FAMILY Gymnuridae Fowler, 1934 - butterfly rays [=Pteroplateinae Gill, 1873, Gymnurinae Fowler, 1934] Notes: Name in prevailing recent practice, Article 35.5 and Article 40.2 Pteroplateinae Gill, 1873:790 [ref. 17631] (subfamily) Pteroplatea Gymnurinae Fowler, 1934a:241 [ref. 1416] (subfamily) Gymnura [not preoccupied by (invalid) Gymnurinae Gill, 1872 in mammals, that name being based on the not valid mammalian Gymnura Lesson, 1827; family-group name used as valid by: Lindberg 1971 [ref. 27211], Stehmann 1974 [ref. 21659], Nelson 1976 [ref. 32838], Shiino 1976, Nelson 1984 [ref. 13596], Whitehead et al. (1984) [ref. 13675], Paxton et al. 1989 [ref. 12442], McEachran & Séret 1990 [ref. 19318], Allen & Robertson 1994 [ref. 22193], Last & Stevens 1994 [ref. 23873], Nelson 1994 [ref. 26204], Eschmeyer 1998 [ref. 23416], Compagno 1999 [ref. 25589], Chu & Meng 2001, Menezes et al. 2003 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004 [ref. 27807], Hoese et al. 2006, Nelson 2006 [ref. 32486], Jacobsen & Bennett 2009 [ref. 30470], Last & Stevens 2009]

GENUS Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823 - butterfly rays [=Gymnura van Hasselt [J. C.], 1823:316, Aetoplatea Valenciennes [A.], in Müller & Henle, 1841:175, Dasyatis Gray [J. E.], 1851:121, Phanerocephalus Gratzianov [V. J.], 1906:403, Pteroplatea Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1837:117, Uroxys Rafinesque [C. S.], 1818:272] Notes: [ref. 4513]. Fem. Raja micrura Bloch & Schneider, 1801. by monotypy. •Valid as Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:72 [ref. 7167], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:16 [ref. 6441], Compagno 1986:138 [ref. 5648], Cappetta 1987:165 [ref. 6348], Paxton et al. 1989:45 [ref. 12442], Nishida 1990:98 [ref. 19783], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:64 [ref. 24550], Compagno & Last 1999:1507 [ref. 24637], Compagno 1999:497 [ref. 25589], Rosenberger 2001:615 [ref. 25447], McEachran & Carvalho 2003:576 [ref. 26985], Compagno et al. 2005:76 [ref. 29145] with author as Kuhl, Paxton et al. 2006:204 [ref. 28995], Jacobsen & Bennett 2009:1 [ref. 30470] with inaccurate generic synonymy on pp. 9-10 Smith et al. 2009:762 [ref. 31278]). Current status: Valid as Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823. Gymnuridae. (Aetoplatea) [ref. 3069]. Fem. Aetoplatea tentaculata Müller & Henle, 1841. Type by monotypy. Name spelled Aëtoplatea in original description. Aetoplatia Agassiz, 1846:10 [ref. 64] and of Scudder, 1882:8 [ref. 6462] is an unjustified emendation. •Valid as Aetoplatea Valenciennes, 1841 -- (Nishida 1990:98 [ref. 19783], Compagno & Last 1999:1507 [ref. 24637], Compagno 1999:497 [ref. 25589], Compagno et al. 2005:76 [ref. 29145]). • of Gymnura van Hasselt 1823 – (Cappetta 1987:165 [ref. 6348], Jacobsen & Bennett 2009:9 [ref. 30470], Smith et al. 2009:762 [ref. 31278]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823. Gymnuridae. (Dasyatis) [ref. 4939]. Fem. Raja altavela Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Bigelow & Schroeder 1953:397 [ref. 6568]. Not Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810. Probably should not be regarded as an original description as Gray cites Dasyatis Rafinesque in synonymy. •In the synonymy of Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:72 [ref. 7167], Jacobsen & Bennett 2009:10 [ref. 30470]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823. Gymnuridae. (Phanerocephalus) [ref. 1869]. Masc. Phanerocephalus ellioti Gratzianov, 1906. Type by monotypy. Misspelled Planerocephalus on page 403; Phanerocephalus on page 400, 404. •Synonym of Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823 -- (Jacobsen & Bennett 2009:10 [ref. 30470]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823. Gymnuridae. (Pteroplatea) [ref. 3067]. Fem. Raja altavela Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation (and subsequent monotypy). Also in Müller & Henle 1838:90 [ref. 3066] without . Species added in Müller & Henle 1841:168 [ref. 3069] but apparently earlier by Bonaparte 1838:202 [ref. 4979] where altavela was designated type (see p. 2 of separate). •Synonym of Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:72 [ref. 7167], Cappetta 1987:165 [ref. 6348], Jacobsen & Bennett 2009:10 [ref. 30470]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823. Gymnuridae. (Uroxys) [ref. 5087]. Masc. Raja maclura Lesueur, 1817 Type by monotypy. Apparently an unused senior synonym of Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823. •In the synonymy of Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823. Current status: Synonym of Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823. Gymnuridae.

Species Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) - giant [=Raja altavela Linnaeus [C.], 1758:232, Pteroplatea binotata Lunel [G.], 1879:423, Pl., Pteroplatea canariensis Valenciennes [A.], 1843:[100], Pl. 23 (fig. 1), Raja maclura Lesueur [C. A.], 1817:41, Pl. Pteroplatea vaillantii Rochebrune [A. T. de], 1880:159, Pteroplatea valenciennii Duméril [A. H. A.], 1865:612] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea [original: "in Mari Mediterraneo"]. Current status: Valid as Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Tropical and temperate western and eastern Atlantic, including Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. : brackish, marine. (binotata) [Mémoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève v. 26 (no. 2); ref. 21536] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758). Gymnuridae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (canariensis) [Ichthyologie des îles Canaries v. 2 (pt 2); ref. 4502] Canary Islands. Current status: Synonym of Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758). Gymnuridae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (maclura) [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia v. 1 (pt 1, no. 3); ref. 17511] Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758). Gymnuridae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (vaillantii) [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 4; ref. 3790] Barra, Gambia. Current status: Synonym of Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758). Gymnuridae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (valenciennii) [Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie générale v. 1; ref. 1150] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758). Gymnuridae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Gymnura australis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) - Australian butterfly ray [=Pteroplatea australis Ramsay [E. P.] & Ogilby [J. D.], 1886:575] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 10 (pt 4); ref. 18597] Cape Hawke (32°21'S, 152°57'E), New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Gymnura australis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Australia and southern coast of New Guinea and and West Papua. Habitat: marine.

Species Gymnura crebripunctata (Peters, 1869) - longsnout butterfly ray [=Pteroplatea crebripunctata Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1869:703, Pteroplatea afuerae Hildebrand [S. F.], 1946:71, Fig. 16] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preuss[ischen] Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1869; ref. 14098] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western (purchased). Current status: Valid as Gymnura crebripunctata (Peters, 1869). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Mexico to . Habitat: marine. (afuerae) [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Lobos de Afuera Island, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Gymnura crebripunctata (Peters, 1869). Gymnuridae. Distribution: and Peru (if valid). Habitat: marine.

Species Gymnura hirundo (Lowe, 1843) - Madeira butterfly ray [=Pteroplatea hirundo Lowe [R. T.], 1843:94] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1843 (pt 11); ref. 2832] Off Madeira. Current status: Valid as Gymnura hirundo (Lowe, 1843). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Madeira. Habitat: marine.

Species Gymnura japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) - Japanese butterfly ray [=Pteroplatea japonica Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1850:309, Pl. 141, Pteroplatea bimaculata Norman [J. R.], 1925:270, Pteroplatea jordani Chu [Y.-T.], 1930:357, Pl.] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Last part; ref. 4375] Nagasaki Bay, Japan. Current status: Valid as Gymnura japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Northwestern and western Pacific. Habitat: marine. (bimaculata) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 16 (no. 92) (art. 37); ref. 15556] Yenting, Chekiang Province, China. Current status: Synonym of Gymnura japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Western North Pacific (if valid). Habitat: marine. (jordani) [The China Journal v. 12 (no. 6); ref. 16076] China. Current status: Synonym of Gymnura japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850). Gymnuridae. Habitat: marine.

Species Gymnura marmorata (Cooper, 1864) - California butterfly ray [=Pteroplatea marmorata Cooper [J. G.], 1864:112, Fig. 25, Pteroplatea rava Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], in Jordan, 1895:390] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 1) v. 3 (sigs. 7-8); ref. 4877] San Diego, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Gymnura marmorata (Cooper, 1864). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern California to Peru. Habitat: marine. (rava) [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 5; ref. 2394] Astillero at Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Gymnura marmorata (Cooper, 1864). Gymnuridae. Habitat: marine.

Species Gymnura micrura (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - lesser butterfly ray [=Raja micrura Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:360] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Suriname. Current status: Valid as Gymnura micrura (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic [records from elsewhere probably refer to other species], from New England to southern Brazil. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Gymnura natalensis (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1911) - Backwater butterfly ray [=Pteroplatea natalensis Gilchrist [J. D. F.] & Thompson [W. W.], 1911:56] Notes: [Annals of the South African Museum v. 11 (pt 2); ref. 14790] Off Cape Natal, West by North for 6.5 miles, South Africa, Pieter Faure station 10753. Current status: Valid as Gymnura natalensis (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1911). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Southeastern Atlantic and western Indian Ocean off southern Africa. Habitat: marine.

Species Gymnura poecilura (Shaw, 1804) - longtail butterfly ray [=Raja poecilura Shaw [G.], 1804:291, Pteroplatea annulata Swainson [W.], 1839:319, Gymnura crooki Fowler [H. W.], 1934:241, Fig. 6, Pastinaca kunsua Cuvier [G.], 1829:400] Notes: [General or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Vizagapatam, India. Current status: Valid as Gymnura poecilura (Shaw, 1804). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: Somalia to Society Islands, north to southern Japan. Habitat: marine. (annulata) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Current status: Synonym of Gymnura poecilura (Shaw, 1804). Gymnuridae. Habitat: marine. (crooki) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 85 (for 1933); ref. 1416] Kowloon, China. Current status: Synonym of Gymnura poecilura (Shaw, 1804). Gymnuridae. Distribution: China (if valid). Habitat: marine. (kunsua) [Le Règne (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Current status: Synonym of Gymnura poecilura (Shaw, 1804). Gymnuridae. Habitat: marine.

Species Gymnura tentaculata (Muller & Henle, 1841) - tentacled butterfly ray [=Aetoplatea tentaculata Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], (ex Valenciennes), 1841:175] Notes: [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Red Sea? (probably erroneous). Current status: Valid as Gymnura tentaculata (Müller & Henle, 1841). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Gymnura zonura (Bleeker, 1852) - zonetail butterfly ray [=Aetoplatea zonurus Bleeker [P.], 1852:79] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 12); ref. 333] Jakarta, Java, . Current status: Valid as Gymnura zonura (Bleeker, 1852). Gymnuridae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine ******************************************************************************** Unavailable names, uncertain taxa:

(genera)

Uroxys Rafinesque [C. S.], 1815:93 [ref. 3584]. Not available, name only. See Uroxys Rafinesque, 1818. Gymnuridae.

(species)

Phanerocephalus ellioti Gratzianov [V. I.], 1906:404 [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 30 (no. 13/14); ref. 1869] Madras, India. Gymnuridae. Habitat: marine.

Gymnura hormosensis Vossoughi [G. H.] & Vosoughi [A. R.], 1999:304, Fig. 2 [Indian Journal of v. 46 (no. 3); ref. 25467] Strait of Hormuz, northwestern Indian Ocean •Not available, treated as valid with uncertainty when described. Gymnuridae. Habitat: marine.