Summer 2017 Urban Design Group Journal 143Urban Issn 1750 712x estate Design regeneration

URBAN DESIGN GROUP URBAN DESIGN GROUP NewsUDG NEWS

tower and accompanying wind swept plaza at Paternoster Square). Regeneration can create welcoming streets and spaces that provide a robust stage for activity and a backdrop for attrac- tive buildings. Formerly uninviting traffic thoroughfares are now buzzing, tree lined streets full of crazy people and hipsters hanging outside a wifi hub, itself an incuba- tor for innovation, networking and collabo- rative working that requires little more than a barista and a table football. A slight aside, but such hubs and spaces were pioneered London: Paternoster by the 2017 Urban Design Group's Outstand- Square ing Contribution Award winner Alan Baxter, founder of the practice of the same name, View from the more GDP, more crime, and are more rapid. which encouraged multi-disciplinary work- I'm not entirely convinced that growth re- ing both in his practice and in the office Chair sults in the speeding up of life within cities, shared workspaces. Ahead of his time, all particularly if you are stuck on a bus in traf- Alan Baxter lacked was the espresso ma- fic. Speed may only be a perception because chine and the table football. It's not often you come across a different you can do more, cramming more into each A downside is that regeneration won't perspective on the city. We’re familiar with day, but even then, the city allows time to necessarily address social imbalances. the views of the architect, the urbanist, the simply sit back, relax and enjoy an espresso, Economics alone dictate that it will still socialist and the politician, for example. But watching people go by, or not if they are be possible to identify affordable blocks/ how about the theoretical physicist? stuck on bus. apartments/houses at 100 paces. And rapid As luck would have it, while stuck in West considers that cities are also growth won't necessarily deliver the visu- traffic on a bus, I came across a review of more innovative and inventive, which nicely aliser’s high quality vertical living environ- a book in the New Scientist, titled Scale: ties into the topic of this issue of Urban ment, offering instead a meagre unafford- The Universal Laws of Growth, Innovation, Design – housing estate regeneration – and able flat on the 23rd floor that overlooks Sustainability, and the Pace of Life in Or- in particular the pace of regeneration and another tower block, and a life of invisible ganisms, Cities, Economics and Companies innovation. For many of us, regeneration neighbours other than the person you meet (snappy title!). The New Scientist is not the provides an opportunity to continually tinker in the lift most mornings. first place one would instinctively look for and improve the fabric of the city. And we But through regeneration, we have also insight into the city, but seemingly the city can be quite confident that in a few years provided innovative solutions to thorny is- holds a far greater attraction to scientists time, someone else will come along and sues such as replacing the private car with than I first thought. start again or improve matters. Take the a car club and car share, and perhaps the The author of Scale, Geoffrey West, is a London Docklands for example: since the most honest and effective solution, simply physicist and a leading scientist studying bi- 1980s much of its built area has been twice stating ‘you can’t have one’. This is good ology and the behaviour and development of regenerated, firstly from a redundant dock provided that there is an alternative other cities. At the Santa Fe Institute, he is a lead once essential to the function of London to a than a bus stuck in traffic! I have nothing research investigator of cities, scaling, and city enterprise zone and a place to live, and against the bus, but whereas the private car sustainability. Its focus is to bring together secondly, to an essential worldwide banking has innovated its way to not needing a driver a number of urban disciplines and complex hub that evolved innovative ways to crash (or occupants for that matter), the bus re- system theorists to generate an integrated global markets. The rapid pace of regenera- mains in the medieval era, a cramped, slow and quantitative understanding of cities. As tion can be such that buildings going up and disease ridden experience. Give the bus discussed in the review, cities are consid- today, are ready to come down tomorrow, wifi at least, or better still, a barista, and ered to behave like organisms that keep on and projects can get regenerated before increase its speed and frequency. growing (but don't die) and the bigger the they even get off the drawing board (fortu- • population gets, the more the city’s inhabit- nately so in many cases, such as Palumbo’s Colin Pullan, Chair of Urban Design Group ants can develop. Bigger cities generate ambitions for a Mies Van Der Rohe glass and Director of NLP Planning

14 June 2017 August 2017 Diary of events 6.15pm Skills for Urban Design Summer Outing to be announced UCL survey findings, plus GLA recent survey of borough design skills with UCL 13 September 2017 Unless otherwise indicated, all LONDON 6.15pm Lessons from Vienna & other events are held at The Gallery, 70 Cowcross 5 July 2017 Subject to be announced Street, London EC1M 6EJ at 6.15 pm. 6.15pm Urban Design Group AGM followed Note that there are many other events run by lecture – to be announced 26 September 2017 by UDG volunteers throughout the UK. For 12.30-5.30pm The Future of Clerkenwell the latest details and pricing, please check 6 July 2017 Green and Farringdon after Crossrail on the UDG website www.udg.org.uk 2.30-5.30pm Urban Design Review of the speakers William Filmer-Sankey ABA, NPPF convenors Rob Cowan of Urban Design Ben Hamilton Bailie, and a representative of Skills & Past Director of UDG, Roger Evans LB Islington of Studio Real & Trustee of Urban Design Group, Mathew Carmona of UCL.

Urban Design ― spummer 2017 ― Issue 143 1

Savills Urban Design Studio Summer 2017 Urban Design Group Journal Innovative Consultancy 143urban ISSN 1750 712X estate DesiGn reGeneration Contents

Creating successful places through deliverable and sustainable design. By combining our technical skills, This issue has been generously sponsored Book reviews market knowledge and design experience with our commercial advice and creative innovation, the results by Savills 40 — Transit Street Design Guide, are responsive, successful and attractive solutions.

Note:- Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Map with the permission of the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office Crown copyright licence number 100024244 Savills (UK). Published for the purposes of identification only and although believed to be correct accuracy is not guaranteed. \\SOUTHAMPTON03\Data\URBAN DESIGN\JOBS\SNUD 341832 - Southern Gas Networks - Inner Harbour, Weymouth\B) Drawings\INDD\Digital Model. 19/06/15. National Association of City COVER Transportation Officials The Packington Estate, Islington 40 — The Servant Class: Urban Picture Tim Crocker Revitalization versus the Working savills.com/urbandesign Poor in San Diego, David J Karjanen London Cambridge Southampton Oxford Birmingham URBAN Peter Frankum James Rennie Chris Odgers Andrew Raven Anna Parsons e [email protected] e [email protected] e [email protected] e [email protected] e [email protected] DESIGN t 020 3320 8242 t 01223 347 260 t 02380 713901 t 01865 269 045 t 0121 6348475 GROUP FUTURE ISSUES 41 — Travel Fast or Smart: A Manifesto

Copyright Savills (UK). No dimensions are to be scaled from this drawing. All dimensions to be checked on site. Area measurements for indicative purposes only. project Inner Harbour, Weymouth drawing savills planning & regeneration Massing Model client Southern Gas Networks 2 Charlotte Place, Southampton date 19/06/2015 job no. SNUD341832 SO14 0TB N t 02380 713900 drawn by NH drawing no. MM001 savills.com/urbandesign checked by PF rev - scale NTS @A3 URBAN DESIGN UD144 Conservation and Urban Design for an Intelligent Transport Policy, UD Journal Back Page June 2017.indd 1 26/05/2017 13:30:52 GROUP UD145 North America David Metz Urban Design Group 41 — Performative Urbanism – Generating Chair Colin Pullan UPDATE and Designing Urban Space, Sophie Patrons Irena Bauman, Alan Baxter, 3 — Designing the Underworld Wolfrum and Nikolai Frhr. v. Brandis Dickon Robinson, Helle Søholt, Lindsey 3 — Africa (Eds.) Whitelaw and John Worthington 4 — The 2017 National Urban Design Awards 42 — PRACTICE INDEX Office 6 — Urban Design Study Tours 47 — EDUCATION INDEX Urban Design Group 8 — Urban Design Library #22 70 Cowcross Street 9 — My Favourite Plan: Peter Larkham ENDPIECE London EC1M 6EJ 49 — Uncommon People, Joe Holyoak Tel 020 7250 0892 VIEWPOINT Email [email protected] 10 — Designing Streets for Good Health: Website www.udg.org.uk Now and in the Future, Richard Crappsley Editorial Board Matthew Carmona, Richard Cole, Topic: Estate Regeneration Tim Hagyard, Joe Holyoak, 13 — Introduction by Topic Editor Sebastian Loew, Daniela Lucchese, Peter Frankum Jane Manning, Chris Martin, 14 — Altered Estates, Andrew Beharrell Malcolm Moor, Geoff Noble, 18 — Housing Estates and the Role of Urban Judith Ryser, Louise Thomas Design, Hilary Satchwell and Lizzie Cowan Editors 21 — Leathermarket, Southwark, Sebastian Loew (this issue) Alanna Reid [email protected] 24 — People, Participation and Place, and Marcus Adams Louise Thomas 27 — A Different Approach: Mons-en- [email protected] Baroeul, Didier Joseph-François 30 — Regenerating with Complete Streets, Book Review Editor Yolande Barnes and Peter Frankum Jane Manning 33 — Weavers Quarter, a New Neighbourhood in Barking, Design Gary Tidmarsh trockenbrot 36 — Estate Regeneration: an Individual (Claudia Schenk and Anja Sicka) Art, Brendan Kilpatrick www.trockenbrot.com

Printing Henry Ling Ltd © Urban Design Group ISSN 1750 712X

Advertising enquiries Please contact the UDG office

Material for publication Please send text by email to the editors. Images to be supplied as jpeg

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 2 leader An Unpredictable Future

In the last issue of this journal we published a How do we know that current regeneration series of articles on the connections between projects, designed with the best of intentions and health and the quality of the city environment. the best skills currently available, respond not just Several proposals were put forward to improve to today’s needs but to tomorrow’s? The answer the health of the population through good design is almost certainly that we don’t know but that and by inter alia encouraging an active life. In we have to do the best we can. We know that as this issue’s Viewpoint, Richard Crappsley returns a result of a deteriorating environment and fast to the subject to remind us that new technology technological changes, the way people will live in could affect how people will use urban space the future will be different, but we don’t yet have in the future in ways that we had not foreseen. the tools to design for that unpredictable future. In other words, we may be applying yesterday’s solutions to what may soon be yesterday’s In this country, the UK general election that has problems. just taken place followed the trend of the past 12 months in producing challenging results. This issue tackles another major problem; how Such unpredictable and dramatic events in the to deal with a very serious housing shortage and world are shaking confidence in well established at the same time make the best use of a housing institutions. In our professions, we can only stock that was designed for a very different era show humility and accept that our beliefs and the and has become largely dysfunctional. Most of solutions we are offering today may not be the the contributors agree that as the (mostly public) right ones for the next generation.• housing estates of the 1970s were designed with layouts that ruptured the traditional urban Sebastian Loew, architect and planner, writer and consultant grain and the relationship between buildings and streets, the fabric of the city needs mending. There is also consensus that to succeed regeneration schemes have to take into account the wishes of the existing communities. We should however remember (as Andrew Beharrell points out on p.16) when these estates were built, they were seen as the right solution How to join and were welcomed by the residents. To join the Urban Design Group, visit www.udg.org.uk and see the benefits of taking out an annual membership.

Individual (UK and international) £50 UK student / concession £30 Recognised Practitioner in Urban Design £80 Small practice (<5 professional staff) £250 Large practice (>5 professional staff) £450 Education £250 Local Authority £100 UK Library £80 International Library £100

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 update 3

spaces underneath its streets. Currently Atkins, an insight into utility design for the utility companies can install their equipment Olympic Park, which included district heat- pretty much when and where they want. ing and 3D mapping. The result is a complex and uncoordinated At a second event in Birmingham under spaghetti-like web of uncharted pipes, the aegis of the University of Birmingham, cables and conduits. Some streets are so full speakers looked at costs and options such as of this infrastructure that there is no room combined utility tunnels. At the most recent for anything else, and little scope for further event in March, delegates heard about the adaptation to modern needs. When utilities controls introduced in New Zealand, and AE- need to be replaced or serviced, damage is COM’s work on a development at the western done to the road structure, and street-work- edge of Cambridge, which includes most of ers are put at risk of serious or fatal injury the features mentioned above. An organi- by unmapped cables (there are over 10,000 sation called Think Deep UK has also been utility strikes each year). If subsurface established. Image: Dr Dexter Hunt, University of Birmingham spaces were formally designed and positively These linked events have pointed to a controlled, there would be the potential for: number of requirements including: Sub-surface waste management: the Accurate mapping of all existing utilities • pavement blocking bin and bag sys- • Building Information Modelling for streets tems that blight most of the UK’s streets • and buildings, covering utilities, drainage, and are hazards for blind and partially trees, waste management, etc. sighted people, could be replaced by A regime to ensure that the surface below underground cassettes or pneumatic pipe • streets is designed and managed. Primary systems legislation may be needed Designing the District heating systems The development of ordered subsurface Underworld • SuDS, rain gardens, pluvial flood risk • designs and technologies, including • reduction ducts, combined utilities conduits and The Gallery, London 7 December 2016 Water sensitive urban design, including tunnels, and • rainwater recycling A funding system which will pay for the Birmingham, 1 February 2017  Street trees • higher initial capital costs. Ecobuild, London, 9 March 2017 • High quality street surfaces. The waste and inefficiency caused by the • present system is pervasive. We all experi- At the first event, UDG director Robert Hux- ence poor quality streets that are perma- The UDG hosted the first of a series of three ford provided an introductory overview, Pe- nently being dug up. We should not tolerate events aimed at raising awareness of the ter Jinks of Times Construction, a case study this situation. lost opportunities caused by the chaotic in underground waste collection technology, • and wasteful way that the UK manages the and John Wilson and Gavin Cunningham of Robert Huxford, Director, UDG

Africa and security were crucial to enable commu- nities to invest in their informal settlements, The Gallery, London, 12 April 2017 without which Africa would not be able to cope. However, tenure was interpreted dif- ferently in different cultures. For example in Egypt, Islam would prevent eviction from This event about what urban design can illegal premises while they are occupied. contribute to Africa's spatial development Controlling land tenure was precarious and attracted a full house including many design- best relaxed somewhat, as subletting and re- ers of African origin. Daniela Lucchese, topic selling also eases overall housing shortages. editor of UD Issue 141, stressed the size and An important task of urban designers was diversity of the African continent, its rapid to propose projects, and solutions for up- communities. The panellists deplored the urbanisation but still large rural population. grading informal settlements. However, the general lack of professionals in Africa and its She proposed a conversation between the serious lack of urban management exper- antiquated legislation. audience and the panel, many of whom had tise was considered the biggest obstacle to The discussion concluded on the role of contributed to the Africa issue: Colin James, urban improvement. Engaging with commu- urban designers, be they of African origin Tom Carter, Tony Lloyd Jones, Hatem Nabib, nities was seen as essential for any policies and educated in the West, or Westerners Omar Sheriff and Sureiya Pochee, focusing or projects to be realised. Contrary to here interested in contributing to projects in Af- on land ownership and tenure; culture, as an in the West, communities were 'ready made' rica. Manifestly the contacts established in integral part of why cities develop and how in Africa and did not need to be constructed. educational institutions in the West were people are shaping and using them; technol- This was perceived as a great asset, together important, as African ex-students invited ogy with the example of mobile telecom- with the optimism and energy driving African their tutors to participate back home in their munication, which has brought fundamental communities. planning and urban design activity. This changes to living conditions; and, the lessons The technology question concentrat- event really showed the issues in different that could be learned from Africa and lead to ed on professional capacity and how to parts of the world of great interest to urban new ways of seeing. Overarching this was the develop an urban design toolbox appropri- designers. need for urban designers to respect place, ate to African conditions. Opinions varied • people and project, rather than economy about the usefulness of masterplans. Their Judith Ryser, researcher, journalist, writer and efficiency. best possible contribution was data collec- and urban affairs consultant to Fundacion The panellists agreed that land tenure tion and bringing together stakeholders and Metropoli, Madrid

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 4 update

1 Overview of the room during the Award ceremony 2 The Charles Alexander band with TIm Pharoah at the double bass

1 2 in UD 142). Active and independent living, This year, the UDG decided to introduce The 2017 National access to a healthy diet and social interac- a new award for Outstanding Contribu- Urban Design Awards tion, were some of the themes that Marcus tion to Urban Design. This was presented suggested could be helped by good design. by Colin Pullan to long-standing UDG pa- London, Victory Services Club, Over a hundred years ago engineers and tron Alan Baxter for his pioneering work in 2 March 2017 planners reacted against epidemics and people-focussed design, including street managed to eradicate them. Today’s health design in Poundbury which created a practi- problems are different but no less serious cal precedent for others to follow, and in the and we need to deal with them as radically encouragement of multi-disciplinary work- Once again the now well-established Na- as they did. ing both in his practice and in the shared tional Urban Design Awards ceremony took After thanking Marcus for his stimulating workspace at 70 Cowcross Street. This has place at the Victory Services Club in central speech, Amanda explained the awards judg- become a hub for built environment prac- London on 2nd March and as before it was ing process. The first award of the evening, tices and voluntary organisations, including a convivial event enabling the 100 or so for student work during the past year, was the UDG. attendees to network as well as celebrate introduced by Sebastian Loew, chair of the After an interval for refreshments and achievements in urban design. Taking place judging panel. From a shortlist of three, the more music, Richard Coutts of BACA Ar- just a few days after the slightly more glittery masterplan for Charlton Riverside in Green- chitects, last year’s other joint winners of Oscar ceremony in Los Angeles, it was inevi- wich by four students of the Bartlett School last year’s Practice Awards, gave a second table that jokes referred to mixing envelopes, of Planning at University College London key note speech, He referred to some of his as well as to that person who is supposed to (Brian Yuen, Douglas Lee, Cassie Tang and firm’s recent work, particularly dealing with be the leader of the free world. Throughout Wilson Wong) was chosen. The winners unu- the public realm and connectivity in their the evening, real life entertainment was pro- sually were undergraduate planners; their Masterplan for Dover waterfront. vided by the Charles Alexander band. scheme was particularly interesting in that The next award category was for the For the first time this year, UDG members they had made an effort to keep and enhance Public Sector achievements. Four short vid- had received a full brochure based on the industry on a mixed use urban site. Their eos presented the submissions of Croydon, same format as this journal which included entry for the award had also made clear the Plymouth, South Oxfordshire and Swindon all the shortlisted entries as well as articles lessons that they had learned in the process. Councils. The winner, chosen by the UDG on the awards, their background, their im- Janet Tibbalds presented the £600 award to membership’s voting, was Croydon Borough portance and the way they were judged. be shared by the four students. Council for their work on Connected Croy- After networking and drinks, the UDG The second category, the Book Award was don. Malcolm Moor introduced the Practice Chair Colin Pullan opened the formal part introduced by Louie Sieh who is the conven- Award that followed. Here too, there were of the evening, referring to the fact that the or of the Book Award panel. Having invited brief presentations of each of the short- awards commemorate the late Francis Tib- publishers to submit books, the panel had listed schemes by HTA, NODE, Tibbalds and balds, ‘a truly great figure who devoted much first chosen eight, and then shortlisted four URBED. Like the previous category, the win- of his career to advancing the cause of better titles. Louie gave an overview of the kind of ner was voted for by the membership, and urban design’, and thanked his widow Janet concerns covered by the current literature was NODE for the Knowledge Hub Master- Tibbalds and the Francis Tibbalds Trust for observing that there were fewer ‘spatial’ is- plan in Birmingham. The winner of this award supporting the event. sues than on previous years. She also outlined receives £1,000 donated by the Francis Tib- The first keynote speaker of the evening the criteria that the judges used to choose the balds Trust, to be spent on a UDG study tour was then introduced by Amanda Reynolds – winner and how difficult it had been to get to or the equivalent. Marcus Wilshere, former chair and current an agreement. However, in the end they all Finally Roger Evans, one of the UDG’s trustee of the UDG, who was also, as part agreed that Housing Cairo: The Informal Re- Trustees, and former chair of the group, in- of the IBI Group, one of the joint winners of sponse edited by Marc Angelli and Charlotte troduced the Lifetime Achievement Award, last year’s Practice Awards. Under the title ‘A Malterre-Barthes was the winner. The pub- which is given to a person thought to have Day in the Life’ he referred to his firm’s work lisher Andreas Ruby received the award from contributed through a series of achievements undertaken since last year, with particular Janet Tibbalds, and in thanking the UDG men- throughout his or her career, to progress emphasis on designing for healthy places, an tioned how important such accolades were and improvement in the quality of the ur- issue now high on the agenda (also covered for a small publishing house like his. ban environment. Roger and Janet Tibbalds

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 update 5

5

3

6

3 Participants enjoying dinner during the Awards ceremony 4 The NODE team winners of the practice award with Janet Tibbalds and Malcolm Moore 4 presented the well-deserved award to Tim Oxfordshire District Council Pharoah for his modest approach and per- Swindon Residential Design Guide, Swindon 7 sistent commitment, both as a town planner Borough Council and transport planner, to the primacy of the pedestrian over vehicle movement, thus Shortlisted Student entries ensuring that the important components of Charlton Riverside Masterplan, Brian quality of life in the built environment are Yuen, Douglas Lee, Cassie Tang and Wilson regarded. Tim, who until that moment in the Wong – winner evening had been playing the double bass Lanes You’’ Love, Jo White with the Charles Alexander band entertain- Athens: Landscape City, Lucy Feinberg ing the audience, had therefore to perform a double act. He managed to thank the group Shortlisted books in a few heartfelt words before returning to Human Ecology – How Nature and Culture play music! Shape our World, Frederic Steiner 8 Colin Pullan concluded the formal part Zoning Rules! The Economics of Land Use of the evening by thanking Janet Tibbalds Regulations and the Tibbalds Trust for their support. The Concurrent Urbanities, Designing Infrastruc- band played on and networking continued ture of Inclusion, Ed. Miodrag Mitrasinovic for a while. The Urban Climatic Map: A Methodology for Sustainable Urban Planning. Ed. Edward Ng Shortlisted practice projects and Chao Ren Mulberry Park and Foxhill Estate regenera- Housing Cairo: The Informal Response, tion, HTA Design LLP Ed. Marc Angelil and Charlotte Malterre- Knowledge Hub Masterplan, NODE Barthes – winner – winner Infratecture. Infrastructure by Design, Marc Regent’s Park Estate, Camden, Tibbalds Verheijen 9 5 Tim Pharoah accepting his award for Planning and Urban Design Landscape and Urbanism: A General Theory, Lifetime Achievement Vaux Brewery, Sunderland, URBED Charles Waldheim 6 Publisher Andreas Ruby accepting Sharing Cities – A Case for Truly Smart and the book award with Janet Tibbalds Shortlisted Public Sector Sustainable Cities, Duncan McLaren and and Louie Sieh 7 Three students being presented with entries Julian Ageyman the award by Janet Tibbalds Connected Croydon, London Borough of • 8 Clare Coats representing Alan Baxter Croydon Council – winner Sebastian Loew receiving the award for outstanding Plymouth City Centre and Waterfront Mas- contribution to urban design 9 Vincent Lacovara of Croydon terplans, Plymouth City Council Borough Council, receiving the award South Oxfordshire Design Guide, South for the public sector

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 6 update

stations and a number of public buildings, including the superb Postal Bank. Our group spent the afternoon walking through the historic centre within the Ring, a Unesco heritage site, where baroque and Secession monuments mix with gothic churches and contemporary buildings. The variety of styles within a harmonious unity is one of the strik- ing characteristics of the city; another is the abundance of small independent shops. In addition most of the centre is either pedes- trianised or calmed to the extent that it feels pedestrian. We moved from the over the top baroque Hofburg, the residence of Austrian emperors, to the 1912 Looshaus, and from Otto Wagner’s pavilions at Karlsplatz to Rachel’s Whiteread’s Holocaust memorial, 1 walking through narrow and sometimes cob- Urban Design Study After a couple of short walks around bled streets, unchanged for centuries. the oldest parts of the city, we had a very On Sunday morning, we toured the en- Tours informative introduction to the planning tirely new district of Aspern Seestadt which strategy of the city authorities - the above will house 20,000 people by 2028, and of- Vienna 20 – 24 April 2017, led by mentioned STEP 2025 - by Pia Hlava of the fer about the same number of jobs. Though Sebastian Loew Vienna city planning department. The city at the moment only about 6,000 residents Further Austrian cities 24 – 28 April is building some 10,000 dwellings a year, have moved in, the streets with shops, 2017, led by Alan Stones most of it subsidised and on brownfield land, landscape and street furniture, park and a although this is increasingly hard to find; lake are already there. The place has a feel- so it is also rehabilitating existing housing ing of urbanity and as elsewhere in Vienna, and building on small infill sites. Other poli- buildings are of uniform height but of varied Not surprisingly Vienna has been at the top cies include protecting employment in the designs, creating a harmonious but not uni- of the Mercer’s index for quality of life for city and collaborating with surrounding lo- form ensemble. After this stimulating tour the past 8 years (for comparison, London cal authorities to reduce commuting by car. of Seestadt and for the rest of our stay in is No.39). The reasons for such a high score Following the talk, a guided visit by coach Vienna, the group divided to visit different may not include urban design specifically allowed us to admire first hand the quality urban attractions of the city: Karl-Mark Hof, but, as the participants in the UDG tour ob- of new housing developments: medium rise, a major and magnificent example of inter- served, they may well be the result of good high density but with generous open space war social housing, still functioning and in thinking about how to manage a city and how and local amenities. One striking feature was impeccable condition; the renovated 1899 to make it attractive, inclusive, comfortable the mixture of tenures in the same building, Gasometers, now converted to residential and healthy. with the first four floors being subsidised and commercial uses; some Secession villas, At present 50 per cent of the area of the social rented and the top two privately fi- the gardens of the Belvedere Palace, etc. city is open or green space and in spite of nanced. In addition to the Nordbanhof area, As was the case in previous UDG tours, the population growth, and the consequent we visited the campus of the new Business many lessons could be learned from what amount of new building, the authorities in- University with the stunning Zaha Hadid li- other cities are doing in planning and urban tend to maintain this proportion by applying brary, and the more business oriented and design, and Britain doesn’t come out very strict standards to new development. They high rise Donau-City. The visit ended with well in the comparison. Colleagues admired are also creating a city-wide open space a tour of the famous Vienna Ring, the wide the careful coordination of public transport, network to ensure that everyone has easy boulevard that replaced the fortifications at the thoughtful street furniture and traffic access to ‘high quality spaces of leisure and the end of the 19th century and became the control, the high level of social housing con- exercise’. Vienna’s other important policy re- preferred location for grand public build- struction, the mix of uses, the open spaces, lates to mobility: the current strategic plan ings and private palaces. To end the first and commented that in most cases Vienna’s (STEP2025) aims for a modal split in which day we made a quick detour to see a couple successes were the result of a strong public 80 per cent of the population uses public of Hundertwasser buildings, eccentric and sector willing to invest and manage for the transport, cycling or walking and only 20 per surprising in what seems to be a conserva- benefit of its population. cent travel by car. Even today the car usage tive city. is only 28 per cent, much lower than that of The morning of the second day was spent Further Austrian Cities public transport. visiting an area outside the Ring, includ- Eighteen of the participants in the Vienna Our group of 27, some of the time joined ing the large Museum Quarter located in tour continued towards Austria’s second, by Alan Stone’s 17 faithful followers, were the former stables of the Emperor, and the third, fourth and fifth cities, Graz, Linz, Salz- able to judge and take advantage of the city’s recently partly pedestrianised and partly burg and Innsbruck. As a quarter of Austria’s amenities during the four day visit. Lodged calmed Mariahilfer Strasse, Vienna’s answer population lives in the capital, these cities in a tower overlooking the vast redevelop- to Oxford Street, which showed what could are in a much smaller league, and, with the ment centred on the new transport hub of be done here. The morning ended with a visit exception of Linz (pop. 181,000), are not the Hauptbahnhof, we could admire the to the Naschmarkt, a large linear market contemplating the peripheral expansion ambition and the design of this new neigh- located on top of the covered river Wien. necessary around Vienna. Linz, capital of bourhood which will eventually house some Otto Wagner is better known as a Secession Upper Austria, is unusual in having a well- 13,000 people and create 20,000 jobs. From architect but he was also an urban designer. established industrial and employment base there and with a transport pass that allows His dream of creating a boulevard failed but and independent art scene. In recent years it access to all public transport in the capital he managed three apartment houses splen- has hosted the iconic Ars Electronica Centre we managed to visit a wide range of both his- didly decorated in Secession style. He was (Treusch Architecture 2009) and the Lentos toric and new areas. also responsible for a series of underground Art Museum (Weber and Hofer 2003) on the

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 update 7

Danube frontage, and is now developing the 4,000 residents Solar City in a peripheral location linked by tram to the city centre. A former tobacco factory by Peter Behrens has been acquired by the city and is being trans- formed with workspaces and other uses. Graz (pop. 222,000) capital of Styria, has a beautiful historic centre nestled below a castle hill, its main street and market square fronted by baroque mansions, with delight- ful alleys and courtyards behind. It too has hosted iconic architectural interventions, such as the revamped Kastner and Öhler de- partment store by Szyszkowitz and Kowalski with its panoramic roof terrace, the Archi- gram-inspired Modern Art Museum by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier, and more recently a dramatic new railway station by Zechner and Zechner. The active architecture scene from 2 the 1970s onward was known as the Graz School, and the city continues its design fo- cus with its status as a UNESCO Design City. (Coincidentally Karla Kowalski, Colin Fourni- er and the two UDG tour organisers are all 1969 alumni of the Architectural Association Department of Planning and Urban Design). Salzburg’s (pop. 150,000) picturesque old town, dominated by the Hohensalzburg castle, former seat of the Prince-Archbish- ops, is popular with tourists, who also throng to the annual music festival. Much of the historic centre is dominated by the extensive 18th century Residenzpalace and cathedral, commissioned by the Prince-Archbishops Italian designs. The sole modern interven- tion is the Museum der Moderne art gallery, 3 4 a horizontal building attached to the neo- gothic former Café Winkler, which acts as a counterpoint to the Hohensalzburg castle on the Mönchsberg on the opposite bank of the river Salzach. Innsbruck (pop. 112,500) capital of the Tyrol, is also centred on a royal palace, the Hofburg, seat of the Habsburgs before they moved to Vienna. Its main street, the Maria- Theresien-Strasse, is fronted by imposing baroque town houses, but also by the wavy- fronted Kaufhaus shopping centre by David Chipperfield. All this would have been set off by a dramatic mountain backcloth, had not our day been one of unremitting rain and low 5 6 cloud. The lack of of visibility also precluded trams underground to facilitate interchange. enjoyment of the new funicular railway lead- Unsurprisingly, all the cities have pedestri- ing up to otherwise spectacular views from anised their main streets and squares, those the Hungerburg, with stations and structures with tram systems allowing trams through by Zaha Hadid. Innsbruck is not alone in hav- the pedestrian zone. Austrian cities have ing elevated views over the city: Graz and a tendency to focus their main squares on Salzburg have cable railways up to their cas- elaborate baroque columns, the one in Linz tles, and Linz has Europe’s steepest tramway being a copy of the ornate Trinity Column in leading up to the Pöstlingberg, with extensive Vienna, built in thanksgiving for deliverance views over the Danube and the city centre. from plague in the late 18th century. Three of the cities we visited retain ex- Our rainy day in Innsbruck intensified 7 tensive tram systems. Graz has six lines, next day into heavy snow, resulting in a Tyro- Linz three and Innsbruck three. All are plan- lean late-winter wonderland and disrupting 1 Both UDG groups ning future extensions. Salzburg, however, our rail journey back to London. Fortunately in Nordbahnhof new 4 Vienna’s Karl Marx has a network of 11 trolleybus routes, which we managed to make up time and avoid be- development Hof, inter-war public replaced trams in 1941. All the cities apart ing stranded en-route! 2 Zaha Hadid library housing development from Salzburg have rebuilt their main rail- • in the new Vienna 5 Main square in Graz business university 6 Graz Modern Art way stations with sub-surface concourses, Sebastian Loew and Alan Stones, architect- 3 A street in Seestadt Museum in the case of Linz and Graz putting their planner, urban design consultant Aspern 7 Main square in Linz

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 8 update

In the 1920s Aldous Huxley described downtown, a heightened environmental Los Angeles as 19 suburbs in search of a me- awareness, even, at long last, an operational tropolis. And whilst LA has claim to a heart rapid transit system. But it is still a city fac- around the old Mexican pueblo, its centre is ing high levels of deprivation and homicide, far less evident than in any other city of its fuelled by drug crime, gangs and racism. size. Banham offers no more than a footnote What does Banham’s book offer to ur- on downtown ‘for that is all it deserves’. In- ban designers today? The vibrancy of LA is stead, the focus is on the suburbs of Watts, evident, but the city is an extreme contrast Santa Monica and Venice Beach, as well as from the European urban model, with its the strips connecting them, especially the well-defined and fine-grained core ringed twelve miles of Wilshire Boulevard. with suburbs on a walkable scale. LA is the Like other outside commentators – product of an exceptional set of circum- Rasmussen in London, Mary McCarthy in stances, almost certainly unrepeatable. The Florence – Banham provides a detached and book is hardly a manual of best practice and perceptive view of his subject. Whilst not at one level serves as a counterblast to the uncritical, the book is ultimately a love letter doctrines of Banham’s contemporaries, Kevin to a city that breaks all the European rules of Lynch and Jane Jacobs. This alone makes it a compact and concentrated spatial organisa- refreshing read. tion. Quoting Richard Austin Smith, Banham The vitality of the text matches that of its says that the LA will only be fully understood subject, without being tempted to its sprawl. by those who can move freely through its The monochrome photographs are well cho- Urban Design Library diffuse urban texture: ‘...so, like earlier gen- sen, if sometimes rather sootily reproduced, erations of English intellectuals who taught and there are useful maps drawn by Mary #22 themselves Italian in order to read Dante Banham. in the original, I learned to drive in order to • Los Angeles, The Architecture of Four read Los Angeles in the original’. Geoff Noble, urban design and heritage Ecologies, Rayner Banham On his journey Banham explodes some consultant myths. Whilst LA is undoubtedly a city of the automobile, its form was not made by it. 1 Rayner Banham Loves Los Angeles https:// Instead it was the railways that first linked www.youtube.com/watch?v=WlZ0NbC-YDo City of Angels. Smogville. Tinsel Town. distant townships and the city spread sea- Internal Combustion City. Los Angeles has ward from the hills, rather than growing Read on long attracted epithets and put-downs, inland from the port. The Camino Real, the Peter Hall, 1998, Cities in Civilisation, whilst also generating its own mythology in old Spanish military road, provided another, Weidenfeld and Nicholson Hollywood. Does the city deserve the flak north-south axis. Banham emphasises the Deyan Sudjic,1992, 100 Mile City, Harcourt it has received? In 1971 an intrigued English vital role of water and power supplies in the Brace. academic set out to retrieve something of city’s growth, a topic familiar to viewers of Mike Davis, 1990, City of Quartz, Vintage Los Angeles’ reputation and to find out what Polanski’s Chinatown. Robert Venturi & Denise Scott Brown, 1968 makes it so distinctive. Banham makes a surprising and ques- Learning from Las Vegas, MIT Press Peter Rayner Banham (1922-88) was Pro- tionable claim of Los Angeles as a walkable fessor of Architectural History at the Bartlett city, pointing out that the 12 mile commercial in the sixties and seventies, who also lived strip of Wilshire Boulevard is only one block and taught at various American institutions. deep, and with residential development im- He published several books including Theory mediately behind, allows in theory at least, and Design in the First Machine Age, and only a short stroll to work or to the shops. was an early chronicler of Brutalism. Banham The book does not set out to be an ar- also contributed essays and reviews to many chitectural guide of Los Angeles, on the newspapers and periodicals. reasonable grounds that others had already Los Angeles is Banham’s best known done that job. But the author writes well work and has rarely been out of print since about the houses of the wealthy in the Holly- its publication in 1972. The book also in- wood Hills, designed and beautifully crafted spired a BBC film, Rayner Banham Loves Los by Richard Neutra, Frank Lloyd Wright and Angeles (still available online1) in which the Rudolph Schindler. Noting trends in contem- presenter’s tall, heavily bearded form ex- porary architecture, Banham praises a new plores the boulevards and freeways like an studio designed by a young Frank Gehry. urban Attenborough. Turning to commercial buildings, Ban- The city’s short but eventful history is ham likens them to making a hamburger. outlined, beginning with its roots in the Bread and the beef patty provide the struc- Spanish colony on the plain and the Mexican ture, but garnish is also needed (it seems ranchos. Los Angeles grew rapidly; at the that slivers of red apple were de rigueur in time of writing, Banham observed that the 1971). So too with buildings on the strip, their urban area was 70 miles across but, apart simple shed-like forms vigorously embel- from a few remnants, was barely seventy lished with all manner of colours, decoration years deep. Accordingly, the author foregoes and signage. In making this observation Ban- a chronological narrative for a thematic ap- ham anticipates Venturi and Scott Brown’s proach, interleaving chapters on architecture inquiry, Learning from Las Vegas. with four themes or ‘ecologies’. These are Like many classics, Los Angeles it is both labelled as Surfurbia, Foothills, the Plains of of its time and timeless. Almost half a cen- Id and Autopia, ranging across the territory tury has passed, the city is even bigger and from the sea to the mountains. much else changed; greater intensification

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 update 9

Current position Professor of Planning and Centre Lead, Re- silient Environments Centre, Birmingham City University.

Education BA Geography, University of Manchester; PhD, University of Birmingham FRGS, FRHistS

Specialisms History of planning, especially post- Second World War reconstruction; urban morphology; urban conservation

Ambition To make education relevant: so an ambi- tion was realised when a former student visited after several years in practice and said ‘Now I realise why you made us do that!’ Now, can we make it even more interesting and memorable?

and Country Planning Act, soon pushed us graphics need not be data-rich and complex. My Favourite Plan – to much more text-heavy plans. These may In this light we might also reconsider our Peter Larkham be full of evidence-based and relevant ideas, effective use of new technologies: we need to but they certainly don’t come across easily seize the opportunity afforded by high-tech Copenhagen ’Finger Plan’ to the lay reader. graphics and communication media, but not (Fingerplanen) 1947 We might forget that not everyone has to over-complicate our communication. After a well-developed spatial awareness (the all, many of us are, if not technophobes, Regional Planning Office (1947, rise in satnav use alone might tell us this!). then at least not wholly comfortable with the reprinted 1993) Skitseforslag Reading and interpreting maps and under- latest gadgets. til Egnsplan for Storkøbenhavn standing scale, are learned skills not innate A second lesson is the enduring power (Copenhagen: Regional Planning knowledge. Relating text to real places on of a plan. The finger plan is still an essen- Office). the ground, and how they may change over tial part of the Copenhagen’s planning, time, is equally problematic. So a plan that being regularly reviewed and updated. We manages to catch the public attention with shouldn’t throw out one generation’s power- Why I like it …. simple graphics, and sticks in the collective ful ideas when the next generation changes This ‘plan’ is both powerful image and memory for decades, is intrinsically likeable. the bathwater. A simple plan, effectively visionary proposal. In recent decades, we The outstretched fingers, interweav- communicated, can be responsive to chang- have lost to a considerable extent the art of ing settlement and open countryside, have ing circumstances and needs. In this case communicating the vision of planning and formed an enduring and effective relation- we now have a sixth finger, with the develop- urban design to a broad public. This plan ship between urban, peri-urban and rural. It ment of Ørestadt, and the Øresund bridge presents a very striking and simple im- has influenced many other places to think of link to Sweden and Malmö in particular. The age. That cover image alone is memorable features such as green wedges rather than plan is accommodating new forms of growth, (and fairly accurate): it is the equivalent of green belts. transit-oriented development, and other Frank Pick’s remarkably simple and effective aspirations of sustainable development London Underground schematic map. In the What to learn from it and urban form. Surely effective design and UK, during and immediately after the Second This plan has two lessons for us: first, of planning should aspire to this; nearly seven World War we produced dozens of ‘advisory’ course, is to push us to communicate more decades of influence must be cost-effective. or ‘outline’ plans, with numerous illustra- clearly, and perhaps more simply, the Information on the current draft revision tions (maps, graphs, photographs, drawings, complex messages that our professions is available at: https://erhvervsstyrelsen.dk/ even paintings) but the specification for produce from the mass of evidence that we fingerplanrevision-20162017 development plans following the 1947 Town collect and analyse. It suggests that effective

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 10 viewpoint

Designing Streets for Good Health: Now and in the Future Richard Crappsley speculates how driverless vehicles could help or hinder objectives of ‘healthy’ street design

space for both formal and informal activities – e.g. parklets and café seating – or facilitat- ing space for casual uses and social interac- tion, making streets places that people want to spend time in. Safety and security measures to dis- suade• crime and enhance sense of personal security such as good visibility, pedestri- an-focused lighting, activity and natural surveillance. Comfort for all, including reducing the impacts• of traffic noise, providing shelter from weather, and ensuring regular spaces to stop that provide a variety of seating to meet different user needs. Equitable access, which not only means accessibility• for people with limited mobil- ity, but also making streets welcoming 1 and available to all, regardless of personal Cities face a number of critical health-relat- principles we have long been advocating characteristics. ed issues, such as impacts of poor air qual- form the essential components of healthy ity, sedentary behaviour leading to disease, street design. It’s not rocket science, and it’s How might AVs help contribute and an increasingly aged population. Issue not new. It’s about taking a people-focused to healthy streets objectives? 142 of Urban Design explored how these approach to street design, including: The people-focused approach to streets complex and multi-faceted problems can be Reallocating road space away from outlined above is based on our collective addressed at different urban scales, from vehicles• – fewer and narrower lanes, less on- experience as urban designers, within the the city to the street. As an urban designer street parking, more space for walking and context of relatively gradual changes in working on street design and guidance cycling, whilst maintaining space for public transport technology. However, rapid change within both UK and US contexts, I believe transport. Ultimately this is about reduc- is coming in the form of AVs, with significant that retrofitting our streets to make them ing demand for car travel by making other implications in terms of street design. The ‘healthier’ is an essential part of addressing modes more attractive, in turn reducing traf- transition period to a full AV fleet replacing these issues. The health benefits of street fic emissions and personal injury collisions. manually-driven vehicles on the roads will design are now being explicitly discussed Pedestrian facilities of excellent func- be a matter of several decades, subject to through the ‘complete streets’ movement in tionality,• with pedestrian footway zones of the interplay between technology, culture, both Latin and North America, and in the UK comfortable width, uncluttered by furniture and regulation; however, it is likely that AVs through the new Healthy Streets approach or other obstructions, and well-designed will appear on our streets within a few years. being promoted by the Greater London crossings that meet desire lines; all making We need to explore the design implications Authority and Transport for London as well it easy for people of all ages to walk, help- now, considering how they may affect our as through the Design Council’s Active by ing combat sedentary lifestyles and reduce experience of the street environment, and Design programme. This is great news, but disease risk. maximise their contribution to a healthy we have a new challenge on the horizon: Bicycle infrastructure that supports safe street approach. what will the arrival of Autonomous Vehicles and• comfortable cycling regardless of age or Articles written on the likely effects of (AVs, aka driverless cars) mean in terms of confidence, providing protection or separa- AVs have focused on how they are likely to street design and health? tion on busier roads, promoting sharing on change travel experience from a driver’s per- quieter roads, and connecting into a wider spective. Conjecture about their impact on A healthy approach to street network. street design has been limited to vehicular design Slowing traffic using design elements considerations, such as that carriageway Streets are the main component of cities’ like• narrow traffic lanes, tight corners and space will be able to be used more effi- public realm, and the part we use daily. They visual elements to encourage steady and ciently; that fewer on-street parking spaces are also a significant proportion of total land slow driving, making streets generally safer will be required due to the prevalence of a area: in London 12.3 per cent of land area and more comfortable for non-motorised shared use model of ownership; and that is given over to streets, almost as much as users. AVs will become mobile places in their own the land area occupied by buildings (13.4 Greening using trees and planting to right within which one can work, rest or play. per cent)1. Taking a ‘complete’ or ‘healthy’ combat• urban heat island effects, manage As yet there has been little discussion about approach to street design means maximis- stormwater run-off through sustainable how they might influence people’s experi- ing the public good that can be achieved drainage, and shade streets during hot ence of streets and places. This is something from this infrastructure. Fortunately for us, weather to support active travel choices. that Steer Davies Gleave are about to inves- urban designers, it seems that the design • On-street activity, through provision of tigate through a design research project, Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 viewpoint 11

1 A downtown street with complete or healthy street design principles applied 2 Conceptual illustration of a city street with AVs, communicating with other vehicles, infrastructure, and users images by Steer Davies Gleave specifically examining the implications for different place typologies within UK and SU contexts. The results of this work will be shared later this year, but in advance of this, I want to explore some potential street de- 2 sign implications. demand. AVs may also attract people from or city centres? From here, it is easy to im- There is a broad consensus amongst other modes of transport due to ease of agine that some might suggest separation of those who have written about AVs that re- use, reduced congestion, a higher level of people and traffic in particular areas, which placement of manually-operated cars will comfort, and the opportunity for more flex- would be a retrograde step following the be beneficial in terms of health. Certainly ible use of travel time, potentially leading to decades of work by urban designers to com- it seems likely that removing human error demand for more vehicles within the same bat such an approach, and certainly not in from the dangerous activity of driving will re- space. This will however depend on the type line with healthy street design principles. duce highways-related personal injuries and of trips people use AVs for. In the transition- deaths. Assuming AVs are electric vehicles, al period from manually-operated vehicles Final thoughts or use a hybrid engine, then tailpipe emis- AVs are likely to be slow, with much stopping Of course there is a swathe of other con- sions will be reduced or eliminated, greatly and starting due to interactions with other siderations related to AVs to be addressed improving local air quality (though emissions road users, so they may well be used for – from technological to ethical – and my will still be generated at point of energy shorter ‘first and last mile’ type trips rather speculations above will continue to be production), and noise pollution will also be than longer distance journeys. Therefore it speculations for some time, until we can lowered. AVs may also help improve health is plausible that AVs actually work against understand the implications of AVs through equity by offering those who cannot drive active travel choices; people may choose real-life experience. Nonetheless, as urban for reasons of disability or age, a personal- AVs for ‘first and last mile’ trips instead of designers we should be thinking now about ised means of transport, provided a shared walking and cycling, potentially exacerbat- what AVs could mean in terms of the human model of vehicle use operates. ing health issues by increasing sedentary experience of streets, both in the long term, In relation to street design there has behaviour. but also in the significant transition period been conjecture about reduced spatial re- In terms of street design, we can also within which the vehicle fleet will be a mix of quirements for parking AVs, both on- and speculate that AVs offer long term potential AVs and manually-operated vehicles. off-street, and the benefits arising from to reduce the amount of highways-relat- Whether AVs help or hinder healthy repurposing road space to create better pe- ed items on streets such as traffic signals, street ambitions really depends on whether destrian and cycling facilities, new public car-related signage, road markings etc. we work to integrate them into our streets. spaces, and additional greening. This seems thereby making streets less cluttered. How- The approach to integration must be based plausible in theory, but it will depend on ever, there will be a long transitional period on the established principles of good street cultural and policy shifts. How people adopt where vehicular traffic will be a mix of AVs design, wherein a people-focused approach AVs, and whether they opt for private owner- and manually-operated vehicles, and hence is essential. We should seek to develop de- ship or shared usage, will influence parking much of this infrastructure will have to re- sign principles that promote this approach, provision and design. If the majority of AV main for many years to come. Moreover, and influence policy and AV regulation to en- users adopt the shared model, drop-off and once full transition of the vehicle fleet has sure a positive outcome for all. pick-up spaces will be required, either kerb- been achieved interactions between AVs, cy- • side or off-line, with vehicles circulating to clists and pedestrians will continue to occur Richard Crappsley, urban designer, Steer depots for storage when not in use. If peo- within the street environment. Traffic signals Davies Gleave ple prefer owning their own AV then we will for instance are essential to allow pedestri- 1 http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/land-use- require similar parking provisions as now. ans to cross higher speed and busier roads. ward/resource/5e1d75cb-b991-4e37-97b6- e00ee0279e8e# There is a role for transport and planning Because AVs will be risk-averse by design, authorities here to manage usage through pedestrians will, in theory, be able to cross regulation and policy. For instance, city at will, but in busy areas such as city cen- centres could be restricted to shared AVs tres this may disrupt traffic flow so much as only, to help reallocate road space, and use to make travel by AV near impossible. Ad- of shared AVs could be encouraged through ditionally, from a human perspective, less subsidies, taxation or planning policies. able-bodied or confident pedestrians may The ability for AVs to operate in closer be dissuaded from using the street if they proximity to one another also suggests that have to step out in front of AVs travelling at more efficient use of road space could be high speed or if AVs are travelling bumper to made, leading to further release of carriage- bumper. way space for other uses. Given that most Does this mean that AVs will only really cities have high levels of traffic congestion be suitable for trips in places where chances in the peak periods, it seems more like- of human interaction are fewer, such as ly that the existing road space will simply residential streets, distributor roads and be retained to better accommodate peak motorways, and less suitable for high streets

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 12 Topic Image: Portobello Square, London by Andy Spain

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 13 Estate Regeneration Peter Frankum emphasises the importance of learning from past mistakes

The regeneration of post-war housing areas provides Much of the research and projects highlighted in the a reminder of how past drives for housing growth were articles illustrate how post-war modernist estates delivered at the expense of place and an understanding were very inefficiently laid out. Many assume that the of how neighbourhoods and communities can be combination of towers and deck access blocks were fostered through good urban design. We live in another high density. The reality is that the sculptural form of the period where housing growth is a policy priority and the blocks as well as the urban form, were in fact inefficient. focus is on delivering large scale housing developments In many cases, traditional streets and low and medium- with a drive for new large communities. Whilst the extent rise housing increase density, whilst delivering a more of delivery is problematic, it is important to remember manageable environment with a clear definition between that we, as urban designers, have a responsibility to public and private realms. The Savills article demonstrates learn from the past and create lasting sustainable how through the complete streets approach densities can places. be Increased whilst creating a stronger urban form and an improved and more valuable place. A common aspect, highlighted in articles of this issue of Urban Design, is that the regeneration of many of All studies have shown that a sustainable approach our post-war housing estates exposes primarily a failure creates a connected grid of streets, a clear definition of the experimental nature of the urban form and not between public and private realms, a comprehensive just the failure of building typologies and construction response to the wider context and easy access to local methods. Typically, as Hilary Satchwell and Lizzie Cowan facilities. This is as simple as learning from successful (Tibbalds) and Andrew Beharrell (PTE) point out, many of places from the past. Adopting such an approach will these estates were modernist interventions, which made deliver new neighbourhoods with a sense of ownership no attempt at responding to their context. They were and community. It will also create an adaptable and often stand-alone sculptural modernist forms in a wider sustainable environment capable of evolving over time open environment. Hence due to their insular nature, without the need for major intervention. we are talking about estate regeneration rather than neighbourhood regeneration. Although most examples described are from London with the assumption that similar situations can be found Nevertheless, whilst the urban fabric of such post- in other parts of the country, two articles deal with very war developments may be questionable and in many different contexts. Marcus Adams explores community instances has failed, vibrant communities have still live in involvement in more general regeneration in China and them. In order to deliver successful and renewed places, the Middle East. Didier Joseph-François shows a much the starting point should be to provide a helping hand greater respect in France towards the original estate for existing communities to prosper and grow, through design and indicates that poor management and broken a high quality and better connected place to live. There promises caused the problems affecting a typical 1960s are numerous examples where community needs have modernist grand ensemble. not been fully considered and regeneration projects have struggled or failed to deliver. The benefits of good We still see experimental schemes coming forward for urban design need to be explored with existing residents delivering regeneration. We must continually ask ourselves and a thorough engagement strategy is an essential part ‘will they create lasting places or will we be revisiting them of the masterplanning and phasing processes. Retaining in twenty years’ time?’ Sensible, connected and complete residents as part of estate regeneration should be a streets not only provide value, but above all help to create priority as emphasised by Alanna Reid’s article, which lasting neighbourhoods with a strong sense of identity shows the community leading the regeneration. This and community. This is the clear message from this issue’s ownership of place is at the heart of sustainable lasting articles.• regeneration. Peter Frankum, Head of Savills Urban Design Studio

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 14 Topic

1 Altered Estates Andrew Beharrell shows that it is possible to reconcile competing interests in estate regeneration

e hear a lot about how and where to meet London’s opportunities are very different. estimated demand for at least 50,000 new homes This article focuses mainly on the Wa year: building towers, densifying the suburbs, design sections of the report, including releasing Green Belt land, and creating more homes on housing the way in which housing estates tend to estates. There are widely varying estimates of the potential form islands of difference, with distinct capacity of London’s estates to accommodate additional homes. boundaries and an approach to urbanism Savills put it at 400,000, whereas Centre for London, in a report and architecture which contrasts with launched in September 2016, estimate 80,000 – 160,000 their surroundings. However, as urban homes. These are all big numbers. design does not exist in a vacuum, it Estate regeneration has become a very controversial subject, also discusses the political and funding and that’s why four architectural practices – PRP, HTA, Levitt contexts which have shaped these places Bernstein and Pollard Thomas Edwards (PTE) – joined forces in and continue to shape attempts to change 2016 to make a series of recommendations on how best to meet them. the challenges of today and published a report, Altered Estates. Then in December, the Department of Communities and Local The legacy of post-war estates Government (DCLG) published its Estate Regeneration National In January last year, the former Prime Strategy, including design guidance closely based on the princi- Minister stated: ‘Step outside in the ples in the report. worst estates and you’re confronted by We have been involved with the regeneration of housing concrete slabs dropped from on high, estates for four decades: we started to advise communities and brutal high-rise towers and dark alley- councils on estate improvements soon after the last concrete ways that are a gift to criminals and drug panel was craned into place in the mid-1970s. Since then we have dealers’. Whether readers identify with worked under successive political initiatives and funding models his rather apocalyptic vision of Britain’s to improve, remodel or replace dozens of estates in London worst council estates, or dismiss it as the and around the UK, most involving some kind of mixed public 1 Thames View view from Chipping Norton, it probably and private funding. We have seen what works and what does East, Barking: new encapsulates the beliefs of many of the affordable dwellings not. In part, our report focuses on the crisis of unmet housing built with innovative electorate. demand in London and the South East, but the processes we financing. In the 1960s and 70s nearly three mil- recommend are relevant across the UK, even if the problems and Picture Tim Crocker lion homes were built by local authorities

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 15

2 3 in Britain. Many incorporated new ideas about town planning, the design of the home, and methods of construction. These estates have been, and continue to be, the main focus of major regeneration initiatives, including Mr. Cameron’s declaration of action on so-called sink estates. Like many observers, he believed that non-traditional design is a significant part of the problem. Regeneration specialists know that the issues are far more complex, but most would agree that design can contribute to social and economic success or failure.

Whose estate is it anyway? There has always been tension between the priority to be given to existing residents and the potential of estates to increase housing opportunity for the wider population, but now this has become polarised into two fiercely opposed positions. In one corner are those who believe that housing estates belong to those who live on them and only their views should count in determining the future, and increasingly their preference is to be left alone. In the other corner are those who regard housing estates as public assets, which local authorities have a right and a duty to use to meet wider needs, including more homes, at affordable prices, for middle-income households. The views of both camps deserve respect. A genuinely balanced community will contain a range of housing types and tenures for all sorts of households across the spectrum of age, ethnicity, income, occupation and size. It will also balance the needs of existing communities with the aspira- tions of outsiders, who would like to settle in the area and invest in it if only the opportunity was there. Many residents and their champions in the media think that 4 estate regeneration is no longer delivering balance: the propor- Clear objectives tion of affordable to market homes is dwindling, the definition of • Examining a wide range of options affordability is shifting, the cost of market homes is soaring, and •including Do Nothing the buyers of those homes seem like remote aliens, far removed Holistic financial and social criteria from being ‘people like us who have a bit more money’. They • Objective and transparent assessment condemn estate regeneration as ‘social cleansing’ and a ‘war on •of costs and benefits social housing’. Realism about the prospect of delivery So, we need to be clear about the objective of estate regenera- • tion: is it to improve the lives of those who live on and around Early, wide and honest community existing estates, or is it to make more effective use of public land engagement, alongside thorough options to help solve the housing crisis and widen access to home owner- appraisal, provides a firm foundation on ship? With care, patience and respect we can and should be able which to work up proposals for change. to do both. 2 Lefevre Walk, Bow, In deciding whether to support or oppose London: residents in regeneration, existing residents and their new homes Appraising the options and engaging 3 Lefevre Walk: 400 businesses will rightly demand clarity communities new houses replaced about their future. The rehousing offer Successful estate regeneration starts with two essential pro- 1970s slab blocks comes first: don’t over-promise and don’t 4 The regenerated cesses. Options appraisal is a proven technique to describe and Packington Estate in use design as a distraction from deeper assess different scenarios and establish the case for change. It Islington. issues. Do test opinion at key stages along requires: Picture Tim Crocker the way.

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 16 Topic Improve rather than replace? Efforts to correct the deficiencies of post- war estates began the moment the last ones were completed in the mid-1970s and have continued ever since. Some improvements have been successful but others now seem wasteful examples of treating the symptoms rather than the cause. Those estates which combine fail- ures in urban planning, poor building lay- out and physical deterioration ultimately need more radical change; upgrading can only delay the inevitable. Infill development can be a good solution, but sometimes it too is a short- term pragmatic answer. Dover Court in Islington is a successful example. It is a popular estate, but with a poor external environment and wasteful areas of under-used land with capacity for 70 new homes. High local land values mean that homes for sale can pay for homes for social rent and for transformation of the public realm. 5 Back to the future Post-war estates looked to the future and often turned their backs on the urban fabric around them. They can be inward looking, impenetrable and disconnected from their surroundings. Current best practice in urban design has evolved in precise reaction to the modernist dogma of post-war estate planning and has re- embraced traditional placemaking. So, we begin with a process of visible mending: we look for the frayed edges of the pre-existing street pattern and we lay down a new network of streets and squares which connect them up, so that the new blends into its surroundings. At the Packington Estate this included reinstating historic streets and creating two new London squares. Higher density apartments at the centre of the site were complemented by family houses around the edge, fitting in with the scale of their surroundings; we even created a neo- traditional housing terrace to complete a fractured Georgian square. Transforming an estate into a con- nected neighbourhood is much more than a design process. It challenges the perception of the estate as a place apart, and of its residents as different from their neighbours. This is a very sensitive issue: 6 many residents are fearful of barriers You’ve never had it so good being taken down and thus losing their Before considering transforming post-war estates, the fact that identity as an estate. they were often popular when first created shouldn’t be forgot- ten. Older residents remember moving from a slum dwelling to a Mixed communities at new centrally heated home with indoor sanitation and a modern Superdensity kitchen. They blame decline on poor management, physical In 2015 the same group of architects deterioration and social changes, not necessarily on the original collaborated on Superdensity: the Sequel design. However, the experimental nature of post-war housing (www.superdensity.co.uk) which explains design has failed to adapt successfully to the changing demands 5–6 Dover Court, how to create successful neighbourhoods put upon it, in some cases leading to Mr. Cameron’s bleak Islington: 70 new at high density. The focus is on the picture. It is notable that older estates have tended to adapt dwellings and importance of street-based urban design improved public better, for example the brick-built neo-Georgian London County realm through infill in the creation of mixed communities and Council estates of the inter-war years. development the advantages of mid-rise over high-rise

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 17

7 development for the integration of different tenures and control of management costs. All of this has become very relevant to estate regeneration. Different tenures are occupied in different ways, and it’s a challenge to design for their integration and practical manage- ment. We aim to mix them seamlessly within neighbourhoods and to minimise visible difference. But we are also realistic about the need for separate entrances, different management regimes and the affordability of shared facilities. Recent media coverage of ‘poor doors’ is a simplistic reaction to a complex issue. A traditional street of terraced houses or mansion blocks handles this effortlessly, with people across the income spectrum living side-by-side but benefiting from separately managed common spaces to suit different incomes and needs. This gets harder at very high densities. Post-war estates were often built to a low density, at a time when urban populations were falling, and this potentially allows them to be updated in ways that create many more homes, as well as better places. But the reduction of public investment means that providing new affordable homes on estates is becoming 8 mainly or entirely dependent on cross-subsidy from homes for By contrast, 276 new council homes sale. Building new homes for market sale on estates has become at Thames View East in Barking were the normal way to meet the social objective of home ownership, recently built with no grant and no cross- the practical demand for more homes and the financial need to subsidy: the scheme was funded by over- fund change through cross-subsidy from market sales. seas investment secured against the rental The government’s commitment to home ownership is stream. UK council housing is regarded by welcome but it comes at a potential cost to those who cannot the market as a positive asset. buy. Government needs to take a non-ideological look at the true So, let’s hear more about investment impact of Right to Buy on estates. Although the policy has helped and less about subsidy, and let’s use this to diversify tenure, the practical effect has been a huge increase valuable commodity to improve condi- in the cost of leaseholder buy-outs, along with controversy, tions for existing residents and to create uncertainty and delay. additional homes for a more diverse The combined impact of policy pressures could either make population. estate regeneration unviable or make unsustainable demands • on cross-subsidy from market homes. This pushes density to Andrew Beharrell, Senior Partner, controversial levels and leads to an imbalance of market-sale Pollard Thomas Edwards Download the report from www. properties, instead of a spectrum of homes for rent and sale. alteredestates.co.uk How to pay for it 7 The Packington Finally it is worth mentioning two examples of successful estate Estate before and after regeneration from the extreme ends of the spectrum of funding regeneration solutions. The Housing Action Trusts in the mid-1990s were a 8 A new neo-Georgina terrace on the high point both for grant-funding and community representa- Packington estate to fit tion. Although unthinkable today, they do show what can be with the surroundings achieved through government investment in rented housing. Picture Tim Crocker

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 18 Topic Housing Estates and the Role of Urban Design Hilary Satchwell and Lizzie Cowan show how modernist estates can be regenerated and integrated into the wider context

a vision of a new future that would see us living at higher densities to reduce the need for urban sprawl, and allow larger areas of communal open space rather than old-fashioned private gardens. Relating to the street context was seen as being about the past and therefore not a particular con- cern. Even the idea that streets needed to relate to ground level, to other people, and create a coherent place as we now under- stand it, was not a relevant consideration. Some of these estates were on the town scale: examples include Thamesmead, Runcorn, Park Hill in Sheffield, the Alton Estate in Roehampton or Grahame Park in Barnet. At the time many of these were considered to be successful. They were a test bed for a range of ideas about how we could live differently, accommodate grow- ing car ownership and deliver densities previously not considered possible. ‘Thamesmead displays in built form the various architectural and planning aims of the last decade: the first area completed is constructed of predominantly hard edged, concrete panels, and is a mixed develop- 1 ment of tower blocks, long blocks of flats odernist high-density housing estates created between and upper level walkways…’. the early 1960s and the late 1970s populate British Guide to Modern Buildings in London 1965- Mcities in significant numbers. Very often these were 1975, Charles McKean and Tom Jestico (1976) created as council housing on former bombsites or following slum clearance. Sometimes they work seamlessly with the wider There were also many small and townscape but more often they stand out, they feel different and medium scale high-density modernist ‘other’. urban interventions set in an existing ‘Council Estate architecture is still overwhelmingly associ- urban context, where the ideas about not ated with being trapped, with the disappearance of individual following the prevailing urban grain and lives and personalities into warren-like structures, where they creating large singular blocks that bear no fall off the radar of mainstream society’. relation to the historic context, are less Estates an Intimate History, Lynsey Hanley (2007) easy to forgive. Whilst some of these may work well on the skyline and as landmarks, Many modernist estates have positive, often sculptural and they are often much less successful close formal qualities. But they were intentionally designed not to fit up and in their internal arrangements. in or follow existing or historic street patterns. As a result, they An example of this is Dawson’s heights tend to be much less positive at street level, and many do not in Southwark. In a 2016 talk, the scheme perform well in terms of the principles of good urban design. architect, Kate Macintosh, said that it ‘When very old buildings have to be demolished because they was not a good idea to go back and look at are no longer safe or because they do not any longer conform these schemes after they are completed, with the living and working conditions which we expect, we in case the grand vision had been altered. should think very hard before deciding to simply erect new Evidently this vision was not entirely about buildings on the ground plans of the old’. how people would actually live in these The Shape of Towns, Kurt Rowland (1966) places for years to come. There are some good examples of

Visions of the future 1 The 1958 Alton Estate smaller scale modernist interventions Modernist housing estates were about systems of building, in Roehampton well that work well in their context, such as the pure building forms and ‘machines for living’. They expressed placed in its context Golden Lane Estate, which is much sought

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 19 (Parker Morris Standards) ensured that sizes of homes were relatively generous. However, as time moved on, estates suf- fered from poor maintenance and as a result they have gradually been improved, updated, redeveloped, or redesigned. Most of the worst examples have already been replaced because they also became a focus of wider social problems.

The role of urban design Only now are many of the less prob- lematic estates being considered for redevelopment or densification. This is an important opportunity to consider the 2 wider urban design issues and the kind of integrated towns and cities we want to live in. Given that modernist estates can be seen as part of the reason that urban design exists as a discipline, how can urban design principles be used in their regeneration? Is it possible to reintegrate high-density modernist estates back into their context without wholesale demolition? Are some estates so hard to reintegrate well that it is more efficient and better to start again? In our work at Tibbalds, we have been exploring these questions for a number of years. We use the principles of urban design to restructure small and medium urban estates through the careful 3 placement of new development. This after. Another is Cromer Street in Camden, where modernist delivers much-needed new homes, and blocks relate to the street pattern and step along it in a regular also enables the modernist blocks and rhythm. At Alexandra Road, also in Camden, the street within wider context to work well together. This the estate just about manages to relate to its context. But there approach also has the potential to reduce are also many more poorly planned schemes that have continu- the sense of difference and otherness cap- ously failed to work well as integrated bits of city, despite inter- tured by Lynsey Hanley in her description nal and external improvements and small-scale interventions of her own experience of living on a large through numerous funding programmes. council estate so unlike the homes and streets that she saw other people living in. Urban disconnections The following are three examples of our These modernist interventions have created physical and social work on existing estates. disconnections within urban areas. The sense of difference between public and private housing endures and has not been as repairing a broken historic positive as may have been intended at the time. The poor legibil- urban grain with considered ity, ill-considered ground level treatments, incoherent routes, replacement and the lack of overlooking mean that these places feel different The Bourne Estate is an early 1900s in a way that has a negative impact on how integrated they, and Grade II listed housing scheme in Clerk- by extension many of the residents, feel in the surrounding area. enwell consisting of two halves, divided Other concerns with modernist estates relate to entrances, by the east-west link of Portpool Lane. circulation, changes in level, and the relationship of living The northern portion of the estate has a accommodation to open space. These factors influence not coherent urban structure of a super-sized only activity on the surrounding streets, but also how safe and perimeter style block facing outwards, overlooked residents feel. Maintenance and care is often poor, with ground floor retail onto the most particularly for the external areas and circulation. Over the public parts of the busier surrounding course of many years, this has built up negative associations and streets. Inside, the perimeter wall blocks means that what does work well is easily overlooked. are arranged into linear courtyards, more The writings of Jane Jacobs and others, and the creation of domestic in scale. The internal blocks the Urban Design Group in 1978, identified a series of problems are arranged so that entrances face one that were being created by these grand modernist visions. Build- another across a courtyard with front ings set in open space, that relate poorly to their surroundings doors and balconies opening out onto were a significant part of the growing problems of social isola- shared spaces. tion and poor community connections, rather than some clever The southern part of the estate was approach to placemaking. only partially completed, with part of Many people moving into these estates did feel like pioneers the perimeter block in place and two Tybalds Estate, going into a new world with inside bathrooms, large windows, Camden: internal blocks that reflect the pattern of balconies and a sense of space. The homes were light and well 2 Existing layout development in the northern portion of planned and the space standards imposed by the government 3 Proposed layout the estate. Two modernist blocks and a

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 20 Topic The main aims of the urban design proposals for the estate regeneration developed with residents by a team including Tibbalds, Mae, Duggan Morris and Avanti architects, were to sensitively stitch the new buildings into their sur- rounding context. A plan for carefully inserted new buildings seeks to ‘ground’ the modernist blocks and provide physi- cal linkages to the historic streetscape supporting both legibility and activating ground level frontages, connecting the Tybalds Estate into the wider historic street pattern. The proposals involve sensitive infill development that help to make the estate feel like a part of the 4 wider context and are delivered without the demolition of existing homes.

Replacing monolithic megastructures with streets and urban blocks At the Myatts Field North Estate in Lambeth, large-scale linked urban blocks separated pedestrian routes from ground level car parking, with an almost complete dislocation from surround- ing streets. An internalised pedestrian street and external poorly defined open spaces had become a focus for crime and antisocial behaviour. Earlier regeneration strategies had sought to redesign the 5 entrances and circulation to the blocks series of smaller scale buildings were built in the 1960s, bearing but were only partially successful, pos- little relation to the strong grain of the wider estate. In particular sibly because of the lack of engagement Mawson House sat directly against the established grain and with the wider context. blocked key routes, impacting in particular on legibility. A later masterplan in the mid 2000s As part of an urban design strategy and masterplan prepared looked at redeveloping the remaining by Tibbalds working with Matthew Lloyd Architects, this block monolithic blocks keeping only smaller was replaced with a new more sympathetic one that follows the scale buildings that could be successfully established urban grain of a perimeter block with complementary accommodated into a new layout. This internal blocks, courtyards and spaces. new masterplan developed by PRP in The block that faced onto Portpool Lane to the west of the response to a Tibbalds development estate stopped abruptly, with a blank facade and a single storey planning brief retained some existing tenants’ hall, caretaker’s facilities and sub-station. These offered buildings but replaced most of them with a poor quality, incoherent edge to a series of public spaces in new urban blocks that related to both the front of Gooch House. Here, a new perimeter block with a strong wider townscape and historic street pat- corner extends the model of the older estate, reflecting its urban terns. All the new streets are aligned with, form. The block wraps back into the estate to provide continuity, and relate to the scale of the surrounding enclosing the new public space and creating a better street rela- street pattern. tionship with Gooch House. In conclusion, there is an urban design led approach to estate regenera- sensitive infill development to stitch an area tion that is about creating streets, but that into its historic context also allows the positive qualities of mod- The Tybalds estate in the London Borough of Camden comprises ernist estate planning to be retained and a range of post-war modernist social housing blocks of between reintegrated into their context. Where four and 14 storeys and is surrounded by the historic streets and appropriate this can enable residents to spaces of the Bloomsbury Conservation Area. stay in their homes, and improve the qual- Like many post war developments, the Tybalds Estate had its ity of their environment, at the same time historical street pattern replaced with large slab blocks and other as providing new homes. smaller concrete framed buildings set in open space. At the time • this would have been part of a grand vision for a new way of living, Hilary Satchwell and Lizzie Cowan, Tibbalds but today the spaces and areas around the buildings are mostly Planning and Urban Design poorly laid out, rarely used and in much need of improvement. 1 Lynsey Hanley, 2012 Estates, An Intimate The buildings provide little activity at street level, fail to enclose Story, Granta or define the surrounding space, or create a sense of ownership. The current arrangement of buildings and spaces makes the 4 The existing Bourne Estate, estate alien to its neighbouring streets and the surrounding ter- Clerkenwell raced housing. This otherness has led to feelings of social exclu- 5 The ‘repaired’ sion and of people being different to the wider community. Bourne Estate

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 21

1

Leathermarket Tenant Leathermarket, Management Organisation Leathermarket JMB is a tenant manage- ment organisation responsible for nine Southwark housing estates (consisting of 1,050 ten- ants and 450 leaseholders) in Bermond- Alanna Reid describes a successful process of sey, Southwark. The organisation derives its name from the prominence of the community-led estate regeneration in London leather trade in Bermondsey during the late 19th century. Indeed, anyone who has spent time in the area, particularly within regeneration project in the shadow of the Shard’ was Bermondsey Street itself, will notice that the opening description of the Leathermarket Joint in urban design terms, the streetscape ‘A Management Board (JMB) estate regeneration pro- does a fantastic job in paying homage to posal that passed across my desk last summer at the Department the area’s historic light industrial usage. of Communities and Local Government (DCLG). The Department A Tenant Management Organisation had recently launched an expression of interest exercise to take (TMO) is a means by which council ten- forward Prime Minister Cameron’s ambition to ‘transform 100 ants and leaseholders can collectively take estate areas’ and allocate a total of £172 million support fund- on responsibility for managing the homes ing to kick-start high quality regeneration projects across the they live in. The first TMOs were set up country. after the Housing Rents and Subsidies Act As a newly formed engagement team within DCLG, we were 1975 allowed local authorities to delegate seeking proposals that soundly demonstrated what would be housing management to Tenant Manage- coined the ‘three pillars’ of regeneration: a commercially viable ment Co-ops, via a formal management scheme, local authority partnership, and robust community agreement. By the mid-1980s, around 60 engagement. Alongside an estate regeneration practitioners Tenant Management Co-ops were manag- panel, chaired by the Housing and Planning Minister, we were ing approximately 5,000 homes. engaging with local authorities, developers, housing associations In 1994, the Government introduced and community groups across the country to compile an Estate the Right to Manage, giving local author- Regeneration National Strategy that would exemplify high qual- ity tenants a statutory right to take on ity approaches and act as a Government-endorsed benchmark the management of their council housing for all future schemes. for the first time. By forming a TMO and When Leathermarket’s proposal was submitted last year, we following the Right to Manage Regula- as a team were on the lookout for approaches that would avoid tions (later streamlined in 2012), tenants 1 London: An estate the traditional battlegrounds that have characterised inner city regeneration scheme can take over responsibility for housing housing regeneration and on the hunt for smarter, more col- in the shadow of the services, such as repairs, caretaking and legiate ways of improving homes and lives. Shard rent collection, from their landlord. There

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 22 Topic

The survey identified significant under- occupancy from an original generation that had already spent a lifetime on the estate, raising family members who had long since flown the nest

2 are currently around 200 TMOs led by volunteers across the country, managing around 70,000 council properties. In 1994, a group of tenants in the Leathermarket Neigh- bourhood forum – a group established to relate to the then Neighbourhood Council Housing Office in Southwark – set up a steering group to govern the process for taking over the running of the Leathermarket homes. Under the terms of the statutory process, an indicative ballot of Leathermarket area residents was held and revealed that the vast majority of residents were in favour of setting up a TMO. After an 18-month period spent plan- ning how services would be delivered and a further formal ballot, Leathermarket JMB was created on 1April 1996.

From management to regeneration By law, the Leathermarket JMB must hold continuation ballots with tenants every five years to test continued support and 3 changing needs. After the 2011 ballot, where 78 per cent of tenants took part in the ballot and 93 per cent voted in favour of continuation, the TMO questioned whether the design and usage of the estate was as effective as it could be. Following this ballot, Leathermarket conducted a micro- scale housing need assessment. The survey identified significant under-occupancy from an original generation that had already spent a lifetime on the estate, raising family members who had long since flown the nest. The survey also identified over-occu- pancy, now an increasingly common symptom of acute housing need in the capital. The conclusion from this process was clear: a better fit of the existing stock was needed. As the Leathermarket team explored how existing residents could be best re-housed, they begun to consider how infill sites within the estate could be maximised to deliver additional units. To fully maximise this opportunity, the TMO hired Igloo, a 4 development manager of Bermondsey Square fame, and applied separate from the TMO’s management for Community Right to Build funding. This was a DCLG initia- responsibilities. As a result of the feasibil- tive that enabled local communities to undertake small scale, ity study, Leathermarket CBS identified community-led development. From 2012 to 2015 communities their first development opportunity on could apply for a share of £17.5 million to develop projects. an underutilised garage court on the Leathermarket’s successful application to the Greater Local Kipling estate. The proposal was for 27 Authority (GLA) for £325,000 of this pot enabled them to com- 2 Areal view of new affordable homes, enabling up to 104 mission Bell Philips Architects to carry out early master planning the Kipling estate, better fit local allocations to help families and an initial feasibility study for possible infill development. Southwark across the JMB estates, whilst freeing With the receipt of such funding came the responsibility 3 CBS resident up properties for Southwark’s housing directors Jo Vignola of stewarding public money and a desire for legitimacy among and John Lynch allocation list. the development industry. The Leathermarket board therefore contemplating the Although Leathermarket CBS were resolved to establish a separate entity to oversee prospective Leathermarket scheme putting in place measures to give their 4 The Kipling Estate, regeneration ambitions. The Leathermarket Community Benefit Southwark, where the organisation currency within the Society (CBS) would consist of a separate board of resident and new infill block will be property development world, the team expert co-opted directors to keep this new development arm built recognised the need to ensure that the

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 23 accountability if something goes wrong. There’s no hiding for us’. Perhaps the ability for this small-scale community organisation to deliver cred- ible and ambitious regeneration plans with resident backing comes down to long-term commitment. This is made clear to me when I meet John Lynch, Resi- dent Director of both the CBS and JMB. John took over as director from his father and has been living in the estate area since the 1970s. I can’t help but wonder if it is the combination of this apparent ‘human scale’ decision making, long-term personal investment in a place and an entrepreneurial ambition that has made Leathermarket the unique regeneration practitioners they are.

Leathermarket of the future The Department recently announced 5 the allocation of £30 million enabling scheme remained resident led and endorsed. As a result the CBS grant funding and £2 million commercial encouraged resident volunteers to participate in the scheme’s capacity building grant to 105 estates. design and specify their personal preference on individual units. This included £435,000 awarded to Walking through the estate area on a sunny Easter morning, Leathermarket for design and feasibil- CBS resident Director Jo Vignola recalls the design process: ity work on their next infill project (a ‘Initially, residents were sceptical of the development. Yet, former nursery site within their Lawson once we explained to them that this was their project, attitudes estate) and to develop a wholesale changed. We had around 40 to 50 residents experimenting with estate improvement plan. Of course the model the architects had developed, moving the proposed Leathermarket will have the challenge of blocks to create a skyline they felt happy with. They had their financing the construction opportunities say on this and more, right down to the colour of the walls, the going forward, in a market where public fittings of the kitchen…’ subsidy is scarce. But it seems their first This collaborative design process was a leading reason why fully granted funded project has at least the scheme was shortlisted for the Housing Design awards in got them started; the ownership of the 2016. completed Kipling garage site will no Meanwhile, Southwark Council had been setting ambitions to doubt be a useful asset for the financing deliver 11,000 new council homes across the borough by 2043, of future projects. with a commitment to deliver the first 1,500 by 2018. Perhaps In the estate regenerations stakes, it was both this broader self-imposed pressure and a history Leathermarket CBS’s Kipling development of nearly 20 years of partnership working with Leathermarket is a unique case study. Though unlikely to that assured the Council to fully back the project. The Council deliver impressive, quick fix numbers up- resolved to transfer the leasehold to the TMO in 2016 and fully front, if the ambition of 700 net additions fund construction costs through pooled Section 106 monies and is to be realised, it is a form of regenera- capital receipts. Planning permission for the site was squared at tion that represents a quiet and steady the end of last year and the project is currently under construc- organic growth that can and will take tion, aiming for completion by summer 2018. place in the shadow of more traditional inner city development. Human scale, long game regeneration • When Leathermarket’s expression of interest for funding for Alanna Reid, Senior Executive Officer, future phases of development across other estate areas (outlin- Department for Communities and Local ing a total ambition to deliver an additional 600 homes) entered Government. my caseload last year, I was extremely curious to understand just The Department launched the Estate how this had worked. I wanted to meet those responsible for the Regeneration National Strategy in December 2016: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/estate- apparent success of a small scale, community-led estate regen- regeneration-national-strategy eration project taking place in the heart of central London in the See also https://www.gov.uk/government/ shadow of the decade’s biggest real estate project in the capital. publications/fixing-our-broken-housing-market I wanted to understand how it could be possible to achieve net and https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ more-than-100-housing-estates-receive- housing development, albeit on a small scale, where residents regeneration-cash-boost and tenants are the actual drivers of development and change, not merely bystanders or token sounding boards. Sitting down with Andy Bates, JMB manager, I see that it certainly hasn’t been an easy or speedy process. As a former Housing Officer for Southwark, who left to join the Leathermar- ket JMB when it was founded in 1996, I ask him why he thinks it works. 5 Construction of new dwellings under way on ‘There’s something more human scale about what we are the Kipling Estate doing here. There’s no remote decision making. We know exactly All photographs by what is happening in these homes and we’ve got face-to-face First Light

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 24 Topic People, Participation and Place Marcus Adams advocates the use of participation in regeneration projects beyond Europe

1 oday, whether in the West or East, we face the same participants through feedback loops challenges of how to build new forms of urbanism fit for which build understanding and support. T 21st century life, more sustainable towns and cities that Feedback loops occur when a design is are safe, healthy and uplifting. For more than twenty years JTP proposed, reviewed, changed, and re- has been utilising collaborative approaches to urban regenera- presented for further review. tion throughout Europe, believing that it is only when the talent, The success of the charrette method- energy and commitment of the public, private and community ology lies with the skill and experience sectors are brought together, that truly sustainable new places of the team facilitating the event, who can be created. require the ability to engage and inspire In our experience, local people can play a vital role in shaping stakeholders, successfully manage and delivering the places they live and work in, and over the logistics, mechanics and team working, as years we have pioneered participatory planning techniques to well as more traditional skills associated inform every stage of a project, from inception through to long- with urban regeneration including vision term management. building, masterplanning and effective graphic communication. The Participatory Process In recent years it has been interesting Along the way, we have learned that it is critical to understand to be commissioned projects in Abu Dhabi the difference between participation and consultation. Par- and China, to learn how these techniques ticipation means inviting people to play a meaningful role in perform in different cultural and political shaping their own future. Consultation without participation is context and gain more global insights into simply asking people to pass comment on what has already been the efficacy of this approach for urban decided by others, and can prompt a negative reaction or breed regeneration. outright hostility. The structured charrette process employed by JTP enables Shahama & Bahia local people to work with a multi-disciplinary professional JTP and landscape architects Gillespies design team in a collaborative fashion, to create highly specific were jointly appointed by Abu Dhabi Plan- visions and masterplans which add value at every level, physical, ning Council and The Emirates Founda- social, environmental and economic, resulting in resilient and tion to engage with the local community valuable places. in the preparation of the revitalisation Structured as interactive, multi-day design workshops, plan for Shahama & Bahia. charrette working not only provides benefits in terms of input 1 Aerial View of The brief was to shape future devel- Changzhi Island, and quality, but can also greatly increase the speed of the design Zhejiang Province, opment in response to economic and and approval process. It is a hands-on approach where ideas are China, designed by JTP population growth, liberalised real estate translated into plans and drawings, and benefits from taking and now built laws, and significant foreign investment.

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 25 Somewhat surprisingly it also included the urban regeneration of existing neighbourhoods less than 20 years old. Running a participatory process in Abu Dhabi required care- ful thought about specific cultural issues around gender, and the creation of two working environments. These Majilis or ‘places of sitting’ were tent structures specially erected on site, one for men and children and another for women, to allow them to work independently, but on the understanding that they would come together to report back. In addition to local community representatives, participants included stakeholders from transport planning, the sports coun- cil, environment agency, health authority, education council, the police and local school children. Through facilitated workshops and hands-on planning, we quickly developed an overview of the serious social impacts of recent development. 2 Shahama & Bahia had been structured around zoned land uses and use of the car, with neighbourhoods forced apart by four lanes of traffic and large service corridors. These roads had been built parallel to the coast, blocking the cooling sea breeze and creating stifling heat in the streets, which had no trees or buildings close enough to provide shade. Coupled with an overall lack of density and compactness and of local facilities, planning decisions had created a situation where no one walked, played or gathered outdoors. The direct impacts on everyday life included social isolation for women and children, and a lack of physical activity, leading to poor health and substantial increases in diabetes and obesity. Current predictions for future life expectancy in Abu Dhabi, one of the richest countries in the world, show significant reductions within one generation, with the structure of the built environ- ment being a major factor. Working with local people, we developed a regeneration 3 vision for a more liveable community, focused around themes of culture and identity, health and wellbeing, education and knowl- edge, and environment and sustainability. In physical terms, new street layouts were orientated to capture the off-shore breeze, public spaces were designed with sociability in mind, and streetscapes were organised to create green and shaded pedestrian routes, with improved accessibility to new local facilities and services. Housing typologies were also explored, including the introduction of contemporary versions of fareej, neighbourhoods formed from clusters of homes placed around a central courtyard or outdoor recreational space, with small paths to connect homes to one another and to other community facilities and public spaces.

Liangzhu A second opportunity to test participatory planning beyond a 4 European context presented itself when JTP was invited to run effectively a town council which while the a weeklong community planning process in the new town of norm in the West, is a concept unheard of Liangzhu. Built by Vanke, one of the largest developers in China, in China. the design of the town was based on years of research into what makes a model community, and is widely regarded as an exem- Final Thoughts plary urban project. The projects in Shahama & Bahia and Given the political context and social norms of the country, it Liangzhu allowed us fascinating insights was unusual – courageous even – for Vanke to suggest engaging into the efficacy of participatory planning with the existing residents of the town, and to invite feedback on beyond the Western context in which it what was and wasn’t working to inform future phases of develop- was pioneered, and reinforced our view ment. At the start of the participatory process, it was clearly that this is a highly versatile methodology difficult for local people to be openly critical of the project, but that delivers huge benefits for urban as trust and confidence grew, significant issues were raised regeneration. regarding provision of health and education services. This led to Wherever we operate, working in col- broader discussions about the lack of say that residents had in 2 Shahama & Bahia, laboration with local people we encounter the day-to-day running of their neighbourhoods. Abu Dhabi: view of the similar issues, responses to the participa- main street in the new With Vanke already looking for ways to reduce their respon- town centre tory process, and final outcomes. There is sibility for the long-term management of the town while keeping 3 Aerial view of the generally a large disconnect between the the values that they had introduced, discussions turned to the town centre – designed agencies tasked with undertaking urban with participation from idea of local self-governance. The final result of the participatory the local community regeneration, and the local communities process was the creation of a management body made up of local 4 Hands on planning they ultimately affect. There may well people, governing the day-to-day decision-making for Liangzhu, session be large-scale public consultation, but

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 26 Topic

Bring together a broad range of local people, of different ages and backgrounds, and you will rapidly gain deep insights into the workings of the local area

multitude of local issues seen as outside of their control. This requires neutrality, active listening, and empathy to move beyond. People are then surprised to be asked their opinions on the future, and moreover, to be granted an opportunity to be creative. At this point negativity starts to dissipate, interest and engagement 5 increases, people rise to the challenge and a palpable sense of energy develops in the room. As interesting ideas come forward, advocates emerge and new friendships are forged around shared interests and aspirations. One constantly understated benefit of using participa- tory techniques in urban regeneration is that these processes actually strengthen communities, marshalling local residents from a multitude of disparate voices into collective entities with a clear point of view, and making local political buy-in for urban regeneration plans easier. While these commonalities played out in a manner very similar to our European experience, working in the different politico-cultural contexts of Shahama & Bahia and Liangzhu also created new chal- lenges. At a practical level, the logistics of organising and facilitating community 6 events overseas requires careful consid- few agencies involve local people in a truly meaningful way. As a eration, in particular overcoming the result, regeneration tends to be focused on visible bricks-and- language with interpreters skilful enough mortar projects, rather than wider revitalisation that includes to draw local people into discussions, the complex social environments that underlie everyday life, the establish rapport and act as a conduit for realm in which people’s hopes and dreams are played out. the experience of the JTP team. This constitutes a huge missed opportunity. Our experience By far the most demanding issue in has made us firm advocates of the ‘wisdom of crowds’. Bring Abu Dhabi, China and other work abroad together a broad range of local people, of different ages and is how to maintain momentum and make backgrounds, and you will rapidly gain deep insights into the things happen after the event. Operating workings of the local area. No one understands a place better within unfamiliar social norms and differ- than the communities who use it on a habitual basis and share ent systems of governance can be disori- the same experiences, the joys and frustrations of life that build entating, and knowing who to ask, in what powerful collective perceptions and memories. way, in which forum, is critical to the long Across the UK, in Europe and now in places like Shahama term success of urban regeneration devel- & Bahia and Liangzhu, we find people to have almost identical oped through participatory processes. For aspirations: affordable housing, local jobs, less traffic, more this reason, we have developed a network green space and opportunities for their children. A common of local partners, who have a great under- concern for public and private sector clients commissioning par- 5 China: participants standing and affinity for what we believe ticipative processes for the first time, is that this approach will at the Liangzhu in and the way we go about it, and who open Pandora’s box, unleashing demands for new facilities and Community Planning help guide us through cultural intricacies services that cannot be met. But this is rarely the case; instead Weekend and ensure benefits are delivered on the 6 Jiangsu Province, people tend to be modest in their aspirations, often suggesting China: JTP designed ground. remarkably simple and effective courses of action to solve their Suzhou Eco Town, • own problems. Jiangsu Province – Marcus Adams, architect and urban designer, Over the years we have also observed how the public’s developed through a Managing Partner at JTP responsible for week-long charrette strategic planning and management response to being invited to participate tends to unfold in process the same way: to begin with they vent their frustration at a All images JTP

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 27 A Different Approach: Mons-en-Baroeul Didier Joseph-François tells the history of a derailed scheme, now on the way to become an eco-district.

In April 1960 the Mons-en-Baroeul ZUP was designated and named la plaine de Mons. It originally covered 110 hectares and included 4,000 dwellings. A first model was presented by the architect to the city council in June 1961 and the scheme for housing and related amenities was approved in February 1962.

A change of direction Soon, the original goal of offering an alternative to disorderly suburban growth was shaken by the central government’s wish to create a new town just next door, on land covered by 13 local authorities. In 1968 a public organisation (equivalent to a New Town Development Corporation) was established to develop the new town of Lille-Est, which later in 1970, follow- ing the fusion of three local authorities, became Villeneuve-d’Ascq. The immediate consequence for New Mons was the loss of its image as a symbol of modernity; thereafter it was transformed into a large estate (grand ensemble), totally ordinary and with the addition of successive public sector housing projects, entirely at odds with the initial objectives of balance and coherence between different uses. The planned civic centre and the public spaces were abandoned, and the scheme was gradually modified to comply with chaotic and constantly changing briefs, which specified the number of dwellings 1 allocated to various builders, with little he village of Mons-en-Baroeul is located a few miles regard to the quality of the buildings or north-east of Lille in northern France. Historically it the integrity of the urban whole. T straddled the road from Lille to Roubaix, the 19th century Throughout the ZUP’s history capital of the French textile industry. Starting in January 1958, the number of dwellings built varied a major development plan was put forward to transform the frequently and the minutes of the local village into a growth centre for the Lille conurbation, capable council meetings show a gradual infla- of offering an alternative to the then current forms of suburban tion: at the start of the project in 1963, extensions which were seen as problematic; and to promote 3,957 dwellings are mentioned, but soon Mons-en-Baroeul to the rank of satellite city by enhancing its after the local paper, La Croix du Nord, urban character, creating a scheme which would be at the same suggested 4,600, adding with malice: time homogeneous at the local scale and spectacular at the level ‘the city invades the countryside; there of the conurbation. These were the planning principles framing are victims!’ By 1967, the figure had risen a proposal that would soon be labelled the largest ‘priority devel- to 5,600 dwellings and then reached opment area’ (known as a ZUP) north of Paris. 6,600, of which only 18 per cent were Councillors wished to transfer the municipal civic centre to individual houses. Rapidly the original this new neighbourhood, to create a cultural centre, to mix single idea of ‘the beautiful city’ disappeared family housing with apartment blocks, to provide employment, behind the simple need of mass producing leisure and commerce as well as housing, to separate cars from social housing. This was managed by pedestrians and to offer large public open spaces and planted 1 Architect Henri a public-private enterprise with insuf- Chomette’s model avenues. Such a brief seemed like a recurrent dream of the ideal for the original 1962 ficient resources and little experience city for 15,000 new residents, adjacent to an old settlement of Mons-en-Baroeul in this kind of development. It was a 10,000 inhabitants. scheme serious indictment of a centralised and

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 28 Topic subsidies, which generated over €200m of works, and resulted eventually in the designation of Nouveau Mons as an Ecoquartier: a new district heating system using wood as fuel was installed, complemented by solar and photovoltaic panels; another 450 dwellings were demolished; 1,000 were rehabilitated to a high standard of environmental quality (HQE); 600 new dwellings were built as traditional urban blocks of mixed tenures; and 800 dwellings were provided with controlled entrances, private parking and open spaces. The carriageways were reduced to provide landscaped areas and space for active mobility; cultural and social amenities as well as a covered market have been pro- vided around the town hall to reinforce its centrality. In addition Nouveau Mons has policies for economic revitalisation and social support. However this story doesn’t end here: the latest programme

Under the arcades of the commercial street, between the paving, the moulded columns and the coffered ceiling you can observe a modernist reinvention of the traditional Parisian urban models

2 incoherent planning system which was moving towards the segregation of people and land, and whose harmfulness and dis-functionality would become apparent less than ten years later. Undoubtedly, the poor quality of life resulting from over- densification of the ZUP, led to a revision of the government’s urban policies and to such programmes as ‘the social develop- ment of neighbourhoods’ or banlieue 89, which were fairly well subsidised. tackling the reduction in density and the provision of services in the estates.

Successive urban renewal schemes Between 1975 and 1990, the ZUP lost 5,000 inhabitants on the basis of planned demolitions. Thus started a slow path towards a better urban quality and one that avoided the worst aspects of social segregation. Following a number of more-or-less successful emergency 3 improvements, including a first attempt dating from 2014 and with a planned at thermally insulating the building duration of 10 to 12 years, aims at façades, the local authorities and central continuing the urban transformation to 2 The Europe towers of government committed on three occa- Mons-en-Baroeul and achieve the dream of a sustainable city, sions - 2004, 2009 and finally in 2014 - to the improved public balanced in its social characteristics a vast programme of urban regeneration, realm today and effective within the metropolitan 3 The arcade with considered one of the most important coffered ceiling and development context. This remains a in France. For the period 2009-14, this concrete tapered valuable ambition although slow in its programme received more than €40m in columns implementation.

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 29

4 Plan for the regeneration and transformation of Mons into an ecoquartier, Agence Nationale pour la Rénovation Urbaine (ANRU) 4 Transport and connectivity Another chapter of this story deserves consideration: the provision of public transport. In the 1950s, the village of Mons- en-Baroeul had 126 trams daily linking it to Lille and Roubaix, and from the end of the 19th century, they were first powered by horses and then by electricity. The southern neighbourhoods of the village were linked by bus to Flers and Lille with a provision of 125 daily services (both ways). There was seemingly little to complain about. However in the 1950s and 1960s, government policies were geared to allowing everyone to have access to a private car - considered necessary for a good standard of living. Space therefore had to be made available for cars and lorries to move easily on the old or newly paved roads. Trams were hence considered an obstacle to fluid movement. Gradually, between 1956 and 1965, the lines serving Mons-en-Baroeul were closed and replaced by buses with diminishing frequencies. Only with the extension of the underground’s line 2 in 1995, did Nouveau Mons finally get a comfortable transport service. 5

A window to what could have been Today you can wander in and around the Europe housing block and commercial centre, built from 1966 onwards, to rediscover the atmosphere of what could have been a sketch for a beautiful city of the early second half of the 20th century. There, under the arcades of the commercial street, between the paving, the moulded columns and the coffered ceiling you can observe a modernist reinvention of the traditional Parisian urban models, such as the Place des Vosges or the Rue de Rivoli. You can have the pleasure of walking securely between vistas of buildings and vegetation, reminiscent of the times when public space and urban design were still considered a civic art. In May 2001, the central heating plan and the electrical transformers of Nouveau Mons were listed as historic witnesses of the links between art, standardised materials, industrial aesthetic and traditional know-how. The heating plan was much 6 more that a functional building. It was and still is a cathedral of light and matter, a hymn to human skills and their capacity to mould materials. This listing is a reminder that quality architec- ture remains a lively thought for the future of the city. • 5 The cultural centre Salvador Allende Didier Joseph François, councillor in the city of Lille, responsible for the completed in Mons architectural quality of urban projects and public spaces. 54 years after its (tr. Sebastian Loew) conception 6 The listed central heating plant for over 5000 dwellings

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 30 Topic Regenerating with Complete Streets Yolande Barnes and Peter Frankum advocate a new approach to estate regeneration

Good places should create lasting environments and a desirable location to live and invest in for the long term. The last thing today’s regeneration projects need is further whole-scale regeneration in the future. This article reports on research findings which may enable good places to be created simply and cost- effectively, with all the best-loved features from the past, but allowing for the best building design and technology from the future.

Alternative approaches Savills has recently produced research which proposes that the best way to utilise land in a viable way, achieve maxi- mum efficiency on it and create neigh- bourhoods that are enduringly popular with residents, is not to replace old blocks of flats in poorly functioning open space with new ones of similar type, but rather to create new streets of terraced housing and mid-rise mansion blocks with, where appropriate, the occasional retention and re-use or refurbishment of old blocks. This type of development would also contain neighbourhood employment, ser- vices and shops and is termed ‘complete streets’ for the purposes of the report. Whilst the demonstration studies focus on London examples, the issues and prin- ciples are comparable and transposable to post-housing areas across the country. Savills has compared two different approaches to estate regeneration: the widely practised contemporary 1 •approach which largely replaces existing ood urban design must work for everyone who uses buildings and a place for living, working, playing or visiting, both an alternative complete streets model. G now and in the future. This is the essence of social and • commercial sustainability. To achieve this, designers can learn In order to achieve a like-for-like com- a great deal from existing successful places. Historic urbanism parison of these two different types of has a great deal to teach, although this does not mean slavishly regeneration, we assumed cleared sites - copying architectural styles; rather understanding the language but this should certainly not be taken as a and hierarchy of streets and how they allow for simple buildings, recommendation that estates can only be capable of change and adaptation over long periods, for the regenerated through demolition. Rather, benefit of generations of users. the complete street model advocates a Unfortunately in the past, some significant design mistakes range of outcomes, including the exten- have been made which have left communities in sub-standard sion and refurbishment of existing build- environments at high social and economic cost to residents. ings. Successful estate regeneration must There is a significant risk that some new housing schemes, both start by engaging with existing residents completed and currently in production or planning, will repeat at the very outset and that 100 per cent exactly the same mistakes as were made 50 years ago and cost of existing residents would have the right 1 Stonebridge estate, local authorities, landlords and local residents dear. Action is Brent: new apartment to be re-housed on site, under the same needed to prevent this happening and to ensure that good urban- building, part of the terms, in an equivalent or better home. ism is widely practiced. refurbished estate provide more and better

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 31 added social and financial value Homes on streets and mixed use urban neighbourhoods set in a high- functioning urban network, are more highly valued by residents. This model of estate renewal potentially unlocks not only more social value, but also creates valuable real estate in the long run. This makes regeneration potentially viable where hitherto, it has been unviable using conventional methods of regen- eration. Complete streets development 2 can yield higher numbers of homes, housing 2 Hypothetical project: which cost less to build and possibly to London has been undersupplied with social, mainstream and existing and proposed maintain as well. figure-ground affordable housing for decades. Around 50,000 units per annum 3 Table 1: Comparative Landowners (councils), housing are needed over the next 20 years to both meet new demand results under associations, investors or residents, who and to begin making up for past shortfalls in housing supply. As alternative scenarios retain a long-term interest in the estates limited land is a major constraint, our study begins by looking at and take responsibility for management the under-utilised capacity within London, to potentially add to and governance, could reap higher the housing supply and thereby begin to address affordability. social, environmental and financial Many housing estates require updating and this can be done returns from this type of renewal than in a way that creates many more homes, a significantly improved through conventional, short-term living environment for existing and future residents, and better development. Furthermore, there are value for local authorities. This could be achieved by rebuilding signs that the costs of management and estates in a street-based pattern, fully integrated into the urban maintenance could be reduced. We have network of neighbouring streets. only considered the long-term, end asset Savills estimates that around 8,500 hectares of land contain value of the housing estates, ignoring London’s 660,000 households that occupy Local Authority any new built premium that might be Housing Estates (LAHEs). Had these estates been built in the achieved. past using the complete streets model, an additional 480,000 Stonebridge in Brent is an example households could have been housed on them. If housing estates of how post-war housing failed to are renewed in the future, a larger number of housing units respond to the structure and form of could be provided, using either a contemporary apartment block the context, with no relationship to scheme or an intense, urbanised scheme, but more are likely to adjoining street patterns and a highly be delivered if the complete streets method is used. inefficient land take, using pavilions set within poorly landscaped and unloved Increase capacity and repair the city semi-public spaces. The regeneration The complete streets model is based on good urban design prac- masterplan recreated a more traditional tice of permeable and well-connected streetscapes. Our studies street network of perimeter blocks and show that this could be done in a way that can increase density, formal overlooked public parks and achieve a better outcome for existing and future residents and spaces. This is a good example of how a offer greater value for local authority stakeholders. traditional street network with mostly Many of London’s local authority housing estates were built low-rise buildings, is able to deliver at a time when London was depopulating, so were not built more units and more popular homes, at optimum density. In the majority of cases, this low density compared to the previous high-rise and did not equate with a higher quality of place, as estates were deck-access block structure. The post- constructed in a manner that meant they were cut off and poorly war estate included some 1,775 homes integrated with the neighbouring communities. in predominantly high and medium rise The conventional approach to estate renewal, often con- buildings. Today, the regenerated area troversial at a local level, is based on replacing the existing site has delivered in excess of 2,200 homes, with new high-mass blocks and towers in a similar layout but at focused around a more traditional high higher density, which does little to improve the neighbourhood street of local facilities. or create new place value. Savills has modelled this contempo- The complete streets model proposes rary regeneration approach against a complete streets alterna- rebuilding estates in such a street-based tive, based on a detailed study of six estates across London. pattern, fully integrated into neighbour- Table 1 helps to summarise some of the key facts. ing streets. Because this approach

Comparative results under alternative scenarios creates opportunities for mixed use development and is integrated into the Location-weighted average existing estate Contemporary Complete Regeneration Streets broader city, it also offers greater life chances and employment opportunities Number of units per Ha 78 130 135 for residents. Moreover, the complete Total end value per Ha £11.5m £40.0m £48.1 streets combination of terraced houses, Build cost per Ha – £21.8m £19.9 mid-rise mansion blocks and refur- 8,831 8,831 10,014 Commercial space per Ha (sq ft) bished towers integrated into a human- Source: Savills Research scale streetscape, costs less to build than

Note: All calculations of regeneration numbers and values, in all cases, presumes that there would new high-mass blocks in open space. A be a strong community role at the outset in Complete Street regeneration plans and that 100% of complete street neighbourhood will cre- residents would have the right to be re-housed on site in a equivalent or better home. ate a better, more desirable place to live 3 Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 32 Topic

4

6 regeneration Delivery In conclusion, Savills’ research challenges the housing industry to think differently about development, estate renewal and estate regeneration in order to improve life chances for the residents and create a sustainable income for local authorities. Because the value of the complete streets approach to occupants, landlords and landowners will be realised over a period of time, it requires a different develop- 5 ment, management and stewardship and a better asset for the landowners than would be achieved by model from the conventional approaches contemporary regeneration practices. dominant in the market today. For exam- These findings should have significant resonance for both ple, the complete streets model requires public landowners and the housing industry, because of the long-term patient capital funding, rather profound difference in the end asset value of the two types of than short term debt-reliant funding. It neighbourhood that can be created. also offers opportunities for new and more varied types of residential tenure and the Long-term investment and patient equity possibility for ongoing landowner involve- The successful regeneration of complex urban neighbourhoods ment, potentially endowing the public requires a long-term approach to funding and value. All stake- sector with income. holders in the regeneration process therefore need to consider The complete streets approach also how to attract investment, with a relatively patient approach to confirms that a place-led approach based return on capital and the need for longer-term approaches to around a network of streets and spaces, realising asset value (or income). Housing Associations, invest- not only creates a well connected legible ing institutions and other private investors are capable of taking environment, but can also provide a more this type of risk, and it may be that local authority and other valuable place in terms of viability and public sector landlords are also capable of taking a stake in the social value. Good urban design does pay long-term assets created on their land. real dividends for all. The opportunity This will not only unlock the delivery of more and higher then exists to repair urban form, increase quality, new and regenerated residential neighbourhoods, but the space available for commercial and will also create a valuable and robust asset with superior growth community uses and to help future-proof value. Under these circumstances, the capacity of complete 4 Hypothetical project: the city at the same time. streets developments to create valuable income streams in per- proposed land budget • petuity might be considered a viable alternative by landowners. 5 Stonebridge estate, Peter Frankum, Head of Savills Urban Design Brent: new townhouses Studio, and South West regional chair of the It may prove a more advantageous strategy for local authorities 6 Stonebridge estate, UDG to retain interests in their land, rather than taking up-front, Brent: original tower Yolande Barnes, Savills Director of World short-term receipts from outright land sales on day one. block and new infill Research

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 33

1 Weavers Quarter, a New Neighbourhood in Barking Gary Tidmarsh describes how an estate has been transformed by utilising the site’s unique past to inform its future

hrough a partnership between the London Borough of Creating investment and opportunity: Barking and Dagenham and East Thames, this ambitious •the development will bring £300m of T phased regeneration project will transform the former investment into the borough, creating Gascoigne Estate. The existing estate was developed during the hundreds of new jobs and opportunities 1960s and 1970s and provides 1,363 homes in a mix of blocks. It Delivering distinctive architecture that has been subject to discussions on estate renewal since 2006. •responds to, and enhances, the local area, Due for completion in 2024, Weavers Quarter will provide and 1,575 new homes. Consultation and engagement with key Enhancing permeability through local stakeholders ensured that the proposals have evolved to •the site and connections to adjacent incorporate their views and aspirations. The architecture has neighbourhoods. been driven by a holistic approach to create intimate communi- ties on a grand scale, carefully integrating urban planning, Phase 1 architecture and landscape and following the Building for Life Located to the north of the site, Levitt 12 development principles. A unifying concept underpins the Bernstein’s phase 1 is the heart of the design, derived from the site’s history as a jute spinning works in new neighbourhood. At 2.78 hectares, Victorian times. it provides 421 new homes at a density of 151 dwellings/hectare, a new medical The key development aims are: centre and retail units. It will also set a Providing affordable homes for current residents, local people precedent for architectural quality for the •and new residents future phases of the masterplan, devel- Creating attractive neighbourhoods featuring open spaces for oped by Allies and Morrison. •all Using perimeter buildings, the Transforming an estate blighted by crime and anti-social 1 Regenerated housing forms safe streets linking to the • Gascoigne Estate, behaviour into an integrated neighbourhood that connects with, Barking: the green surrounding street network and local and enhances, the local area route green spaces. Open spaces within the

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 34 Topic Barking working on jute, 156 men and 465 women. The youngest person employed by the industry was only ten years old. This weaving narrative has informed an architectural language of different character areas that define a region or neighbourhood, promoting a sense of identity within this large scale development.

Massing and building form The massing of buildings responds to the immediate context. Higher density apartment buildings are located towards the town centre with lower-rise family housing and maisonettes to the south. The rationale behind the massing blocks has been to:

Reduce building heights where they •abut existing residential development Maximise the number of homes with •east-west aspect Use taller buildings to respond to vistas •and form gateways Reduce the height of the buildings •where they could cause overshadowing, and Use blocks of varying height •to reinforce the idea of separate neighbourhoods.

Medium to high-density buildings shelter the central landscaped courtyard spaces 2 from the busier streets to the east and west, enabling lower-rise accommoda- tion to be situated along the courtyards’ southern edges. Together with gaps in the perimeters, this opens them up to the sunlight, reducing overshadowing and allowing a visual connection to the street.

Layout The layout is organised around a sequence of clearly defined spaces and six distinct buildings to create a legible street pat- tern. Running north-south is a tree-lined boulevard forming the principal route through the site, from a new public square to a new school to the south. The east- west routes are quieter in comparison. The four main courtyard buildings are designed around raised communal gar- 3 dens with car parking beneath, removing scheme are located within easy access of all residents around the the demand for on-street parking and cre- development. ating a greener more pedestrian friendly The new green square provides the social and community environment. focus for this phase as well as for the future ones. Secure, private At the heart of the proposal is a new courtyard spaces provide amenity and play provision, and the public square, providing a social space for sequence and scale of streets have been carefully considered to the community framed by a new family of promote active, lively streetscape environments. buildings, with typologies that respond to their location. The central east-west Concept route bordered by the courtyard buildings A unifying narrative has been developed to ensure that phase is narrower than the park-side route, 1 reads as a coherent composition, based on the historic prec- Gascoigne Estate: featuring shared surfaces and lower-rise edent of weaving that took place at the Barking Jute Works previ- 2 First phase of the façades to reinforce its more domestic ously located in Fisher Street. The factory was reputed to be the regeneration character. Innovative new housing 4 The Central Street largest in the United Kingdom and contained dining halls and a All images by Levitt typologies address issues of privacy and library. The 1881 census records that there were 621 people in Bernstein, CGIs by minimising buildings’ impact on daylight Forbes Massie and sunlight.

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 35 A mixture of recessed and projecting metal balconies responds to orientation and site conditions: Projecting balconies overlook the •courtyards, connecting them visually and physically with the landscape Projecting balconies on east-west •façades provide oblique views into the park and green route Recessed balconies on south facing •façades provide shade.

All access walkways are recessed behind large punched openings in the brick façades for privacy. Balustrades are glazed within a brick plinth to maximise the amount of daylight into the walkways. A simple strategy and limited range of window sizes creates a clear legibility across the different buildings. Three 4 window reveal conditions are proposed, Public realm recessed with brick reveal, semi-recessed The street hierarchy and character areas provide a clear with metal lining to match the window sequence of networks from private, semi-public and public finish and flush. urban space, structuring relationships between the community and private facilities. Streets throughout have been designed to Sustainability constrain vehicle speeds with varied alignments. A fabric-first sustainability strategy The green route is the main link connecting the south of has been adopted from the outset with the masterplan with the town centre via the green spaces. Wide, strategic orientation and massing, high large specimen tree-lined streets with hedge planting in the pub- performance building fabric, and 100 per lic realm define a green formal character. The secondary streets cent dual aspect units – delivering excel- are medium sized, tree-lined connecting streets with hedge lent environmental conditions and energy planting within the public realm, aiding movement through the efficiency to all homes. A new energy site and encouraging pedestrian and cyclist use. Offset tree pits centre, constructed within phase 1, will on both sides of the road combine with the specification of tree supply the whole site with a sustainable species that will de-formalise the street character. source of power, supplemented by photo- Maisonettes and houses have individual front doors and voltaic cells located on roofs.• private front gardens to support the idea of traditional street Gascoigne Estate: frontages. Apartments above are served by double height glazed 4 The Central Street Gary Tidmarsh, Chairman, Levitt Bernstein cores at key locations to provide light, generous and welcoming 5 Typical podium courtyard entrances. All images by Levitt Bernstein, CGIs by Courtyards and mews street Forbes Massie Each of the courtyards has a landscaped garden at its heart that further responds to the character type of each building. The design of the façades onto the courtyard follows the structure set out for the street façades, but stripped back to a much simpler form so as to not dominate or conflict with the landscape treatment. Three storey houses line the mews streets that run east-west. The narrower mews necessitates a simple, calm architectural treatment that is not overbearing. Simple window openings in a variety of sizes, give a subtle variety. At ground level the front door and living room windows are grouped together in a recessed brick panel forming a base to the terrace. The eleva- tions have been developed as a modern interpretation of the Huguenot weavers’ cottages around east London’s streets.

Entrances, balconies and windows Maisonettes and houses for larger families have individual front doors and private front gardens to support the idea of traditional street frontages. Apartments above are served by glazed cores at key locations. The entrances to the communal cores across all of the buildings have been designed to follow the same principles. The cores are double height to provide light, generous and wel- coming entrances. These are important elements that articulate the façades at street level. High quality finishes and enhanced treatment to the stairs from ground to first floor, across all cores irrespective of tenure, will promote the tenure neutral-approach and lift the spirit of its end users and visitors. 5 Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 36 Topic

1 Estate Regeneration: an Individual Art Brendan Kilpatrick advocates an approach which combines urban design, architecture, innovation, commercial acumen and sensitivity

state regeneration is the most complex and interwoven Often, it is feasible to retain existing activity within the wider fields of urban design and buildings which are serviceable or have Earchitecture. It is complex because it directly addresses happy residents and remove those that the human condition and its basic need - after food - for shelter. are beyond their useful life to make way People care intensely about what might happen to their home for new build interventions. and this intensity needs to be recognised and understood, deli- PRP’s first multi-tenure, mixed use cately addressed and positively focussed. estate regeneration in the late 1990s, PRP's London studio has been formed out of two decades saw the refurbishment of parts of the of working on existing estates in and around London. It has led Darbourne and Darke designed Marquess to expansion as an interdisciplinary practice and extended our Estate in Islington. The project included capability in community engagement, an intrinsic part of suc- the selective demolition and construction cessful estate regeneration. A bespoke urban design team within of new housing, community facilities, the practice has become expert in estate regeneration. It also parks and the introduction of a new street led to the establishment of our Manchester studio where estate pattern to reconnect the estate to the rest regeneration projects at Beswick, Miles Platting and New Plym- of Islington. The refurbishment was car- outh required a local set-up to better manage the transformation ried out by London Borough of Islington’s of these estates. Architects Department, with PRP design- ing the overall masterplan and its new Varied approaches build interventions. Re-badging a regen- Estate regeneration, to many people means large-scale demoli- erated estate has become a recurring tion and conjures notions of slum clearance and displaced, angry theme in most regeneration programmes 1 High Path Estate, residents. The reality is very different and the regeneration can Merton: PRP’s vision and in this instance, the former socially take many forms depending on the location of the estate, its for the regeneration of challenging Marquess Estate became the age, its degree of dilapidation and the level of home ownership. the estate upwardly mobile New River Green.

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 37

2 The golden ticket of estate regeneration is that the process creates a ‘regeneration premium’, where the renewal aspira- tions filter out into the wider area producing truly transfor- mational change. The phrase may have been invented by a property agent but it goes much further than developer profit.

First steps Increasingly, a case needs to be made for the regeneration of an estate in the first place. PRP provides a service which can accompany the early appraisal work on regeneration initia- tives. This aims to establish if the refurbishment of residential blocks is better or worse in the long term than the demolition and regeneration of the estate from a whole life cost and environmental performance perspective. This exercise can provide information to enable clients and stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding the options for the estate. The task includes desktop analysis based on gathered 3 survey data and includes: Community Engagement Energy and building performance comparison The most successful estate regeneration • Climate change and overheating comparison projects take the existing residents living • Embodied carbon life cycle carbon comparison on the estate with key local stakeholders • Whole life costs comparison on the journey of redevelopment from • inception onwards. The initiation of this There are twin starting points at the outset of an estate regen- process is a fact finding or ‘Have Your Say’ eration project. The first is determining the correct method event where the design and engagement for engaging the existing community. The second is the urban teams can get to know what the residents design strategy. Both strands need to consider different think about where they live, where their aspects of the following issues lives could be improved as well as their Tenure integration appetite for regeneration. No one knows • Extent of home ownership the area better than those who have lived • Open space and amenity there for decades. • Community facilities Engagement with the community is • Movement of pedestrians and vehicles and public trans- often complex. Different groups usually • port links exist, loosely related around tenure, cul- Ecology ture or age. Hard to reach groups can be • Integration of non-residential uses overlooked if special measures are not put • Appropriate residential density in place. An increasing aspect of recent • Height of new buildings estate regeneration projects in London is • Environmental impact including sunlight and daylight the emergence of external activists who • Energy provision seek to impose a dislocated and distinctly • Climate change adaptation undemocratic world order view on an • Local heritage existing community, which has com- • 2 New River Green, Phasing and decanting strategy the new name for the pletely different values and aspirations. • Integration of commercial or other non-housing elements regenerated Marquess This form of activism can disrupt or even • Servicing strategy (refuse, deliveries, fire brigade access, Estate, Islington halt the normal flow of regeneration. • 3 The Darbourne plant room access etc) and Darke designed Managing the expectations of the Smart technology Marquess Estate, community often requires a fine balanc- • both images by PRP ing act from the design and engagement

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 38 Topic

4

5 6 team, particularly where there are acute viability issues on the commercial position of the project. Regeneration initiatives also very often follow previous failed or stalled interventions, which have left the community with an overwhelming sense of consultation fatigue. Usually however, champions emerge from the community who help to galvanise neighbours and local stakeholders to create a vibrant and energetic vision, and which quickly gathers its own momentum. Keeping the community informed is a vital component for success.

Urban Design The first task of the urban design strategy is to understand the opportunities and constraints. This is a little more involved than a simple analysis of the physical attributes of the site and infor- mation relating to underground services. It requires a degree 7 of experience-borne intuition. For instance, there is usually a be this Victorian, inter-war or 1960s reason why a part of the site which looks ripe for immediate brutalism. An example of this approach development, has never previously been developed. The analysis 4 The regeneration of in action is, the regeneration of Myatts must determine why not. It must also consider the wider view Maiden Lane, Camden, Field North estate at Oval Quarter in and determine the potential effect of off-site activity, amenities, respects the original Lambeth, where we have picked up design design local services and facilities, and future planned developments 5 Aerial view of the themes from the varied, but largely and infrastructure proposals. Maiden Lane estate Victorian heritage surrounding the estate. The analysis of opportunities and constraints helps to form images by PRP Another is on Maiden Lane in Camden a set of urban design principles which in turn are the basis of the 6 Oval Quarter, where our context is the original 1970s Lambeth: the scheme emerging masterplan proposals. Correct and thorough analysis creates a vibrant, Corbusian inspired, Benson and Forsythe leads to design principles which are immutable. attractive and designed estate. Here, the existing estate A key aspect of PRP’s approach to new-build interventions sustainable place, is largely retained and both the concept 7 Oval Quarter private within estate regeneration is what we call ‘contextual reintegra- sale dwellings. for the masterplan and the architectural tion’. This design philosophy ensures that the new buildings Images by Richard aesthetic started with the question ‘What identify with the surrounding design language and identity, Chivers would Benson and Forsythe have done?’

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Topic 39

8

The analysis of opportunities and constraints helps to form a set of urban design principles, which in turn are the basis of the emerging masterplan proposals 9

High Path Estate, Merton linked to the surrounding areas through A current scheme which typifies our approach to estate regen- traditional streets. eration is High Path Estate in Merton, a 1950s estate built over Enhancing the inherent potential of four decades. The PRP team have worked closely with the client •the site and its unique location – connect- and local stakeholders for over four years, carrying out detailed ing to the distinct, well-established areas studies in order to assess the unique qualities and challenges of surrounding the site such as Wimbledon the site and its surroundings, and to produce a masterplan for Centre, Morden Hall Park and the Wandle the delivery of an economically viable, successful and sustain- River, and using the site’s strategic loca- able neighbourhood. tion in order to maximise its regeneration The existing estate comprises 608 dwellings in a mixture of potential and to add value. tower blocks, flats, maisonettes and terraced houses and accom- Our vision allows a flexible approach modates a mix of tenures, with a very high percentage of lease- to further development and opportunities holders and freeholders throughout every building, presenting across the local context of the site. This challenges in relation to decanting and unlocking land zones to approach will ensure that the masterplan initiate the development phasing. The estate’s inactive frontages, is informed by possible wider regenera- poorly defined built form, lack of definitive street hierarchy, tion opportunities and neighbourhood and vast areas of unused open space and public realm, minimise socio-economic factors, to influence the legibility across the site. The lack of any buildings of quality future housing needs of the area over the also reveals the absence of character areas within the existing long-term delivery of this regeneration. environment. The key design objective was to re-integrate the site with Conclusion its immediate neighbourhoods and to allow this regeneration The most rewarding aspect of estate to become the catalyst for a wider transformation of the South regeneration from our perspective Wimbledon area. is receiving the gratitude from those PRP’s approach to the masterplan developed through exten- residents whose day-to-day existence has sive consultation with the local community and stakeholders, in utterly changed for the better. Some of five key stages: our regeneration programmes can span Re-connecting neighbourhoods – there are a number of a decade and as designers engaging with •existing character areas surrounding the estate. These have the community, we will typically form been separated by the poor street layout within High Path. The strong bonds with the chief resident site will form a key part of delivering the new permeable street representatives on the estate, or with layout linking to the historic and largely intact north to south those who quietly attend the consultation Victorian streets. events, from outset to completion, saying Amenity space for all - a new neighbourhood park for the little but watching, and demonstrating •wider community and not just for the estate is proposed in the the utmost patience and trust that their heart of the new development. The neighbourhood park will cre- dreams will be delivered. ate a vibrant and active hub for the community, all year round, • a flexible space that can accommodate a range of activities now Brendan Kilpatrick, Senior Partner, PRP and in the future. Place-making – the creation of contemporary distinct char- •acter neighbourhoods that reflect the history, heritage and local 8 Miles Platting, vernacular of the site’s context. Manchester: CGI Rethinking the Victorian block – the Victorian block is pre- of the regeneration • proposals sent in the built form of the wider neighbourhood. Reintroduc- 9 Miles Platting ing this to the estate’s layout creates efficient perimeter blocks masterplan by PRP

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 40 book reviews

Transit Street Design Guide widths, footway widths, etc.) minimum, rec- aspects of life conditions of the servant ommended and maximum dimensions are class. He focuses on the transformations of National Association of City given. The main sections are Transit Streets, the retail and hospitality sectors into very Stations and Stops, Transit (bus priority) low paid workplaces; the sliding scale from Transportation Officials lanes and ways, and Intersections. A final formal to intermittent and informal work, (NACTO), Island Press, 2016, section discusses public transport strategies. and the conditions which bring about cu- ISBN 9781610917476, £37.00 This is a valuable resource for street mulative disadvantage, including flat carrier designers, who often pay little attention to structures, hurdles preventing betterment This very comprehensive design guide the accommodation of public transport. The through education and training, poor child focuses entirely on streets used by public guide is clearly written from a transport and and elderly care, adverse fiscal conditions, transport, and is a fine compendium of traffic perspective, setting out street infra- expensive unsecured loans, damaging credit solutions and rationales. It is one of a suite structure requirements, and is somewhat ratings and difficult access to credit gener- of four street design guides produced by light on the issue of visual impact of this in- ally, despite social support networks. He NACTO. All except one can be viewed via frastructure on the urban environment. concludes that economic mobility is ex- the NACTO website. The hardback printed • tremely limited and further curtailed through version, however, is a worthy addition to any Tim Pharoah, independent transport planner birth into the servant class. collection, being well produced with numer- and urban designer What, if any, are the lessons for British ous colour illustrations. urban regeneration? Comparing the inner Detailed issues and design consid- city of San Diego and the regeneration of erations are set out in a logical way, with the Victoria district in central London the succinct summaries for every topic. Through The Servant Class: Urban structural changes have both similarities and the use of numerous photos, drawings and Revitalization versus the differences. Both are based on directly and diagrams, it deals with numerous design Working Poor in San Diego indirectly subsidised speculative property issues, and demonstrates how public trans- development. San Diego was deliberately port can make a positive contribution to the David J Karjanen, Minnesota transformed into an area of leisure, enter- life and quality of streets. tainment, conventions and tourism, with University Press, 2016, The guide is produced from an American the stated aim to create jobs for the existing ISBN 9780816697489, £23.99 perspective, and tends to follow the as- low income population. Conversely, Victoria sumption that transit operates mostly in high remains an office quarter with some enter- density urban areas, where the multiplic- Karjanen’s research of the impact of San Die- tainment and high street retail without social ity of street functions are most intense, and go's urban regeneration on the local popula- objectives. The influx of populations play a where transit has the biggest contribution to tion is based on interviews and observations. major part in both cities. The displacement make. Because of this perhaps, the examples He sees political will as the key to structural of the low income population seems less and illustrations are dominated by down- changes to remedy endemic joblessness, un- acute in San Diego than in Victoria due to town street configurations. Although these deremployment and poor career opportuni- different fiscal conditions. What the regen- may not resonate so much with a British au- ties which contribute to the growing number eration of San Diego and London’s Victoria dience, the huge range of design issues are of urban and working poor in San Diego, and have in common is that the aims in terms of important in any context, for example how to by extension in other American cities. people and their living conditions have not deal with cycle lanes at bus stops, and where In San Diego, a border town with Mexico, materialised. to locate stops to avoid conflict with other urban regeneration has led mainly to the What is its relevance for urban design- traffic. It deals with all street transit modes, growth of the hospitality and retail sec- ers? Some maps and plans would have been buses, bus rapid transit (BRT) and trams/ tors, both with low and decreasing wages helpful, and the most useful aspect is the light rail. well below the subsistence level of working focus on people when deciding on urban re- The guide is well set out and very easy families. Karjanen examines how individuals generation strategies, which concentrate on to dip into when tackling a particular design and families are coping with new uncertain- transformations of the urban fabric alone. issue. The different sections have a stand- ties, financial stress and low paid jobs. He Time is not made for an in-depth study of the ard set of headings, beginning with context does this from three perspectives: the la- local population and its life chances in a re- or application, followed by design elements bour market, workplace and local economy. generating world. set out according to whether they are criti- He systematically combines a traditional • cal, recommended, or optional. Likewise, statistical empirical approach to micro-ob- Judith Ryser where dimensions are under discussion (lane servations and interviews on the qualitative

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 book reviews 41

Travel Fast or Smart: A approach to policy-making, for example by the space is used while experiencing the emphasising the need for jointly involving architecture around it. The book cites Jean Manifesto for an Intelligent planners, developers and transport authori- Baudrillard’s theory that buildings or cities Transport Policy ties, and integrating transport investment without scenic space would just be merely a with economic development. Unlike many, structure or an agglomeration of structures. David Metz, London he calls for better use of money rather than While this debate has so far been carried Publishing Partnership, 2016, calling for more, and argues that more con- out mostly in cultural and theatre forums, ISBN 978 1 90799 459 3, £9.99 sideration should be given to not investing in the aim of the book is to transfer the dis- particular schemes. cussion onto the streets and explore the The book is a critique of current trans- potentially performative ability of architec- Urban designers have to work within a port planning methods, especially those of ture. By simply walking or strolling along the spatial context, for example balancing space transport economists. Metz points out that streets, one becomes part of a play or some with density, and living quality with mixed their methods are theory-based not evidence other sort of event. use. David Metz explains how transport based. They base investment recommenda- To take it further, this concept is applied policy can determine this spatial context, tions on the theory of time savings, yet these to everyday urban spaces. A square is a set and in particular how malformed policy pro- never materialise. ‘What is real and read- of soft and hard landscaping without any ur- moting bigger roads leads to dysfunctional ily observed are the changes in how land is ban relevance unless it is used. According to spatial development. Ergo, the transport used and valued when transport investment the authors, the shift is that we are no longer policies and methods explored are of direct makes such land more accessible – which interested in signature architecture but in interest to those involved in spatial planning the economists disregard’. good quality public realm. Spaces are de- and development. By highlighting the interdependence of signed to have a level of unpredictability and The chapter headings themselves outline land use development and transport, this ambivalence in the way that people perceive the main messages: ‘An hour a day’ is the book is relevant to urban designers and oth- and use them, and have an intrinsic ability average time devoted to daily travel, un- ers involved in development. It is clearly to transform and adapt. Nevertheless, per- changed for decades, and therefore speeding written, refreshingly free from jargon, and sonal perception and subjective disposition up travel simply leads to people choosing to relatively succinct. It includes an interesting play a key role: for example walking through travel further. ‘Space not time’ emphasises mix of theory, propositions and exam- a space would be a different experience than that when transport is faster, people do not ples, and excellent reference summaries to seeing the space from above. use this to save time, but to access things help those who want to explore the issues While most essays in the book try to over a wider area. This means that develop- further. define the concepts of performance and ment pressures will also be spread further. If • performativity – meaning the act of perform- it’s faster roads, development can sprawl; if Tim Pharoah ing and the creation of a new reality – others it’s new or faster railways, it will be focused showcase examples like those by Assemble, at stations. ‘Peak car’ describes the decade- a London based design group, whose work long flattening out of the car ownership can be described as performative in the curve. For many, especially younger people, Performative Urbanism – sense that it’s less about the building, than the car is no longer the must-have symbol Generating and Designing about the process of getting there and us- of success. The case for development based ing it. on public transport rather than the car is Urban Space I question who the book is written for strengthened by this social change. ‘Green and how relevant it is for urban designers. Sophie Wolfrum and Nikolai Frhr. v. cities’ points to emerging trends towards Despite the subject being urban spaces and high density and mixed use urbanisation that Brandis (Eds.), ovis Verlag GmbH, the public realm, the text is very academic, is based on public transport, not roads and 2015, ISBN 978 3 86859 304 4, £27.00 making it inaccessible and for a narrow audi- parking. London has been a leader in this. ence. If the authors aimed at sparking ideas There then follow chapters on air travel, This is a collection of academic essays based to create places that are inclusive and acces- technologies, and a look at the future of on the symposium Performative Urbanism sible to all, a more concise version around travel based on the trends and concepts held by the Technical University of Munich in the key points and in plain english, would explored earlier. The final chapter sets out 2013. Starting from the notion that archi- have probably been enough. Metz’s transport policy manifesto, bringing tecture is the art of articulating spaces, the • together the arguments to provide a basis book explores the relationship between Daniela Lucchese, an independent urban for ‘intelligent’ policy-making. It outlines an the built form and the urban realm, or how designer and masterplanner

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 42 Index

Allies & Morrison: ASH SAKULA ARCHITECTS The Bell Cornwell Urban Practitioners 5 Hatton Wall, London, EC1N 8HX Partnership Practice 85 Southwark Street, London SE1 0HX T 020 7831 0195 Oakview House, Station Road, Hook, T 020 7921 0100 C Cany Ash Hampshire RG27 9TP C Anthony Rifkin E [email protected] T 01256 766673 Index E [email protected] W www.ashsak.com C Simon Avery W www.urbanpractitioners.co.uk Ash Sakula is an architectural E [email protected] Specialist competition winning urban partnership with projects spanning W www.bell-cornwell.co.uk The following practices and urban regeneration practice combining housing and mixed use developments, Specialists in Masterplanning and the design courses are members economic and urban design skills. cultural and educational buildings, coordination of major development of the Urban Design Group. Projects include West Ealing and masterplanning and urban design. proposals. Advisors on development Please see the UDG’s website Plymouth East End. plan representations, planning www.urbandesigndirectory.com for Assael Architecture applications and appeals. more details. Amec Foster Wheeler Studio 13, 50 Carnwath Road Environment & London SW6 3FG Bidwells Those wishing to be included in Infrastructure UK Ltd T 020 7736 7744 Bidwell House, Trumpington Road future issues should contact the Gables House Kenilworth Road, C Russell Pedley Cambridge CB2 9LD UDG Leamington Spa, Warwicks CV32 6JX E [email protected] T 01223 559800 70 Cowcross Street T 01926 439 000 W www.assael.co.uk M 07500 782001 London EC1M 6EJ C David Thompson, Technical Architects and urban designers C johnny Clayton T 020 7250 0892 Director covering mixed use, hotel, leisure and E [email protected] C Robert Huxford E [email protected] residential, including urban frameworks W www.bidwells.co.uk E [email protected] W www.amecfw.com. and masterplanning projects. Planning, Landscape and Urban W www.udg.org.uk Masterplanning, urban design, Design consultancy, specialising development planning and landscape Atkins plc in Masterplanning, Townscape within broad-based multidisciplinary Euston Tower, 286 Euston Road, Assessment, Landscape and Visual environmental and engineering London NW1 3AT Impact Assessment. ADAM Urbanism consultancy. T 020 7121 2000 Old Hyde House C Richard Alvey Boyer 75 Hyde Street Andrew Martin Planning E [email protected] 24 Southwark Bridge Road Winchester SO23 7DW Town Mill, Mill Lane, Stebbing, W www.atkinsglobal.co.uk London SE1 9HF T 01962 843843 Dunmow, Essex CM6 35N Interdisciplinary practice that offers a T 020 3268 2018 C Hugh Petter, Robert Adam T 01971 855855 range of built environment specialists C Ananya Banerjee E [email protected] C Andrew Martin working together to deliver quality [email protected] [email protected] E [email protected] places for everybody to enjoy. W www.boyerplanning.co.uk W www.adamurbanism.com W www.am-plan.com Offices in Bristol, Cardiff, Colchester, World-renowned for progressive, Independent planning, urban design Baca Architects London and Wokingham. classical design covering town and and development consultancy. Advises Unit 1, 199 Long Lane Planning and urban design consultants country houses, housing development, public and private sector clients on London SE1 4PN offering a wide range of services urban masterplans, commercial strategic site promotion, development T 020 7397 5620 to support sites throughout the development and public buildings. planning and management, planning C Richard Coutts development process. We believe in appeals, masterplanning and E [email protected] shaping places through responsive Alan Baxter community engagement. W www.baca.uk.com design. 75 Cowcross Street Award-winning architects with 100 per London EC1M 6EL Applied Wayfinding cent planning success. Baca Architects BOYLE + SUMMERS T 020 7250 1555 3rd floor, 22 Stukeley Street have established a core specialism in Canute Chambers C Alan Baxter London WC2B 5LR waterfront and water architecture. Canute Road E [email protected] T 020 7017 8488 Southampton S014 3AB W www.alanbaxter.co.uk C Richard Simon Barton Willmore T 02380 63 1432/ 07824 698033 An engineering and urban design E [email protected] Partnership C Richard Summers practice. Particularly concerned with W www.appliedwayfinding.com READING E [email protected] the thoughtful integration of buildings, Applied Wayfinding is an international The Blade, Abbey Square W www.boyleandsummers.co.uk infrastructure and movement, and the design consultancy with expertise in Reading RG1 3BE Space-shapers, place-makers, street creation of places. designing legible systems for complex T 0118 943 0000 designers and development promoters. environments. Applied’s approach C james de Havilland, Nick Sweet Value generators, team workers and Albonico Sack Metacity and methods have evolved from many and Dominic Scott site finders. Strategists, pragmatists, Architects & Urban years of experience in developing MANCHESTER specialists and generalists. Designers world-class wayfinding schemes for Tower 12, 18/22 Bridge Street Visioneers, urbanists, architects and PO Box 95387 cities, campuses, parks, mixed use Spinningfields masterplanners. Grant Park developments and internal spaces. Manchester M3 3BZ Johannesburg T 0161 817 4900 Building Design Partnership 02051 South Africa AREA C Dan Mitchell 16 Brewhouse Yard, Clerkenwell, T +27 11 492 0633 Grange, Linlithgow E masterplanning@bartonwillmore. London EC1V 4LJ C Monica Albonico West Lothian EH49 7RH co.uk T 020 7812 8000 E [email protected] T 01506 843247 W www.bartonwillmore.co.uk C Andrew Tindsley W www.asmarch.com C karen Cadell/ Julia Neil Concept through to implementation on E [email protected] A multi-disciplinary practice E [email protected] complex sites, comprehensive design W www.bdp.co.uk specialising in large scale, green field, W www.area.uk.com guides, urban regeneration, brownfield BDP offers town planning, urban regeneration and upgrading Making places imaginatively to deliver sites, and major urban expansions. Masterplanning, urban design, strategies, as well as residential, the successful, sustainable and landscape, regeneration and special and educational projects. humane environments of the future. be1 Architects sustainability studies, and has teams 5 Abbey Court, Fraser Road based in London, Manchester and Allen Pyke Associates Arnold Linden Priory Business Park Belfast. The Factory 2 Acre Road Chartered Architect Bedford MK44 3WH Kingston-upon-Thames KT2 6EF 31 Waterlow Court, Heath Close T 01234 261266 Broadway Malyan T 020 8549 3434 Hampstead Way C Ny Moughal 3 Weybridge Business Park C David Allen/ Vanessa Ross London NW11 7DT E [email protected] Addlestone Road, Weybridge, E [email protected] T 020 8455 9286 W www.be1architects.co.uk Surrey KT15 2BW W www.allenpyke.co.uk C Arnold Linden be1 is a practice of creative and T 01932 845599 Innovative, responsive, committed, Integrated regeneration through the experienced architects, designers, C jeff Nottage competitive, process. Priorities: people, participation in the creative process of masterplanners, visualisers and E [email protected] spaces, movement, culture. Places: the community and the public at large, technicians. We are skilled in the W www.broadwaymalyan.com regenerate, infill, extend create. of streets, buildings and places. design and delivery of masterplanning, We are an international interdisciplinary architectural and urban design projects practice which believes in the value of and are committed to designing the placemaking-led masterplans that are appropriate solution for all of our rooted in local context. projects.

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Index 43

Brock Carmichael CSA Environmental DHA Planning & Urban FPCR Environment Architects Dixies Barns, High Street Design & Design Ltd 19 Old Hall Street, Liverpool L3 9JQ Ashwell SG7 5NT Eclipse House, Eclipse Park, Lockington Hall, Lockington T 0151 242 6222 T 01462 743647 Sittingbourne Road, Maidstone, Derby DE74 2RH C Michael Cosser C Clive Self Kent ME14 3EN T 01509 672772 E [email protected] E [email protected] T 01622 776226 C Tim Jackson Masterplans and development briefs. W www.csaenvironmental.co.uk C Matthew Woodhead E [email protected] Mixed use and brownfield regeneration Delivering masterplanning, design E [email protected] W www.fpcr.co.uk projects. Design in historic and coding and implementations. W dhaplanning.co.uk Integrated design and environmental sensitive settings. Integrated Specialist knowledge across Planning and Urban Design practice. Specialists in Masterplanning, landscape design. landscape, ecology, archaeology and Consultancy offering a full range urban and mixed use regeneration, urbanism leading to well-presented, of Urban Design services including development frameworks, EIAs and Burns + Nice high quality, commercially aware Masterplanning, development briefs public inquiries. 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ schemes. and design statements. T 020 7253 0808 Framework Architecture C Marie Burns/ Stephen Nice David Huskisson Associates Environmental Dimension and Urban Design E [email protected] 17 Upper Grosvenor Road, Partnership 3 Marine Studios, Burton Lane, W www.burnsnice.com Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2DU Tithe Barn, Barnsley Park Estate Burton Waters, Lincoln LN1 2WN Urban design, landscape architecture, T 01892 527828 Barnsley, Cirencester GL7 5EG T 01522 535383 environmental and transport planning. C Nicola Brown T 01285 740427 C Gregg Wilson Masterplanning, design and public E [email protected] C Tom Joyce E [email protected] consultation for community-led work. W www.dha-landscape.co.uk E [email protected] W www.frameworklincoln.co.uk Landscape consultancy offering W www.edp-uk.co.uk/ Architecture and urban design. A Carter Jonas Masterplanning, streetscape and The Environmental Dimension commitment to the broader built Berger House, 36-38 Berkeley Square urban park design, estate restoration, Partnership Ltd provides independent environment and the particular dynamic London W1J 5AE environmental impact assessments. environmental planning and design of a place and the design opportunities T 020 7016 0720 advice to landowners, and property presented. C Rebecca Sanders DAR and energy sector clients throughout E [email protected] 74 Wigmore Street, the UK from offices in the Cotswolds, Garsdale Design Limited W www.carterjonas.co.uk/our- London, W1U 2SQ Shrewsbury and Cardiff. High Branthwaites, Frostrow, services/planning-development.aspx T 020 7962 1333 Sedbergh, Cumbria, LA10 5JR Multidisciplinary practice working C Simon Gray FarrellS T 015396 20875 throughout the UK, specialising in E [email protected] 7 Hatton Street, London NW8 8PL C Derrick Hartley urban design and masterplanning, W www.dar.com T 020 7258 3433 E [email protected] placemaking, new settlements and Dar is a leading international C Max Farrell W www.garsdaledesign.co.uk urban extensions, urban regeneration, multidisciplinary consultant in E [email protected] GDL provides Masterplanning and sustainability and community urban design, planning, landscape, W www.terryfarrell.com urban design, architecture and heritage consultation. Complemented by engineering, architecture, project Architectural, urban design, planning services developed through 25 years in-house architecture, planning, management, transportation and and Masterplanning services. New wide ranging experience in the UK and development, investment, property and economics. The founding member of buildings, refurbishment, conference/ Middle East. minerals teams. Dar Group, we are 10,000 strong in 40 exhibition centres and visitor offices worldwide. attractions. Gillespies Chapman Taylor LLP LONDON • GLASGOW • MANCHESTER • 10 Eastbourne Terrace, David Lock Associates Ltd FaulknerBrowns LEEDS • OXFORD • ABU DHABI London W2 6LG 50 North Thirteenth Street, Dobson House, Northumbrian Way, 1 St John’s Square T 020 7371 3000 Central Milton Keynes, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 6QW London EC1M 4DH E [email protected] Milton Keynes MK9 3BP T 0191 268 3007 T 020 7253 2929 W www.chapmantaylor.com T 01908 666276 C Ben Sykes London MANCHESTER C Will Cousins E [email protected] E [email protected] Bass Warehouse, 4 Castle Street E [email protected] W www.faulknerbrowns.co.uk Oxford/Abu Dhabi Castlefield, Manchester M3 4LZ W www.davidlock.com FaulknerBrowns is a regionally-based E [email protected] T 0161 828 6500 Strategic planning studies, architectural design practice with a Glasgow E [email protected] area development frameworks, national and international reputation. E [email protected] Chapman Taylor is an international development briefs, design guidelines, From a workload based initially on Manchester firm of architects and urban designers Masterplanning, implementation education, library, sports and leisure E [email protected] specialising in mixed use city centre strategies, environmental statements. buildings, the practice’s current Leeds regeneration and transport projects workload includes masterplanning, E [email protected] throughout the world. Offices in Define offices, healthcare, commercial mixed W www.gillespies.co.uk Bangkok, Brussels, Bucharest, Unit 6, 133-137 Newhall Street use, industrial and residential, for both Urban design, landscape architecture, Düsseldorf, Kiev, Madrid, Milan, Birmingham B3 1SF private and public sector clients architecture, planning, environmental Moscow, New Delhi, Paris, Prague, Sao T 0121 237 1901 assessment, planning supervisors and Paulo, Shanghai and Warsaw. C Andy Williams Feria Urbanism project management. E [email protected] Second Floor Studio, 11 Fernside Road CITY ID W www.wearedefine.com Bournemouth, Dorset BH9 2LA Globe Consultants Ltd 23 Trenchard Street Define specialises in the promotion, T 01202 548676 26 Westgate, Lincoln LN1 3BD Bristol BS1 5AN shaping and assessment of C Richard Eastham T 01522 546483 T 0117 917 7000 development. Our work focuses on E [email protected] C l ynette Swinburne C Mike Rawlinson strategic planning, masterplanning, W www.feria-urbanism.eu E lynette.swinburne@globelimited. E [email protected] urban design codes, EIA, TVIA, estate Expertise in urban planning, co.uk W cityid.co.uk strategies, public realm design, masterplanning and public W www.globelimited.co.uk Place branding and marketing vision consultation strategies, urban design participation. Specialisms include Provides urban design, planning, Masterplanning, urban design, public audits and expert witness. design for the night time economy, economic and cultural development realm strategies, way finding and urban design skills training and local services across the UK and legibility strategies, information design Design by Pod community engagement. internationally, specialising in and graphics. 99 Galgate, Barnard Castle sustainable development solutions, Co Durham DL12 8ES Fletcher Priest Architects masterplanning and regeneration. T 01833 696600 Middlesex House C Andy Dolby 34/42 Cleveland Street E [email protected] London W1T 4JE Masterplanning, site appraisal, layout T 020 7034 2200 and architectural design. Development F 020 7637 5347 frameworks, urban regeneration, C j onathan Kendall design codes, briefs and design and E [email protected] access statements. W www.fletcherpreist.com Work ranges from city-scale masterplans (Stratford City, Riga) to architectural commissions for high- profile professional clients.

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 44 Index

GM Design Associates Ltd IBI Group Kay Elliott LDA Design 22 Lodge Road, Coleraine Chadsworth House 5-7 Meadfoot Road, Torquay New Fetter Place, 8-10 New Fetter Co. Londonderry BT52 1NB Wilmslow Road, Handforth Devon TQ1 2JP Lane, London EC4A 1AZ Northern Ireland Cheshire, SK9 3HP T 01803 213553 T 020 7467 1470 T 028 703 56138 T 01625 542200 C Mark Jones C Vaughan Anderson C Bill Gamble C Neil Lewin E [email protected] [email protected] E [email protected] E [email protected] W www.kayelliott.co.uk W www.lda-design.co.uk W www.g-m-design.com W www.ibigroup.com International studio with 30 year history GLASGOW Architecture, town and country We are a globally integrated urban of imaginative architects and urban Sovereign House, planning, urban design, landscape design, planning, architecture, town designers, creating buildings and places 158 West Regent Street architecture, development planning, master planning, landscape that enhance their surroundings and add Glasgow G2 4RL frameworks and briefs, feasibility architecture, engineering and financial value. T 0141 2229780 studies, sustainability appraisals, technology practice. C kirstin Taylor public participation and community Land Use Consultants E [email protected] engagement. Iceni Projects 43 Chalton Street, London NW1 1JD Offices also in Oxford, Peterborough Flitcroft House T 020 7383 5784 & Exeter Hankinson Duckett 114-116 Charing Cross Road C Adrian Wikeley Multidisciplinary firm covering all Associates London WC2H 0JR E [email protected] aspects of Masterplanning, urban The Stables, Howberry Park, Benson T 020 3640 8508 GLASGOW regeneration, public realm design, Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BA C Nivedita D’Lima 37 Otago Street, Glasgow G12 8JJ environmental impact and community T 01491 838 175 E [email protected] T 0141 334 9595 involvement. C Brian Duckett W www.iceniprojects.com C Martin Tabor E [email protected] Iceni Projects is a planning and devel- E [email protected] Levitt Bernstein W www.hda-enviro.co.uk opment consultancy with an innovative W www.landuse.co.uk Associates Ltd An approach which adds value through and commercially-minded approach Urban regeneration, landscape 1 Kingsland Passage, London E8 2BB innovative solutions. Development aimed at delivering success. design, masterplanning, sustainable T 020 7275 7676 planning, new settlements, development, environmental planning, C Glyn Tully environmental assessment, re-use of IDP Group environmental assessment, landscape E [email protected] redundant buildings. 27 Spon Street planning and management. Offices W www.levittbernstein.co.uk Coventry CV1 3BA also in Bristol and Edinburgh. Urban design, Masterplanning, full HOK international Ltd T 024 7652 7600 architectural service, lottery grant bid Qube, 90 Whitfield Street C luke Hillson Landscape Projects advice, interior design, urban renewal London W1T 4EZ E [email protected] 31 Blackfriars Road, Salford consultancy and landscape design. T 020 7636 2006 W www.weareidp.com Manchester M3 7AQ C Tim Gale We are IDP. We enhance daily life T 0161 839 8336 LHC Urban Design E [email protected] through architecture. We use design C Neil Swanson Design Studio, Emperor Way, Exeter W www.hok.com creativity, logic, collaboration and E [email protected] Business Park, Exeter, Devon EX1 3QS HOK delivers design of the highest pragmatism to realise places and W www.landscapeprojects.co.uk T 01392 444334 quality. It is one of Europe’s leading space. Ideas, delivered. We work at the boundary between C j ohn Baulch architectural practices, offering architecture, urban and landscape E [email protected] experienced people in a diverse range Jacobs design, seeking innovative, sensitive W www.lhc.net of building types, skills and markets. 226 Tower Bridge Road, design and creative thinking. Offices in Urban designers, architects and London SE1 2UP Manchester & London. landscape architects, providing an Hosta Consulting T 020 7939 1382 integrated approach to strategic 2b Cobden Chambers C Nivedita Vijayan Lanpro Services visioning, regeneration, urban renewal, Nottingham NG1 2ED E [email protected] 4 St Mary’s House Masterplanning and public realm T 07791043779 W www.jacobs.com Duke Street, Norwich NR3 1QA projects. Creative, knowledgeable, C Helen Taylor A multi-disciplinary design and T 01603 631 319 practical, passionate. E [email protected] technical services practice specialising C Chris Leeming W www.hostaconsulting.co.uk in urban design and place making E [email protected] Liz Lake Associates An urban landscape design studio that projects from concept design, W www.lanproservices.co.uk Western House, Chapel Hill use an innovative approach to create masterplanning up to detailed design Multi-disciplinary consultancy Stansted Mountfitchet green spaces for people, biodiversity and implementation stages. providing specialist advice in the fields Essex CM24 8AG and the environment of town planning, masterplanning, T 01279 647044 JB Planning urban design, project management and C Matt Lee HTA Design LLP Chells Manor, Chells Lane monitoring, landscape architecture and E [email protected] 106-110 Kentish Town Road Stevenage, Herts SG2 7AA interior design. W www.lizlake.com London NW1 9PX T 01438 312130 Urban fringe/brownfield sites where T 020 7485 8555 C kim Boyd Lavigne Lonsdale Ltd an holistic approach to urban design, C Simon Bayliss E [email protected] 38 Belgrave Crescent, Camden landscape, and ecological issues can E [email protected] W www.jbplanning.com Bath BA1 5JU provide robust design solutions. W www.hta.co.uk JB Planning Associates is an T 01225 421539 HTA Design LLP is a multi-disciplinary independent firm of chartered town TRURO Malcolm Moor Urban Design practice of architecture, landscape planning consultants, providing expert 55 Lemon Street, Truro 27 Ock Mill Close, Abingdon design, planning, urban design, advice to individuals and businesses Cornwall TR1 2PE Oxon OX14 1SP sustainability, graphic design and on matters connected with planning, T 01872 273118 T 01235 550122 communications based in London and property, land and development. C Martyn Lonsdale C Malcolm Moor Edinburgh, specialising in regeneration. E [email protected] E [email protected] Offices in London & Edinburgh. JTP W www.lavigne.co.uk W www.moorud.com 23-25 Great Sutton Street We are an integrated practice of Master planning of new communities, Hyland Edgar Driver London ECIV 0DN masterplanners, Urban Designers, urban design, residential, urban One Wessex Way, Colden Common, T 020 7017 1780 Landscape Architects and Product capacity and ecofitting studies, design Winchester, Hants SO21 1WG C Marcus Adams Designers. Experienced in large involvement with major international T 01962 711 600 E [email protected] scale, mixed use and residential projects. C j ohn Hyland Edinburgh Masterplanning, health, education, E [email protected] 2nd Floor Venue studios, 15-21 regeneration, housing, parks, public MCGREGOR COXALL W www.heduk.com Calton Road, Edinburgh EH8 8DL realm and streetscape design. 77 Stokes Croft, Bristol BS1 3RD Innovative problem solving, driven T 0131 272 2762 T 07496 282281 by cost efficiency and sustainability, C Alan Stewart C Michael Cowdy combined with imagination and E [email protected] [email protected] coherent aesthetic of the highest W www.jtp.co.uk W www.mcgregorcoxall.com quality. Addressing the problems of physical, We are a global multi-disciplinary social and economic regeneration design firm dedicated to assisting through collaborative interdisciplinary cities achieve sustainable prosperity. community based planning. Our international team provides services through Urbanism, Landscape Architecture and Environment disciplines.

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Index 45

Metropolis Planning and New Masterplanning Limited Ove Arup & Partners +Plus Urban Design Ltd Design 2nd Floor, 107 Bournemouth Road, Consulting West Team Spaceworks, Benton Park Road 4 Underwood Row, London N1 7LQ Poole, Dorset BH14 9HR 63 St Thomas Street Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7LX T 020 7324 2662 T 01202 742228 Bristol BS1 6JZ T 0844 800 6660 C Greg Cooper C Andy Ward T 0117 9765432 C Richard Charge, Tony Wyatt E [email protected] E [email protected] C j Shore E [email protected] W ww.metropolispd.com W www.newMasterplanning.com E [email protected] W www.plusud.co.uk Metropolitan urban design solutions Our skills combine strategic planning W arup.com Specialist practice providing drawn from a multi-disciplinary studio with detailed implementation, design strategic masterplanning, urban of urban designers, architects, planners flair with economic rigour, independent Pegasus Group design guidance, analysis, character and heritage architects. thinking with a partnership approach. Pegasus House, assessment and independent design Querns Business Centre advisory expertise. Metropolitan Workshop Nicholas Pearson Whitworth Road, Cirencester GL7 1RT 14-16 Cowcross Street Associates T 01285 641717 PM DEVEREUX London EC1M 6DG 30 Brock Street, Bath BA1 2LN C Michael Carr 200 Upper Richmond Road, T 020 7566 0450 T 01225 445548 E [email protected] London SW15 2SH C David Prichard/Neil Deeley C Simon Kale W www.pegasuspg.co.uk T 020 8780 1800 E [email protected] E [email protected] Masterplanning, detailed layout and C julian Seward W www.metwork.co.uk/ W www.npaconsult.co.uk architectural design, design and E [email protected] Metropolitan Workshop has experience Masterplanning, public realm design, access statements, design codes, W www.pmdevereux.com in urban design, land use planning, streetscape analysis, concept and sustainable design, development Adding value through innovative, regeneration and architecture in the detail designs. Also full landscape briefs, development frameworks, ambitious solutions in complex urban UK, Eire and Norway. Recent projects: architecture service, EIA, green expert witness, community involvement environments. Ballymun Dublin, Durham Millennium infrastructure, ecology and biodiversity, and sustainability appraisal. Part of the Quarter, Adamstown District Centre environmental planning and multidisciplinary Pegasus Group. Pollard Thomas Edwards Dublin, Bjorvika Waterfront management. Architects Philip Cave Associates Diespeker Wharf, 38 Graham Street, Mott MacDonald NJBA A + U 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ London N1 8JX 10 Fleet Place 34 Upper Baggot Street T 020 7250 0077 T 020 7336 7777 London EC4M 7RB Dublin 4, IRE – D4, Ireland C Philip Cave C Robin Saha-Choudhury T 020 87743927 T 00 353 1 678 8068 E [email protected] Andrew Beharrell C Stuart Croucher C Noel J Brady W www.philipcave.com E [email protected] E [email protected] E [email protected] Design-led practice with innovative yet W www.ptea.co.uk W www.mottmac.com W www.12publishers.com/njba.htm practical solutions to environmental Masterplanners, urban designers, London, Cambridge, Birmingham and Integrated landscapes, urban design, opportunities in urban regeneration. developers, architects, listed building Manchester town centres and squares, strategic Specialist expertise in landscape and conservation area designers; Mott MacDonald’s Urbanism team design and planning. architecture. specialising in inner city mixed use high specialises in placemaking, streetscape density regeneration. design, landscape architecture, Node Urban Design Phil Jones Associates security design, policy and research. 33 Holmfield Road Seven House, High Street Project Centre Ltd Leicester LE2 1SE Longbridge, Birmingham B31 2UQ Level 4, Westgate House Mouchel T 0116 2708742 T 0121 475 0234 Westgate, London W5 1YY Mermaid House C Nigel Wakefield C Nigel Millington T 020 7421 8222 2 Puddle Dock E [email protected] E [email protected] C David Moores London EC4V 3DS W www.nodeurbandesign.com W www.philjonesassociates.co.uk/ E [email protected] T 020 3680 5000 An innovative team of urban design, One of the UK’s leading independent W www.projectcentre.co.uk C Matthew Jessop landscape and heritage consultants transport specialists offering the Landscape architecture, public realm E [email protected] who believe that good design adds expertise to deliver high quality, viable design, urban regeneration, street W www.mouchel.com value. Providing sustainable urban developments which are design-led lighting design, planning supervision, Integrated urban design, transport and design and masterplan solutions at all and compliant with urban design best traffic and transportation, parking and engineering consultancy, changing the scales of development with a focus on practice. highway design. urban landscape in a positive manner, the creation of a sense of place. creating places for sustainable living. Place By Design Pro Vision Planning & Novell Tullett Unit C, Baptist Mills Court Design Nash Partnership The Old Mess Room, Home Farm Bristol BS5 0FJ Grosvenor Ct, Winchester Rd 23a Sydney Buildings Barrow Gurney BS48 3RW T 01179 517 053 Ampfield, Winchester SO51 9BD Bath, Somerset BA2 6BZ T 01275 462476 C Charley Burrough T 01794 368698 T 01225 442424 C Simon Lindsley E [email protected] C james Cleary C Donna Fooks-Bale E [email protected] W placebydesign.co.uk E [email protected] E [email protected] W www.novelltullett.co.uk W pvprojects.com W www.nashpartnership.com Urban design, landscape architecture Planit-IE LLP Nash Partnership is an architecture, and environmental planning. 2 Back Grafton Street PRP Architects planning, urban design, conservation Altrincham, Cheshire WA14 1DY 10 Lindsey Street, and economic regeneration Origin3 T 0161 928 9281 London EC1A 9HP consultancy based in Bath and Bristol. Tyndall House C Peter Swift T 020 7653 1200 17 Whiteladies Road E [email protected] C Vicky Naysmith Nathaniel Lichfield & Clifton, Bristol BS8 1PB W www.planit-ie.com E [email protected] Partners Ltd T 0117 927 3281 Design practice specialising in the W www.prp-co.uk 14 Regent’s Wharf, All Saints Street, C Emily Esfahani creation of places and shaping of Architects, planners, urban designers London N1 9RL E [email protected] communities. Our Urban Designers and landscape architects, specialising T 020 7837 4477 W www.origin3.co.uk work at all scales from regeneration in housing, urban regeneration, health, C Nick Thompson Planning and urban design consultancy strategies and conceptual masterplans education and leisure projects. E [email protected] through to Design Codes – making W www.nlpplanning.com Paul Drew Design Ltd environments, neighbourhoods and Randall Thorp Also at Newcastle upon Tyne and 23-25 Great Sutton Street spaces for people to enjoy. Canada House, 3 Chepstow Street, Cardiff London EC1V 0DN Manchester M1 5FW Urban design, Masterplanning, T 020 7017 1785 Planning Design Practice T 0161 228 7721 heritage/conservation, visual appraisal, C Paul Drew 4 Woburn House, Vernon Gate C Pauline Randall regeneration, daylight/sunlight E [email protected] Derby DE1 1UL E [email protected] assessments, public realm strategies. W www.pauldrewdesign.co.uk T 01332 347 371 W www.randallthorp.co.uk Masterplanning, urban design, C Scott O’Dell Masterplanning for new developments residential and mixed use design. E [email protected] and settlements, infrastructure design Creative use of design codes and other W www.planningdesign.co.uk and urban renewal, design guides and briefing material. We are a multi-disciplinary practice design briefing, public participation. offering services in planning, architecture and urban design who seek to create better places.

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 46 Index

Random Greenway Scott Tallon Walker Smeeden Foreman ltd studio | REAL Architects Architects Somerset House, Low Moor Lane Oxford Centre for Innovation Soper Hall, Harestone Valley Road 19 Merrion Square, Dublin 2 Scotton, Knaresborough HG5 9JB New Road, Oxford OX1 1BY Caterham Surrey CR3 6HY T 00 353 1 669 3000 T 01423 863369 T 01865 261461 T 01883 346 441 C Philip Jackson C Mark Smeeden C Roger Evans C R Greenway E [email protected] E [email protected] E [email protected] E rg@randomgreenwayarchitects. W www.stwarchitects.com W www.smeedenforeman.co.uk W www.studioreal.co.uk co.uk Award winning international practice Ecology, landscape architecture Urban regeneration, quarter Architecture, planning and urban covering all aspects of architecture, and urban design. Environmental frameworks and design briefs, town design. New build, regeneration, urban design and planning. assessment, detailed design, contract centre strategies, movement in towns, refurbishment and restoration. packages and site supervision. Masterplanning and development Scott Worsfold Associates economics. Richard Coleman The Studio, 22 Ringwood Road Soltys: Brewster Consulting Citydesigner Longham, Dorset BH22 9AN 4 Stangate House, Stanwell Road Terence O'Rourke 14 Lower Grosvenor Place, T 01202 580902 Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan CF64 2AA Linen Hall, 162-168 Regent Street London SW1W 0EX C Gary Worsfold / Alister Scott T 029 2040 8476 London W1B 5TE T 020 7630 4880 E [email protected] / alister@ C Simon Brewster T 020 3664 6755 C lakshmi Varma sw-arch.com E [email protected] C k im Hamilton E [email protected] W www.garyworsfoldarchitecture. W www.soltysbrewster.co.uk E [email protected] Advice on architectural quality, co.uk Urban design, masterplans, design W www.torltd.co.uk/ urban design, and conservation, An award winning practice of chartered strategies, visual impact, environmental Award-winning planning, design and historic buildings and townscape. architects, urban designers and experts assessment, regeneration of urban environmental practice. Environmental statements, listed in conservation, all with exceptional space, landscape design and project buildings/area consent applications. graphic skills and an enviable record in management. Terra Firma Consultancy planning consents. Cedar Court, 5 College Street Richard Reid & Associates spacehub Petersfield GU31 4AE Whitely Farm, Ide Hill, Sheils Flynn Ltd Grimsby Street Studio, T 01730 262040 Sevenoaks TN14 6BS Bank House High Street, Docking, 20a Grimsby Street C l ionel Fanshawe T 01732 741417 Kings Lynn PE31 8NH London E2 6ES [email protected] C Richard Reid T 01485 518304 T 020 7739 6699 W www.terrafirmaconsultancy.com E [email protected] C Eoghan Sheils C Giles Charlton Independent landscape architectural W www.richardreid.co.uk E [email protected] E [email protected] practice with considerable urban W www.sheilsflynn.com W www.spacehubdesign.com design experience at all scales from EIA Ryder Architecture Award winning town centre spacehub is a young design studio, to project delivery throughout UK and Cooper’s Studios, regeneration schemes, urban strategies specialising in public realm, landscape, overseas. 14-18 Westgate Road and design guidance. Specialists in ecology and urban design. We are Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3NN community consultation and team passionate and committed to creative THrive T 0191 269 5454 facilitation. thinking and collaborative working. Building 300, The Grange C Cathy Russell Romsey Road, Michelmersh E [email protected] Shepheard Epstein Hunter Spawforths Romsey SO51 0AE W www.ryderarchitecture.com Phoenix Yard, 65 King’s Cross Road, Junction 41 Business Court, East T 01794 367703 Newcastle London Glasgow London WC1X 9LW Ardsley, Leeds WF3 2AB C Gary Rider Liverpool Hong Kong Vancouver T 020 7841 7500 T 01924 873873 E [email protected] Melbourne Sydney Perth Barcelona C Steven Pidwill C Adrian Spawforth W www.thrivearchitects.co.uk Budapest E [email protected] E [email protected] Award winning multi-disciplinary Our core specialisms include W www.seh.co.uk W www.spawforths.co.uk practice encompassing architecture, architecture, urban design, SEH is a user-friendly, award-winning Urbanism with planners and architects urban design, masterplanning, design placemaking, stakeholder and architects firm, known for its work in specialising in Masterplanning, coding, regeneration, development community engagement, planning, regeneration, education, housing, community engagement, visioning and frameworks, sustainable design/ interiors and heritage. We follow a Masterplanning, mixed use and development frameworks. planning and construction. Residential holistic approach to placemaking healthcare projects. and retirement care specialists. focused on understanding the nature of Stride Treglown places, seeking out opportunities which Sheppard Robson Promenade House, The Promenade Tibbalds Planning & Urban exist beyond the limits of a red line site 77 Parkway, Camden Town, Clifton Down, Bristol BS8 3NE Design boundary. London NW1 7PU T 0117 974 3271 19 Maltings Place, 169 Tower Bridge T 020 7504 1700 C Graham Stephens Road, London SE1 3JB SAVILLS (L&P) LIMITED C Charles Scott [email protected] T 020 7089 2121 33 Margaret Street E [email protected] W www.stridetreglown.com/ C katja Stille London W1G 0JD W www.sheppardrobson.com E [email protected] T 020 3320 8242 Manchester Stuart Turner Associates W www.tibbalds.co.uk W www.savills.com 27th Floor, City Tower, Piccadilly Plaza 12 Ledbury, Great Linford, Multi-disciplinary practice of urban SOUTHAMPTON Manchester M1 4BD Milton Keynes MK14 5DS designers, architects and planners. 2 Charlotte Place, T 0161 233 8900 T 01908 678672 Provides expertise from concept Southampton SO14 0TB Planners, urban designers and C Stuart Turner to implementation in regeneration, T 02380 713900 architects. Strategic planning, urban E [email protected] masterplanning, urban design and C Peter Frankum regeneration, development planning, W www.studiost.co.uk design management to public and E [email protected] town centre renewal, new settlement Architecture, urban design and private sector clients. Offices throughout the World planning. environmental planning, the design of Savills Urban Design creates value new settlements, urban regeneration Townscape Solutions from places and places of value. Signet Urban Design and site development studies. 208 Lightwoods Hill, Smethwick Masterplanning, urban design, design Rowe House, 10 East Parade West Midlands B67 5EH coding, urban design advice, planning, Harrogate HG1 5LT Studio Partington T 0121 429 6111 commercial guidance. T 01423 857510 Unit G, Reliance Wharf, C k enny Brown C Andrew Clarke Hertford Road, London N1 5EW [email protected] Scott Brownrigg Ltd [email protected] T 020 7241 7770 W www.townscapesolutions.co.uk St Catherines Court, 46-48 W www.signetplanning.com C Richard Partington Specialist urban design practice Portsmouth Road, Guildford GU2 4DU A team of talented urban E [email protected] offering a wide range of services T 01483 568 686 design professionals providing W www.studiopartington.co.uk including masterplans, site layouts, C Alex Baker masterplanning, detailed layout and Urban design, housing, retail, design briefs, design and access E [email protected] architectural design, design and education, sustainability and statements, expert witness and 3D W www.scottbrownrigg.com access statements, design codes and commercial projects that take illustrations. Integrated service of architecture, development frameworks throughout a responsible approach to the urban design, planning, the UK. environment and resources. Masterplanning, involved in several mixed use schemes regenerating inner city and brownfield sites.

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Index 47

Turley Urban Innovations Wei Yang & Partners 10th Floor, 1 New York Street 1st Floor, Wellington Buildings, 4 Devonshire Street Manchester M1 4HD 2 Wellington Street, Belfast BT16HT London W1W 5DT Education C Stephen Taylor (North) T 028 9043 5060 T 020 3102 8565 T 0161 233 7676 C Tony Stevens/ Agnes Brown C Dr Wei Yang E [email protected] E [email protected] E [email protected] Index C Craig Becconsall (South) W www.urbaninnovations.co.uk W www.weiyangandpartners.co.uk T 0118 902 2830 The partnership provides not only Independent multi-disciplinary W www.turley.co.uk feasibility studies and assists in site company driven by a commitment to Offices also in Belfast, Birmingham, assembly for complex projects but shape more sustainable and liveable ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, also full architectural services for major cities. Specialising in low-carbon city Department of Engineering & Built Leeds, London and Southampton. projects. development strategies, sustainable Environment, Marconi Building Integrated urban design, large-scale new settlement master Rivermead Campus, Bishop Hall Lane masterplanning, sustainability and URBED (Urbanism plans, urban regeneration, urban Chelmsford CM1 1SQ heritage services provided at all project Environment & Design) and public realm design, mixed use T 01245 683 3952 stages and scales of development. Manchester urban complex design and community C Dr Dellé Odeleye Services include visioning, townscape 10 Little Lever Street, building strategies. E [email protected] analysis, design guides and public Manchester M1 1HR W Full time: realm resolution. T 0161 200 5500 West Waddy ADP LLP www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/ C j ohn Sampson The Malthouse prospectus/pg/Urban_Design.html Tweed Nuttall Warburton E [email protected] 60 East St. Helen Street Part time: Chapel House, City Road W www.urbed.coop Abingdon, Oxon OX14 5EB www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/ Chester CH1 3AE LONDON T 01235 523139 prospectus/pg/_urban_design.html T 01244 310388 The Building Centre C Philip Waddy MSc in Urban Design, Post Grad C j ohn Tweed 26 Store Street, London WC1E 7BT E [email protected] Diploma or Certificate in Urban Design. E [email protected] C Nicholas Falk W westwaddy-adp.co.uk The emphasis is on sustainable urban W www.tnw-architecture.co.uk T 07811 266538 Experienced and multi-disciplinary team design and cultural approaches Architecture and urban design, Sustainable Urbanism, Masterplanning, of urban designers, architects and town to place-shaping. The course is Masterplanning. Urban waterside Urban Design, Retrofitting, planners offering a full range of urban based upon key requirements in the environments. Community teamwork Consultation, Capacity Building, design services. ’Recognised Practitioner in Urban enablers. Visual impact assessments. Research, Town Centres and Design’ designation. It can be taken full Regeneration. WESTON WILLIAMSON + time (1 year) or part time (2 years). UBU Design Ltd PARTNERS 7a Wintex House URBEN 12 Valentine Place Cardiff University Easton Lane Business Park Studio D, 90 Main Yard London SE1 8QH Welsh School of Architecture and Easton Lane Wallis Road, London E9 5LN T 020 7401 8877 School of City & Regional Planning Winchester SO23 7RQ T 020 3882 1495 C Chris Williamson Glamorgan Building T 01962 856008 C Paul Reynolds E [email protected] King Edward VII Avenue C Rachel Williams E [email protected] W www.westonwilliamson.com Cardiff CF10 3WA E [email protected] W www.urbenstudio.com Weston Williamson is an award T 029 2087 5972/029 2087 5961 www.ubu-design.co.uk Urban Planning and Design winning architectural, urban design C Allison Dutoit, Marga Munar Bauza Ubu Design is an innovative urban consultancy with a focus on using and masterplanning practice with a E [email protected] design and landscape architecture placemaking and infrastructure to make wide variety of projects in the UK and [email protected] practice. We combine creativity with our towns and cities more efficient and abroad. W www.cardiff.ac.uk/cplan/study/ understanding to shape development better places to live + work. postgraduate/urban-design-ma and produce designs that are White Consultants One year full-time and two year part- considered, viable and inspiring, from URS Infrastructure & Enterprise House time MA in Urban Design. strategies and frameworks, through Environment 127-129 Bute Street masterplanning to detailed design. 6-8 Greencoat Place Cardiff CF10 5LE Edinburgh School of London SW1P 1PL T 029 2043 7841 Architecture and Urban Design Futures T 020 7798 5137 C Simon White Landscape Architecture 34/1 Henderson Row C Ben Castell E [email protected] ECA University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH3 5DN E [email protected] W www.whiteconsultants.co.uk Lauriston Place, Edinburgh EH3 9DF T 0131 557 8944 W www.ursglobal.com A holistic approach to urban T 0131 651 5786 C Selby Richardson Also at Birmingham, Leeds, regeneration, design guidance, public C Dr Ola Uduku E [email protected] Manchester and Plymouth realm and open space strategies and E [email protected] W www.urbandesignfutures.co.uk Urban design, planning, landscape, town centre studies for the public, W www.ed.ac.uk/studying/ Innovative urban design, planning economic and architectural design private and community sectors. postgraduate/degrees and landscape practice specialising expertise supported by comprehensive Jointly run with Heriot Watt University, in Masterplanning, new settlements, multidisciplinary skills. WYG Planning & this M.Sc in Urban Strategies and urban regeneration, town and village Environment Design focuses on urban design studies. Vincent and Gorbing Ltd 100 St. John Street practice and theory from a cultural, Sterling Court, Norton Road, London EC1M 4EH and socio-economic, case-study urban Imprint Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2JY T 020 7250 7500 perspective. Engaging students 16-18 Park Green, Macclesfield, T 01438 316331 C Colin James in ’live’ urban projects, as part of Cheshire, Sk11 7N C Richard Lewis E [email protected] the programme’s ’action research’ T 01625 265232 E urban.designers@vincent-gorbing. W www.wyg.com pedagogy, it also offers research C Bob Phillips co.uk Offices throughout the UK expertise in African and Latin American E [email protected] W www.vincent-gorbing.co.uk Creative urban design and urban design and planning processes. W www.bpud.co.uk Masterplanning, design statements, masterplanning with a contextual A multi-disciplinary town planning and character assessments, development approach to placemaking and a THE GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ART urban design consultancy dedicated to briefs, residential layouts and urban concern for environmental, social and Mackintosh School of Architecture the delivery of high quality development capacity exercises. economic sustainability. 167 Renfrew Street, Glasgow G3 6RQ solutions working with public, private T 0141 353 4500 and community organisations. C joanna Crotch E [email protected] Urban Initiatives Studio W www.gsa.ac.uk/study/graduate- Exmouth House, 3-11 Pine Street degrees/architectural-studies/ London EC1R 0JH Master of Architecture in: Urban Design T 0203 567 0716 and Creative Urban Practices; Urban C Hugo Nowell Building; Computer Aided Architectural E [email protected] Design; and, Energy & Environmental W www.uistudio.co.uk Studies. The MArch programme is Urban design, transportation, research and project driven with a regeneration, development planning. multidisciplinary input, core lectures and seminars, balanced by literature enquiry, to enable students to develop a multi-disciplinary perspective.

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 48 Index

Leeds Beckett University UCLan – University of University of Dundee complexities of creating and managing School of Art, Architecture and Central Lancashire Town and Regional Planning people-friendly sustainable urban Design, Broadcasting Place, The Grenfell-Baines School of Tower Building, Perth Road environments. Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9EN Architecture, Construction and Dundee DD1 4HN T 0113 812 3216 Environment, Preston, PR1 2HE T 01382 385246 / 01382 385048 University of Nottingham C Edwin Knighton T 01772 892400 C Dr Mohammad Radfar / Dr Deepak Department of Architecture and Built E [email protected] E [email protected] Gopinath Environment, University Park W www.courses.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/ W www.uclan.ac.uk/courses/msc_ E [email protected] / Nottingham NG7 2RD urbandesign_ma urban_design.php [email protected] T 0115 9513110 Master of Arts in Urban Design consists The MSc in Urban Design enables W www.dundee.ac.uk/postgraduate/ C Dr Amy Tang of 1 year full time or 2 years part time or students to work with real cities courses/advanced_sustainable_ E [email protected] individual programme of study. Shorter and live projects, politicians, policy urban_design_msc.htm W www.nottingham.ac.uk/pgstudy/ programmes lead to Post Graduate makers, architects and designers in a The MSc Advanced Sustainable courses/architecture-and-built- Diploma/Certificate. Project based critical studio environment. This along Urban Design (RTPI accredited) is a environment/sustainable-urban- course focusing on the creation of residential study tours to European unique multidisciplinary practice-led design-march.aspx sustainable environments through cities help to prepare students for programme set in an international Master of Architecture (MArch) in interdisciplinary design. practice addressing the demands of context (EU study visit) and engaging Sustainable Urban Design is a research our urban future. with such themes as landscape and project-based programme which London South Bank urbanism, placemaking across cultures aims to assist the enhancement of University University College London and sustainability evaluation as the quality of our cities by bringing Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences Development Planning Unit integrated knowledge spheres in the innovative design with research in 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA 34 Tavistock Square creation of sustainable places. sustainability. C Bob Jarvis London WC1H 9EZ T 020 7815 7353 T 020 7679 1111 University of Huddersfield University of Portsmouth MA Urban Design (one year full time/ C Camillo Boano and Catalina Ortiz School of Art, Design & Architecture School of Architecture two years part time) or PG Cert E [email protected] Queen Street Studios Eldon Building, Winston Churchill Planning based course including units [email protected] Huddersfield HD1 3DH Avenue, Portsmouth PO1 2DJ on place and performance, sustainable W https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/ T 01484 472208 T 02392 842 090 cities as well as project based work and development/programmes/ C Dr Ioanni Delsante C Dr Fabiano Lemes EU study visit. Part of RTPI accredited postgraduate/msc-building-urban- E [email protected] E [email protected] programme. design-development W www.hud.ac.uk/courses/full-time/ W www.port.ac.uk/courses/ The DPU programme has a unique postgraduate/urban-design-ma/ architecture-property-and-surveying/ Newcastle University focus on Urban Design as a MA; PgDip; PgCert in Urban Design ma-urban-design/ Department of Architecture, Planning transdisciplinary and critical practice. (Full Time or Part Time). The MA Urban Design course provides and Landscape, Claremont Tower Students are encouraged to rethink The MA in Urban Design aims to the opportunity to debate the potential University of Newcastle, Newcastle the role of urban design through provide students with the essential role of design professionals in the upon Tyne NE1 7RU processes of collective and radical knowledge and skills required to generation of sustainable cities. One T 0191 222 6006 endeavours to design and build resilient effectively intervene in the urban design year full time and two years part time. C Georgia Giannopoulou strategic responses to conflicting process; develop academic research E [email protected] urban agendas, emphasising outcomes skills, including critical problem-solving University of Sheffield W www.ncl.ac.uk/apl/study/ of environmental and social-spatial and reflective practice; facilitate design School of Architecture, The Arts postgraduate/taught/urbandesign/ justice. responses to the range of cultural, Tower, index.htm political, socio-economic, historical, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN The MA in Urban Design brings University College London environmental and spatial factors. It T 0114 222 0341 together cross-disciplinary expertise Bartlett School of Planning also aims to promote responsibility C Florian Kossak striking a balance between methods 22 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0QB within urban design to consider the E [email protected] and approaches in environmental T 020 7679 4797 wider impact of urban development W www.shef.ac.uk/architecture/ design and the social sciences in C Filipa Wunderlich and regeneration. study/pgschool/taught_masters/ the creation of the built environment. E [email protected] maud To view the course blog: W www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/planning/ University of Manchester One year full time MA in Urban Design www.nclurbandesign.org programmes School of Environment, Education and for postgraduate architects, landscape The MSc/Dipl Urban Design & City Development architects and town planners. The Nottingham Trent Planning has a unique focus on the Humanities Bridgeford Street, programme has a strong design focus, University interface between urban design & city Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL integrates participation and related Burton Street, Nottingham NG1 4BU planning. Students learn to think in T 0161 275 2815 design processes, and includes T 0115 848 6033 critical, creative and analytical ways C Dr. Philip Black international and regional applications. C Stefan Kruczkowski across the different scales of the city E [email protected] E [email protected] – from strategic to local -and across W www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/ University of Strathclyde W www.ntu.ac.uk/apps/pss/ urban design, planning, real estate and study/taught-masters/courses/list/ Department of Architecture course_finder/108169-1/6/pgcert_ sustainability. urban-design-and-international- Urban Design Studies Unit planning_urban_design_and_ planning-msc/ Level 3, James Weir Building sustainable_development.aspx University College London MSc Urban Design and International 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ NTU offers postgraduate opportunities Bartlett School of Planning Planning (F/T or P/T) T 0141 548 4219 in urban design with a particular 14 Upper Woburn Place The fully accredited RTPI MSc Urban C Ombretta Romice focus on residential led development. London WC1H 0NN Design and International Planning E [email protected] Modules are available as either stand- T 020 7679 4797 explores the relationship between W www.udsu-strath.com alone CPD learning or as part of C Matthew Carmona urban design and planning by focusing The Postgraduate Course in Urban postgraduate awards. Modules include E [email protected] on internationally significant issues. Design is offered in CPD,Diploma Built for Life(TM) and Garden Cities and W www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/planning/ With a strong project-based applied and MSc modes. The course is design Suburbs. Our courses are designed for programmes/postgraduate/ approach students are equipped with centred and includes input from a those working full-time with a one-day a mresInter-disciplinary-urban-design the core knowledge and technical variety of related disciplines. month teaching format. The MRes Inter-disciplinary Urban competencies to design across various Design cuts across urban design scales in the city. University of Westminster Oxford Brookes University programmes at The Bartlett, allowing 35 Marylebone Road, London NW1 5LS Joint Centre for Urban Design students to construct their study in University of Northampton T 020 7911 5000 ext 66553 Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP a flexible manner and explore urban The University of Northampton C Bill Erickson C Georgia Butina-Watson, Alan Reeve design as a critical arena for advanced Park Campus, Boughton Green Road E [email protected] T 01865 483403 research and practice. The course Northampton NN2 7AL MA or Diploma Course in Urban Design Diploma in Urban Design, six months operates as a stand-alone high level T 01604 735500 for postgraduate architects, town full time or 18 months part time. MA one masters or as preparation for a PhD. E sabine.coadyschaebitz@ planners, landscape architects and year full-time or two years part-time. northampton.ac.uk related disciplines. One year full time or C Sabine Coady Schaebitz two years part time. W www.northampton.ac.uk/study/ courses/courses-by-subject/social- sciences/integrated-urbanism-msc MSc Integrated Urbanism: Eight Urban Design and Urbanism Modules plus Master Thesis to explore the

Urban Design ― summer 2017 ― Issue 143 EndpiecNewse Uncommon People

1 2 The wonderful Flatpack film festival hit had provocatively sent him a copy of the on which cities could be built, in opposition Birmingham again in April, with a packed newly-published Death and Life in 1961. He to Moses’ wrongheaded devastation. Baker six-day programme of events in 24 differ- returned the book, and ended the note ‘Sell similarly worked from observation of how ent venues. Two documentaries made last this junk to someone else’! lime was burnt, how timber could be recy- year about two parallel lives, those of Jane Jane Jacobs is quite famous; Laurie cled, how a poor family in Kerala lived, how Jacobs (1916-2006) and Laurie Baker (1917- Baker is not famous at all, but deserves to they cooked and ate, how they sheltered in 2007), were outstanding films for me. be much better known and celebrated. Like coolness away from the sun, and made from Citizen Jane: Battle for the City focuses me, he was educated at Birmingham School that an architecture full of practicality and on the confrontations between Jacobs and of Architecture, but a generation earlier. He delight which they could afford. He was a Robert Moses, the enormously powerful was taught in Birmingham’s Arts and Crafts sustainable and green architect long before New York official who dominated urban tradition, met Gandhi and went to India those terms were invented. planning and redevelopment between the after the Second World War, and spent the The Baker film is called Uncommon 1930s and the 1960s, and who at one time rest of his life there. His numerous buildings Sense, which quality Baker’s architecture held twelve official posts simultaneously. in India are shaped by the Arts and Crafts represents, despite ‘Use common sense’ I know a lot about my hero Jane Jacobs, but ethic, but look nothing like buildings in being one of the 20 Principles by which he I knew less about Moses. What an appalling Surrey or Worcestershire. He adapted the defined his work. I have heard Jane Jacobs’ man! If you think Donald Trump typifies bul- principles of William Morris and Philip Webb urban principles dismissed as common lying arrogance and misogyny, think again. to a different culture, climate, economy and sense, but they are also still not common Moses was worse. Time after time in the technology. He built cheaply and inven- enough. I think of John Berger’s critique of film, in interviews and speeches, he reveals tively, often for clients who could afford common sense in his book about a country himself as the stereotypically ignorant but little. He was a brilliant architect, but he doctor, A Fortunate Man. He writes ‘….. megalomaniacal tyrant who inflicted huge showed that you should never believe what common sense is passive because it is damage on places and communities. At one architects say about their work. In the film, based on an outdated view of the possi- point he states his intention to obliterate he explains everything he did on the basis ble. Common sense is essentially static. It East Harlem and rebuild it, describing the of economy. Yet his rough red brick walls, belongs to the ideology of those who are neighbourhood as ‘a cancer on the city’. curving (to give the wall stability), unplas- socially passive, never understanding what At another point he says that America’s tered (to reveal structure), and perforated or who has made their situation as it is’. economy is unthinkable without automobile with patterns of small geometric voids (to Jacobs and Baker were activists, using their production, therefore expressways have to achieve natural ventilation), are sensuously energies and imaginations to change the be build in order to have somewhere to put beautiful. That beauty is not achieved just realities of the world in which they lived. them. He had a huge amount of power, but by addressing economy. They were uncommon people. Jacobs defeated him, with intelligence and I was very moved by both films, by the • wit. modesty of the two central figures, and by Joe Holyoak, architect and urban designer I was scheduled to give an introduction the importance they gave to ordinariness to Jacobs before the film, but was foiled in daily life. The quality of ordinariness is by the automated projection system in the frequently overlooked, if not actually dis- modern cinema, which started the film missed. Jacobs observed and documented running before I could get to my feet. The the ordinary quotidian activities in Hudson 1 Laurie Baker film anyway contains my best anecdotes, Street in Greenwich Village, which Moses 2 Jane Jacobs including Jacobs’ arrest and prosecu- demonstrating and the other men in suits featured in the against the tion in 1968 for inciting a riot, and Moses’ film, had no interest in. She then construct- Lower Manhattan brief angry note to Jacobs’ publisher, who ed from that ordinariness a set of principles Expressway

Urban Design ― Summer 2017 ― Issue 143 Savills Urban Design Studio Innovative Consultancy

Creating successful places through deliverable and sustainable design. By combining our technical skills, market knowledge and design experience with our commercial advice and creative innovation, the results are responsive, successful and attractive solutions.

Note:- Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Map with the permission of the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office Crown copyright licence number 100024244 Savills (UK). Published for the purposes of identification only and although believed to be correct accuracy is not guaranteed. \\SOUTHAMPTON03\Data\URBAN DESIGN\JOBS\SNUD 341832 - Southern Gas Networks - Inner Harbour, Weymouth\B) Drawings\INDD\Digital Model. 19/06/15.

savills.com/urbandesign

London Cambridge Southampton Oxford Birmingham

Peter Frankum James Rennie Chris Odgers Andrew Raven Anna Parsons e [email protected] e [email protected] e [email protected] e [email protected] e [email protected] t 020 3320 8242 t 01223 347 260 t 02380 713901 t 01865 269 045 t 0121 6348475

Copyright Savills (UK). No dimensions are to be scaled from this drawing. All dimensions to be checked on site. Area measurements for indicative purposes only. project Inner Harbour, Weymouth drawing savills planning & regeneration Massing Model client Southern Gas Networks 2 Charlotte Place, Southampton date 19/06/2015 job no. SNUD341832 SO14 0TB N t 02380 713900 drawn by NH drawing no. MM001 savills.com/urbandesign checked by PF rev - scale NTS @A3

UD Journal Back Page June 2017.indd 1 26/05/2017 13:30:52