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Exclusive-Or Preprocessing and Dictionary Coding of Continuous-Tone Images

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Exclusive-Or Preprocessing and Dictionary Coding of Continuous-Tone Images University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2015 Exclusive-or preprocessing and dictionary coding of continuous-tone images. Takiyah K. Cooper University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Other Computer Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Cooper, Takiyah K., "Exclusive-or preprocessing and dictionary coding of continuous-tone images." (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2326. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2326 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EXCLUSIVE-OR PREPROCESSING AND DICTIONARY CODING OF CONTINUOUS-TONE IMAGES By Takiyah K. Cooper B.S., University of Louisville, 2004 M.Eng., University of Louisville, 2005 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the J.B. Speed School of Engineering of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science and Engineering Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky December 2015 Copyright 2015 by Takiyah K. Cooper All rights reserved EXCLUSIVE-OR PREPROCESSING AND DICTIONARY CODING OF CONTINUOUS-TONE IMAGES By Takiyah K. Cooper B.S., University of Louisville, 2004 M.Eng., University of Louisville, 2005 A Dissertation Approved on November 30, 2015 by the following Dissertation Committee: _____________________________________________________________ Dissertation Director Dr. Ahmed Desoky _____________________________________________________________ Dr. Mehmed Kantardzic _____________________________________________________________ Dr. John Naber _____________________________________________________________ Dr. Prasanna Sahoo _____________________________________________________________ Dr. Adel Elmaghraby ii DEDICATION Brenda G. Hart for guiding me through the beginning of my collegiate journey Cynthia M. Sanders for guiding me to the completion of my collegiate journey Dorothy R. McCormick for guiding me through every journey iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Ahmed Desoky, for all of the time, instruction, counsel, and patience that he has given throughout this eight year journey. My gratitude also goes to my committee, Dr. Adel Elmaghraby, Dr. Mehmed Kantardzic, Dr. John Naber, and Dr. Prasanna Sahoo, for the coaching and direction that they have provided. This team has challenged me in ways that have made me a stronger academic with a deep passion for the possibilities of Computer Science and Engineering. iv ABSTRACT EXCLUSIVE-OR PREPROCESSING AND DICTIONARY CODING OF CONTINUOUS-TONE IMAGES Takiyah K. Cooper November 30, 2015 The field of lossless image compression studies the various ways to represent image data in the most compact and efficient manner possible that also allows the image to be reproduced without any loss. One of the most efficient strategies used in lossless compression is to introduce entropy reduction through decorrelation. This study focuses on using the exclusive-or logic operator in a decorrelation filter as the preprocessing phase of lossless image compression of continuous-tone images. The exclusive-or logic operator is simply and reversibly applied to continuous-tone images for the purpose of extracting differences between neighboring pixels. Implementation of the exclusive-or operator also does not introduce data expansion. Traditional as well as innovative prediction methods are included for the creation of inputs for the exclusive- or logic based decorrelation filter. The results of the filter are then encoded by a variation of the Lempel-Ziv-Welch dictionary coder. Dictionary coding is selected for the coding phase of the algorithm because it does not require the storage of code tables or probabilities and because it is lower in complexity than other popular options such as Huffman or Arithmetic coding. The first modification of the Lempel-Ziv-Welch dictionary coder is that image data can be read in a sequence that is linear, 2-dimensional, or an adaptive combination of both. The second modification of the dictionary coder is that the coder can instead include multiple, dynamically chosen dictionaries. Experiments indicate that the exclusive-or operator based decorrelation filter when combined with a modified Lempel-Ziv-Welch dictionary coder provides compression comparable to algorithms that represent the current standard in lossless compression. The proposed algorithm provides compression performance that is below the Context-Based, v Adaptive, Lossless Image Compression (CALIC) algorithm by 23%, below the Low Complexity Lossless Compression for Images (LOCO-I) algorithm by 19%, and below the Portable Network Graphics implementation of the Deflate algorithm by 7%, but above the Zip implementation of the Deflate algorithm by 24%. The proposed algorithm uses the exclusive-or operator in the modeling phase and uses modified Lempel-Ziv-Welch dictionary coding in the coding phase to form a low complexity, reversible, and dynamic method of lossless image compression. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xiv 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Lossless Image Compression Overview ............................................................................. 7 2.1 Background in Image Compression ................................................................................. 7 2.1.1 Huffman Coding ................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Image Types....................................................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Color Spaces and Color Space Transforms ...................................................... 13 2.1.4 Decorrelation ...................................................................................................... 14 2.1.5 Correlation .......................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Background in Data Compression ................................................................................. 16 2.2.1 Data Compression Subsets ............................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Data Compression Research Approaches ......................................................... 16 2.3 Lossless Compression Algorithms ................................................................................. 17 2.3.1 Processing Algorithms by Component ............................................................... 17 2.3.2 Lempel-Ziv-Welch Coding .................................................................................. 18 2.3.3 Comparison of Huffman and Lempel-Ziv-Welch Coding ................................... 19 2.3.4 Foundational Data Compression Algorithms ..................................................... 20 2.4 Image Compression Algorithms ..................................................................................... 22 2.4.1 Binary Lossless Image Compression Algorithms ............................................... 22 2.4.2 Color-Mapped Image Compression Algorithms ................................................. 23 vii 2.4.3 Grayscale Lossless Image Compression Algorithms......................................... 25 2.4.4 Multi-Spectral Lossless Image Compression Algorithms ................................... 27 2.4.5 High Dynamic Range Lossless Image Compression Algorithms ....................... 28 2.4.6 Segmentation-Based Lossless Image Compression Algorithms ....................... 29 2.5 Summary of Overview .................................................................................................... 30 2.5.1 Lossless v. Lossy Compression Research ........................................................ 30 2.5.2 New Theories and Modifications of Existing Theories ....................................... 30 2.5.3 Methods of Comparing Algorithms ..................................................................... 31 2.5.4 Computational Complexity in Lossless Image Compression Algorithms ........... 31 2.5.5 Observations ...................................................................................................... 32 3. Review of Related Literature
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