğĂᔞ឵Ȉѐ۞̂םࣖᘪࢎĺֽҘֲ :20ĂΪमᄤ֖̙݈۞զĞFernado & Rajagopal, 2017ڍҘֲᓑ֣࣒јϒֽ 114-19; Simandjuntak, 1969: 152-56; Ross-Larson, 1976: 1ğĄ
ĶщБᄲķĂΩ˘ߏĶᕖૺᄲķĂᄮࠎֽҘֲᓑ֣۞ፋЪາΐ۞ܫਠٙஎ˘ٺ࠹ྵ 19 ۞̍ĞSopiee, 1973: 717-19ğĄڌפߏ۞ྤĂೱήྖᄲĂາΐڌ˞၁ߏࠎ ᐂ 2ğ۞ 8 ͡ 31 ͟ߏϲ͟ĞHari MerdekağĄ ܢ֏ĞProclamation of MalaysiaĂކοϲކ 20 ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 18
伍、新加坡進出馬來西亞
ঔदതϔгд 1946 ѐ 4 ͡Яזࡻ઼۞ঔदതϔгĂۡٺࣧώᛳາΐ ҋјࠎ࠱छതϔࠎ౫̱ϥᄃᕠݱΐˢֲֽᓑ֣҃ྋĂ౺˭۞າΐ д 1963 ѐᄃֲֽᓑЪ֣ăՒ͐ă̈́ࡀٛඕЪࠎֽҘֲᓑ֣Ą ٺ гĂ Ă҃Ă၁Ăࡻ઼д 1942 ѐඉထֲֽᓑ֣̝ᅫĂࣧώѣຍৼˢາΐ འĂΐ˯ֽයࡻ۞ͅ၆Ă̙ᙸຍ܇ጼரᆊࣃăͽ̈́රˠᄃֽˠ۞ז҂ณ ཏ̝ม۞ᏘĂЯѩд 1943-55ٺࣶۢĂᙯᔣдءᗼ˞̂Ԋ҃ᑣཉć࠹ᙯ۞ ಛăͽ̈́ឰֽˠᙸຍڤдтңᒉౄᔕኢ۞ٸѐมĂࡻ઼ֲֽ߆ඉࢦ͕ ડᓑᘭ؎ࣶۤ۞͞ءܧݑֲ৺ࣶ Malcolm MacDonald ࿅ڌૺᓖତৼĂ ଯજֽޢĞCommunity Liaison Committee, CLCğдཏมࡍୣၭĂ၌ົ ᓑ֣۞Ϗౣ̝ԠćЯѩĂд 1948 ѐјϲ۞ֲֽᓑЪ֣Ă˵̙࿅ߏ҂ณֲ ,Җ߆ड़த۞ቤһ̝ࢍĞStockwell, 1984: 71; Tan, 2008: 31-32; Simandjuntak 1969: 100-101; Ongkili, 1985: 82-84ğĄ ᛉĞLegislative CouncilğᏴᓝĂ༊ົڱϲٸԊొฟޘࡻ઼д 1948 ѐࢵ ĂкඕЪ׀υืАϲăГኘᄃֲֽ۞Ъॡࢋ۞߆ᛨౌᄮࠎາΐ ซՎᛨĞSingapore Progressive Party, SPPğࠎᗫ۞֣ᓑĈᛊтܲч۞າΐ ૺֲֽᑕྍА࣒ጳπᝋ21 ГᄲĂ౹ᛨयౘ̖ĞTan Chye Chengğۡ ̍၆͘າΐۋ൴णćᚮڼ߆۞ΪົӸᘣາΐ׀֏Ă༊˭Їңԛё۞Ъ ѣĞLimڒᚑඥ۞ᏴีĂᛨᅾܧ֭׀ᛨĞ Singapore Labour Partyğ˵ТຍЪ ,௰̄˯ĞTan۞Ă̙ಀԯϮ᎐ଭдາΐ׀ЪגYew Hockğܑϯᄃֲֽӈ 2008: 22-33; Sopiee, 1973: 722ğĄ ซˢ 1950 ѐĂࢋ߆ᛨѣВᙊ̙ΞਕҋᒔϲĂ෦Ր˯አፋࠎ ĻĞRendel Constitution, 1955ğڱăГኘϲĂপҾߏٙᏜ۞ĺᖡႬጳڼАҋ јࠎһछυ׀ᛉົĞLegislative AssemblyğĂᄃֲֽЪڱϲٸᏚ఼ሹฟ̯ дϲ̝݈υืᄃֲֽඕοາΐކᛉᗟĂᛊтౘ̖ϲಞͶតĂ۞ۋ
Ķ̢࠹၆ᑕ۞ᝋӀķĞcorrespondingקᓑֽ֣ᄲĂĶᝋӀπඈķĞequal rightsğຍٺ၆ 21 ѣĶ˘ሀ˘ᇹ۞ᝋӀķĞidentical rightsğĞTan, 2008: 110ğĄֳܧrightsğă҃ 19 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
റјć౻זಶົͪޢ̝׀ϲдᄃֲֽЪ۞ѣ˵ૺາΐڒЪĂ҃ ቢĞLabour Frontğд 1955 ѐ۞̂Ᏼͼफ़౼Ăᛨᅾ David Marshallੱ̍ ࣖĂࢋـĞChief MinisterğĂд 1956 ѐதဥ݈ܜЇࢵयొعᓑЪ߆ ࡻ઼֏ࢍଂĂᗕٺѣ၆ڒăᇙ҃ᙜᖚԩᛉĂତ͘۞ڍՐ˘ѐ̰ϲϏ :23ĞTan, 2008ڼҋפд 1959 ѐд 1957 ѐࢦୁኘҿ22Ăࡻ઼Тຍາΐ͞ 34-35; Simandjuntak, 1969: 93-94ğĄ 1954 ٺՂЍᚹٙᅳጱ۞ˠϔҖજᛨĞPeople’s Action Party, PAPğјϲ ă׀ᄃֲֽЪܧੵᄃֲֽᓑЪ֣ඕЪćͽࠎາΐѐĂҋؕૺາΐ Ⴗಶ׀١ᄃֲֽЪڍтП֏ᓒĶາΐٺӎ̙ΞਕϲĂࠤҌ ᛉົ 51 यڱߏҋ୭ķĞTan, 2008: 36-37ğĄˠϔҖજᛨд 1959 ۞̂Ᏼᝃ߁ϲ ᓁநĂፉ͕ВᛨႣරˠጯ७ăع߆ڼयĂՂЍᚹЇࢵЇ۞ҋ 43 ۞̚ አፋྮቢâ͞ࢬ୶̼Ķۤཏཌྷ24ķĞcommunalismğ۞ҒޢĂ˯έົ̍̈́ ૾ĂΩ˘͞ࢬૻአҋ̎ߏĶܧВνࠁķĞnon-Communist Leftğă҃ܧĶͅВķ ˠϔҖٺĞanti-CommunistğĂͽડĶВᛨνࠁķĞCommunist Leftğć࠹ྵ ྿јϲķĞindependence through mergerğĂDavidֽ׀જᛨ۞߆֍ߏĶ࿅Ъ Аϲķ݈׀Marshall ٙᅳጱ۞̍ˠᛨĞWorkers’ Party, WPğૺĶдЪ ͧפᑕྍଳ׀ໂν߆ᛨૺৌϒ۞ЪٺĞindependence before mergerğĂҌ щăͅ၆රˠјࠎ˟ඈ̳ϔă̈́ᆿੵֽˠ็ڼᑕྍᕖ̈́ڼăҋטּܑ পᝋĞMeans, 1963: 142-44; Simandjuntak, 1969: 95ğĄ۞ ڼֲֽ۞߆ྫྷ֏ࢋͽϾҡᙯܼĞpartnershipğֽଯજາΐځՂЍᚹ मள͉̂҃Ъֽ̙ĂপҾֲֽ۞Πڼٛતᄮࠎ۰۞߆ؑڌĂބ νᓍ߆ඉݑᔔΔᖽĞSimandjuntak, 1969: 104ğĄ̙გт۞ᓍྮቢăͽ̈́າΐ ҂ăޥˠਕд֏ኘăΐ۞ֽ̼Ăԓ୕າΐ͘າΐޢңĂՂЍᚹ˯έ
྿јВᙊĂனڱυืซҖᑭĂࢋߏᗕ͞ޢд၁߉αѐڱጳڼҋ۞ᛉĂາΐםॲፂ 22 с۞ٺϲ۞୧І̙֖Ăົ၆າΐڍѣ۞ጳ߆щଵᚶᜈჯ˭Νćࡻ઼۞ϲಞߏт ᛳгĞTan, 2008: 25ğĄڼĂ҃ࣖ˵ۢĂ̙Ξਕϖᅈ༊үҋޘ୕۞ၗ៍פϏֽଳڼ߆ ĞState of Singapore Constitutionğߏд 1958 ఼࿅ĂڱጳڼĻ۞ҋڱĺᖡႬጳפᔵ 23 Ąڼზϒёᒔҋ̖ޢᛉົᏴڱߏд 1959 ۞ϲڱݒߏдѨѐϒё၁߉Ăͧྵϒቁ۞ᄲ дࡻ઼തϔ۞ਔඛ˭ĂٙᏜ۞ĶۤཏķĞcommunityğಶߏĶཏķĞethnic groupğĂ 24 ѝഇ۞͛ᚥ˵ѣۡତϡĶķĞraceğĄ҃ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 20
ͽ̈́ᓝͤ˯ШֲֽᓑЪ֣۞ֽˠ࠻ᆅĂֽ҃ᄬᔘజЕࠎ઼छᄬ֏ Ğnational languageğĂా̮ࢵĞYang di-Pertuan Agongğ˵ߏࢨؠϤ ೩ᏹࡻ઼ăֲֽ̈́۞ᅦࣶĂزд 1961 ѐᆷ˞˘ቔᄲٺˠፉЇćࠤҌֽ Ξਕརдֱ֤ѣ઼͕̚۞ဥវ͘˯Ăޝ˧ᝋڼҋҖϲĂ߆༱˘າΐ ֱˠ˘ؠົྫྷВய઼̚ჯᏐ۞̼͛̈́གྷᑻᙯܼĞTan, 2008: 42, 45ğĄ ൴ܑĶՀღ۞ᙯܼķ።ΫّႊᓾĂາΐـ݈͡ ѐ 5 1961 ٺٛતؑڌ Ξ֍ৼˢ۞͕ᐝ̏ؠĂ҃Ăѣีિâߏරˠ̙к۞ࡻᛳᘲ߷υ ᝋĂݒυืڼΞͽჯপঅгҜăֳѣྵк۞ҋВТΐˢĂ˟ߏາΐื ؑڌ͚੨ćдڼ߆פТຍࢫҲдᓑ઼֣ົ۞यѨĂଭ͕۞ಶߏ༱˘රˠ Ăߏ˘ĶѣВТᄮТ۞Ͼҡ25ķĞpartners in one identityğĂ̚ޥٛતၹ ٛؑڌтΔຑႬᜋᄃࡻ઼۞ᙯܼĞTan, 2008: 67-70ğĄд 8 ͡ĂՂЍᚹᄃؤ ܐϨϩ३۞׀൴ܑᓑЪ̳ಡĂЪ͟ 24 ٺՎВᙊă֭ܐפતགྷ࿅ˬ͇ົኘ ޢ׀дЪቇĞSingapore White Paper on Merger, 1961ğд 9 ͡ᚤĈາΐ ăܲѣ 75% ۞ੑ߆ќڼΞͽჯҋϤപгҜăֳѣିֈ̈́౻̍߆ඉ۞ҋ ТຍϔĞcitizenğΞតј઼ϔĞnationalğĂ࠹၆гĂາΐ̳ˢăາΐ ᓑ֣ிᛉࣶᓁᇴ 159 य̚۞ 15 यĞͧˠ˾ּͧᑕѣᔘ͌ 10 यğĂזజ̶੨ ,ᝋĞMeans, 1963: 143-44; Tan, 2008: 71-73, 79-85; OngkiliڼͽϹೱྵк۞ҋ ಏБќĂᛊтٛᖠҹࢋՐԯܧϨϩ३֭׀Ъٺ၆ع160ğĄֲֽ߆ :1995 ிᛉࣶ۞ˠᇴГࢫࠎ 12 यĂՂЍᚹᚑध١ćտĂགྷ࿅ֲֽ۞າΐ ڱТຍăࡻ઼۞ࡦ३Ăᐝ࿅֗ಶ࿅ĂϨϩ३ 1962 ѐ 1 ͡ͽ 33 ͧ 0 ைᒔϲ ᛉົ͚ĞTan, 2008: 82-86ğĄ ᛉĂᏴี;ኜޙ۞ Marshall צᛉ۞͛фĂՂЍᚹՙؠତם׀੫၆Ъ Ը̰ट۞࿅ĂՂЍ̳׀՟ѣࡗՁ˧۞̳ԸĞMeans, 1963: 144ğĄдኢЪ غזឰᏴϔՙؠޢĂڼᕠݱ۞гҜăГΐ˯ିֈ̈́౻̍߆ඉ۞ҋפۋᚹ ٛતᄮؑڌĂ࠹၆гĂڼăᔘߏ՟ѣିֈ̈́౻̍߆ඉҋڼࢋ 100% ۞ҋ
ෛࠎĶ၆ඈ۞ϾҡķĞequal partnerğᔘߏѣϛ፟ĂЯࠎᘲ߷ˬг۞ؠ၁Ăາΐ 25 ߏĶপҾјࣶķĞspecial memberğĂពҜߏĶ၆ඈ۞јࣶķĞequal memberğă҃າΐ ѣҾĞLow, 2017a: 14; Hana, 1964: 26-27ğĄ 21 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
फ़ֽĈShaĞ2015ğĄྤ
ѐ˘̳ԸᏴை 1962 ဦ 5Ĉາΐ
,ሀёĞTanڼᒢಶрĂ˵ಶߏᙒјăٕͅ၆ՂЍᚹࢋ۞ҋځࠎ̳Ը͛фᖎಏ ֲֽ͞ࢬ۞צࢲᐍ҃՟ѣତڼ72ğćտĂՂЍᚹЯࠎ̙ᙸຍ݂߆ :2008 ᗟăଳϡ̙Ξਕົజӎؠ۞Ᏼፄᗟ͞ёĂ࿀࢝ͅ၆ᛨܧᛉĂՙؠ̙ϡߏޙ ܑၗĞpp. 86-87, 112-15ğĄ ፋЪ۞͞९ѣˬĞဦ 5ğĂԸ ை த 90.6%ĂڼԸд 1962 ѐᓝᏱĂ߆̳׀Ъ дѣड़ை༊̚ A ९ 397,626 ைĞ95.8%ğăB ९ 9.422 ைĞ2.3%ğăC ९ 7,911 ைĞ1.9%ğĂ҃۩ϨைĞ143,077ğ̈́ᆿைĞ2,523ğҫ˞Ըை۰۞ 25.9%Ă Ᏼϔ 62 ༱ăѣ˘Η̙ᙊфĂԸЯѩ၁ᅫ˯ 73.9%ᙒјፋЪć༊ॡ۞າΐ ,ைதົ֤ᆃĂߏЯࠎ̙Ըைࢋჳ26ĞSingapore Elections, n.d.; Wikipedia
߆ᛨࢋ̂छᏴ AĂͅ၆ᛨࢋ͚۰Ը۩Ϩைă̙ࢋԸ B ٕ Cć̙҃გԸ AăB ٕ Cે 26 ԩᛉை˵జზᙒјĂ݄ాٺăमҾд͞ёĂҌ׀ߏ̂छౌ͚Ъڱᄲ۞عზᙒјĂ߆ౌ ;ݒᇇĞMeans, 1963: 145ځүՙؠĂჟعકૅ࠱۞நϤߏ൘Ꮲ̙ՙ۞Ᏼϔҋᙸឰ߆ Tilmam, 1963: 908ğĄ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 22
۞ ઼ Singaporean Integration Referendum, 1962; Hana, 1964: 115ğĄд ࡻ :2017 ăՒ͐ă̈́ࡀٛࠎֽҘಫЪ˭ĂֲֽᓑЪ֣д 1963 ѐјඕЪາΐ ᓑ֣Ąֲ
陸、公民權與民族國家的建構
ѩጾѣѣВТ۞ҕቡ̼͛Ă҃д֣ᄃ֣̝มĂ̂छᔘكጐგֽˠ થ۞ҋԧ֎Ғߏٽߏԯֽҋ֣۞аିवෛࠎள֣ˠćཬͰă̈́ఈᜋ ćࡻ઼Ϥݑֲ͔ˢࡴ˧ങቱĂᄃֽˠ̙ېय़៍۰Ăጐณ̙ΝԼតன ѐ 1934 זćරˠݵࡗ౻̍Ğindentured labourğϤȈ˝ϐฟ݈ؕăֽۡـ࠹ ֲֽనࢨொϔࠎͤĂ̰ొк̮Ăࣇ̍ү๔ጬĂԓ୕ѝ͟җᐅᔘฏăྵᙱ ͵ڼ۰ు႙൴ण۞ݒߏ༊г۞ࡻ઼ຍᙊćд̙Еᙹܜ˿ᄮТֲֽĂ˿Ϡ ˝ȈזчĂۡܲڼߏઇϠຍᔇă߆۞ڦĞPax Britannicağ̝˭Ăࡻ઼ᙯ Ă֭ϏৌϒဘྏΝፋЪٙޘ༟˘ீౕ˘ீ۞ၗפࡔϐĂૄώ˯ߏଳ͵ ,ѣ۞ֽˠĂ҃۞ֽˠ˵՟ѣ൴णன۞ะវຍᙊĞSimandjuntak 1969: 4-6, 9; Ongkili, 1985: 5-7ğĄ ᑕྍΞͽឰֽˠᄃරˠТ̩ᇲນĂރᄲĂВăͽ̈́Оκ۞ ٛતăͽ̈́ؑڌᅳጱ۰ҋؕ࠹̢டԟĂӈֽܑˠ۞ڼĂᗕ͞۞߆҃ රˠ۞ՂЍᚹĂ͍ߏˠϔҖજᛨᓝĶາ۞ۤົཌྷֽҘֲķĞnewܑ ԸဂԟጡĂࠎ˞ᔖҺᇷજعMalaysia of Socialismğֽ߄ጼે߆۞ᓑ༖Ă߆ :ေкĞOh, 1967ܜᗓĂҺ؆̶ՙؠߏឰາΐ۞ޢĂګቺؼă߹ҕј ཏ̝ม۞ᝋ˧̶੨̙Ӯ27Ăΐ˯ᄬ֏ă̈́ିֈϏਕٺ427-28ğĄତĂϤ
यĞ˘यܑ 115,000 ˠğĂֲֽ 104 यĞ71,000 15 זдֽҘֲᓑ֣˭ᛉੰΪ̶າΐ 27 ፂˠ˾ĂֶܧˠğăՒ͐ 16 यĞ29,000 ˠğăࡀ౻ 24 यĞ32,000 ˠğĂयѨ۞̶੨֭ Ă̮ࢵڱᏊćॲፂጳטă೩Ւ͐ᄃࡀ౻۞ᇆᜩ˧ֽΐͽຍԺາΐגព аܧ۰யϠĂڼĞYang di-Pertuan Agongăٕ Supreme RulerğϤ˝ֽ࣎эᛳ۞аି ᅳጱ۰జؼឦˢᅦĂڼ߆Ă՟ѣΗ࣎າΐعᓑ֣߆ٺֽˠ՟ѣྤॾЇćҌܧवăି ٺᘃĞOh, 1967: 429; Ongkili, 1985: 181-82ğĄ၆ٺజଵੵણᄃ઼߆ਊਊٺˠϔҖજᛨ၆ ᓑ༖ֽᄲĂࣇଂ 1952 ѐ۞г͞Ᏼᓝಶᓑ͘ྭཏЪүĂឰཏයࡻЧҋລநҋ̎۞ ѩ࠹щְć࠹၆гĂՂЍᚹ̂དྷ٨ᑝĂᄮࠎཏைΪߏයࡻЧҋዮгሹăكˠă 23 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
ଂְֽҘֲ̼ĞMalaysianizationğĂරˠ࠹၆ࣤဳຏ͟ᆧĄГֽĂಶགྷᑻ ಶѣቅ۞̢ྃĂЯѩ֏ĂϠயቱă̈́ᐁ۞ֲֽώֽᄃາΐ҃˯ ፋЪਕֽВТξಞăซ҃જՒ͐̈́ࡀٛ۞൴णĂΞଓᓑ֣߆ڼ୕߆ འă̙ਕࢫҲᅪᘣĂপҾߏֲֽăՒ͐ă̈́ࡀٛ܇ѩ۞ك˧̼ྋع ฟຽăᔉ෴˿гăፉЇ̳ᖚѺਠనࢨĂـරˠ݈ٺᚑॾ۞ொϔ߆ඉĂ၆פଳ ӀВၷВϠ˘វຏ۞θֈĞOh, 1967: 434-35ğĄ̙ غזᛉ˘ГனĈۋֽҘֲдౄϔ۞࿅Ăтңኬ̟̳ϔᝋ۞ ˵࿅ᕩ̼Ăܧ̳ϔᝋă҃פᆵఢؠឰϠд྆۞ˠΞͽҋજٸߏӎ ۞ٸฟྵͧາΐٺಶߏֲֽͧྵܲч۞ᛳˠཌྷĞjus sanguinisğ࠹ྵ ಓֽˠ۞ϔڼώൺᇶ۞͟ٺᛳгཌྷĞjus soliğĞTan, 2008: 56ğĄϤ ࢦࢋĂ۞ڼᝋ˧߆זĂឰֽˠវົڼ၁߉ҋޢຍᙊăΐ˯ࡻ઼Тຍдጼ Ăࣇᓁߏፉ͕ѣഈ˘͟ົд˭ڶώгˠ۞ଐٺߏдொϔ۞Ϡத͍ តࢦࢋֽć࠹၆гĂنኡߏ̳ϔ۞યᗟಶغזࠎ͌ᇴĂޘҋ̎۞઼ ˿гăౄمֽˠᙸຍड़ܧࡻ઼д 1942 ѐሚୀĂฟؕͅ࠷тңឰ ϔĞMalayan nationğĂ͍ߏֱ֤֭۷үጼԩ͟۞රˠĂ้ШΒटֲֽ ĞSimandjuntak, 1969: 41, 176-7; Low, 2017b: 4-5ğĄ ϔᝋගொϔĂϡனд߹̳ٸĂࡻ઼ૻҖఢထ۞ֲֽᓑ֣χზฟޢጼ Җ۞ఙᄬ˵ಶߏĶ̳ϔё۞̳ϔᝋķĞcivil citizenshipğĂݒЯࠎֽˠͅ၆ үቪćֲֽᓑЪ֣۞̳ϔᝋజ࢝ღᒺĂԼଳٙᏜ۞Ķᗕࢦ۞ᛳгཌྷķ҃ ˫̳ϔᝋĂරˠפΞͽҋજ̖ܜ˿ϓౌߏ˿ϠͭڍĞdouble jus soliğĂт ࠎ˞ٛᘇරˠĂТຍ࣒ጳĞ1952ğعᄮࠎఢؠ͉ᚑćࢬ၆ВᛨᛢજĞ1948ğĂ߆ ܝै˘˞ఢĞState Nationality Enactments, 1952ğĂฟڱ੨ЪЧ֣၁߉઼ᚱ֭ ᓑЪ֣̳ϔᝋĂჍࠎפֲֽᓑЪ֣ğٺĞͭϓ˘ˠϠޅගາொϔ۞̈ ˞ĶؼᏵ۞ᛳгཌྷķĞdelayed jus soliğĂૄώ˯ᔘߏૻአТ̼ཌྷăଵੵ ćֲֽᓑЪ֣д 1957 ѐϲĂགྷ࿅ޅТ̼ķ۞රˠொϔ̈ڱĶֱ֤ פֽˠΞͽֶፂᛳгཌྷ୧ІܧឰՎТຍ࣒ጳឰٺᆊᔘᆊĂֽˠ
זֽҘֲ߆ᛨĂЯѩົԯᛈ֎ؼҩ۞ି؟ჯᐖၗ۞ۤົĂૺྭăᄬ֏ă̈́ ĞOh, 1967: 430-31; Ongkili, 1985: 182-86ğĄރֽΗफĂે߆ᛨࢺຏ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 24
,ᄮֽˠ۞পҾᝋӀĞaffirmative citizenship rightsۺ̳ϔᝋ28ĂͽϹೱ ܛጯăረጯ̂هspecial rights, preferencesğĂ˵ಶߏፉЇ̳ચˠࣶăܲгă (ĞConstitution (Amendmentڱѐಶ࣒ˬז߽ฟĂ઼ົ̙͗ܝፉ͕ٺඈඈᐹćϤ :ĞSimandjuntak, 1969ڱ̳ϔᝋ۞үפঐᛳгཌྷ˭ҋજפAct, 1962ğĂ 178-86; Low, 2017b: 5-7, 16; Bedlington, 1978: 89-90ğĄ ϔᝋՀߏ͝͝ࢍྵĄ̳ٺ࿅Ăᗕ͞၆۞׀ᄃֲֽኘҿЪдາΐ ϔķĞSingapore citizenğᔵ̙Ξ̳Ϩϩ३Ğ1961ğĂĶາΐ׀ॲፂࣧА۞Ъ ĶֽҘפͽҋજតјĶֽҘֲ̳ϔķĞMalaysian citizenğăݒΞͽҋજ ᓑ઼֣ᚱķĞMalaysian nationalityğć༊ĂனѣֲֽᓑЪ֣۞̳ϔ˵Ξֲ ϔăᔘߏᓑЪ֣̳ϔĂֽ̳Ҙֲᓑ֣۞઼ᚱĂЯѩĂ̙გߏາΐפͽ छౌߏĶֽҘֲ۞઼ϔķĞMalaysian nationalğăΞͽֳѣТᇹ۞ᝋӀă̂ ᜕ăႽ˘ᇹ۞ཌྷચĂೱήྖᄲĂາܲڱጾѣВТ۞᜕Ă֭ͷᒔТᇹ۞ጳ ᓑ֣ᛉזᚶᜈֳѣࣇ۞ᝋӀĂᛊтᏴࣇ۞ܑϔΞͽдາΐ̳ΐ ᛉ֭՟ᄲາΐםĂֲֽ҃ᓑЪ֣۞̳ϔ˵ͽ࠹Т۞͞ёᏴܑć̙࿅ົ Ă˵ಶߏٙᏜĶВТځγгѣ̦ᆃᝋӀĂព༊ॡ۞ᐵݵߏഺ̶זϔ̳ ઼ᚱķĞcommon nationalityğᄃĶ̶অ̳ϔᝋ29ķĞdifferentiated citizenshipğ Җ۞நĞTan, 2008: 93-94; Low, 2017b: 13ğĄ֭ ҃Ăͅ၆ᛨۤົཌྷੱቢĞBarisan Sosialis, Socialist FrontğयՂ য়ĞLee Siew-ChohğĂ઼ᚱܑ۞ߏ˘࣎ˠд઼γ۞гҜă̳҃ϔ ᝋܑд઼छ̰ొֳѣ۞ᝋӀĂೱήྖᄲĂĶֽҘ઼ֲϔķΪ̙࿅ߏጾѣ ؠజˠڦϔົߏֽҘֲ۞˟ඈ̳ϔăֽ̳Ҙ᜕ֲ۞ᝋӀĂາΐ ЇᖚăٕߏعෛĂ҃ĶֽҘֲ̳ϔķ̖ৌϒѣᇆᜩ˧ĂΒ߁дᓑ֣߆ڡ ֽҘֲԆБЪវјࠎௐ 12ྫྷᓑ֣Чгણć˵ЯѩĂࣇૺາΐـ݈ ˠ̖ΞͽҋજតјֽҘֲ۞̳ϔă֣࣎Ğྫྷᕠݱă̈́౫̱ϥ˘ᇹğĂາΐ :֣۞̳ϔππӱĂӎĂ̙тჯߙ֣ᓑ۞ᙯܼಶрĞTan, 2008ྫྷ
ĞFederal Constitution of Malaya, 1957; Malaysian Constitution, 1963ğ።ѐֽ۞ڱϲጳ 28 ̳ϔᝋ࣒ࢎĂ֍ WikisourceĞ2015ğĄ 29 HefnerĞ2001: 28-29ğჍ̝ࠎĶཏ̶অ̳ϔᝋķĞethnically. differentiated citizenshipğĄ 25 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
94-95; Simandjuntak, 1969: 188ğĄ ˿ဩ̰ѣ 327,000 ̙ߏՂЍᚹᄮࠎᇹ۞ࢋՐߏ̷̙၁ᅫĂலౣາΐ ᕣăͽֽ̈́ᄬ҂ྏĂ̖ົ࿅ܝاາொϔĂࣇᄲυื఼࿅۞ܜ˿Ϡ ᓑ֣̳ϔᝋĂҤк˵̙࿅ߏ 100,000 ˠć࠹၆гĂࢋߏֶፂҋ̎פᙯ ϔᝋ୧ּĻĞSingapore Citizenship Ordinance, 1957ğĂ༊ߏ̳ĺາΐ۞ ᓑ֣̳ϔᝋĂֽפΞͽซ˘ՎଉᇴҋજٺăࠤҌᕩ̼າΐٽटྵͧ ĂͅϒĂͪګĂЯѩĂૺੜ҃ՐѨĂ̂छ̡̙ͪϚצ၆ߏ̙ົତֲ ᗕ͞՟ѣˠົεΝЇңனѣ۞ᝋӀĂ̙тჯሀቘ۞۩ม30Ăңυ͝͝ࢍྵ ĞTan, 2008: 83, 97-99; Low, 2017a: 14ğĄ гΞͽྫྷֽ֣ππӱĂˬڍࡻᛳᘲ߷۞ఢထĂтٺયᗟд ֽ˭Ϊ̙࿅ߏ̈ˬăϠтՂয়ٙ֏Ăсࣇߏπඈ۞ҁĂ҃າΐྕ ,ಶߏռϠ̄ć҃Ăֶࡻ઼አߤဥٙ೩۞ಡӘĞCobbold Reportޅ̈۞ ᇹֳ˘ᛉâόՒ͐ăͽ̈́ࡀٛΐˢֽҘֲĂੵ˞ྫྷາΐޙ1962ğ ᓑ֣۞̳ϔᝋă̙ГܲѣפĂ༊г۞ࡻ઼̈́തϔг̳ϔᑕྍҋજڼѣҋ প۞༊г̳ϔᝋćՂЍᚹ༊ᄮࠎᇹ̄۞щଵ̙֭ԁ༊Ăૺֲֽă ֽҘֲ۞̳ϔᝋĂΪࢋᄲрЧפϔౌѣྤॾ̳۞ᘲ߷ăͽ̈́າΐ ෛ˞Ă˵ಶߏڡරˠಶ̙ົᛇజ۞ҋдҋ̎۞г͞ԸைĂ֤ᆃĂາΐ ϔăΩ˘͞ࢬΞͽනቤֽˠ͢ૠݱ۞Ԧ͕ćࡻ̳۞ࢬщᇬາΐ͞˘ ăͽҺሢ۞ᕄ̄ࢳଫĂڑᔵ̳ۢϔᝋᛉᗟ࠹༊ୂຏĂݒ̙ຐ༼γϠ઼ አĞTan, 2008: 100-102ğĄם̚اΪᙸຍ ̂кᇴ۞රˠΪߏຐࢋԯ֤྆តјĶ̈ٛત۞ீ̚Ăາΐؑڌд ăֲֽٕᄮТĂ༊ົኳႷࣇߏӎԯາΐھפķĂॲώ઼͕̚ ѣధкٛતഅགྷܑϯĂາΐؑڌĂזຍڦෛࠎᄮТ۞၆෪ćՂЍᚹֲֽ ڌăͧྵ՟ѣֽ͕ĞTan, 2008: 50, 58ğĄд 1956 ѐĂ઼̚مරˠؕड़ ٛતдࣖШֲֽ۞ጯϠႊᓾĂሏֲֽ̙֭ߏचُරˠă҃ߏؑ ˭ර̳ົႊᓾĂ༊ᐝഔಅĶ༊זВயᛨćд 1959 ѐĂ۞ޢ೩֨ࣇࡦ
ຍሀቘ၁ߏ˘ኛӖˢᕺ۞ጼఙĂ߇ຍԘ˞˘࣎॰גĂזຍڦHannaĞ1964: 15-16ğ 30 ߛග၆͞âό၆͞ᙸຍᆊᔘᆊĂಶኼˢౝ֪ăԞ˞ώ֗۞ϲಞĄ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 26
ෳᛨѣޝкᜲăឰԧࣇोᘰ̄ගࣇҋ୭ķĂ̙࿅Ă˵ೈೈචᄵරˠࢋ ,ѣֽ͕Ăтѩ˘ֽĂ̂छ̖ѣԓ୕ВТౄ˘ֲֽ࣎ϔĞSimandjuntak ᚶᜈଵੵڱזٛત̏གྷវົؑڌ107ğĄд 1961 ѐĂӈֹ ,105 ,103 :1969 ᑕྍΞͽቤ˘ቤĂலౣĂ֤׀Ăᆜ͐˯ᔘߏ̙Ԟ˯˘ඊĂٕధЪາΐ ѣ˘ֱˠѣ઼͕̚ĞTan, 2008: 55ğĄ྆ රˠஎԦ͕ĂऻࣇົᗼֽҘֲ۞າΐٺٛતҋؕ၆ؑڌ ֽˠ۞͚੨ّăాҋ̎۞Ԓ˵ົజזރॡĂ่̙ົبϠၗĂڼ߆۞ ֽזᓑ֣۞̳ϔᝋăপҾߏྭפϔҋજ̳ĂЯѩĂ၆̙̯ధາΐా ΗफΝԸைĞTan, 2008: 96, 100ğĄд 1962 ѐ֕ణࡻ઼Ă୮̙ପгӘ෦ кᇴ۞າΐ̂ٺࡻ઼ࢵ࠹ݣᘲᇇā౪ѼࣖĞHarold Macmillan, 1957-63ğĂϤ ϔᝋă̙ਕග̟ᓑֽ̳ҘֲĂЯѩΪਕֳѣາΐٺمϔٕΞ̙ົ̳ ϔᝋ̰γѣҾ۞நĂ༊ֽҘֲ۞̳ځٛતซ˘Վᄲؑڌϔᝋć̳۞֣ ϔᝋ̳ొ̰ٺϔ઼ĂࣇΞͽҋજᒔዸγಏҜ۞᜕ܲĂ࠹၆гĂϤ̳ αԸைĞTan, 2008: 104ğĄـ۞г͞ă̙ਕ݈اमளĂࣇੵ˞дҋ̎۞ ᛉĂᚨඕдۋϔķߏӎΞͽҋજតјĶᓑ֣̳ϔķ۞̳ᒖᖒдĶາΐ ϔົߏĶֽҘֲ̳ϔķĞMalaysian citizenğăٕΪߏĶֽҘ̳າΐٺ ጾѣĶВົޢ׀ϔķĞMalaysian nationalğ҃̏Ă˵ಶᄲĂտౣࣇдЪ઼ֲ Т̳ϔᝋķĞcommon citizenshipğăᔘߏĶВТ઼ᚱķĞcommon nationalityğĄ Ķפϔķ̳ឰՎĂТຍឰາĶΐٺٛતؑڌдؽ˯ă̙̙൴Ă Ҙֲ̳ϔķ̶֗ĂϹೱ୧ІߏĶ˿г̝̄ķĞbumiputeraăsons of the soilĂֽ ᅪ۞পܲڱරˠҝϔğυืጾѣጳܧ۞ڌΒӣֽˠăࣧҝϔăͽ̈́ ྆̄ćտĂٙѣ۞פ۰ޢᝋĂΒ߁̳ᖚăܲгඈඈĂ݈۰ᛏࢬ̄ă ϔķౌҋજតјĶֽҘֲ̳ϔķĂΪ̙࿅Ăೱ഼̙ೱ̳ЩĶາΐ 624,000 ϔă˘̙ߏĂ݈۰Ϊ̳ᘽĂֽҘֲ۞̳ϔᔘߏ̶ࠎâߏາΐ ,ᛉົĞSimandjuntakڱϲາΐ۞Ᏼડăͽ̈́າΐਕણᏴ˭ᛉੰ۞າΐ 1969: 189-90; Low, 2017b: 13-14ğĄ д 23າΐזனĂ՟ѣຐ˘܅ֽҘ઼ֲ࣎छҋؕТԖளေĂፋЪፐ ඕЪߏᗕ͞ѣВТ۞рĂΒ߁࿄ڼĄᄲĂࣧώ۞߆ܝಶజବгޢ࣎͡ ࣹ྆˞યᗟĉOhĞ1967ğᄮغזВᛨᙹᖬăཏπᏊăͽ̈́གྷᑻఢሀĂט 27 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
טڼၹனϔ઼छĞnation-stateğٙᅮࢋ۞߆ޙ઼࣎छͻٺࠎᙯᔣд ࡗĂ˫̙ਕШк̮ཏજ̝ͽଐĂՀ˧೩ֻགྷᑻ˯۞࠹̢ࣅᏥຏĂ̰ᇎγ ͡ ૻјϲ۞ᓑ઼֣छ̶͘ߏᏵѝ۞ְĄտĂᗕ͞д 1965 ѐ 8ݍଈĂˠࠎ ؠĞIndependence of Singapore Agreement 1965ğĂםᘪཌϲРษٺ͟ 7 ֏ĞProclamation of Singapore, 1965ĂކೃଐᙸፋЪăంЩӻ̶ᗓĂాϲ˘ ۞Ąކᐂ 3ğౌߏ؎Ϥᇫࢰࣶдќࢰ፟ܢ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 28
ܢᐂ 1 !֏31ކֲֽϲ
Proclamation of Independence (1957)
In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful. Praise be to God, the Lord of the Universe and may the blessings and peace of God be upon His Messengers.
WHEREAS the time has now arrived when the people of the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu will assume the status of a free independent and sovereign nation among nations of the World
AND WHEREAS by an agreement styled the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957, between Her Majesty the Queen and Their Highnesses the Rulers of the Malay States it was agreed that the Malay States of Johore, Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Selangor, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Trengganu and Perak and the former Settlements of Malacca and Penang should as from the 31st. day of August, 1957, be formed into a new Federation of States by the name of Persekutuan Tanah Melayu
AND WHEREAS it was further agreed between the parties to the said agreement that the Settlements of Malacca and Penang aforesaid should as from the said date cease to form part of Her Majesty’s dominions and that Her Majesty should cease to exercise any sovereignty over them
AND WHEREAS it was further agreed by the parties aforesaid that the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, and all other agreements subsisting between Her Majesty the Queen and Their Highnesses the Rulers or any one of them immediately before the said date should be revoked as from the date and that all powers and jurisdiction of Her Majesty or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom in or in respect of the Settlements aforesaid or the Malay States or the Federation as a whole should come to an end
AND WHEREAS effect has been given to the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957, by Her Majesty the Queen, Their Highnesses the Rulers, the Parliament of the United Kingdom and the Legislatures of the Federation and of the Malay States
फ़ֽĈWikisourceĞ2016ğĄྤ 31 29 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
AND WHEREAS a constitution for the Government of the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu has been established as the supreme law there of
AND WHEREAS by the Federal Constitution aforesaid provision is made to safeguard the rights and prevogatives of Their Highnesses the Rulers and the fundamental rights and liberties of the people and to provide for the peaceful and orderly advancement of the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu as a constitutional monarchy based on Parliamentary democracy
AND WHEREAS the Federal Constituton aforesaid having been approved by an Ordinance of the Federal Legislatures, by the Enacments of the Malay States and by resolutions of the Legislatures of Malacca and Penang has come into force on the 31st. day of August 1957, aforesaid
NOW In the name of God the Compassionate, the Merciful, I TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN PUTRA ibni AL-MARHUM SULTAN ABDUL HAMID HALIMSHAH, PRIME MINISTER OF THE PERSEKUTUAN TANAH MELAYU, with the concurrence and approval of Their Highnesses the Rulers of the Malay States do hereby proclaim and declare on behalf of the people of the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu that as from the thirty first day of August, nineteen hundred and fifty seven, the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu comprising the States of Johore, Pahang, Negri Semblian, Selangor, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Trengganu, Perak, Malacca and Penang is and with God's blessing shall be for ever a sovereign democratic and independent State founded upon the principles of liberty and justice and ever seeking the welfare and happiness of its people and the maintenance of a just peace among all nations.
Prime Minister
Kuala Lumpur, 31st Day of August 1957 ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 30
ܢᐂ 2 !֏32ކֲֽϲ
Proclamation of Malaysia (1963)
In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, Praise to God, the Lord of the Universe, and may the benediction and peace of God be upon Our Leader Muhammad and upon all his Relations and Friends.
WHEREAS by an Agreement made on the Ninth day of July in the year one thousand nine hundred and sixty-three between the Federation of Malaya, the United Kingdom, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore it was agreed that there shall be federated the States of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore with the Federation of Malaya comprising the states of Pahang, Trengganu, Kedah, Johore, Negri Sembilan, Kelantan, Selangor, Perak, Perlis, Penang[1] and Malacca, and that the Federation shall thereafter be called “MALAYSIA”:
AND WHEREAS it has been agreed by the parties to the said Agreement that as from the establishment of Malaysia the States of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore shall cease to be colonies of Her Majesty the Queen and Her Majesty the Queen shall relinquish Her Sovereignty and jurisdiction in respect of the three States:
AND WHEREAS there has been promulgated a Constitution for Malaysia which shall be the supreme law therein:
AND WHEREAS by the Constitution aforesaid provision has been made for the safeguarding of the rights and prerogatives of Their Highnesses the Rulers and the Fundamental rights and liberties of subjects and for the promotion of peace and harmony in Malaysia as a constitutional monarchy based upon parliamentary democracy:
AND WHEREAS the Constitution aforesaid having been approved by a law passed by the Parliaments of the Federation of Malaya and of the United Kingdom has come into force on the Sixteenth day of September in the year one thousand nine hundred and sixty-three.
फ़ֽĈWikipediaĞ2018: Proclamation of MalaysiağĄྤ 32 31 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
NOW in the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, I, TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN PUTRA AL-HAL IBNI ALMARHUM SULTAN ABDUL HAMID HALIM SHAH, Prime Minister of Malaysia, with the concurrence and approval of His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of the Federation of Malaya, His Excellency the Yang di-Pertuan Negara of Singapore, His Excellency the Yang di-Pertua Negara of Sabah and His Excellency the Governor of Sarawak, DO HEREBY DECLARE AND PROCLAIM on behalf of the peoples of Malaysia that as from the Sixteenth day of September in the year one thousand nine hundred and sixty-three, corresponding to the twenty-eighth day of Rabi'ul Akhir in the year of the Hijrah one thousand three hundred and eighty-three,
That MALAYSIA comprising the States of Pahang, Trengganu, Kedah, Johore, Negri Sembilan, Kelantan, Selangor, Perak, Perlis, Penang,[1] Malacca, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak shall by the Grace of God, the Lord of the Universe, forever be an independent and sovereign democratic State founded upon liberty and justice, ever seeking to defend and uphold peace and harmony among its people and to perpetuate peace among nations.
Prime Minister
Kuala Lumpur
16th day of September 1963 ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 32
ܢᐂ 3 !֏33ކϲາΐ
Proclamation of Singapore (1965)
WHEREAS it is the inalienable right of a people to be free and independent.
AND WHEREAS Malaysia was established on the 16th day of September, 1963, by a federation of existing states of the Federation of Malaya and the States of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore into one independent and sovereign nation.
AND WHEREAS it was also agreed by the parties to the said Agreement that, upon the separation of Singapore from Malaysia, the Government of Malaysia shall relinquish its sovereignty and jurisdiction in respect of Singapore so that the said sovereignty and jurisdiction shall on such relinquishment vest in the Government of Singapore.
AND WHEREAS by a Proclamation dated the ninth day of August in the year one thousand nine hundred and sixty-five the Prime Minister of Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj Ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah did proclaim and declare that Singapore shall on the ninth day of August in the year one thousand nine hundred and sixty-five cease to be a State of Malaysia and shall become an independent and sovereign state and nation separate from and independent of Malaysia and recognised as such by the Government of Malaysia.
Now I LEE KUAN YEW Prime Minister of Singapore, DO HEREBY PROCLAIM AND DECLARE on behalf of the people and the Government of Singapore that as from today the ninth day of August in the year one thousand nine hundred and sixty-five Singapore shall forever be a sovereign democratic and independent nation, founded upon the principles of liberty and justice and ever seeking the welfare and happiness of her people in a more just and equal society.
(Signed) LEE KUAN YEW Prime Minister of Singapore
Dated the 9th day of August, 1965.
फ़ֽĈWikipediaĞ2017: Proclamation of SingaporeğĄྤ 33 33 ઼ޙֽҘֲ۞ϲ
ܢᐂ 4 !ᛉăಡӘ३םఢă୧ࡗăڱăڱጳ
Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 1824 Treaty of Federation, 1895 Anglo-Siamese Treaty, 1909 Colonial Development and Welfare Act, 1940 Atlantic Charter, 1941 MacMichael Treaties, 1945 Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948 State Nationality Enactments, 1952 Singapore Colony Order in Council, 1955 Proclamation of Independence, 1957 Federal Constitution of Malaya, 1957 (Merdeka Constitution, 1957) Singapore Citizenship Ordinance, 1957 Anglo-Malayan Mutual Defence Agreement, 1957 Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957 State of Singapore Constitution, 1958 (Singapore (Constitution) Order in Council, 1958) Singapore White Paper on Merger, 1961 (Heads Agreement, 1961) Cobbold Report, 1962 Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1962 Malaysia Agreement, 1963 Proclamation of Malaysia, 1963 Malaysian Constitution, 1963 Proclamation of Singapore, 1965 Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965 ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2018/؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 14 34
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The Independence of Malaysia
Cheng-Feng Shih Professor, Department of Indigenous Affairs and Development National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng, Hualien, TAIWAN
Abstract
After briefly reviewing the process of political development in Malaysia, we shall introduce the British decolonization policy after World War II. We then explore how the Malay Union was imposed in 1946 and transformed into the Federation of Malaya in 1948, which was merged with Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak to become the Federation of Malaysia in 1963. In the following section, we examine why and how Singapore was allowed to join the Federation and forced to exist from it. Finally, we will conclude with the discussion of citizenship and the construction of the Malaysian nation-state.
Keywords: Malay Union, Federation of Malaya, Federation of Malaysia, Singapore, citizenship