CONTENTS to This

Editorial

مجله داخل پروازی هواپیمایی ماهان -In the name of God- شماره 100

service and hospitality in the global airline industry competition. invest in new aircrafts and new routes with speci�ic focus on offering the highest standards of We consider Mahan Air contribution to the border community across Iran and other places in the Proprietor: Mahan Air Co. approximately 5.6 60 Editor-in-Chief: Seyed Mojtaba Binazir newworld Airbus where and we Boeing are well aircrafts positioned from Tehran to make hub a realto more difference than 54 with routes providing inside Iran frequent and 53 �light routes of million passengers per year. Today, Mahan Air operates a �leet of more than Central Office: internationally across Europe, Asia, Middle East, Far East and CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States). 4th Floor, Mahan Air Tower, Azadegan St., Karaj High- way, Tehran,Iran To join Mahan Air Frequent Flyer program, a loyalty program offered to our customers to enjoy a P.O.Box: 14515411 range of exclusive privileges and courtesy services (including: lounge access, check-in priority, Tel: 021-48381752 increased baggage allowance, guaranteed award seats and more) kindly collect the application start collecting miles with the temporary card and take the advantages. For more information, Advertisement: forms available at Mahan Air check-in counter or even on-board during your �light and immediately Agency: Eama Naghshineh In addition to facilitate the check in process, Mahan air provided web check in (online check- in) Tel: (+9821) 24843 Please visit (www.mahan.aero) to learn about the card bene�its and services. service at Sari, Kerman, Qeshm, Shiraz and Ahwaz airports. This service will be operational at all Fax: (+9821) 22024022 stations alternatively. Cellphone: 09121129144 Email: [email protected] direct international routes - from the beginning of -2016 particularly to the European countries. In Following of increasing and expanding the �light route network, we as Mahan air, established new

this regard, we commenced direct �lights from Tehran to Moscow, Kiev, Milan & Munich. In addition, MahanWe are aircontinually new direct striving �lights toto provideParis, Copenhagen high quality & serviceAthens haveto every been one launched of our valuedrecently. passengers. Hearing your ideas and feedback on what we do well and where we need to improve is fundamental CONTENTS to this. You can provide your feedback – good or bad – quickly and easily through the “Feedback Tourism We would like to thank you over and over for your continued support of Mahan and our services. Touring Iran: Yazd Desert City 4 Form” on board. The crew will be handing out these forms, durinduringg your �light. Handicrafts of Yazd 8 trained and shares a passion for ensuring your journey is as comfortable as possible. Please sit back and enjoy our renowned Persian hospitality. Our crew is friendly, professional & Around the World: 10 Most Unique Roads 12 Entertainment Thank you once again for choosing to fly Mahan Air. World Movies: Asian Film Awards 16 Story: The Man on the Train 18 Fun Psychology: All about Finger Length 22 Crossword Puzzle 23 Kids' Story: Pirate Jake’s Treasure Hunt 24 Website: www.mahan.aero Telegram.me/mahanairchannel Instagram.com/fly_mahanair Editorial

-In the name of God-

Welcome on board. It is a great pleasure having you experience our services today. Mahan Air introduced to aviation industry in 1992 and we are extremely so proud of steadily growing our presence and services over the past 25 years and look forward to exciting years ahead to continue service and hospitality in the global airline industry competition. invest in new aircrafts and new routes with speci�ic focus on offering the highest standards of We consider Mahan Air contribution to the border community across Iran and other places in the approximately 5.6 60 worldnew Airbus where and we Boeing are well aircrafts positioned from Tehran to make hub a realto more difference than 54 with routes providing inside Iran frequent and 53 �light routes of internationally across million Europe, passengers Asia, Middle per year. East, Today, Far East Mahan and CIS Air (Commonwealthoperates a �leet of of more Independent than States). To join Mahan Air Frequent Flyer program, a loyalty program offered to our customers to enjoy a range of exclusive privileges and courtesy services (including: lounge access, check-in priority, increased baggage allowance, guaranteed award seats and more) kindly collect the application start collecting miles with the temporary card and take the advantages. For more information, forms available at Mahan Air check-in counter or even on-board during your �light and immediately

PleaseIn addition visit (www.mahan.aero)to facilitate the check to learnin process, about Mahanthe card air bene�its provided and web services. check in (online check- in) service at Sari, Kerman, Qeshm, Shiraz and Ahwaz airports. This service will be operational at all stations alternatively. direct international routes - from the beginning of -2016 particularly to the European countries. In Following of increasing and expanding the �light route network, we as Mahan air, established new this regard, we commenced direct �lights from Tehran to Moscow, Kiev, Milan & Munich. In addition, MahanWe are aircontinually new direct striving �lights toto provideParis, Copenhagen high quality & serviceAthens haveto every been one launched of our valuedrecently. passengers. Hearing your ideas and feedback on what we do well and where we need to improve is fundamental to this. You can provide your feedback – good or bad – quickly and easily through the “Feedback

Form”We would on board. like to The thank crew you will over be handingand over out for these your forms,continued during support your �light.of Mahan and our services. trained and shares a passion for ensuring your journey is as comfortable as possible. Please sit back and enjoy our renowned Persian hospitality. Our crew is friendly, professional &

Thank you once again for choosing to fly Mahan Air. Touring Iran Page 4 | No. 100 Towers of Silence The town’s atmospheric burial Yazd ground lies on hilltops outside in the immediate vicinity of the city. The towers overlook an desert city impressive desert scenery and mountain landscape. Formerly the Zoroastrians used these towers to expose the corpse of the believers Yazd is one of the most well-known Attractions to birds, vultures and crows in desert cities of Iran. Many Iranians particular. and foreign tourists like to visit Yazd to view the architecture typically found in desert areas. It is known as the city of Wind towers, Zoroastrians, Termeh (traditional Jame’ Mosque brocade), silk weaving and sweets (like An outstanding 14th Atashkade (Fire Temple) baqlava and qotab). century edifice, awesome Atashkadeh is a Zoroastrian temple with an eternal flame said to have A trip to Yazd will make you familiar with blend of grandeur, burned for more than 1500 years.The sacred flame of the temple, which is Chak Chak Fire Temple life in desert towns and how people finesse and one of the considered to be the symbol of the god of Light, has been burning for the The name of this fire-temple cope with it. You learn about qanat most beautiful tourist past 3000 years, which makes the place one of the most important fire originates from the water dripping (underground water supply system) for attractions in the central temples for the Zoroastrians, so that the believers from the whole world from the stone-cut mountains. which Iranians are well-known. Iran, Jame’ Mosque lies come to venerate the sacred and eternal fire. This fire temple is located This important Zoroastrian fire- The water reservoirs, icehouses, wind- in the heart of Yazd. It on a hill in a small garden and is surrounded by evergreen trees. There is temple is located on a hill 52 km to towers and pigeon towers make the visit was once center of a also a large round pool in the courtyard, which offers a vivid reflection of the northeast of Yazd. Every year to Yazd worthwhile as tourists explore complex of buildings the temple for artistic photography. A couple of paintings, including the thousands of pilgrims gather in this the uniqueness of this ancient city. and a Sassanid fire Zoroaster, can be pointed out as another attraction of the place. There place for an annual ritual which Yazd is located 270 km southeast of temple originally exists a winged figure atop the facade as well. This figure is the visual lasts for ten days. Isfahan province and with a population existed in its site. The representation of the supreme god in Zoroastrianism. of approximately 560,000, attracts a lofty entrance portal growing number of tourists. of the mosque is The city is hot and dry in summer due completely unique to its location, which is between the with its two towering two main deserts of Dasht-e Kavir and minarets which are Kavir-e Lut. the tallest in Iran. Traditionally, Yazd is famous for Termeh, the brocades made with Iranian patterns and used in dresses, bags, footwear and interior decoration. The ancient caravan routes went through Yazd and linked major cities of the world. Its earlier residents were more involved in trade than agriculture. At present, many tile and porcelain factories are operating outside Yazd, attracting laborers and producing good- quality products for domestic and international markets.

Page 5 | No. 100 Touring Iran Page 4 | No. 100 Towers of Silence The town’s atmospheric burial Yazd ground lies on hilltops outside in the immediate vicinity of the city. The towers overlook an desert city impressive desert scenery and mountain landscape. Formerly the Zoroastrians used these towers to expose the corpse of the believers Yazd is one of the most well-known Attractions to birds, vultures and crows in desert cities of Iran. Many Iranians particular. and foreign tourists like to visit Yazd to view the architecture typically found in desert areas. It is known as the city of Wind towers, Zoroastrians, Termeh (traditional Jame’ Mosque brocade), silk weaving and sweets (like An outstanding 14th Atashkade (Fire Temple) baqlava and qotab). century edifice, awesome Atashkadeh is a Zoroastrian temple with an eternal flame said to have A trip to Yazd will make you familiar with blend of grandeur, burned for more than 1500 years.The sacred flame of the temple, which is Chak Chak Fire Temple life in desert towns and how people finesse and one of the considered to be the symbol of the god of Light, has been burning for the The name of this fire-temple cope with it. You learn about qanat most beautiful tourist past 3000 years, which makes the place one of the most important fire originates from the water dripping (underground water supply system) for attractions in the central temples for the Zoroastrians, so that the believers from the whole world from the stone-cut mountains. which Iranians are well-known. Iran, Jame’ Mosque lies come to venerate the sacred and eternal fire. This fire temple is located This important Zoroastrian fire- The water reservoirs, icehouses, wind- in the heart of Yazd. It on a hill in a small garden and is surrounded by evergreen trees. There is temple is located on a hill 52 km to towers and pigeon towers make the visit was once center of a also a large round pool in the courtyard, which offers a vivid reflection of the northeast of Yazd. Every year to Yazd worthwhile as tourists explore complex of buildings the temple for artistic photography. A couple of paintings, including the thousands of pilgrims gather in this the uniqueness of this ancient city. and a Sassanid fire Zoroaster, can be pointed out as another attraction of the place. There place for an annual ritual which Yazd is located 270 km southeast of temple originally exists a winged figure atop the facade as well. This figure is the visual lasts for ten days. Isfahan province and with a population existed in its site. The representation of the supreme god in Zoroastrianism. of approximately 560,000, attracts a lofty entrance portal growing number of tourists. of the mosque is The city is hot and dry in summer due completely unique to its location, which is between the with its two towering two main deserts of Dasht-e Kavir and minarets which are Kavir-e Lut. the tallest in Iran. Traditionally, Yazd is famous for Termeh, the brocades made with Iranian patterns and used in dresses, bags, footwear and interior decoration. The ancient caravan routes went through Yazd and linked major cities of the world. Its earlier residents were more involved in trade than agriculture. At present, many tile and porcelain factories are operating outside Yazd, attracting laborers and producing good- quality products for domestic and international markets.

Page 5 | No. 100 Page 6 | No. 100 Dolatabad Garden Alexander’s Prison House of Lari Dolat Abad garden an 18th century This 15th century prison is generally believed to A Qajar era and well-preserved home garden pavilion that belonged to have been built by Alexander the Great to detain of a local merchant with traditional the Karim Khan Zand, famouse for the Iranian elite. Even the city was known with this architecture, stained glass windows, its beautiful stained-glass windows same name during the first century after the advent doors, badgirs (wind catchers), and intricate lattice work. Dowlat of Islam. The once-dungeon edifice lies in the heart elegant archways and alcoves. Abad garden is regarded as one of the old city of Yazd. It has a domed roof which of the sites worth visiting due to is very interesting. There is also a well and some verdant gardening in landscape nooks in the courtyard. architecture, irrigation method, and in the richness of architectural design.

Amir Chakhmagh Mosque Amir Chakhmagh Mosque breathtaking construction and one of the most valuable artistic historical heritages and treasures of the Islamic- national architecture. The primary foundation of this mosque belongs to Ala’oddoleh Garshasb Al-e Bouyeh, 13th century, but the present mosque belongs to Al-e Mozaffar and Teymuri era in 14 & 15th centuries. Stability of the construction, fine and interesting tile works, high front piece, two inscriptions one in Kufic script and another in Sols on azure mosaic tiles by the glorious door- Badgir sill, two beautiful minarets and tile worked All traditional houses in old Zurkhaneh Saheb a Zaman (house of strength) town of Yazd have Badgir decorations of interior walls of sanctuary Zurkhaneh is a traditional Persian body building club with its unique architecture. and also exterior and interior of the dome built in. Badgir is an old air are of artistic and architecture privileges of conditioner and an important this monument. The height of the minarets element in traditional Iranian is 48m. and in the front piece architecture, providing natural is 24m. This complex has been air-conditioning in hot, dry and founded in 14th century. humid climates for thousands of years.

Page 7 | No. 100 Page 6 | No. 100 Dolatabad Garden Alexander’s Prison House of Lari Dolat Abad garden an 18th century This 15th century prison is generally believed to A Qajar era and well-preserved home garden pavilion that belonged to have been built by Alexander the Great to detain of a local merchant with traditional the Karim Khan Zand, famouse for the Iranian elite. Even the city was known with this architecture, stained glass windows, its beautiful stained-glass windows same name during the first century after the advent doors, badgirs (wind catchers), and intricate lattice work. Dowlat of Islam. The once-dungeon edifice lies in the heart elegant archways and alcoves. Abad garden is regarded as one of the old city of Yazd. It has a domed roof which of the sites worth visiting due to is very interesting. There is also a well and some verdant gardening in landscape nooks in the courtyard. architecture, irrigation method, and in the richness of architectural design.

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Wooden Knots Handicrafts of Yazd It is one of the oldest artworks in the field of Handicrafts often represent the culture of a geographical area. They also carpentry. A network preserve a society’s cultural achievements. of patterns and designs In the process of artistic creation, the most gorgeous forms and concepts is made on wooden combine and the prism reflecting colors comes into being. doors, then the pieces The close relation between ‘mind’ and ‘language’ is replaced by ‘mind’ of stained-glass are and ‘hand’. The latter embarks on the creation of works of art. set in them. The city An artist creates handicrafts in isolation, away from the hustle and bustle of Yazd is globally of modern industry, Yazd’s Cultural Heritage. renowned for creating Although Nature may seem less generous with a desert, its residents the unique artwork of persevere in their efforts to sustain and enrich life. In fact, human beings wooden knots. have survived in the most hostile environments. Most architectural masterpieces recount the story of diligent people who never abandoned their work even under unfavorable conditions. These people gradually learned to make their own houses, their own Daraie clothes and the tools needed for doing their day-to-day work. Not long Yazd is a premier Daraie- ago, the loom was found in every houses for weaving cloth and carpets. weaving center in Iran, which These skills have been handed down from generation to generation. is a kind of soft silk fabric with Although the number of people who adopt their family professions has gorgeous-colored diamond declined, Yazd always ranked high in producing bedding products, shawl, shapes on it. The warps are silk handkerchief, velvet, ‘Termeh’ and ‘Daraie’. always dyed before weaving. As the weaver makes the Some of the unique handicrafts of Yazd are outlined below: fabric, the colors and designs gradually appear. Daraie was made of natural silk in the past, but nowadays viscose is Termeh usually used. Termeh is a gorgeous silk fabric whose warp is silk thread and its pick is colorful silk, cotton and woolen threads. In olden days, people made Termeh Pottery and Ceramics by hand, because of which Termeh was known as “finger-woven fabric”. Pottery, the oldest handmade This gorgeous soft fabric is world artwork, has a 6,000-year-old famous for its patterns, especially history in Iran. Local people call an aigrette-like design (Boteh), tuft- the earthenware ‘Kevareh’, which like design (Jegheh), hart’s horn is made of clay. design (Shakh-e Gavazni) and rose- The earthenware is world famous like design (Gol-e Mohammadi). for its designs, especially “fish”, The city of Yazd is renowned for its “the lady sun” and “the hen”. 400-year old industry of Termeh Meybod is a prominent pottery- weaving. producing center in Yazd province.

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Blacksmithing Wicker Works The experienced Wicker works can be regarded blacksmiths of Yazd use as one of the oldest crafts of ordinary tools such as Yazd. The materials used vary, pliers, hammers, knives, depending on the geographical chisels and so on. Mehriz, position of the area. Different Aqda, Nodoushan, tools are used such as sickles, Sakhvid and Khezrabad knives, scissors, needles and are premier centers of files. They make the cutting blacksmithing. easy. To make objects out of wicker, artists use the leaves of palm trees, the stem of wheat, sticks and reeds.

Ehrami Weaving Ehrami is a kind of fabric Moaraq-Tile Making woven from a cotton The Moaraq tiles come in weft and warp, it comes different sizes ranging from in a variety of sizes, for big to small. According to the example 70 cms by 100 desired pattern, they are cut cms, or 120 cms by 90 out and pieced together to form cms. Ehrami was known different shapes. In fact, the tile as Harami, for it was consists of different small pieces used by those who went cut out according to a wide on a pilgrim to Makkah variety of geometrical shapes. and Madinah. People use The colors used in Moaraq are Ehrami as a tablecloth and as follows: white, dark blue, prayer rug. turquoise, green and orange.

Handmade Rug (Glim and Zilou) Seven-Colored Tile Meybod is a premier zilou-producing center. With A seven-colored tile refers to regard to its pattern and fabric, it resembles wicker the tiles made of the same works and was used to carpet the mosques and geometrical shape (square) and holy places. color. They are put together to Zilou is made of cotton thread and comes in sizes of achieve the desired shape and 3 meters by 4 meters or 2 meters by 3 meters. pattern (each tile reflects part The white and blue zilou is used in mosques and of the whole pattern). holy places, while the blue and red one known as The craftsmen of Yazd also Johari is one of the cheapest of all. produce handicrafts that The best type of zilou is called Naftal, which is made originated in other places but of green and orange threads. have been modified to suit their own needs and culture.

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Page 11 | No. 100 Around the World World’s most crooked street Lombard Street in San Francisco is famous for having a steep section that Unique consists of eight tight turns. This section is considered the 10 Most most crooked street in the world. Walking or driving Lombard 2 this one block long section Street San Roads , is one of San Francisco’s Francisco, touristic attractions United States

Named in honor World’s The world’s steepest street World’s of Argentina’ s widest street is located in Dunedin, New steepest Independence Day – July Zealand. It has an average street 9, 1816, this avenue is 1 km slope of just over 1:5. Which (0.62 mi) long. It has up to means that for every 5 meters seven lanes in each direction traveled horizontally, you also and is flanked on both sides by travel 1 meter vertically. The parallel streets of two lanes each. maximum slope of Baldwin Street Between the side streets and the is 1:2.86 which makes for 19° or main road are 2 wide medians. 35% – meaning for every 2.86 The Plaza de la República 3 9 de Julio meters traveled horizontally, Baldwin1 with the Obelisco de Buenos Avenue the elevation also changes by 1 Street, , Aires – the most famous Buenos meter. Walking up and down Dunedin, monument in Buenos Aires the street is Dunedin’s best New , Aires stands in the middle attraction for tourists Zealand Argentina of the avenue

World’s narrowest street

Built it 1727, the world’s in the narrowest street ranges from 31 cm (12.2 in) at its narrowest point to 50 cm (19.7 in) at its widest point. It is officially listed as city street number 77 4Spreuerhofstraße World Street , Reutlingen, Germany World’s most crooked street Lombard Street in San Francisco is famous for having a steep section that Unique consists of eight tight turns. This section is considered the 10 Most most crooked street in the world. Walking or driving Lombard 2 this one block long section Street San Roads , is one of San Francisco’s Francisco, touristic attractions United States

World’s narrowest street

Built it 1727, the world’s in the narrowest street ranges from 31 cm (12.2 in) at its narrowest point to 50 cm (19.7 in) at its widest point. It is officially listed as city street number 77 4Spreuerhofstraße World Street , Reutlingen, Germany Yonge Street connects the shores World’s of Lake Ontario, Toronto to Lake longest road Simcoe. It was formerly listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest street in the world at 1,896 km (1,178 mi). But the record was taken from the street as Yonge street is not considered a part of Highway 11 which responsible for most of the length. Now the famous 5Yonge Street, book of records lists the Pan-American Ontario, Highway as the longest motorable Canada and the road in the world with a network Pan-American of roads of 48,000 km (30,000 mi) Highway from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska to Ushuaia, Argentina.

World’s longest road A 24.5 km (15.23 mi) long tunnel road tunnel connecting Lærdal and Aurland in Norway. The tunnel carries two lanes and is part of the new highway connecting Oslo and Bergen. The new highway carries the traffic between the cities without ferries and 6Lærdal

difficult mountain crossings Tunnel, Norway

World’s most dangerous road The North Yungas Road from the capital La Paz to Coroico is known as “the death road”, and not without a reason – this road claims the lives of 200 – 300 people every year 7The Death Road, Bolivia World’s most frozen road Also called The South Pole Traverse, this 995 mile long (1,601 km) snow road in Antarctica links McMurdo Station to the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. The road is not paved but marked by flags 8McMurdo South Pole Highway, Antartica

World’s most monotonous This 1,034 miles 1664 ( road km) road connects Western Australia and South Australia via the Nullarbor Plain. With only few towns along the road and very few changes in scenery, this must be the most monotonous and boring road in the world. The9 Eyre Highway, Australia

World’s narrowest street The world’s highest road goes over the world’s tallest bridge –Millau Viaduct Bridge. The road deck of the bridge is 343 meters (1,125 ft.) above the ground below at its 10World’s tallest point! highest road: Millau Viaduct Bridge, France World Movies Page 16 | No. 100

“The Salesman” receives nomination at Asian Film Awards

Oscar-winning Iranian director/writer AsgharFarhadi’s “The Wailing” and “The Age of Shadows”, both from acclaimed drama “The Salesman” has received a South Korea, “Harmonium” from Japan, “Godspeed” nomination in the screenplay category at the 11th from Taiwan, and “I Am Not Madame Bovary” from Asian Film Awards. China are nominated for best film award. The film, which is among contenders for the Oscar for Na Hong-jin for “The Wailing”, Koji Fukada for best foreign-language film at the Academy Awards, “Harmonium”, Derek Tsang for “Soul Mate” from is competing with four other films, including “The China, Feng Xiaogang for “I Am Not Madame Bovary” Handmaiden” by South Korean director Park Chan- and Lav Diaz for “The Woman Who Left” from the Wook, whose film leads the AFA with six nominations Philippines are competing for best director award. for best supporting actress, best newcomer, best Winners will be announced on March 18 during a screenplay, best editing, best costume design and ceremony that returns to Hong Kong after excursions best production design. to Macau in previous years.

The daughter of famous American playwright Arthur Miller’s Daughter Arthur Miller whose play ‘Death of a Salesman’ was adapted by Iranian filmmaker AsgharFarhadi for Calls Asghar Farhadi his latest film, has called the Oscar-winning Iranian “Master of Suspense” director the “master of suspense”. Rebecca Miller, the daughter of Arthur Miller, referred to AsgharFarhadi as the ‘Master of Suspension’ while presenting him the Best Foreign Language Film award for his latest drama “The Salesman” at the National Board of Review Awards gala in New York.

“The Salesman” is the story of a couple whose relationship begins to turn unfavorable during their performance of “Death of a Salesman”, an acclaimed play by Arthur Miller, Rebecca’s father. Farhadi has twice previously won this same award for his “A Separation”, which won him an Oscar, and “The Past”, his first film shot outside of his homeland in France.

“The Salesman” is also contending for the Oscar for best foreign-language film this year. World Movies Page 16 | No. 100

“The Salesman” receives nomination at Asian Film Awards

“The Salesman” is also contending for the Oscar for best foreign-language film this year.

Page 17 | No. 100 The Man On The Train (February 1991)

Story Page 18 | No. 100

Whenever my brothers, sister and educated. planting seeds, saying Grandfather's I get together we inevitably talk Back then in Savannah a boy image would reach new heights if about Dad. We all owe our success was considered "wasted" if he their son went to high school. in life to him—and to a mysterious remained in school after he was Her barrage worked. Stern old Alec man he met one night on a train. big enough to do farm work. So Haley handed my father five hard- Our father, Simon Alexander Haley, when my father reached the sixth earned ten-dollar bills, told him was born in 1892 and reared in the grade, Queen began massaging never to ask for more and sent him small farming town of Savannah, grandfather's ego. off to high school. Traveling first Tennessee. He was the eighth "Since we have eight children," by mule cart and then by train— The Man on the Train child of Alec Haley—a tough- she would argue, "wouldn't it the first train he had ever seen— willed former slave and part-time be prestigious if we deliberately Dad finally alighted in Jackson, sharecropper—and of a woman wasted one and got him educated?" Tennessee, where he enrolled in By Alex Haley named Queen. After many arguments, Grandfather the preparatory department of Although sensitive and emotional, let Dad finish the eighth grade. Still, Lane College. The black Methodist my grandmother could be tough- he had to work in the fields after school offered courses up through Though some people may attempt to live life from willed herself, especially when it school. junior college. a purely selfish, self-centered perspective, it is came to her children. One of her But Queen was not satisfied. As Dad's $50 was soon used up, and in giving of ourselves to others that we find our ambitions was that my father be eighth grade ended, she began to continue in school, he worked as greatest sense of meaning. And so, as we search for meaning, one of the best places to look is outward—toward others—using the principle of charity. Too often the meaning of charity is reduced to the act of giving alms or donating sums of money to those who are economically disadvantaged. But charity in its purest forms involves so much more. It includes the giving of our hearts, our minds, and our talents in ways that enrich the lives of all people— regardless of whether they are poor or rich. Charity is selflessness. It is love in work clothes. Alex Haley's father, Simon Alexander Haley, worked his way through college and graduate school as a Pullman porter until he met The Man On The Train. Always, Haley seems to be telling us, opportunity awaits those who are prepared. A poignant example is found in the story of The Man On The Train. Recalled by distinguished and Pulitzer Prize-winning author Alex Haley, it is the true story of a man Alex never met, but one to whom he came to give great honor and credit. In addition, Haley also shares why he broke down in tears when he first visited the offices ofa famous newspaper. As you read his account, resist the temptation to reduce the story to that of a kind man offering a handout. The Man On The Train (February 1991)

Story Page 18 | No. 100

a waiter, a handyman and a helper The train was racketing along one enough to buy his own mule and Conservatory of Music to study at a school for wayward boys. And morning about 2 a.m. when the plow. But he realized his savings piano. I was born the following when winter came, he'd arise at porter's buzzer sounded. Dad could also pay for one full semester year. 4 a.m., go into prosperous white sprang up, jerked on his white at A & T without having to work a One day decades later, editors of families' homes and make fires jacket, and made his way to single odd job. The Saturday Evening Post invited so the residents would awaken in the passenger berths. There, a Dad decided he deserved at least me to their editorial offices in New comfort. distinguished-looking man said he one semester free of outside work. York to discuss the condensation of Poor Simon became something of and his wife were having trouble Only that way would he know what my first book, The Autobiography a campus joke with his one pair of sleeping, and they both wanted grades he could truly achieve. of Malcolm X. I was so proud, pants and shoes, and his droopy glasses of warm milk. Dad brought He returned to Greensboro. But so happy, to be sitting in those eyes. Often he was found asleep milk and napkins on a silver tray. no sooner did he arrive on campus wood-paneled offices on Lexington with a textbook fallen into his lap. The man handed one glass through than he was summoned by the Avenue. Suddenly I remembered The constant struggle to earn the lower-berth curtains to his college president. Dad was full of Mr. Boyce, and how it was his money took its toll. Dad's grades wife and, sipping from his own apprehension as he seated himself generosity that enabled me to began to founder. But he pushed glass, began to engage Dad in before the great man. be there amid those editors, as a onward and completed senior high. conversation. "I have a letter here, Simon," the writer. And then I began to cry. I Next he enrolled in A & T College in Pullman Company rules strictly president said. just couldn't help it. Greensboro, North Carolina, a land- prohibited any conversation "Yes, sir." We children of Simon Haley grant school where he struggled beyond "Yes, sir" or "No, ma'am," "You were a porter for Pullman this often reflect on Mr. Boyce and through freshman and sophomore but this passenger kept asking summer?" his investment in a less fortunate years. questions. He even followed Dad "Yes, sir." human being. By the ripple One bleak afternoon at the close of back into the porter's cubicle. "Did you meet a certain man one effect of his generosity, we also his second year, Dad was called into "Where are you from?" night and bring him warm milk?" benefited. Instead of being raised a teacher's office and told that he'd "Savannah, Tennessee, sir." "Yes, sir." on a sharecrop farm, we grew up failed a course—one that required "You speak quite well." "Well, his name is Mr. R. S. M. in a home with educated parents, a textbook he'd been too poor to "Thank you, sir." Boyce, and he's a retired executive shelves full of books, and with pride buy. "What work did you do before of the Curtis Publishing Company, in ourselves, My brother George is A ponderous sense of defeat this?" which publishes The Saturday chairman of the U.S. Postal Rate descended upon him. For years "I'm a student at A & T College in Evening Post. He has donated $500 Commission; Julius is an architect, he'd given his utmost, and now he Greensboro, sir." Dad felt no need for your board, tuition and books Lois a music teacher and I'm a felt he had accomplished nothing. to add that he was considering for the entire school year." writer. Maybe he should return home to his returning home to sharecrop. My father was astonished. Mr. R. S. M. Boyce dropped like original destiny of sharecropping. The man looked at him keenly, The surprise grant not only a blessing into my father's life. But days later, a letter came from finally wished him well and enabled dad to finish A & T, but What some may see as a chance the Pullman Company saying returned to his bunk. to graduate first in his class. And encounter, I see as the working of a he was one of 24 black college The next morning, the train the achievement earned him a full mysterious power for good. men selected from hundreds of reached Pittsburgh. At a time when scholarship to Cornell University in And I believe that each person applicants to be summertime 50 cents was a good tip, the man Ithaca, New York. blessed with success has an sleeping-car porters. Dad was gave five dollars to Simon Haley, In 1920, Dad, then a newlywed, obligation to return part of that ecstatic. Here was a chance! He who was profusely grateful. All moved to Ithaca with his bride, blessing. We must all live and act eagerly reported for duty and was summer, he had been saving every Bertha. He entered Cornell to like the man on the train. assigned a Buffalo-to-Pittsburgh tip he received, and when the job pursue his masters degree, and ~ Alex Haley. train. finally ended, he had accumulated my mother enrolled at the Ithaca

Page 21 | No. 100 Page 20 | No. 100

Page 21 | No. 100 Psychology Page 22 | No. 100 Crossword

Researchers at the University of Cambridge in England, for example, just tied finger Spelling length to success in financial trading. The study looked at stock traders in London. Crossword Earlier work found that male stock traders made more money on days when their level of the male hormone testosterone was higher. They wondered if, over all, men with more testosterone made more successful traders. Individuals are exposed to testosterone while in their mother’s womb. A way to know how much is to compare their ring finger to their index finger. The index Researchers study the effects of having a longer fourth finger is the one next to the thumb; the finger than second finger, a sign of higher testosterone ring finger is third from the thumb. The exposure before birth. longer the ring finger compared to the Is there meaning in the length of a finger? An eighteen index finger, the greater the testosterone ninety-three guidebook called “Modern Etiquette in Public exposure. and Private” had this to say: “Long fingers are a sign of The study involved forty-four traders and refinement. A short stubby hand argues a lack of sensibility.” their profits and losses over a twenty- Well, long fingers might also be a sign of a good basketball month period ending in two thousand seven. player or pianist. Or maybe just a master at thumb wars. Those with the most experience and Across This much is sure: studies in recent years have pointed testosterone exposure earned about six toward a number of findings. times as much as those with the least. Also, 1. a shape, like a ball the research showed that traders with the 6. a tool used for chopping wood most exposure generally made the most 8. guidance from the person in charge, a personal money in wild markets when quick action quality that a teacher should have 9. a repeated sound Down ring is required. Testosterone is known to make index people more sure of themselves and more 10. orderly, clean, tidy 1. quickness ring index willing to take risks. It may also improve a 12. covered by something, such as a blanket or 2. belonging to him person’s thinking ability. paper 3. water falling out of clouds A two thousand seven British study 15. the part of the day before noon 4. a test, such as in science showed that finger length might help 17. difficult to understand, scary, like a haunted 5. to jump predict test results among schoolchildren. house 7. someone who tends to cows or horses Psychology researchers at the University 19. to nap, to sleep, or a silent beat in music 9. a long, slimey creature that lives in dirt and has no of Bath looked at the hands of seven-year- 20. to hold as property bones olds. Those with ring fingers longer than 22. a loud, dull sound, as in “That door sure makes 11. not loose index fingers did better on the math part a .” 13. jealous ــــــــــــ of a standardized test than the reading 23. something someone said, exactly how she said 14. the effect or result, usually negative, as in “You’ll part. ”. ــــــــــــ have to face the ”. ــــــــــــ This was true for boys as well as girls. it, as in a “famous Females are also exposed to some 25. normal 16. to ruin testosterone in the womb. 26. the front of something, such as a head 17. a tart fruit that is red, orange, or yellow fashion, or the way something is done .18 ”. ــــــــــــ And another study reported last year 27. something empty, as in “Fill in the that people whose index finger is shorter 29. someone associated with another, such as in 21. my friends and I than their ring finger are at higher risk of business or dancing 24. energized, stimulated, ready to go osteoarthritis. 30. conclusion 28. the opposite of early Crossword Spelling Crossword

Across 1. a shape, like a ball 6. a tool used for chopping wood 8. guidance from the person in charge, a personal quality that a teacher should have 9. a repeated sound Down 10. orderly, clean, tidy 1. quickness 12. covered by something, such as a blanket or 2. belonging to him paper 3. water falling out of clouds 15. the part of the day before noon 4. a test, such as in science 17. difficult to understand, scary, like a haunted 5. to jump house 7. someone who tends to cows or horses 19. to nap, to sleep, or a silent beat in music 9. a long, slimey creature that lives in dirt and has no 20. to hold as property bones 22. a loud, dull sound, as in “That door sure makes 11. not loose jealous .13 ”. ــــــــــــ a 23. something someone said, exactly how she said 14. the effect or result, usually negative, as in “You’ll ”. ــــــــــــ have to face the ”. ــــــــــــ it, as in a “famous 25. normal 16. to ruin 26. the front of something, such as a head 17. a tart fruit that is red, orange, or yellow fashion, or the way something is done .18 ”. ــــــــــــ something empty, as in “Fill in the .27 29. someone associated with another, such as in 21. my friends and I business or dancing 24. energized, stimulated, ready to go 30. conclusion 28. the opposite of early Kids' Story Pirate Jake’s Treasure Hunt

Once upon a time there was a young pirate called Jake. He was 10 years old. He wanted to join a band of pirates, but when he tried they just laughed at him and told him that he was too young to be a pirate.

-“Have you ever found any treasure?” They asked. -“No, I haven’t.” Said Jake sadly. -“Then go away little boy!” They laughed. -“I’ll show them!” Thought Jake, and he sat in his boat on an adventure to find treasure. It isn’t easy to find treasure. Jake visited many islands in his search but he only found old tires and plastic bottles. One day, as Jake was sailing to a near island, suddenly a big storm blew in. Jake tried to keep his boat upright but it was hard and tiring battling against giant waves and strong winds. After many hours the storm finally ended. Jake was tired and fell asleep in his boat. Jake woke up and looked around. His boat had landed on an island with a huge, dark forest. Jake went into the forest to explore for treasure. He walked and walked through the quiet, spooky forest but didn’t see 10 anything except for the trees. Suddenly, he heard a whispering sound coming from a tree with a Kids' Story door-shaped hole in its trunk. As Jake approached the tree a door slammed shut Pirate Jake’s Treasure Hunt and a voice shouted, “Go away!” -“I’m sorry for surprising you.” Said Once upon a time there was a young pirate called Jake. Jake. ”But I’m just looking for treasure.” He was 10 years old. He wanted to join a band of pirates, - “Oh, it’s treasure you want, is it?” but when he tried they just laughed at him and told him Said a voice from inside the tree. “There that he was too young to be a pirate. is treasure inside this tree but you can’t see it!” -“Have you ever found any - “Oh, please!” Pleaded Jake, “Please treasure?” They asked. show me the treasure!” -“No, I haven’t.” Said Jake sadly. - “If you answer three special questions, -“Then go away little boy!” They I will give you some treasure.” Said the laughed. voice. -“I’ll show them!” Thought Jake, - “Well, I can try.” Thought Jake. “What and he sat in his boat on an are your questions?” adventure to find treasure. - “Question 1!” Said the voice, “Have It isn’t easy to find treasure. you ever been to Dragon Island?” Jake visited many islands in his - “No, I haven’t.” Replied Jake. He knew search but he only found old tires the island and stayed away from it. and plastic bottles. - “Would you like to go there?” Said the One day, as Jake was sailing to a voice. near island, suddenly a big storm - “No, I wouldn’t!” Exclaimed Jake, “It’s blew in. Jake tried to keep his too dangerous!” boat upright but it was hard and - “Wrong answer!” Said the voice, “Go tiring battling against giant waves away!” and strong winds. - “Ok, ok!” Said Jake, “Yes, I would like After many hours the storm finally to go there.” ended. Jake was tired and fell - “Good!” Replied the voice. “Go there, asleep in his boat. find a dragon’s egg and bring it back to Jake woke up and looked around. me.” His boat had landed on an island Jake went and sailed to Dragon Island. with a huge, dark forest. Jake He crept around, found a dragon’s egg went into the forest to explore and quickly escaped. When he returned for treasure. to the tree the door was shut, so Jake He walked and walked through the knocked on it. quiet, spooky forest but didn’t see -“Yes?” came the voice from inside. - “I’ve brought you the dragon’s egg.” 10 anything except for the trees. Suddenly, he heard a whispering Replied Jake. sound coming from a tree with a - “Good. Leave it outside the door and - “Wrong answer! Go away!” Came the come back tomorrow.” reply. The next day Jake returned and knocked - “Ok, ok. Yes, I would like to talk to a on the door. “Did you take the egg?” witch” Said Jake. Asked Jake. - “Good! Go find a witch and ask her to “- Yes, very delicious!” Came the reply. make some beetle and frog eyes potion. “Ok, Then bring it back to me. Take this gold - Now for question 2. Have you ever met coin to pay with.” a zombie?” A gold coin was pushed under the door. - “No, I haven’t.” Admitted Jake. Jake took the coin and went in search - “Would you like to meet a zombie?” of a witch. He sailed to the enchanted - “No, I wouldn’t.” Replied Jake market on Magic Island. There he found truthfully. an old witch. She made the potion and - “Wrong answer! Go away!” The voice took the gold coin. replied angrily. When Jake returned to the tree he - “Ok, ok. Yes, I would like to meet a knocked on the door. The voice told him zombie. lied Jake. to leave the potion and come back the - “Very good.” Said the voice. “Go to next day. Zombie Island, find the zombie queen The next morning, Jake knocked on the and steal her necklace. Then bring it to door. me.” - “Go away!” Shouted the voice. Jake went and sailed to Zombie Island. He - “Didn’t you take the potion?” Asked arrived at night when the zombies were Jake. sleeping. He tiptoed around and found the - “Yes, I did. It was perfect medicine sleeping zombie queen. Very carefully he for my headache. I feel much better slid the necklace off the queen’s neck and now!” tiptoed back to his boat. - “So give me some treasure. You made Again the voice at the tree told Jake to a promise!” Pleaded Jake. leave the necklace outside the door and - “Ok, ok!” Said the voice. “Stand back!” return the next day. The next morning, The door flew open and out jumped three Jake arrived and knocked on the door. pirates - the very same pirates that - “Did you take the necklace?” Asked laughed at Jake. Jake. - “Well done, Jake!” Said one of the - “Yes, my wife is very happy with her pirates, “You passed our test! Now you birthday present.Replied the voice. can join our band of pirates!” - “Now for the final question. Have you “Yippee!” shouted Jake with glee. ever talked to a witch?” - “No, I haven’t talked to a witch and I wouldn’t like to do that!” exclaimed Jake. From then on, Jake went on many exciting He was scared of witches. adventures with his band of pirates. He had lots of fun and found lots of treasure! - “Good. Leave it outside the door and - “Wrong answer! Go away!” Came the come back tomorrow.” reply. The next day Jake returned and knocked - “Ok, ok. Yes, I would like to talk to a on the door. “Did you take the egg?” witch” Said Jake. Asked Jake. - “Good! Go find a witch and ask her to “- Yes, very delicious!” Came the reply. make some beetle and frog eyes potion. “Ok, Then bring it back to me. Take this gold - Now for question 2. Have you ever met coin to pay with.” a zombie?” A gold coin was pushed under the door. - “No, I haven’t.” Admitted Jake. Jake took the coin and went in search - “Would you like to meet a zombie?” of a witch. He sailed to the enchanted - “No, I wouldn’t.” Replied Jake market on Magic Island. There he found truthfully. an old witch. She made the potion and - “Wrong answer! Go away!” The voice took the gold coin. replied angrily. When Jake returned to the tree he - “Ok, ok. Yes, I would like to meet a knocked on the door. The voice told him zombie. lied Jake. to leave the potion and come back the - “Very good.” Said the voice. “Go to next day. Zombie Island, find the zombie queen The next morning, Jake knocked on the and steal her necklace. Then bring it to door. me.” - “Go away!” Shouted the voice. Jake went and sailed to Zombie Island. He - “Didn’t you take the potion?” Asked arrived at night when the zombies were Jake. sleeping. He tiptoed around and found the - “Yes, I did. It was perfect medicine sleeping zombie queen. Very carefully he for my headache. I feel much better slid the necklace off the queen’s neck and now!” tiptoed back to his boat. - “So give me some treasure. You made Again the voice at the tree told Jake to a promise!” Pleaded Jake. leave the necklace outside the door and - “Ok, ok!” Said the voice. “Stand back!” return the next day. The next morning, The door flew open and out jumped three Jake arrived and knocked on the door. pirates - the very same pirates that - “Did you take the necklace?” Asked laughed at Jake. Jake. - “Well done, Jake!” Said one of the - “Yes, my wife is very happy with her pirates, “You passed our test! Now you birthday present.Replied the voice. can join our band of pirates!” - “Now for the final question. Have you “Yippee!” shouted Jake with glee. ever talked to a witch?” - “No, I haven’t talked to a witch and I wouldn’t like to do that!” exclaimed Jake. From then on, Jake went on many exciting He was scared of witches. adventures with his band of pirates. He had lots of fun and found lots of treasure!

جغرافيه ري: تقــع ري علــی خــط طــول 510 درجــه و 25 دقيقــه شــرق گرينويــچ و خــط عــرض 35 درجــه و 38 دقيقــه شــمال گرينــوچ و مدينة ري التاريخيه حســب التصنيــف القديــم فــأن مدينــه ري تقــع ضمــن االقليــم الرابــع و نوردهنــا اقــوال بعــض المورخيــن و الجغراقييــن حــول تعتبــر مدينــة ري التاريخيــه التــي مازالــت العريقــه جــداً بالقــرب منهــا. مســاحه مدينــة ري: آثارهــا ماثلــه للعيــان علــی بعــد 6 تــدل الحفريــات العلميــه اال ثريــه هــذه يقــول االصطخــري فــي كتــاب )المســالك و كيلومتــرات جنــوب شــرقي طهــران، مــن التــال تضــم العديــه مــن اآلثــار التــي الممالــك( حيــث العراقــه و القــدم مــن اقــدم المــدن تحكــی عــن وجــود حضــاره عريقــه فيهــا. »وهــي مدينــه مســاحتها فرســخ و نصــف حيــث عاصــرت مدينتــي نينــوى و بابــل. فخــال الحفريــات العميقــه التــي اجريــت فــي فرســخ و نصــف« لعظمتهــا كانــت مــن اهــم البلــدان فــي عــام 1935 م علــی الســفح الجنوبــي لجبــل و في مكان آخر يقول: القــرون االولــی مــن العهــد االســامي و لــم )چشــمه علــي( و االراضــي المشــرفه علــی يبلــغ طــول المدينــه فرســخ و نصــف تنافســها فــي حينهــا ســوى مدينتــي بغــداد بســتان صفائيــه، اكتشــفت اوانــي خزفيــه ًمضروبــا فــي فرســخ و نصــف و بيوتهــا مــن و نيشــابور و تجــدر االشــاره ًحقــا الــي تعــود الــي فتــره تتــراوح بيــن اربعــه آالف الطيــن يذكــر ابــن حوقــل فــي كتابــه »صوره انهــا المدينــه االم طهــران. اقيمــت االصليــه الــي ســته آالف عــام مضــت و تــدل علــی االرض« بــأن مســاحه المدينــه هــي فرســخ و اولــي مبانــي هــذه المدينــه حــول عيــن وجــود بشــر متحضريــن عاشــوعلی امتــداد و نصــف فــي مثلــه و فــي مــكان آخــر يذكــر مــاء تســمي عيــن علی)چشــمه علــي( و و حــول هــذه العيــن العريقــه و هــؤالء هــم بــان »اكبــر مدينــه فــي هــذه الناحيــه ـ ديلــم توجــد بعــض التــال التاريخيــه االثريــه الســكان االوائــل لمنطقــه ري. و طبرســتان ـ هــي ري و مســاحتها فرســخ و نصــف فــي مثلــه« و بشــير فــي كتابــه هــذا قائــا: انــا اقــول بــان ري عبــاره عــن مربــع كبيــر . . . رقعــه ري علــی شــكل مربــع كبيــر يقــع الجــزء االكبــر مــن مدينــه ري جنــوب جبــل بــي بــي شــهر بانــو و تنقســم مدينــه ري التاريخيــه مــن حيــث القــدم الــي ًزرداشــتيا و كانــت مدينــه مقدســه عنــد هــذه المجموعــه بالمحمديــه و يســمي جغرافيه ري: قســمين: اتبــاع هــذه الديانــه و قــد ورد ذكــر ري فــي النــاس هــذا الجــزء مــن ري بالمدينــه او تقــع ري علــی خــط طــول 510 درجــه و 1ـ ري القديمه االثريه كتــاب االوســتا بصــوره رغــه )Ragha( »شهرســتان = شارســتان« و ســميث القلعــه 25 دقيقــه شــرق گرينويــچ و خــط عــرض 2ـ ري المســتحدثه فــي العصــور التاليــه مســلة بيســتون: قــد ورد اســم ري فــي بالمدينــه الخارجيــه »كهــن دج« 35 درجــه و 38 دقيقــه شــمال گرينــوچ و )العهــد االســامي( مســلة بيســتون بــوره »Raga« العمــود حســب التصنيــف القديــم فــأن مدينــه ري مدينة ري التاريخيه فالجــزء االول اي ري »مــا قبــل االســام« الثانــي البنــد الثالــث عشــر و كذلــك فــي مناخ ري: تقــع ضمــن االقليــم الرابــع و نوردهنــا اقــوال فهــو الجــزء الكائــن جنــوب عيــن علــي البنــد االول مــن العمــود الثالــث. ميــاه غزيــره و لكنهــا ملوثــه ووســخه و بعــض المورخيــن و الجغراقييــن حــول حيــث يوجــد ســور عظيــم و عريــض يعــود يقــول اليعقوبــي فــي البنــدان: يشــرب تعتبــر مدينــة ري التاريخيــه التــي مازالــت العريقــه جــداً بالقــرب منهــا. مســاحه مدينــة ري:

الــي عصــور مــا قبــل االســام و يســمی اسماء ري: اهالــي المدينــه مــن عيــوت الميــاه الغزيــره آثارهــا ماثلــه للعيــان علــی بعــد 6 تــدل الحفريــات العلميــه اال ثريــه هــذه يقــول االصطخــري فــي كتــاب )المســالك و هــذا الجــزء ري بريــن االعلــی او الــري قبــل االســام: ورد ذكــر ري فــي كتــاب و مــن االنهــار الكبيــره. كيلومتــرات جنــوب شــرقي طهــران، مــن التــال تضــم العديــه مــن اآلثــار التــي الممالــك( ومــن هــذا الجــزء تنامــت المدينــه واتســعت توبيــت احــد الماحــق الغيــر رســميه منــاخ ري عليــل و لطيــف فــي الربيــع و حــار حيــث العراقــه و القــدم مــن اقــدم المــدن تحكــی عــن وجــود حضــاره عريقــه فيهــا. »وهــي مدينــه مســاحتها فرســخ و نصــف باتجــاه الجنــوب الشــرقي ًتدريجيــا. المنســوبه للتــوراة بأســم »راكــس« او فــي الصيــف و كثيــر الجليد فــي الشــتاء و كان حيــث عاصــرت مدينتــي نينــوى و بابــل. فخــال الحفريــات العميقــه التــي اجريــت فــي فرســخ و نصــف« الجــزء الثانــي: ري فــي العهــد االســامي: »راجــي« و فــي كتــاب توبيــت ملحــق اعتــدال مناخهــا فــي الربيــع ً مضربــا لامثــال لعظمتهــا كانــت مــن اهــم البلــدان فــي عــام 1935 م علــی الســفح الجنوبــي لجبــل و في مكان آخر يقول: و هــو الجــزء الكائــن جنــوب شــرق االول آخــر مــن ماحــق التــوراة بأســم »راگــو« ويشــير ابــن الفقيه فــي كتابــه مختصــر البلدان القــرون االولــی مــن العهــد االســامي و لــم )چشــمه علــي( و االراضــي المشــرفه علــی يبلــغ طــول المدينــه فرســخ و نصــف وجنــوب بــي بــي شــهر بانــو يســمى »ري او »راجــو« و فــي االوســتا بأســم »رغــه« و الــي ذلــك: يقــال شــتاء بغــداد و ربيــع ري و تنافســها فــي حينهــا ســوى مدينتــي بغــداد بســتان صفائيــه، اكتشــفت اوانــي خزفيــه ًمضروبــا فــي فرســخ و نصــف و بيوتهــا مــن بريــن« اي »ري الســفلي« و يحيــط بهــا فــي مســلة بيســتون بــاس »دگا« و فــي عهــد خريــف همــدان و صيــف اصفهــان. و نيشــابور و تجــدر االشــاره ًحقــا الــي تعــود الــي فتــره تتــراوح بيــن اربعــه آالف الطيــن يذكــر ابــن حوقــل فــي كتابــه »صوره خنــدق واســع. الساســانيين بأســم »ري« و »ري اردشــير« و و نظــرا ًالعتــدال منــاخ ري فــي الربيــع، انهــا المدينــه االم طهــران. اقيمــت االصليــه الــي ســته آالف عــام مضــت و تــدل علــی االرض« بــأن مســاحه المدينــه هــي فرســخ »رام اردشــير« و »ريشــهر« و »رام فيــروز«. اتخذهــا االشــكانيون عاصمــه ربيعيــه لهــم. و اولــي مبانــي هــذه المدينــه حــول عيــن وجــود بشــر متحضريــن عاشــوعلی امتــداد و نصــف فــي مثلــه و فــي مــكان آخــر يذكــر

ري في الكتب الدينيه: فــي العصــر االســامي: فــي عهــد حكــم امــا بخصــوص حــرارة صيــف ري فقــد مــاء تســمي عيــن علی)چشــمه علــي( و و حــول هــذه العيــن العريقــه و هــؤالء هــم بــان »اكبــر مدينــه فــي هــذه الناحيــه ـ ديلــم فــي التــوارة: يــروي ابــن الفقيــه بهــذا منصــور الدوانيــق قــام ابنــه المهــدي بوضــع جــاء فــي كتــاب نزهــه القلــوب! هــي توجــد بعــض التــال التاريخيــه االثريــه الســكان االوائــل لمنطقــه ري. و طبرســتان ـ هــي ري و مســاحتها فرســخ و الخصــوص عــن احــد العلمــاء قولــه: كتــب الحجــر االســاس لبنــاء الجــزء الشــرقي مدينــة حــارة و شــمالها مغلــق وجوهــا نصــف فــي مثلــه« فــي التــوراة ان الــري مــن ابــواب االرض و لمدينــه ري عنــد جنــوب جبــل بــي بــي عفــن و ماؤهــا اجــاج. و بشــير فــي كتابــه هــذا قائــا: انــا اقــول تجــارة النــاس اليهــا. شــهر بانــو و قــد قــام المهــدي بحفــر و قــد جــاء وصــف خريــف ري فــي بــان ري عبــاره عــن مربــع كبيــر . . . رقعــه االوســتا كتــاب الزرادشــتيين: كانــت ري فنــدق حــول المدينــه و بنــاء المســجد كتــاب آثــار البلــدان علــی النحــو ري علــی شــكل مربــع كبيــر قبــل االســام مقــراً مشــهوراً للمغانيــه الجامــع عــام 158 هجــري و كذلــك امــر التالــي: فصــل منــاخ ري فــي فصــل يقــع الجــزء االكبــر مــن مدينــه ري جنــوب »رجــال الديــن الزرادشــتيين« و مركــزاً ًدينيــا بأنشــاء القلعــه فــي شــمال المدينــه و ســمي الخريــف كمثــل الســهام المســمومه. جبــل بــي بــي شــهر بانــو و تنقســم مدينــه العمارة والعمران في مدينة ري التاريخيه

لــم تكــن الروضــة العظيميــة المقدســة فــي مجــد الملــك القمــي بتكميلــه وتزئينــه. 930حتــي 984 هـ.ق(.وفــي شــهر محــرم البدايــة شــأنها كشــأن ســائر المــزارات المبنــی االصلــي للحــرم عبــارة عــن مضلــع عــام 944هـــ.ق امرالشــاه طهماســب االول الكبيــرة والمعروفــة ســوى حــرم يحيــط بأربعــة اضلــع فــي االســفل، طــول كل بتشــييد ســرادقات الروضــة العظيميــة و فــي بالمرقــد والــذي شــكل فيمــا بعدالنــواة ضلــع ثمانيــة امتــار وشــأنه كشــأن جميــع عهــد الملــوك الصفوييــن مــن بعــده، تــم االصليــة والمركزيــة لمجموعــة الروضــة ابنيــة العهــد الســلجوقي اربعــة اقــواس بنــاء الصحــن األصلــي والمســجد الشــمالي العظيمــة. ولكــن بالتدريــج وعلــي مــدى )طــاق( مــورب علــی كل زاويــة منــه قــوس الماحــق لــه و الــرواق والمســجد الكائــن قــرون طويلــة الحقــت بهــا مبانــي و )طــاق( امــا الجــزء العلــوي مــن المبنــی اعلــی المرقــد و مســجد النســاء فــي الجانــب اماكــن اخــرى اقيمــت حولهــا واكتســبت عبــارة عــن مضلــع بثمانيــة اضلــع تعلــوه الشــمالي والغربــي والشــرقي للحــرم. الروضــة كيانهــا الحالــي حيــث اصبحــت اقــواس صغيــرة تقســمه الــي 16 ضلــع وفــي عهــد فتــح علــي شــاه القاجــاري ًمجمعــا كبيــراً ًوصرحــا ًعظيمــا يشــتمل وهكــذا تهيــأت االرضيــة المناســبة لتشــييد )مــن عــام 1211 حتــي عــام 1250 علــی الحــرم واالروقــة والمســاجد القبــة )وداخــل القبــة مزيــن بالمرايــا فــي هـــ.ق(، صنــع الضريــح الفضــي لمرقــد والســرادقات والصحــون وباقــي اآلثــار الوقــت الحاضــر( امــا االكســاء الخارجــي الســيد عبدالعظيــم الحســني )ع( وقــد المتعلقــة بهــا مثــل مرقــدي الســيدين فمــن االلــواح المذهبــة التــي تكســو قــوس اســتعير جــزء مــن الكتيبــة العلويــة منــه حمــزة وطاهــر عليهماالســام. وقــد القبــة و ســاقها المخروطــي الهرمــي وقــد فــي تزئيــن الضريــح الحالــي الــذي صنعــه قــام محمدبــن زيــد الداعيــة العلــوي اجريــت عليــه تعديــات فــي عهــد الســلطان االســتاذان غــام حســين اقليمــا والحــاج الشــهير بترميــم واعــادة اعمــار المبنــی طهماســب الصفــوي. ال توجــد معلومــات محمدصنيــع خاتــم مــن عــام 1337 حتــي االصلــي واالولــي بشــكل اساســي مهمــة عــن كيفيــة تغييــر او تعديــل المبنــي 1340ه.ش وتــم تركيــب الزينــة للمبنــي امــام المدخــل االصلــي للروضــة او اضافــة اجــزاء اخــرى اليــه خــال الفتــرة مثــل الكيشــاني المعــرق والمرايــا واالبــواب الكائــن فــي الجانــب الشــمالي الزمينــة الواقعــة بيــن العصــر الســلجوقي ذات الرســوم والمنبتــة والخاتــم وكذلــك فقــد انشــئ بأمــر ملــوك آل )القــرن الخامــس للهجــرة( و حتــي فتــرة ترميــم الضريــح وانشــاء المنائــر العاليــة بويــه )البويهيــون( وقــام حكــم الشــاه طهماســب الصفوي)مــن عــام والتشــطيب الخارجــي والداخلــي للصحــن االصلــي وباقــي الصحــون واكســاء قبــة حمــزة )ع( توجــد فــي المبنــي كتيبــة مــن الكيشــاني المعــرق الســيد عبدالعظيــم الحســني )ع( بالــواح ولــون ارضيــة الكيشــاني ازرق الجــوردي بحواشــي فيروزيــة النحــاس المطلــي بالذهــب فــي العهــد اللــون وكتابــات بيضــاء بخــط الثلــث تحيــط بهــا رســوم الزهــور القاجــاري مــن عــام 1299 و حتــي عــام واالشــجار واشــكال مختلفــة وبألــوان متعــددة. العمارة والعمران في مدينة ري التاريخيه 1320 هـــ.ش امــا المنارتيــن الشــاهقتين وفــي العهــد القاجــاري تــم تشــييد الســوق والصحــن الجديــد 1270 فقــد تــم انشــائهما عــام ه.ق . و والمقصــورات حواليــه وايوان المرايا الكبير والكيشــوانتين )مســتودع لــم تكــن الروضــة العظيميــة المقدســة فــي مجــد الملــك القمــي بتكميلــه وتزئينــه. 930حتــي 984 هـ.ق(.وفــي شــهر محــرم يعتبــر قــوس البوابــة االجريــة مــن اقــدم ألحذيــة الــزوار( علــی جانبيــه ومبنــی مدرســة اميــن الســلطان البدايــة شــأنها كشــأن ســائر المــزارات المبنــی االصلــي للحــرم عبــارة عــن مضلــع عــام 944هـــ.ق امرالشــاه طهماســب االول اآلثــار فــي مبنــي الروضــة العظيميــة اذ يعــود الكائــن فــي شــمال الصحــن و بســتان جيــران غــرب الروضــة الكبيــرة والمعروفــة ســوى حــرم يحيــط بأربعــة اضلــع فــي االســفل، طــول كل بتشــييد ســرادقات الروضــة العظيميــة و فــي اال العهــد الســلجوقي الــي ان عهــد بنــاء وبســتان طوطــي )الببغــاء( غربــي الصحــن الكبيــر ومبنــی البقعــة بالمرقــد والــذي شــكل فيمــا بعدالنــواة ضلــع ثمانيــة امتــار وشــأنه كشــأن جميــع عهــد الملــوك الصفوييــن مــن بعــده، تــم البقعــة اقــدم مــن القــرن الخامــس الهجــري وقبــة الســيد طاهــر)ع( وكذلــك اجريــت فــي هــذا العهــد تغييــرا ت االصليــة والمركزيــة لمجموعــة الروضــة ابنيــة العهــد الســلجوقي اربعــة اقــواس بنــاء الصحــن األصلــي والمســجد الشــمالي و مــن المحتمــل ان البنــاء الحالــي يعــود الــي وتعديــات اساســيه فــي وضــع الروضــه خال ذلــك العهد.وتشــتمل العظيمــة. ولكــن بالتدريــج وعلــي مــدى )طــاق( مــورب علــی كل زاويــة منــه قــوس الماحــق لــه و الــرواق والمســجد الكائــن الفتــرة الممتــدة حتــي اآلن بأتجــاه الشــمال بقعــة الســيد حمــزة)ع( علــي حــرم مســاحته تــوازي مســاحة حــرم قــرون طويلــة الحقــت بهــا مبانــي و )طــاق( امــا الجــزء العلــوي مــن المبنــی اعلــی المرقــد و مســجد النســاء فــي الجانــب و مــن اآلثــار الجديــرة بالذكــر قــوس بوابــة عبدالعظيــم الحســني)ع( واكســائه الداخلــي كذلــك مــن المرايــا اماكــن اخــرى اقيمــت حولهــا واكتســبت عبــارة عــن مضلــع بثمانيــة اضلــع تعلــوه الشــمالي والغربــي والشــرقي للحــرم. 945 قديــم يعــود الــي عــام هـــ.ق مــع باب والضريــح مــن الفضــة يعــود الــي اواســط العهــد القاجــاري وااليــوان الروضــة كيانهــا الحالــي حيــث اصبحــت اقــواس صغيــرة تقســمه الــي 16 ضلــع وفــي عهــد فتــح علــي شــاه القاجــاري حديــدي اقــدم منــه )لعلــه يعــود الــي القــرن الشــرقي الكبيــر ومســجد باالســرالكائن جنــوب غربــي حــرم ًمجمعــا كبيــراً ًوصرحــا ًعظيمــا يشــتمل وهكــذا تهيــأت االرضيــة المناســبة لتشــييد )مــن عــام 1211 حتــي عــام 1250 ً الخامــس الهجــري( و كان قبــل ذلــك منصوبا عبدالعظيــم)ع( ويبدوانــه يعــود الــي عهــد الشــاه طهماســب الصفوي علــی الحــرم واالروقــة والمســاجد القبــة )وداخــل القبــة مزيــن بالمرايــا فــي هـــ.ق(، صنــع الضريــح الفضــي لمرقــد فــي الزاويــة الجنــوب الغربيــة لصحــن الســيد ويعــود الجــزء االعظــم للصحــن الكبيــر وشــكله العــام الــي فتــرة والســرادقات والصحــون وباقــي اآلثــار الوقــت الحاضــر( امــا االكســاء الخارجــي الســيد عبدالعظيــم الحســني )ع( وقــد رئاســة وزراء االتابــك فــي عهــد ناصرالديــن شــاه القاجــاري. امــا المتعلقــة بهــا مثــل مرقــدي الســيدين فمــن االلــواح المذهبــة التــي تكســو قــوس اســتعير جــزء مــن الكتيبــة العلويــة منــه مبــنى حــرم الســيد طاهــر)ع( فيعــود الــي عهــد ناصرالديــن شــاه و حمــزة وطاهــر عليهماالســام. وقــد القبــة و ســاقها المخروطــي الهرمــي وقــد فــي تزئيــن الضريــح الحالــي الــذي صنعــه 1320 مظفرالديــن شــاه القاجــاري ) ( وقدامــر ببنــاء. ظل الســلطان قــام محمدبــن زيــد الداعيــة العلــوي اجريــت عليــه تعديــات فــي عهــد الســلطان االســتاذان غــام حســين اقليمــا والحــاج وبفضــل جهــود رضاقلــي خــان ســراج الملــك. الشــهير بترميــم واعــادة اعمــار المبنــی طهماســب الصفــوي. ال توجــد معلومــات محمدصنيــع خاتــم مــن عــام 1337 حتــي االصلــي واالولــي بشــكل اساســي مهمــة عــن كيفيــة تغييــر او تعديــل المبنــي 1340ه.ش وتــم تركيــب الزينــة للمبنــي امــام المدخــل االصلــي للروضــة او اضافــة اجــزاء اخــرى اليــه خــال الفتــرة مثــل الكيشــاني المعــرق والمرايــا واالبــواب الكائــن فــي الجانــب الشــمالي الزمينــة الواقعــة بيــن العصــر الســلجوقي ذات الرســوم والمنبتــة والخاتــم وكذلــك فقــد انشــئ بأمــر ملــوك آل )القــرن الخامــس للهجــرة( و حتــي فتــرة ترميــم الضريــح وانشــاء المنائــر العاليــة بويــه )البويهيــون( وقــام حكــم الشــاه طهماســب الصفوي)مــن عــام والتشــطيب الخارجــي والداخلــي للصحــن