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Impact of Terrorist Attacks on Tourist Arrivals: Received: 01-04-2021 Accepted: 03-05-2021 Evidence from Sri Lanka
International Journal of Tourism and Hotel Management 2021; 3(2): 01-08 E-ISSN: 2706-9591 P-ISSN: 2706-9583 IJTHM 2021; 3(2): 01-08 Impact of terrorist attacks on tourist arrivals: Received: 01-04-2021 Accepted: 03-05-2021 Evidence from Sri Lanka Priyanga Dunusinghe Department of Economics, Priyanga Dunusinghe and BMPK Beligahawaththa University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka Abstract BMPK Beligahawaththa Sri Lanka is a one of the leading tourist destinations in the world. The successive governments took Department of Economics, various policy measures to develop the tourism industry despite the facing a 30-year long civil war. University of Colombo, The end of the war in 2009 was seen as an opportunity to unleash the potential of the sector. Colombo, Sri Lanka Nevertheless, the Easter Sunday terrorist attack casts doubt on to what extent Sri Lanka will be able to make use of the sector for her socio-economic development. In the context of the above attack, this study expect to examine the impact of terrorist attacks on the tourism industry. The study make use of secondary data extracted from national statistical agencies. Our findings clearly indicate that tourism industry suffered a lot following terrorist attacks. It was found that tourist arrivals and tourism receipt were lower by around 20 per cent in a year which witnessed terrorist attacks compared to a normal year. Similarly, in the short-run, employment in the industry declined by around 11 per cent following a major terrorist attack on civilian target. The findings suggest that it is high time to enhance the capacities for the security establishments to minimize the risks pose by various terrorist organizations. -
{PDF EPUB} Still Counting the Dead by Frances Harrison Still Counting the Dead
Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Still Counting the Dead by Frances Harrison Still Counting the Dead. Still Counting the Dead: Survivors of Sri Lanka's Hidden War is a book written by the British journalist Frances Harrison, a former BBC correspondent in Sri Lanka and former Amnesty Head of news. The book deals with thousands of Sri Lankan Tamil civilians who were killed, caught in the crossfire during the war. This and the government's strict media blackout would leave the world unaware of their suffering in the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War. The books also highlights the failure of the United Nations, whose staff left before the final offensive started. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Related Research Articles. The Sri Lankan Civil War was a civil war fought in the island country of Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009. Beginning on 23 July 1983, there was an intermittent insurgency against the government by the Velupillai Prabhakaran led Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, which fought to create an independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam in the north and the east of the island due to the continuous discrimination against the Sri Lankan Tamils by the Sinhalese dominated Sri Lankan Government, as well as the 1956, 1958 and 1977 anti-Tamil pogroms and the 1981 burning of the Jaffna Public Library carried out by the majority Sinhalese mobs, in the years following Sri Lanka's independence from Britain in 1948. After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009, bringing the civil war to an end. -
The Entrenchment of Sinhalese Nationalism in Post-War Sri Lanka by Anne Gaul
An Opportunity Lost The Entrenchment of Sinhalese Nationalism in Post-war Sri Lanka by Anne Gaul Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervised by: Dr. Andrew Shorten Submitted to the University of Limerick, November 2016 Abstract This research studies the trajectory of Sinhalese nationalism during the presidency of Mahinda Rajapaksa from 2005 to 2015. The role of nationalism in the protracted conflict between Sinhalese and Tamils is well understood, but the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in 2009 has changed the framework within which both Sinhalese and Tamil nationalism operated. With speculations about the future of nationalism abound, this research set out to address the question of how the end of the war has affected Sinhalese nationalism, which remains closely linked to politics in the country. It employs a discourse analytical framework to compare the construction of Sinhalese nationalism in official documents produced by Rajapaksa and his government before and after 2009. A special focus of this research is how through their particular constructions and representations of Sinhalese nationalism these discourses help to reproduce power relations before and after the end of the war. It argues that, despite Rajapaksa’s vociferous proclamations of a ‘new patriotism’ promising a united nation without minorities, he and his government have used the momentum of the defeat of the Tamil Tigers to entrench their position by continuing to mobilise an exclusive nationalism and promoting the revival of a Sinhalese-dominated nation. The analysis of history textbooks, presidential rhetoric and documentary films provides a contemporary empirical account of the discursive construction of the core dimensions of Sinhalese nationalist ideology. -
Tigers' George Master Exposed by Japanese Emb. Interpreter
The Island Home News Friday 14th January, 2011 3 DEVELOPMENT FORTUNE JATHIKA Draw No: 1259 MAHAJANA SATURDAY VASANA SAMPATHA JAYAVIRU SUPIRI VASANA Date 11-01-2011 JAYODA SAMPATHA FORTUNE SAMPATHA GOVI SETHA JANA JAYA Main Draw Draw No: 90 Date:12-01-2011 SAMPATHA Zodiac -Aquarius Date:06-12-2010 Date: 11-01 - 2011 Date 25-12-2010 Date: 08-01-2011 Date: 13-01-2011 Date:06-12-2010 Date: 14-11-2010 Winning Nos: Date 12-01-2011 Draw No. 545 20 - 21 - 31 - 35 Winning Nos: Draw No. 2343 Bonus No 62 Draw No. 583 Draw No. 852 Draw No. 784 Super No. 11 Lucky No. 04 Winning Nos : Second Chance Super No. 22 Bonus No. 40 14 - 52 - 59 - 64 Zodiac symbol - Sagittarius R-03-07-23-37 Winning No: Winning No: Winning Nos: T-06-18-32-58 Winning Nos: G- 46- 50- 52- 54 Q-13-26-32-33 06-14-31-56 Z -13-20-38- 69 10 - 30- 41 - 55 Z-3-6-9-4-3-5 V-5-5-2-2-9 Rains cause over Tigers’ George Master exposed Rs. 500 mn in damages to roads by Japanese emb. interpreter The damage caused to the country’s road network, due to the recent rains P’KARAN’S SON JOINED FINAL At that particular meeting the Japanese had their Apropos a meeting with Indian High Commission and floods, has been estimated at Rs 500 BATTLE FROM LONDON own interpreter to ensure that they would know what Political Chief Taranjit Sandhu on April 24, 2003,the million, Deputy Minister of Higways LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran’s son, the LTTE really meant. -
Report of the OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka (OISL)* **
A/HRC/30/CRP.2 Advance Version Distr.: Restricted 16 September 2015 English only Human Rights Council Thirtieth session Agenda item 2 Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Report of the OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka (OISL)* ** * Reproduced as received ** The information contained in this document should be read in conjunction with the report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights- Promoting reconciliation, accountability and human rights in Sri Lanka (A/HRC/30/61). A/HRC/30/CRP.2 Contents Paragraphs Page Part 1 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1–13 5 II. Establishment of the OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka (OISL), mandate and methodology ............................................................................................................. 14–46 7 III. Contextual background ........................................................................................... 47–103 12 IV. Overview of Government, LTTE and other armed groups...................................... 104–170 22 V. Legal framework ..................................................................................................... 171–208 36 Part 2– Thematic Chapters VI. Unlawful killings ..................................................................................................... 209–325 47 VII. Violations related to the -
Embembembassy of Sri Lanka Country Information Update – November 2011
cccc Help the flood affected. Abeywickrama said they handed over an appeal in this regard to IFRC President Kon EMBEMBEMBASSY OF SRI LANKA COUNTRY INFORMATION UPDATE – NOVEMBER 2011 SRI LANKA’S LIES AGREED UPON SCREENED IN U.S. CONGRESS Rep. Jack Kingston, (R-Ga.), discusses post- conflict development and close U.S.-Sri Lankan strategic ties during a Nov. 2 event on Sri Lanka in the U.S. Congress. The event was attended by a large, Dr. Rajitha Senarathna (far left), Sri Lanka’s representative gathering, including Minister of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources NGOs, human rights groups, Development, describes development projects in congressional staff members, Northern Sri Lanka during a meeting on Sri Lanka professionals and members of the Sri in the U.S. Capitol building. Also pictured are (right to left) Author Ru Freeman, Ambassador Jaliya Lankan community. Wickramasuriya and Raymond Vickery, a South Asia expert. WASHINGTON (Nov. 3, 2011) – The Sri Lankan Congressional Caucus and Embassy of Sri Lanka sponsored the Nov. 2 screening of the video “Lies Agreed Upon,” – a rebuttal of allegations made about the end of Sri Lanka’s conflict against terrorist by a British news Rep. Robert Aderholt, (R-Ala.), co-chair of the program. Sri Lanka Congressional Caucus, addressing a gathering on post-conflict Sri Lanka in the The screening included a panel discussion of U.S. Congress. Sri Lanka’s 26-year-conflict against the terrorist group Liberation Tigers of Tamil “This is an important opportunity for both Eelam and reconciliation and redevelopment sides to be heard,” said U.S. Congressman efforts since government forces defeated the Robert Aderholt, (R-Ala.), a co-chair of the LTTE in May 2009. -
TAMIL GUARDIAN No
TAMIL GUARDIAN No. 335 ISSN 1369-2208 WEDNESDAY NOVEMBER 01, 2006 free fortnightly The Tamils are in a familiar predicament. PAGE 6 Child Protection The LTTE’s administration outlaws child labour and Peace recruitment of minors into the military and police. NEWS 4 Offensive planned process Sri Lanka’s military is mass- ing troops and weaponry and conducting exercises outside LTTE controlled areas. NEWS 4 turns on A9 PROSPECTS for further negotiations Demerger difference to end Sri Lanka's conflict rest pri- marily on one thing: the Colombo Sinhalese celebrate amid government's willingness to open the Tamil rage after the Supreme A9 highway and lift the blockade on Court ruling. NEWS 5 the northern Jaffna peninsula, home to over 600,000 Tamils. The crunch came over the week- International Paradox end as negotiators of the government The more successful of Sri Lanka (GoSL) and the Sri Lanka's Army is, the less Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam international support there (LTTE) met in Geneva to end the spi- will be for a negotiated ralling violence that has claimed up to solution. COMMENT 6 3,000 lives this year. The LTTE took up the humanitari- an crisis confronting Tamils in many Humanitarian Crisis parts of the Northeast, but particularly Jaffna faces starvation as the the Sri Lanka Army (SLA) controlled de-facto blockade continues. Jaffna peninsula which is cut off from the rest of the island. NEWS 8-9 But the government flatly refused to do so, arguing there were security Doubtful tie implications. Sri Lanka’s two main parties The talks promptly broke down seal a pact. -
Media Freedom in Post War Sri Lanka and Its Impact on the Reconciliation Process
Reuters Institute Fellowship Paper University of Oxford MEDIA FREEDOM IN POST WAR SRI LANKA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RECONCILIATION PROCESS By Swaminathan Natarajan Trinity Term 2012 Sponsor: BBC Media Action Page 1 of 41 Page 2 of 41 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank James Painter, Head of the Journalism Programme and the entire staff of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism for their help and support. I am grateful to BBC New Media Action for sponsoring me, and to its former Programme Officer Tirthankar Bandyopadhyay, for letting me know about this wonderful opportunity and encouraging me all the way. My supervisor Dr Sujit Sivasundaram of Cambridge University provided academic insights which were very valuable for my research paper. I place on record my appreciation to all those who participated in the survey and interviews. I would like to thank my colleagues in the BBC, Chandana Keerthi Bandara, Charles Haviland, Wimalasena Hewage, Saroj Pathirana, Poopalaratnam Seevagan, Ponniah Manickavasagam and my good friend Karunakaran (former Colombo correspondent of the BBC Tamil Service) for their help. Special thanks to my parents and sisters and all my fellow journalist fellows. Finally to Marianne Landzettel (BBC World Service News) for helping me by patiently proof reading and revising this paper. Page 3 of 41 Table of Contents 1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2 Challenges to Press Freedom -
Humanitarian Operation Factual Analysis July 2006 – May 2009
HUMANITARIAN OPERATION FACTUAL ANALYSIS JULY 2006 – MAY 2009 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA HUMANITARIAN OPERATION FACTUAL ANALYSIS JULY 2006 – MAY 2009 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE JULY 2011 DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA Humanitarian Operation—Factual Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 A. Overview of this Report 1 B. Overview of the Humanitarian Operation 1 PART ONE II. BACKGROUND 4 A. Overview of the LTTE 4 B. LTTE Atrocities against Civilians 6 C. Use of Child Soldiers by the LTTE 10 D. Ethnic Cleansing Carried out by the LTTE 10 E. Attacks on Democracy by the LTTE 11 F. The Global Threat posed by the LTTE 11 G. Proscription of the LTTE 12 III. SIZE AND SCOPE OF THE LTTE 13 A. Potency of the LTTE 13 B. Number of Cadres 14 C. Land Fighting Forces 14 D. The Sea Tiger Wing 17 E. The Air Tiger Wing 20 F. Black Tiger (Suicide) Wing 22 G. Intelligence Wing 22 H. Supply Network 23 I. International Support Mechanisms 25 J. International Criminal Network 27 – iii – Humanitarian Operation—Factual Analysis Page IV. GOVERNMENT EFFORTS FOR A NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT 28 A. Overview 28 B. The Thimpu Talks – July to August 1985 29 C. The Indo-Lanka Accord – July 1987 30 D. Peace Talks – May 1989 to June 1990 32 E. Peace Talks – October 1994 to April 1995 33 F. Norwegian-Facilitated Peace Process – February 2002 to January 2008 35 G. LTTE Behaviour during 2002–2006 37 PART TWO V. RESUMPTION OF HOSTILITIES 43 VI. THE WANNI OPERATION 52 VII. -
Attack on the Dollar Farm & Kent Farm – Welioya
The LTTE Originating in the mid-1970s, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), is a mono-ethnic, fascist, terrorist organisation operating in Sri Lanka that seeks to carve out a separate state in an area that comprises 1/3 of Sri Lanka’s land mass and 2/3 of its coastline. Its trail of atrocities has resulted in the killing of some 60,000 persons and destruction of public and private properties. Among its victims are former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of India, President Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka as well as two generations of Tamil politicians and academics of Sri Lanka, including Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar and TULF leaders A.Amirthalingam and Dr. Neelan Thiruchelvam. The LTTE’s global network of propaganda, fundraising, procurement and shipping has been in existence since the early 1980s. The LTTE is a proscribed terrorist organisation in India, US, Canada, UK and other EU countries. Suicide Bombing Since its first suicide attack in 1987, the LTTE has successfully used the art of suicide bombing to achieve the elimination of political leaders, including moderate Tamil leaders who were part of the democratic political mainstream. The LTTE has carried out around 1/3 of all suicide attacks in the world. The use of the cyanide capsule is a standard method of the LTTE suicide bombers to evade arrest. Even its leader Velupillai Prabhakaran displays a cyanide capsule around his neck and has made it mandatory for all LTTE cadres to wear one, to reflect the spirit of sacrifice and martyrdom expected of an LTTE suicide bomber. -
'Darusman Report' and Channel 4 Documentary 'Sri Lanka Killing Fields'
THE EMBASSY OF THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA TO BELGIUM, LUXEMBOURG AND THE EUROPEAN UNION 27, RUE JULES LEJEUNE, 1050 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM TEL: (0032.2) 344 53 94. (0032.2) 344 55 85 FAX: (0032.2) 344 67 37 E-MAIL: [email protected] Government of Sri Lanka refutes disinformation in 'Darusman Report' and Channel 4 Documentary 'Sri Lanka Killing Fields' On 1st August, 2011, the Ministry of Defence of Sri Lanka released a report titled 'Humanitarian Operations Factual Analysis' and a video documentary titled 'Lies Agreed Upon' as a critical and realistic response to the allegations made by the 'Darusman report' and the 'Sri Lanka Killing Fields' video documentary produced by UK based Channel-4. The report encapsulates the factual background and operational context of the Humanitarian Operation undertaken by the Government of Sri Lanka between July 2006 and May 2009 to free the country from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). It examines why the Government of Sri Lanka engaged in a military strategy against the LTTE, why Security Forces used the level of force they did, and how at each stage in the operation Sri Lanka took extraordinary steps to respect and protect the lives of civilians. The report begins with a detailed analysis of the LTTE, including its true nature, and its growth and sophistication over the years, and the threat it posed to all Sri Lankans. The second part of this report begins by describing the resumption of hostilities in 2006 when the closure of the Mavil Aru sluice gate by the LTTE in July of that year threatened a humanitarian disaster in the east, affecting many thousands of Tamils, Muslims and Sinhalese civilians. -
Shavendra Silva Chief of Army Staff Sri Lanka
SHAVENDRA SILVA CHIEF OF ARMY STAFF SRI LANKA Dossier 29 January 2019 1 MAJOR GENERAL L. H. S. C. SILVA 58 Division Commander in 2009 “Our aim was not to gain ground but to have more kills.” Shavendra Silva1 1 Soldiers followed all humanitarian norms - Maj. Gen. Shavendra, Shanika Sriyananda, 27 Dec 2009, The Sunday Observer, http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2001/pix/PrintPage.asp?REF=/2009/12/27/sec02.asp. Also cited on Silva’s Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/Major.General.shavendra.silva/posts/815949115103954 2 SUMMARY Shavendra Silva was arguably the most important frontline ground Commander in the 2008-9 War in Sri Lanka, in which a United Nations investigation found reasonable grounds to say international crimes were committed. He commanded a large number of troops throughout the offensive in the north of the island who were instrumental in the attacks on all the strategic towns and villages in 2009. He was also personally present at the surrenders at the end of the War, at which point hundreds of Tamils disappeared in Army custody and others, including women and children, were subjected to summary execution. Despite being one of the most notorious alleged war criminals and aligned to the Rajapaksa family, in January 2019 Silva was promoted to Chief of Staff of the Sri Lankan Army. This makes him number two in the Sri Lankan Army and next in line to become Commander. For those who survived the war he waged on them, this is a total affront. It also quashes any hope of Sri Lanka in the short term fulfilling its promise to deal with the past.