DOCSLIB.ORG

La Correspondance Entre Alfred Des Cloizeaux Et Quintino Sella * ** *** CRISTIANO FERRARIS - OPHÉLIE WEINERT - GIOVANNI FERRARIS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
La Correspondance Entre Alfred Des Cloizeaux Et Quintino Sella * ** *** CRISTIANO FERRARIS - OPHÉLIE WEINERT - GIOVANNI FERRARIS Saggi e Studi La correspondance entre Alfred Des Cloizeaux et Quintino Sella * ** *** CRISTIANO FERRARIS - OPHÉLIE WEINERT - GIOVANNI FERRARIS 1. Introduction Les lettres envoyées par Quintino Sella à divers correspondants et diverses institutions sont bien documentées. Elles ont été publiées en neuf volumes par Guido Quazza (1922-1996) et sa femme Marisa Quazza (née Piola, 1920-2013)1. Les lettres reçues par Sella n’ont, quant à elles, été cités ou publiées qu’occasionnellement, essentiellement dans les ouvrages précédemment mentionnés. De ce fait, la seule correspondance à avoir été publiée est celle de Sella et de l’astronome Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli (1835-1910)2. Cette publication s’inscrit comme la première étape d’un projet qui, sous la direction de Clara Silvia Roero, vise à étendre cette initiative à d’autres correspondants. S’inscrivant à la suite de recherches sur le travail de Quintino Sella3, nous avons rallié le projet et avons examinés la correspondance entre Sella et Alfred Des Cloizeaux, un savant minéralogiste français. Cette démarche nous permet de retracer un pan de l’histoire du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), où deux d’entre nous travaillons (C.F. et O.W.), et notamment une période de l’âge d’or de la cristallographie française4. Le matériel de recherche et les échantillons étudiés par Alfred Des Cloizeaux sont conservés au MNHN, tandis que les archives manuscrites sont conservées aux Archives de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris (ArAcSciP). Ces manuscrits ont été donnés par Des Cloizeaux lui-même à son élève Alfred Lacroix (1863-1948). Ils ont été déposés par ce dernier aux Archives de l’Académie dans un très vaste fond documentaire consultable sur place. D’autres archives sont conservées par les héritiers de Des Cloizeaux et constituent un fond privé. Dans le fond Lacroix de l’ArAcSciP on trouve, entre autres, 21 lettres inédites et un télégramme de Quintino Sella à Alfred Des Cloizeaux. Mis à part quelques lacunes (signalées ponctuellement dans les notes de cet article), ces lettres trouvent leurs réponses dans les 36 lettres et un télégramme de Des Cloizeaux à Sella conservés à la Fondazione Sella di Biella (FScqc et FScql). Nous avons donc pu reconstituer, au moins en partie, l’intense collaboration * Cristiano Ferraris, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 52, 61, rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France; e-mail: [email protected]. ** OphélieWeinert, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Direction des Collections, 57, rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France; e-mail: [email protected]. *** Giovanni Ferraris, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italie; e-mail: [email protected]. 1 GUIDO QUAZZA - MARISA QUAZZA, Epistolario di Quintino Sella, Roma, ISRI, 1980-2011. 2 CHIARA PIZZARELLI - CLARA SILVIA ROERO, Il carteggio fra Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli e Quintino Sella, «Rivista di Storia dell’Università di Torino» IV (2), 2015, pp. 1-124. 3 GIOVANNI FERRARIS, Quintino Sella tra matematica, cristallografia e mineralogia, «Atti dei Convegni Lincei», 269, 2013, pp. 207-235; CRISTIANO FERRARIS - GIOVANNI FERRARIS, Lo scienziato e le sue collezioni mineralogiche, dans NICOLÒ SELLA DI MONTELUCE (Ed.), Quintino Sella - Scritti di Scienza. L’Armonia del Sapere e del Fare, Roma, Opera Pia Sella, 2012, pp. 429-444. 4 Cf.: ANDRÉ AUTHIER, Early days of X-ray Crystallography, Oxford, Oxforf University Press, 2013; JOSÉ LIMA DE FARIA (Ed.), Historical atlas of crystallography, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990. Rivista di Storia dell’Università di Torino VII 2018.1 1 CRISTIANO FERRARIS - OPHÉLIE WEINERT - GIOVANNI FERRARIS scientifique entre les deux cristallographes5. En plus de cette correspondance, nous disposons de documents originaux que nous avons inclus dans cet article: une lettre de Des Cloizeaux au Président de l’Accademia delle Science di Torino6 et une autre de Sella au Secrétaires perpétuels de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris7. La correspondance entre Sella et Des Cloizeaux s’étend de 1856 à 1884, mais elle est plus soutenue entre 1856 et 1866, lorsque Sella est plus actif scientifiquement parlant et se dédie exclusivement à l’enseignement et à la recherche. 2. Le contexte scientifique de l’époque Avant la découverte de la diffraction des rayons X par Max von Laue8 en 1912, les méthodes principales de détermination d’un minéral sont l’analyse chimique, l’observation de la morphologie des cristaux et les caractéristiques optiques. S’il est impossible de déterminer la morphologie avec des mesures angulaires, il devient alors impossible de déterminer la symétrie, ni d’appliquer des méthodes optiques dépendantes de lames minces orientées. Dans ce contexte scientifique, Quintino Sella et Alfred Des Cloizeaux sont des maîtres du développement de la cristallographie du XIXème siècle. Sella, expert dans l’utilisation du goniomètre (en contact et en réflexion), est l’un des pères de la cristallographie mathématique grâce à l’introduction du calcul matriciel. Des Cloizeaux développe les méthodes optiques en apportant des modifications fondamentales au microscope polarisant. D’après des minéraux aux morphologies presque idéales, il prépare des lames minces obtenues en coupant les cristaux perpendiculairement aux bissectrices des axes optiques. Cette méthode lui permet de déterminer les propriétés optiques de centaines d’échantillons. Bien que Des Cloizeaux et Sella ont reçus les mêmes enseignements de H.H. de Sénarmont9, pionnier dans l’étude des relations entre la structure cristalline et les propriétés de la matière, notamment à travers l’étude de l’isomorphisme10, les scientifiques ont deux approches différentes quant aux possibilités de recherches cristallographiques, déjà amorcées par les hypothèses de René Just Haüy11. Sella sera le seul des deux élèves à suivre les 5 Il est à noter que, hormis le texte du télégramme (n° 54, 29.12.1880), aucune correspondance entre Sella et Des Cloizeaux est contenue dans EQS. Là, le cristallographe français est seulement mentionné dans les lettres numérotées 150150 (05.05.1860, EQS vol. 1, pp. 258-261), 1930 (27.02.1871, EQS vol. 3, p. 385), 3358 (06.06.1875, EQS, vol. 5, p. 74), 4405 (05.01.1881, EQS, vol. 6, pp. 293-294), 4877 (21-08.1883, EQS, vol. 7, pp. 290-292), 4985 (28.[01].1894, EQS, vol. 7, pp. 293-294), A1 (09.06.1851, EQS, vol. 8, pp. 11-15) et A27 (24.02.1864, EQS, vol. 8, p. 118). 6 Cf. lettre n° 61 (23.1.1881). 7 Cf. lettre n° 55 (14.1.1881). 8 Max Theodor Felix von Laue (1879-1960) physicien et cristallographe allemand. L’espèce minérale laueite lui est dédiée. 9 Henri Hureau de Sénarmont (1808-1862) minéralogiste français. L’espèce minérale sénarmontite lui est dédiée. Il existe des lettres inédites de Sénarmont à Sella dans FScqc et de Sella à Sénarmont publiées dans EQS. Ici l’orthographe de «Sénarmont» est adoptée bien qu’écrit «Senarmont» dans les lettres et, mais également dans: JOSEPH BERTRAND, Éloge de M. Senarmont, Paris, Imprimerie de Ch. Lahure, 1863. 10 HENRI HUREAU DE SENARMONT, Recherches sur les propriétés optiques biréfringentes des corps isomorphes, «Annales de chimie et de physique» (3rd sér.) 33, 1851, pp. 391-437. Dans cet article la connexion entre structure et propriétés est clairement décrite comme il suit (p. 393): «Il est donc évident que l’isomorphisme suppose certaines analogies conditionnelles, et s’accorde en même temps avec certaines dissemblances d’organisation intime, dont on ne retrouvera la trace que dans les propriétés le plus immédiatement dépendantes de cette organisation». 11 René Just Haüy (1743-1822) minéralogiste et cristallographe français. L’espèce minérale haüyne lui est dédiée. 2 La correspondance entre A. Des Cloizeaux et Q. Sella enseignements du maître pour relier les propriétés des matériaux cristallins à leur structure interne. Bien que novateur, Des Cloizeaux se révèle être peu enclin aux nouvelles tendances. Il continue, par exemple, à utiliser la notation d’A. Lévy12, qui s’avère être symbolique, car elle ne fait en aucun cas référence à la structure des cristaux, à la différence de la notation de W. Miller13, utilisée par Sella. Cette notation identifie les faces et les directions des cristaux au moyen de nombres entiers - hkl et uvw, dans l’ordre - en fonction des translations a, b, c de la structure périodique tridimensionnelle déjà mise en avant par A. Bravais14. 3. Alfred Des Cloizeaux Fig. 1 Portrait de A. Des Cloizeaux jeune (ArAcSciP, Lacroix). Reproduction autorisée. Alfred-Louis-Olivier Legrand Des Cloizeaux est né à Beauvais (Oise) le 17 octobre 181715. Dès son plus jeune âge, il visite d’importantes collections minéralogiques à travers 12 Serve-Dieu Abailard Lévy (dit Armand Lévy) (1795-1841). Dans son ouvrage Description d'une collection de minéraux formée par M. Henri Heuland, Londres 1937, on trouve la notation cristallographique utilisée par Des Cloizeaux (cf. Tab. I et Tab. II). La zéolite lévyne lui est dédiée. 13 William Hallowes Miller (1801-1880) minéralogiste, cristallographe et physicien britannique. Le minéral millerite lui est dédié. Il existe des lettres inédites de Miller à Sella dans FScqc. 14 Auguste Bravais (1811-1863) physicien et cristallographe français. 15 La biographie la plus complète de Des Cloizeaux, incluant la bibliographie de ses travaux scientifiques, est celle publiée par son élève et successeur à la Chaire de Minéralogie au Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle à Paris, Alfred Lacroix. Cfr. ALFRED LACROIX, Notice historique sur François-Sulpice Beudant et Alfred-Louis- Olivier Legrand des Cloizeaux. Membres de la section de Minéralogie, Paris Académie des Sciences, 1930. Plusieurs notices nécrologiques ont été publiées par différentes revues scientifiques, mais les plus complètes sont sûrement celles parues lors de la séance du 13 mai 1897 par Pierre Termier (1859-1930), Président de la Société Française de Minéralogie, et lors de la séance du 9 décembre de la même année par A.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • History History
    HISTORY HISTORY 1570 The first traces of the entrepreneurial activity of the Sella family go back to the second half of the sixteenth century, when Bartolomeo Sella and his son Comino worked as entrepreneurs in the textile field, having fabrics produced by wool artisans and financing the entrepreneurs of the Biellese community. The family has its origin in the Valle di Mosso, where its activities concentrated for a long time in the textile and agricultural fields. In the nineteenth century, the Sella family was among the leading figures 1817 of the first steps of industrialization in the textile field.In 1815, Pietro Sella, following a trip to England where he went as a worker to understand how processing machines operated, bought from the inventor and entrepre- neur William Cockerill, who had opened a textile machinery manufacturing workshop in Belgium, eight different examples of spinning machines (for beating, peeling, removing, carding, spinning in bulk and finally, to gar- nish and trim clothes). For each imported unit, Pietro Sella reproduced two others. In 1817, the King of Sardinia authorized him to start produc- tion. The machines soon began to make a decisive contribution to the growth of the turnover of the family company. A few years later, his brother Giovanni Battista also introduced the same machines. Pietro Sella (1784 - 1827) 1827 Maurizio and Rosa had twenty children, four of whom car- ried on the business: Francesco, Gaudenzio, Giuseppe Venanzio and Quinti- no. Quintino Sella, born in 1827, became Minister of Finance of the newborn Kingdom of Italy for the first time in 1862, dedicating himself to the consoli- dation of the budget.
    [Show full text]
  • Sellapr FINALVERSION 7.19.188
    P R E S S R E L E A S E F 0 R I M M E D I A T E R E L E A S E July 14, 2018 VITTORIO SELLA SEVERE REALITY ANDREW SMITH GALLERY’S FAREWELL EXHIBIT IN SANTA FE e Western Himalaya and the Karakoram Expedition to K2,1909, sponsored by the Duke of the Abruzzi, Luigi Amedeo di Savoia Photographs by Vittorio Sella Exhibit Dates: Friday, July 27, 2018 –September 1, 2018 “I can see fixed on paper the vision of a lost instant, I recognize scenes I had not been able to admire on the spot. And, in such details, I sometimes find the elements of beauty. The toil and accidents of a climb often blind our eyes to the beauty of the highest regions. Our mind cannot retain a true notion of the views we admired. We know we felt up there the strongest emotions, we remember but dimly the truth of the sites which fascinated our senses. Photography helps to choose, to detail, and to idealize such elements as can form a beautiful alpine scene.” ~From the essay “Picturing the Sublime: The Photographs of Vittorio Sella” by Wendy M. Watson in Summit: Vittorio Sella Mountaineer and Photographer The Years 1879- 1909 “Geological evolution is proceeding with such obvious plainness that the traveler feels as though he were beholding a country in a state of formation and witnessing the modeling of the earth’s crust. The slow work of the waters hollows out gorges and hews their walls into new shapes, almost under one’s eyes, with such activity and on such a scale that nothing elsewhere can be compared with it.
    [Show full text]
  • Lettere Scritte Da Thomas Archer Hirst a Luigi Cremona Dal 1865 Al 1892 Conservate Presso L’Istituto Mazziniano Di Genova
    LETTERE SCRITTE DA THOMAS ARCHER HIRST A LUIGI CREMONA DAL 1865 AL 1892 CONSERVATE PRESSO L’ISTITUTO MAZZINIANO DI GENOVA a cura di Giovanna Dimitolo www.luigi-cremona.it – luglio 2016 Indice Presentazione della corrispondenza 3 Criteri di edizione 3 Necrologio di Thomas Archer Hirst 4 Traduzione del necrologio di Thomas Archer Hirst 9 Il carteggio 14 Tabella – i dati delle lettere 83 Indice dei nomi citati nelle lettere 86 Bibliografia 92 2 Immagine di copertina: Thomas Archer Hirst (http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Hirst.html) www.luigi-cremona.it – luglio 2016 Presentazione della corrispondenza La corrispondenza qui trascritta è composta da 84 lettere di Thomas Archer Hirst a Luigi Cremona e da 2 di Cremona a Hirst (una delle quali è probabilmente una bozza). La corrispondenza tra Hirst e Cremona racconta l’evoluzione di un profondo rapporto di amicizia tra i due matematici, della viva passione intellettuale che li accomuna e dell’ammirazione di Hirst per il collega italiano. Se nelle prime lettere vi sono molti richiami alle questioni matematiche, alle ricerche, alle pubblicazioni sulle riviste di matematiche, insieme a un costante rammarico per il poco tempo che Hirst può dedicare allo studio e un amichevole rimbrotto per gli incarichi politici di Cremona che lo distolgono dalla ricerca, man mano che passano gli anni, la corrispondenza diventa sempre più intima, vi compaiono le preoccupazioni per la salute declinante di Hirst, il dolore per la scomparsa prematura di persone care (il fratello e la prima moglie di Cremona, la nipote di Hirst), le vite degli amici comuni, i racconti dei viaggi e il desiderio sempre vivo di incontrarsi durante le vacanze estive o in occasione di conferenze internazionali.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Paper Dipartimento Di Economia Pubblica
    WORKING PAPER DIPARTIMENTO DI ECONOMIA PUBBLICA Working Paper n. 141 Silvia Fedeli e Francesco Forte A survival analysis of the circulation of the political elites governing Italy from 1861 to 1994 Roma, Aprile 2011 1 Silvia Fedeli and Francesco Forte A survival analysis of the circulation of the political elites governing Italy from 1861 to 1994 Abstract We study the determinants of governments and legislatures’ survival in Italy from the unification to the end of the I Republic (1861-1994) - excluding the fascist period and the subsequent transitory institutional period, "Constituente" (1946-1948). We test whether institutional features such as electoral systems, form of State and extent of suffrage had any effect on the survival of legislatures and governments. We control for voting power of the parliamentary groups, number of parties represented in the parliament and size of the representative bodies. Unlike the political economy wisdom, we show that, over the whole period, governments and legislatures’ survivals are inversely related to the plurality electoral system. The restricted suffrage and a high voting power of the leading parties reduce the risk of anticipated end of governments. The survival of the legislatures is related to the form of state (republic) and to the voting power of the leading party. Universita’ di Roma “La Sapienza” Facolta’ di Economia Dipartimento di Economia e diritto Via del Castro Laurenziano, 9 00161 Roma – Italy E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Tel. and Fax +39 06 4976 6399 Keywords: Elites; Survival analysis; Electoral systems; Voting power, Political institutions. 2 1. Introduction In this paper we analyze the “struggle for survival” of governments and legislatures of the Italian democratic parliaments, from the creation of the Italian state (1861) up to 1994, with the exclusion of the fascist period (i.e., the legislatures from 1924 to 1945 in which the democratic institutions were absent and of the subsequent transitory institutional period, known as "Constituente", lasting until 1948).
    [Show full text]
  • Giulio Axerio (1830-1881)
    Sella among the founders of mathematical crystallography § 1854-60 - scientific papers regarding theoretical crystallography and morphology applied to mineralogy 1856 Sulla legge di connessione delle forme cristalline … 1858 Studi sul cangiamento di assi in un sistema cristallino 1858 Sulle proprietà geometriche di alcuni sistemi cristallini Use of determinants (F. Brioschi 1854) to simplify demonstrations and calculations, in finding the relationships between crystal’s surfaces and their angular directions. Axonometric drawing (L.J. Weisbach 1844) use of three crystallographic axes for the 3D reproduction of crystal; methods based on elementary geometry William H. Miller published Sella’s geometric method in On the application of elementary geometry to crystallography , «Philosophical Magazine» 13 (1857), pp. 845- 852, and in two chapters of the supplement of A treatise on crystallography (1863) Sella’s Geometry and Mineralogy lessons in Turin § 1852-60 - professor of Applied geometry in the Istituto tecnico of Turin: maths simplification in Crystallography linked to didactical needs [Hofmann 1887, p. 84]. I write now to report on the test I’ve done with the Geometry students of the Istituto tecnico di Torino, whose preliminary notions are so limited that perhaps I don’t exaggerate by stating that, if they can learn the axonometric drafting, so every other Geometry scholar could do it [Sella to Giulio, 3.6.1856, in G. Quazza 1842, v. I, p. 200] § 1861-62 – prof. of Mineralogy at the Scuola di applicazione per gli ingegneri of Turin, then he became politician. 1867 lithography of Lezioni di cristallografia 1877 Primi elementi di cristallografia. Lezioni fatte nel 1861-62 alla Scuola d’applicazione degli ingegneri di Torino , Turin, Paravia The mining collection and the chair’s successor § 1853 - Sella organized and classified the Mining collection of the Istituto tecnico (SÉNARMONT , B.
    [Show full text]
  • 216 Obituary Notices. Paul Heinrich Von Groth
    216 Obituary Notices. Paul Heinrich von Groth. PAUL GROTH, Emeritus Professor of Mineralogy and Crystallography in the University of Munich, died of heart disease at an advanced age on 2nd December 1927. With him there departed a master and a teacher who, by his scientific labours, had been able to make advances in the whole field of mineralogy, of physical and chemical crystallography, of the science of deposits, and of petrography, who formed collections illustrative of these branches in his institute, and concerned his teaching with all of them. Groth was born at a time when Eilhard Mitscherlich's discovery of isomorphism and dimorphism was new and excited much interest. Groth's youth coincided with Pasteur's investigation of the asymmetry of naturally occurring organic compounds. As a young investigator Groth was stimulated by the structural theory and benzene formula of Kekule, the stereo-chemistry of van't Hoff and Le Bel. At the zenith of his powers there came the discovery of Rontgen rays, and in old age he admiringly appreciated the importance of Laue's recognition of the interference of Rontgen rays in crystals. This wealth of experience during a long life fitted him to be a historian of mineralogy and crystallography, and was made available to posterity in his Entwicldwngsgeschichte der mineralogischen Wissenschaften, 1926. Groth was born on 23rd June 1843, at Magdeburg, the son of a portrait painter. His youth was spent at Dresden. In 1862 he took up the study of mining at the Mining Academy of Freiberg in Saxony, and became there a pupil of Breithaupt, the mineralogist.
    [Show full text]
  • Il Carteggio Fra Carlo Ignazio Giulio E Quintino Sella
    Saggi e Studi Il carteggio fra Carlo Ignazio Giulio e Quintino Sella CHIARA PIZZARELLI* Introduzione Si presenta l’edizione critica del carteggio intercorso fra Carlo Ignazio Giulio (1803-1859), professore di Meccanica razionale all’Università di Torino, e il suo allievo, e successivamente suo collega all’Università e al R. Istituto tecnico, Quintino Sella (1827-1884). Dopo aver concluso gli studi presso l’Ateneo torinese, nel 1847 il giovane Q. Sella fu invitato da Giulio ad intraprendere un soggiorno di perfezionamento all’École des Mines di Parigi, sovvenzionato dal governo sabaudo. Al suo rientro in Piemonte, nel 1852, il professore continuò a seguire attentamente il percorso professionale del discepolo fino a considerarlo uno dei suoi migliori collaboratori. Nel 1855 entrambi furono inviati a Parigi all’Esposizione universale come commissari per il Regno di Sardegna, Giulio per il settore della meccanica e Sella per la mineralogia. Il giovane allievo divenne presto il suo consulente per le relazioni con le imprese svizzere e tedesche, per gli acquisti di strumenti scientifici per il neonato R. Istituto Tecnico di Torino e per i brevetti che doveva giudicare come esperto dell’Accademia delle Scienze. Si valse inoltre della sua collaborazione per le traduzioni dal tedesco e per i disegni dei suoi trattati. Il nucleo principale della corrispondenza riguarda l’attività didattica e l’organizzazione scientifica del R. Istituto Tecnico di Torino e delle sue collezioni. In particolare emergono dettagli interessanti circa la creazione di modelli geometrici e di modelli cristallografici da utilizzare nelle lezioni e nei laboratori, gli acquisti di strumenti per la meccanica e per la geodesia e quelli di raccolte di minerali e di reperti, soprattutto all’estero.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Ritter Pile to the Aluminum Ion Battery–Peter Paufler's
    Z. Kristallogr. 2020; 235(11): 481–511 Tilmann Leisegang*, Aleksandr A. Levin and Andreas Kupsch From the Ritter pile to the aluminum ion battery – Peter Paufler’s academic genealogy https://doi.org/10.1515/zkri-2020-0063 Keywords: academic genealogy; crystallography; Fest- Received June 29, 2020; accepted August 18, 2020; published online schrift; physics; structural science. October 27, 2020 Abstract: This article highlights Peter Paufler’s academic 1 Introduction genealogy on the occasion of his 80th birthday. We describe the academic background since 1776, which covers 11 Peter Paufler celebrated his 80th birthday on February 18, generations of scientists: Ritter, Ørsted, Han-steen, Keilhau, 2020. Throughout his academic career, he devoted himself Kjerulf, Brøgger, Goldschmidt, Schulze, Paufler, Meyer, and primarily to crystallography, particularly as an editor and Leisegang. The biographies of these scientists are described book reviewer for the German crystallographic journal in spotlight character and references to scientists such as Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, but also as member of the Dehlinger, Ewald, Glocker, Röntgen, Vegard, Weiss, and board of the German Society for Crystallography (Deutsche Werner are given. A path is drawn that begins in the Gesellschaft für Kristallographie, DGK), as member of Romanticism with electrochemistry and the invention of committees of the International Union of Crystallography what is probably the first accumulator. It leads through the (IUCr) and the European Crystallographic Association industrialization and the modern geology, mineralogy, and (ECA), and as chairman of the Association for Crystallo- crystallography to crystal chemistry, metal and crystal graphy (Vereinigung für Kristallographie, VfK) in the former physics and eventually returns to electrochemistry and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the German Mineral- aluminum-ion accumulator in the era of the energy transi- ogical Society (Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft, tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalizations and Privatizations from a Historical Perspective by Franco Amatori*
    FOCUS The State vs. The Market? Nationalizations and Privatizations from a Historical Perspective by Franco Amatori* ationalizations and privatizations are two sides of the same coin, a revolving door that is operated by an unequivo- cal actor: the state. It is that state that, Nthrough its bodies, defined by the supreme law of the constitution, establishes the framework for economic activities, the confines between public and private. n Italy the state has a particular role, because our Icountry came late to political unification and eco- nomic modernization with respect to other European powers (Germany is a unique case), with which the goal however is to compete. The aim is to construct the “Third Rome,” after that of classical times and that of the great popes of the Renaissance: the liberal, lay, anticlerical nation of the Risorgimento. For conservatives, who wanted “to go forward slow- ly, with care,” in a speech in parliament in April 1863 Quintino Sella responded in the name of the new gov- erning class: “We have chosen a diametrically opposed path, we have boldly jumped in to satisfy the needs of civilization and progress that exuded from all parts of the Italian population.”1 From the beginnings of the new unitary construc- tion, the state was the main economic-financial opera- tor in the Italian peninsula. It had an absolute need for resources to construct the infrastructure of a civilized country: railways, roads, ports, buildings for the pub- © SHUTTERSTOCK - RETROROCKET SHUTTERSTOCK - © lic administration, an apparatus of weapons and mili- tary forces that defended the country’s independence and completed the process of national unification.
    [Show full text]
  • Emil Fischer Papers, 1876-1919
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf6000053v No online items Finding Aid to the Emil Fischer Papers, 1876-1919 Processed by The Bancroft Library staff The Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California, 94720-6000 Phone: (510) 642-6481 Fax: (510) 642-7589 Email: [email protected] URL: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu © 1996 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Note This finding aid has been fimed for the National Inventory of Documentary Sources in the United States (Chadwyck-Healey Inc.) Finding Aid to the Emil Fischer BANC MSS 71/95 z 1 Papers, 1876-1919 Finding Aid to the Emil Fischer Papers, 1876-1919 Collection number: BANC MSS 71/95 z The Bancroft Library University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California Contact Information: The Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California, 94720-6000 Phone: (510) 642-6481 Fax: (510) 642-7589 Email: [email protected] URL: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu Processed by: The Bancroft Library staff Date Completed: ca. 1971 Encoded by: Xiuzhi Zhou © 1996 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Collection Summary Collection Title: Emil Fischer Papers, Date (inclusive): 1876-1919 Collection Number: BANC MSS 71/95 z Creator: Fischer, Emil, 1852-1919 Extent: Number of containers: 39 boxes, 12 cartons, 7 oversize folders, 15 oversize volumes Repository: The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California 94720-6000 Physical Location: For current information on the location of these materials, please consult the Library's online catalog. Abstract: Correspondence; manuscripts, including drafts of his autobiography; reprints of his writings; subject files relating to his research and to work during World War I, and to professional activities; laboratory notebooks, his own and those of his students; clippings; photographs; and certificates of election or appointment to scientific societies.
    [Show full text]
  • Rome: a Very Special, Extraordinary, Very Weak, Very Difficult Normal City
    Rome: a very special, extraordinary, very weak, very difficult normal city LUCIO VALERIO BARBERA1 Abstract: Rome is an inadequate city of a modern, small and relatively recent central state, which, however, has found the national foundation on the myths of the city to affirm politically the unitary values that poetry and art had brought out as possible and shared. But Rome, as guardian of supranational myths, is itself two-faced. To fully understand the nature of the modern city grown in Rome in the last one hundred and fifty years, we could compare, for once, the rise of the modern nation called Italy, to the formation of modern South American nations, rather than to the realization of the main historical nations of Europe. Keywords: Rome two-faced city, formation of Rome capital, modern nations of South America, spontaneous city. Introduction Rome Capital of Italy was a political project drafted very slowly with leaps, ambiguity, rethinking and uncertainties over many centuries of its cultural and political history, but then quickly achieved from 1871 to the Second World War. In those seventy years, it corresponded to the development of a functional, social and representative project – that is, administrative, urban and architectural – whose efficiency and value, in its various phases, depended on the political and cultural identity of the unitary state and on the strength of the central government. Considered within a broader framework and with the necessary scholarly detachment now possible, the creation of Rome as the Italian Capital in Europe constituted, between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the largest undertaking of urban invention and construction of a functionally new and specialized city – the political and administrative capital of a great new 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Stays of Studies of Graduates in Mathematics at the Turin University (19Th Century)
    MATHEMATICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN PRINT AND CORRESPONDENCE The international stays of studies of graduates in mathematics at the Turin university (19th century) Chiara Pizzarelli DEP . OF MATHEMATICS ‘G. PEANO ’, T URIN , I TALY Bellavista Relax Hotel , Levico Terme (Trento), Italy 1.12.2014 The international circulation of engineering knowledge - as agent of diffusion of the technological and industrial know-how (D. Roche 2003) - as means to the educational models’ transfer pertaining engineering ( I. Gouzévitch, P. Bret 1997; A. Karvar, B. Schroeder-Guudehus, 1995) International relationships in the engineering field among European countries: France-Russia (I. Gouzévitch, D. Gouzévitch 1993); England (J.H. Harris 1998); England-Germany (H. Freudenberger, W. Weber 1981); Italy-Germany (metodo in C. Mancinelli 1998, mining field in D. Brianta 2007 ) § Inquiring on how the tradition of stay of studies abroad of Italians was born, how it was organized, how it evolved, focusing on the travelers, the relationships and the careers. § Inquiring on the inheritance of the international relationships in the Italian industrial progress and on the superior engineering schools The triggering events and the Savoyard strategy The tradition of the study travels born in the 30s of the 19 th century in the Sardinia Kingdom: § contact with the French engineering tradition during the Napoleonic occupation § period of reforms aimed at the Piedmonts modernisation (Carlo Alberto ) § awareness of link between the upgrade of educational institutions and technological progress § abroad examples: Scientists conference (Turin, 1840), Exposition of industry and arts (Turin 1844; Paris 1855) § lack of a formalized engineering training process Travels and travellers in the19 th century Type of travellers : - Visiting students (special auditor, external engineering students) - Visiting professors (engineers and scientists sent to take specialized courses, to learn teaching methods, to inquire for educational institutions, to work in laboratories,…) Type of travel [J.H.
    [Show full text]