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The Many Faces of Indonesian Women INTERCULTURAL Between Tradition and Modernity STUDIES |Band 9 Connecting the life stories of women from Java, Bali, Sumba, Lombok and Aceh with an analysis of the social and political conditions, the book shows how Indonesian women develop their identity between religious and moral N E expectations, traditional values and global consumerism. M O W The portrayals of entrepreneurs, leaders, labor migrants, n e s N n workers, intellectuals and housewives illustrate how women A a I J - S o from different social and cultural backgrounds make choices E t p N a O between collective norms and individual dreams, family r p D e N duties and professional career, religious responsibilities o I S | F and social engagement, communal obligations and self- n O a t s S fulfillment. r E e C Jutta Berninghausen, Birgit Kerstan and Nena Soeprapto- K | A n F e s Jansen have been working and living in Indonesia for more Y u N a h than 25 years. Combining a journalistic and scientific ap- A g M n proach, they address scholars, travelers, foreigners living in i n E r H Indonesia and everybody interested in exploring the country’s e T B diverse socio-cultural fabric from a female perspective. L A R U T L U S E C I R Berninghausen|Kerstan|Soeprapto-Jansen D E T U T N I S THE MANY FACES OF INDONESIAN WOMEN ISBN 978-3-939928-77-5 Reflections on Cultural Change in a Multi-Ethnic Society Jutta Berninghausen Birgit Kerstan Nena Soeprapto-Jansen THE MANY FACES OF INDONESIAN WOMEN Reflections on Cultural Change in a Multi-Ethnic Society Published by: Intercultural Studies Centre for Intercultural Management (ZIM) Institut der Hochschule Bremen www.zim-bremen.org ZIM, the Centre for Intercultural Management, addresses matters concerning the structure of Intercultural Communication and Diversity in intercultural and international fields of work. As a Centre of Excellence for Intercultural Communication and Diversity Management in Northern Germany, the Institute engages in the interaction between theory and practice. It provides professional support in: • regards to consultations, • training and • research. Regional competence and support for the following countries and regions are available: • Mid-East, • China, • Japan, • Latin America, • Southeast Asia, • Southern Africa. © 2012 by Kellner PublishingHouse, Bremen • Boston Contact: Kellner-Verlag • St.-Pauli-Deich 3 • 28199 Bremen, Germany Fon +49 (0) 4 21 - 77 8 66 • Fax +49 (0) 4 21 - 70 40 58 [email protected] • www.kellnerverlag.de Translation: Birgit Kerstan Cover photo: Dieter Lotze Cover layout: Designbüro Möhlenkamp, Bremen ISBN 978-3-939928-77-5 Published by: Intercultural Studies Centre for Intercultural Management (ZIM) Institut der Hochschule Bremen www.zim-bremen.org ZIM, the Centre for Intercultural Management, addresses matters concerning the structure of Intercultural Communication and Diversity in intercultural and international fields of work. As a Centre of Excellence for Intercultural Communication and Diversity Management in Northern Germany, the Institute engages in the interaction between theory and practice. It provides professional support in: • regards to consultations, • training and • research. Regional competence and support for the following countries and regions are available: • Mid-East, • China, • Japan, • Latin America, • Southeast Asia, • Southern Africa. © 2012 by Kellner PublishingHouse, Bremen • Boston Contact: Kellner-Verlag • St.-Pauli-Deich 3 • 28199 Bremen, Germany Fon +49 (0) 4 21 - 77 8 66 • Fax +49 (0) 4 21 - 70 40 58 [email protected] • www.kellnerverlag.de Translation: Birgit Kerstan Cover photo: Dieter Lotze Cover layout: Designbüro Möhlenkamp, Bremen ISBN 978-3-939928-77-5 Fitrah in Aceh; Ms. Titik Suntoro und Ms. Avi Mahaningtyas, both advo- Acknowledgements cates for environmental and women’s issues. Our work on this book has been a journey through more than two decades We are especially indebted to the women of the small Central Javanese vil- of intense involvement with Indonesia, a country with many faces where lage near Klaten, where we lived and researched for a year in the mid-1980’s, we have spent large parts of our lives, and which has sub-stantially influ- in particular Ibu Salam und Ibu Utari. Our heartfelt thanks also go to the enced our own identities. Throughout the two years we prepared this publi- many friends, co-workers and neighbors in Aceh, on Java, Bali, Lombok und cation we met and spoke with such a variety of women – professionals, Sumba whose stories and thoughts have accompanied us throughout the writ- housewives, politicians, activists, domestic helpers, scientists, journalists, ing of this book: Sulikanti, Yuliani, Soeyatni, Paramita, Diah, Eva, Rowena, artists, factory workers, farmers – wonderful women all; some, who we Ati, Mifta, Monica, Umi, Bibit, Lala, Bibi, Yanti, Komang Mirah, Ade, Rat- have known for a long time and others we met while working on this book. nawati, Diahndra, Cok, Budi, Yuliati, Ayu, Nung, Iik, Rambu Ana und Dhani We would like to thank them all and are grateful for their willingness to and many, many more who shared with us their viewpoints and wisdom. share their life stories and providing their perspectives on life. All names in Many thanks also to everyone involved in preparing this publication: Iwan Sa- the life stories have been altered, with exception of publicly known persons wanto for his transcription of the interviews, Sita Zimpel for her translation from and those we formally interviewed. the Indonesian to German, Sita van Bemmelen and Christa Limmer for their In particular we would like to thank: helpful comments, Mandy Klingbeil for editing the first and second German edition, Joan Fairhurst for editing the introductory texts and conclusions of the Ms. Anak Agung Ayu Mirah, Princess and entrepreneur; Ms. Andi Yuliani English version, Ms. Luciana Ferrero and Mr. Friedhelm Betke for the generous Paris, Member of Parliament for the Islamic Party PAN; Ms. Chusnul donation of their photography. And of course we are grateful to our families Mariah, scientist and former member of the National Election Committee; who accompanied our project with cheerful comments and practical support. Ms. Cok Sawitri, artist; Ms. Edriana Nurdin, Director of the Women’s Re- search Institute (WRI), Ms. Sita Aripurnami, and Ms. Ning, both also To our children Charlotte, Karl, Paul, Max, Carla, Jack und Ajna, who have WRI; Ms. Endang, Chair of the District Council of Delanggu near Klaten; grown or are still growing up with both cultures, we dedicate this book. Mr. Frans von Magnis-Suseno, Jesuiten priest and philosopher; Illiza, Chair of the Islamic Party PPP in Aceh; Ms. Julia Suryakusuma, journalist; Ms. Kamala Chandrakirana, former Chair of the National Committee on Violence against Women; Ms. Luh Ketut Suryani, psychiatrist; Ms. Luh Putu Anggraini, lawyer; Ms. Mari Elka Pangestu, former Minister of In- dustry and Trade (since 2011 Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy); Ms. Masruchah, Chair of the Women’s Organization Koalisi Perempuan Indonesia; Mr. Mawardi Ismail, Dean of the Faculty of Law at the Syah Kuala-University in Aceh; Ms. Mayling Oey-Gardiner, researcher, Ms. Debra Yatim, women’s activist; Ms. Musdah Mulia, Chair of the Indone- sian Conference for Religion and Peace; Ms. Nursyahbani Katjasungkana, Member of the National Parliament for the Islamic Party PKB; Ms. Nurul Akhmal, one the founders of a political women’s party in Aceh; Ms. Ratu GKR Hemas, Member of the Indonesian Regional Council DPD and wife of the Sultan of Yogyakarta; Ms. Seniwati, Village Head of Gergunung near Klaten; Shanti L. Poesposoetjipto, Senior Advisor at Ngrumat Bondo Utomo Inc. in the Samudera Indonesia Building; Ms. Sita van Bemmelen, researcher; Ms. Sri Kusumastuti, Member of the NGO Smeru; Ms. Suraya Kamaruzzaman, Women’s Organization in Aceh; Ms. Teungku Iwan 4 5 Fitrah in Aceh; Ms. Titik Suntoro und Ms. Avi Mahaningtyas, both advo- Acknowledgements cates for environmental and women’s issues. Our work on this book has been a journey through more than two decades We are especially indebted to the women of the small Central Javanese vil- of intense involvement with Indonesia, a country with many faces where lage near Klaten, where we lived and researched for a year in the mid-1980’s, we have spent large parts of our lives, and which has sub-stantially influ- in particular Ibu Salam und Ibu Utari. Our heartfelt thanks also go to the enced our own identities. Throughout the two years we prepared this publi- many friends, co-workers and neighbors in Aceh, on Java, Bali, Lombok und cation we met and spoke with such a variety of women – professionals, Sumba whose stories and thoughts have accompanied us throughout the writ- housewives, politicians, activists, domestic helpers, scientists, journalists, ing of this book: Sulikanti, Yuliani, Soeyatni, Paramita, Diah, Eva, Rowena, artists, factory workers, farmers – wonderful women all; some, who we Ati, Mifta, Monica, Umi, Bibit, Lala, Bibi, Yanti, Komang Mirah, Ade, Rat- have known for a long time and others we met while working on this book. nawati, Diahndra, Cok, Budi, Yuliati, Ayu, Nung, Iik, Rambu Ana und Dhani We would like to thank them all and are grateful for their willingness to and many, many more who shared with us their viewpoints and wisdom. share their life stories and providing their perspectives on life. All names in Many thanks also to everyone involved in preparing this publication: Iwan Sa- the life stories have been altered, with exception of publicly known persons wanto for his transcription of the interviews, Sita Zimpel for her translation from and those we formally interviewed. the Indonesian to German, Sita van Bemmelen and Christa Limmer for their In particular we would like to thank: helpful comments, Mandy Klingbeil for editing the first and second German edition, Joan Fairhurst for editing the introductory texts and conclusions of the Ms. Anak Agung Ayu Mirah, Princess and entrepreneur; Ms.
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