Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(31) September 2015, Pages: 263-267

ISSN:1991-8178

Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

Journal home page: www.ajbasweb.com

Distribution and Species Richness of in Selected Area in Langkawi Island, Kedah, Malaysia

1Farizawati S., 2Norma-Rashid Y. and 3Idris A.B.

1 National University of Malaysia, School of Environmental and Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 43600 Bangi. Selangor. 2Professor, University of Malaya, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3Professor, National University of Malaysia, School of Environmental and Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 43600 Bangi. Selangor.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: A study on distribution and species richness of Odonata was conducted for 11 months Received 28 August 2015 in five selected area in Langkawi Island, namely Hutan Lipur Lubuk Semilang (HLLS), Accepted 15 September 2015 Hutan Lipur Telaga Tujuh (HLT7), Hutan Lipur Durian Perangin (HLDP), Hutan Lipur Available online 15 October 2015 Air Terjun Temurun (HLT) and Taman CHOGM (TC). A total of 4,044 individuals were collected, belonging to 64 species from 11 families. HLLS recorded the highest Keywords: number of Odonata species with 44 species and HLT recorded the least number of Odonata; distribution; species Odonata witk only 19 species. The Mao Tao species accumulation curves for all study richness; Langkawi Island. sites except TC did not plateau but continued to increase, giving an indication that not all Odonata species from these study sites were collected during sampling.

© 2015 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. To Cite This Article: Farizawati, S., Norma-Rashid, Y. and Idris, A.B., Distribution and species richness of Odonata in selected area in Langkawi Island, Kedah, Malaysia. Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 9(31): 263-267, 2015

INTRODUCTION al., 2014). Odonates, both as larvae or adults are predators. They prey extensively on other Langkawi Islands is an archipelago of 104 island invertebrates and small vertebrates like small fishes. (Figure 1), lies in the Andaman Sea and The presence of odonates is an important indicator approximately 30 km off the Kedah coast. Strait of for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. These Malacca separates the islands from the mainland of lay their eggs in or near only freshwater, and thus Peninsular Malaysia and the total land mass of the their high abundance in an area is a good evidence of islands is 47, 848 hectares. The main island spans the quality of freshwater of the area (Noss, 1990; Orr approximately 25 km from north to south, and the et al., 2004). coastal areas consist of flat, alluvial plains punctuated with limestones ridges. About two-thirds MATERIALS AND METHODS of the islands is dominated by forest mountains, hills and natural vegetation. Latiff (1994) has briefly Study Sites: discussed the vegetation and floristic composition of Five areas in Langkawi Island were selected as Langkawi Island. On 1st June 2007, Langkawi Island study sites (Table 1), namely namely Hutan Lipur was officially declared as the 52nd World Geopark by Lubuk Semilang (HLLS), Hutan Lipur Telaga Tujuh UNESCO, three of its main conservation areas are (HLT7), Hutan Lipur Durian Perangin (HLDP), Machincang Cambrian Geoforest Park, Dayang Hutan Lipur Air Terjun Temurun (HLT) and Taman Bunting Marble Geoforest Park and Kilim Karst CHOGM (TC). HLLS is a secondary and disturbed Geoforest Park. All these three parks are the most forest with diverse habitat. The main vegetation are popular tourism area in Langkawi (Chan, 2009). Nelumbo sp. and Typha sp. HLT7 has a unique rocks and damselflies belong to a group of formation that form seven separate pool. The word called Odonata. With 5952 extant species in ‘telaga’ in Malay language means pool. HLDP 652 genera have been described up to 2010 (Dijkstra located in Gunung Raya Forest Reserved and it’s a et al., 2013). Odonata is well represented in the hill dipterocarp forest. TC located in the middle of tropics, with 500 species described in Sundaland and the only town in Langkawi Island called Kuah. This of these, 350 species are found within the territorial park was created to commemorate CHOGM meeting limits of Malaysia (Abdo et al., 2013; Farizawati et held in Langkawi Island in October 1989.

Corresponding Author: Idris, A.B., National University of Malaysia, School of Environmental and Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel: +603-89215973; E-mail: [email protected] 264 Farizawati S. et al, 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(31) September 2015, Pages: 263-267

Field Collection, Preservation and Identification: odonates and larvae were identified to the species Methods of sampling and preservation were level, using pertinent literatures (Orr, 2003 and 2005; based on Orr (2005) and Borror and White (1970). Catherine and Yong, 2004). Adult Odonata were collected using handheld nets. Larval odonates were sampled using a long handle Data Analysis: D-shaped aquatic net (15 cm diameter, 40 cm long, Species accumulation curves (Mao Tau 20 µm mesh net). The net was dragged over a meter function) were calculated and constructed to predict of river substrates or margin. For each location, a the asymptote, to identify sampling effort and to standard size of transect 50 meters by 50 meters was estimate species richness in the selected area by two covered. Sampling time started from 9.00 am till 5.00 non-parametric estimators. The calculation was pm. The adult specimens were preserved in the computed using Estimate S Win version 8.20 with triangle acid free paper envelopes. On the other hand, 100 times randomization without replacement larvae were preserved in 95% alcohol. All adult (Colwell, 2005).

Table 1: Location reading of study sites.

Fig. 1: Map of Langkawi Islands, Kedah, Malaysia.

Results: represented by three species each, while A total of 4,044 specimens (adults and larvae) Chlorocyphidae and Megapodagrionidae recorded comprising of 64 species from 11 families of only one species each. dragonflies and damselflies were sampled throughout The Mao Tao species accumulation curves for the 11 months of sampling (Table 2). In this study, all the five study sites are shown in Figure 2. The Suborder Anisoptera was represented by five species accumulation curves for all the study sites families and Zygoptera was represented by six except TC did not plateau but continued to increase, families. A total of 43 species from 32 genera was giving an indication that not all Odonata species recorded for Anisopteran. was the most from all these four study sites were collected during diverse group, with 24 species from 18 genera. the sampling. Species accumulation curves for TC was represented by 10 species, showed that all species from the site were collected Cordulidae by seven species, Chlorogomphidae and during the sampling. However Mao Tao species Aeshnidae were represented only by one species accumulation curves showed that almost ample each. Meanwhile, six families were recorded in this sampling effort in retrieving species at HLT7 and study for the suborder Zygoptera, namely HLT. Jackniffe 1 and ACE of HLLS predicted a Coenagrionidae, Platycnemididae, Chlorocyphidae, species richness of 55.91 and 51.1 species Protoneuridae, Calopterygidae and respectively (Table 3), in HLDP Jackniffe 1 and Megapodagrionidae. This suborder had a smaller ACE predicted a species richness of 41.18 and 38.01. representative, with 21 species and 13 genera. While Jackniffe 1 and ACE prediction of species Coenagrionidae was well represented by 10 species richness of HLT7 (30.64 and 28.35) and HLT from five genera. On the other hand, the other (21.37 and 1954) accordingly. These means that only zygopteran families, namely Protoneuridae, a few more species were expected to be collected in Calopterygidae and Platycnemididae were all study sites; HLLS (7.1 - 11.91), HLDP (5.01 – 265 Farizawati S. et al, 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(31) September 2015, Pages: 263-267

8.18), HLT7 (1.35 – 3.64), HLT (0.54 – 2.37). ). collected from HLT. Therefore, it can be concluded Among the five study sites, the highest number of that the sampling effort in HLLS was approximately species recorded was in HLLS with 44 species. 78.7% (44 out of 55.91 species); in HLDP 80.1% (33 HLDP recorded 33 species, while HLT7 and TC out of 41.18 species); in HLT7 88.1% (27 out of recorded 27 species and 24 species of odonates 30.64 species); in HLT 88% (19 out of 21.37 species) respectively. Meanwhile, only 19 species were and in TC 96.3% (24 out of 24.91 species).

Table 2: List and Distribution of the Odonata in study sites of Langkawi Island, Kedah. SPECIES HLLS HLT7 HLDP HLT TC FAMILY: LIBELLULIDAE 1.Zygonyx iris (Kirby, 1900) X X X X 2.Neurothemis fluctuans (Fabricius, 1793) X X X X 3.Neurothemis fulvia (Drury, 1773) X X X 4.Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839) X X X X 5.Trithemis festiva Rambur, 1842 X X X X X 6. sabina (Drury, 1770) X X X X X 7. (Selys, 1891) X X X X X 8.Orthetrum testaceum (Burmeister, 1839) X X X X X 9. (Rambur, 1842) X X X X 10.Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1868) X X X 11.Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) X 12.Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798) X X 13.Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842) X X X X 14.Acisoma panorpoides Rambur 1842 X X 15. Aethriamanta gracilis (Brauer, 1868) X 16.Potamarcha congener (Rambur, 1842) X X 17.Brachydiplax chalybea Brauer, 1868 X X 18.Onychothemis testacea Laidlaw, 1902 X 19.Crocothermis servilia (Drury, 1770) X X 20.Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur, 1842) X 21. irregularis Kirby, 1889 X 22.Rhyothemis phyllis (Sulzer, 1776) X X 23.Hydrobasileus croceus (Brauer, 1867) X 24.Tramea transmarina Selys 1878 X FAMILY: CORDULIIDAE 25.Macromia cincta Rambur, 1842 X 26.Macromia gerstaeckeri (Kruger, 1899) X X X 27.Macromia cydippe Laidlaw, 1922 X X 28.Macromia westwoodii Selys, 1874 X 29.Macromidia genialis Fraser, 1927 X X X X 30.Idionyx montana Karisch, 1891 X X X 31.Idionyx yolanda Selys, 1871 X X X FAMILY: GOMPHIDAE 32.Megalogomphus sumatranus (Kruger, 1899) X 33.Megalogomphus icterops (Martin, 1902) X 34.Ictinogomphus decoratus (Selys, 1858) X X X X 35.Acrogomphus malayanus Laidlaw, 1925 X X X 36.Microgomphus chelifer Selys, 1858 X X X SPECIES HLLS HLT7 HLDP HLT TC 37.Macrogomphus sp. X X 38.Stylogomphus malayanus Sasamoto 2001 X X 39.Leptogomphus risi Laidlaw, 1933 X X 40.Merogomphus parvus (Kruger, 1899) X X 41. Paragomphus capricornis (Forster, 1914) X FAMILY: CHLOROGOMPHIDAE 42.Chlorogomphus arooni Asahina 1981 X X FAMILY: AESHNIDAE 43. Anax guttatus (Burmeister 1839) X FAMILY: COENAGRIONIDAE 44.Ceriagrion cerinorubellum (Brauer, 1865) X X 45.Ceriagrion olivaceum Laidlaw, 1914 X 46.Agriocnemis femina (Brauer, 1868) X X 47.Agriocnemis rubescens Selys 1877 X X 48.Agriocnemis pygmaea (Rambur 1842) X 49.Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) X X X 50.Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur, 1842) X 51.Pseudagrion australasiae Selys, 1876 X 52.Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys, 1876 X 53.Mortonagrion aborense (Laidlaw, 1914) X FAMILY: PROTONEURIDAE 54.Prodasineura humeralis (Selys, 1860) X X 55.Prodasineura laidlawii (Forster, 1907) X X X X 56.Prodasineura collaris (Selys, 1860) X FAMILY: CALOPTERYGIDAE 57.Neurobasis chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758) X X 58.Vestalis gracilis (Rambur, 1842) X X 59.Echo modesta Laidlaw, 1902 X X FAMILY: PLATYCNEMIDIDAE 60.Copera vittata (Selys, 1863) X X 61.Copera marginipes (Rambur, 1842) X X 62.Coeliccia didyma (Selys, 1863) X X FAMILY: CHLOROCYPHIDAE 63.Heliocypha biforata (Selys, 1859) X X X X 64.Rhinagrion sp. X

266 Farizawati S. et al, 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(31) September 2015, Pages: 263-267

Fig. 2: Species accumulation curve (Mao Tau function) depicting species richness for study sites.

Table 3: Jackniffe 1 and ACE prediction of species richnessof the sudy sites.

Discussion: rainforest species where adults behavior of gomphids The knowledge on the dragonflies and is not well known (Carle, 1986). The presence of damselflies species diversity and distribution within Gomphidae species also indicates good water and rainforest in island around Malaysia is still rather forest quality in some parts (Das et al., 2012). inadequately known. A better knowledge of their Zygoptera had a smaller representative in physical spatial distribution could help to understand on how outlook and also was in numbers for each of the six diversity changes from one island too another. To families. Even though families Chlorocyphidae and date, only one studies on Odonata in Langkawi Protoneuridae were not well represented, with only Island by Butler and Kohler (2013) has been one and three species respectively, Heliocypha published. On the other hand, Farizawati et al (2014) biforata (Chlorocyphidae) and Prodasineura published a preliminary list of Odonata in five laidlawii (Protoneuridae) were the most abundant islands in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia species of Zygoptera. These two common spesies which included Langkawi Island. was found at all four recreational forest, (HLLS, In this study, family of Libellulidae, as always HLDP, HLT7 and HLT). They are also among the was found to be the most dominant group. species indicator for good water quality (Acquah- Libellulidae recorded 24 species from 18 genera. Lamptey, 2013). Libellulids is widely represented, locally and Amongst all the five study sites, HLLS recorded globally (Che Salmah, 1996; Norma-Rashid et al., the highest number of Odonata species with 44 2001) because of its adaptation and tolerable to species, followed by HLDP with 32 species, HJT7 various environments, even to the extreme with 26 species and TC with 23 species. HLT environment such as habitat with low dissolve recorded the least number of species with only 19 oxygen or highly eutropic environments (Clausnitzer, species. HLLS is a recreational forest that provides a 2003; Brown et al. 1991). Some strong flying variety of habitats that can accommodate more libellulids were the most common where they dart species of Odonata. Studies by researchers showed about and spend most of the time perching under the that species assemblages were strongly influenced by sun. The most abundant libellulids in this study were type of vegetations present at the habitats (Che Ortherum sabina, Ortherum chrysis and Orthetrum Salmah et al., 2013; Villanueva and Mohagan, 2010). testaceum. Gomphidae showed some interesting species such as the two species of Megalogomphus ie Conclusion: Megalogomphus sumatranus and Megalogomphus Although the 11 month collection period was not icterops. Both were recorded in HLLS of which the enough to sample all the Odonata species in the study inhabit is clear forest streams open to sunlight. These sites, but nearly all species were successfully two species were also recorded by Butler and Kohler collected. The small difference between Mao Tau (2013) and Farizawati et al. (2014) at the same and true species richness as predicted by Jackniffe 1 vicinity. Most of the gomphids, species were and ACE might due to reduction in number of rare identified through the collected larvae. Acrogomphus species (i.e singleton and unique) as sampling effort malayanus and Microgomphus chelifer were very (i.e number of individuals) increased. According to common in streams and rivers, thought the adults Chazdon et al., (1998), the larger the number of rare were hardly encountered, which is not unusual in species within a sample, the greater the difference 267 Farizawati S. et al, 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(31) September 2015, Pages: 263-267 between recorded species (Mao Tau value) and true Altitude Variability. International journal of species richness and vice versa. biometeorology: 1-12. Clausnitzer, V., 2003. Odonata of African ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Humid Forests - a Review. Cimbebasia, 18(173-190. Brown, K.S., N.M. Collins and J.A. Thomas, Authors would like to thank Institute for 1991. The Conservation of Insects and Their Environment and Development (LESTARI), UKM Habitats. Academic Press. for funding this study. The authors are grateful for Colwell, R.K., 2005. 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