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Under the Influence: Reshaping New Zealand's Drinking Culture

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Under the Influence: Reshaping New Zealand's Drinking Culture UNDER THE INFLUENCE RESHAPING NEW ZEALAND’S DRINKING CULTURE ISBN 978-0-9582975-8-5 (Paperback) ISBN 978-0-9582975-9-2 (Electronic) Prepared for The Salvation Army Social Policy and Parliamentary Unit by Bev James, Public Policy & Research Ltd, PO Box 11260, Manners Street, Wellington 6142. Authorised and approved by Commissioner Donald C. Bell, Territorial Commander, as an official publication of The Salvation Army New Zealand, Fiji and Tonga Territory. ‘Under the Influence’ was produced by The Salvation Army Social Policy and Parliamentary Unit, 16b Bakersfield Place, PO Box 76249, Manukau City 2104, New Zealand. Director: Major Campbell Roberts. This Report is available for viewing or download from: www.salvationarmy.org.nz/socialpolicy The Salvation Army Social Policy and Parliamentary Unit would like to thank community partner Duncan Cotterill Lawyers for their financial assistance with the production of this report. UNDER THE INFLUENCE RESHAPING NEW ZEALAND’S DRINKING CULTURE Bev James Public Policy & Research Ltd The Salvation Army Social Policy and Parliamentary Unit April 2010 UNDER THE INFLUENCE | i ii | UNDER THE INFLUENCE FROM THE FOCUS GROUPS You’re revered for how much you can drink, get Look at the smoking, smoking isn’t cool. kudos for it, rather than being ostracised … Show what you look like when you’re pissed. It’s the way we’ve been brought up … Brought Get the outlets to be more vigilant. There should up to drink to get drunk … I learned to drink off be much stricter fines for contravention of liquor my father … To be in with your family, you’ve got licenses … to drink … You’re in crisis, then you have to wait [for Sports clubs are supposedly there to keep you treatment]. There’s three options, death, jail, or healthy but there’s drinking after the game … hang in there and wait. It’s Russian Roulette … Growing up, playing the game and having a few Depression and emotional issues are triggers beers. for drinking … it’s hard to find the right support, When I was drinking, you could drop me and to know it’s OK to ask for help … anywhere in the city and I would know where the There are stereotyped views about who is an nearest place to buy booze was … alcoholic, we need to challenge those … Nobody You pay more for Coke than for beer … is spared … What slows teenagers down from drinking is The number one thing that’s got to change is they don’t like the taste, all they want is the the culture; it’s normal [to drink], it’s effect and that’s what they get with alcopops … intergenerational … SOCIAL POLICY AND PO Box 76249, Manukau City 2104 WE PARLIAMENTARY UNIT [email protected] WELCOME NEW ZEALAND, FIJI salvationarmy.org.nz/socialpolicy & TONGA TERRITORY Phone (09) 261 0883 YOUR Mobile 027 450 6944 FEEDBACK Fax (09) 262 4103 UNDER THE INFLUENCE | iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents a summary of findings • market factors, particularly alcohol from 20 focus groups with people who have advertising (including promotions), pricing attended or who are attending Salvation Army and products addiction treatment programmes. The purpose • legislative and regulatory factors, of the focus groups was to learn more about particularly availability, the legal purchase people’s experiences with alcohol and their age and enforcement ideas for limiting the harm that alcohol causes In brief, research shows that culture, family in our society. and peers are all major influences on drinking The report also places the findings from the behaviours: focus groups in the wider context of research • In New Zealand, there is a widespread on environmental influences on drinking cultural acceptance of drinking and it is behaviours. an intrinsic part of much of our social life, What the literature says about influences on for both genders. Young adults are the drinking behaviours heaviest drinkers and most likely to engage A selected overview of literature concerned in risky drinking such as binge drinking and with environmental influences on drinking becoming intoxicated. behaviours identifies the wide range of • There has been extensive international influences that affect when, where, how research on the role of families, particularly and with whom we drink, as well as the parents, in influencing drinking behaviours. links between influences, behaviour and Key influences have been identified as: alcohol-related harm. This literature also parenting practices, parents’ own drinking provides insights into how changes in those behaviour, family conflict, and parental environmental factors—through legislation, supply of alcohol. Often, these factors work policy or practice—can change drinking together as influences. behaviours and impact on alcohol-related • Friends and social networks are significant harm. influences on drinking attitudes and International and New Zealand evidence is that behaviours. Drinking with friends and the following environmental factors influence workmates, associations with playing drinking behaviours and contribute to alcohol- and watching sports, and the presence of related harms: alcohol in social situations is fundamental • the broad cultural context of institutions, to how New Zealanders relax, feel at practices, attitudes and values ease with others and express a sense of • social factors, particularly the family and belonging. International research confirms peer group that one major reason why young people use alcohol is because their peers use it. iv | UNDER THE INFLUENCE Key aspects of the market influence drinking With regard to the way the legislative and behaviours: regulatory environment influences drinking • An extensive body of research across many behaviour: countries shows that price influences • Both overseas and New Zealand studies alcohol consumption, with higher prices have shown that consumption increases lowering consumption and price reductions when the number and density of liquor increasing consumption. Price increases outlets increase. There appears to be a have also been found to reduce vehicle particular relationship with high outlet crash fatalities, adverse health effects, density and underage drinking. Studies child abuse and other violence. have also found that a higher density • Evidence about the link between exposure of licensed premises is associated with to alcohol advertising and alcohol alcohol-related harm such as increased consumption is mixed, although on rates of homicides and assault, greater balance there is growing evidence that prevalence of drinking and driving, alcohol- alcohol advertising does influence drinking related hospital admissions, child abuse behaviour, including the amount of alcohol and neglect, pedestrian injuries, and consumed, and the age at which young property damage. people start drinking. • International studies have shown longer • The type of alcohol product has an trading hours are associated with higher influence on the drinking patterns of levels of drinking and intoxication and different segments of the population. Since resulting problems with public disorder, the early 1990s, an increasing range of violent assaults, increased alcohol-related alcohol products have emerged on the hospital admissions and increased traffic market. New products such as ready-to- casualties. drink beverages (RTDs) tend to be the • A wide range of studies overseas and in drinks of choice of young people. A growing New Zealand concludes that the purchase body of research argues that RTDs are age does influence young people’s drinking specifically marketed to appeal to young patterns. In particular there is a ‘trickle people, and have been a major contributor down’ effect with those close to the legal to youth initiation into drinking, increases purchase age also gaining access to in the amount and frequency of youth alcohol. Lowering the purchase age has drinking, youth binge drinking, and higher been found to contribute to increased levels of youth intoxication. alcohol consumption levels and heavy drinking, traffic crashes and disorder offences among young people. UNDER THE INFLUENCE | v • Studies have shown that enforcement is a • social situations critical influence on drinking behaviours. • availability and proximity of alcohol Inadequate enforcement of purchase • alcohol advertising age laws has been found to contribute to early exposure of minors to alcohol and • the price of alcohol underage drinking, as well as increases in Across all the focus groups, the three most intoxicated drinkers. Effective enforcement important influences and triggers were has been found to reduce risky drinking considered to be: personal issues, social and behaviours and alcohol-related harm. peer group influences, and the availability of What the focus groups said about drinking alcohol. influences Focus group ideas for limiting alcohol- The focus groups broadly agreed that alcohol related harm is embedded in the New Zealand way of life. Focus group participants emphasised that Alcohol consumption is widely accepted as part multiple responses are needed to engage a of social gatherings, celebrations, recreation, wide range of people. In particular, the focus relaxation and reward. groups made clear distinctions between Within a culture that has normalised the moderate drinkers and those for whom alcohol consumption of liquor, there are some strong is a big problem in their lives. They also influences that lead people to drink. The focus distinguished between young people starting groups identified those major influences as: to drink, and adults with
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