Religion and Anthropology: a Critical Introduction Brian Morris Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521852412 - Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction Brian Morris Index More information

Index

Abram, D., 41 Barth, Frederick, 234 Adler, Margot, 273, 285, 293 Basham, A. L., 116 Advaita Vedanta, 112, 114, 134 Bastide, Roger, 188–90, 223 African Methodist Episcopal (AME), 186, 208 Batchelor, Stephen, 69 African Reformist Church, 215 Bateson, Gregory, 232, 244 African religion, 12, 148–52 batuque, 227–9 Aiyanar, 129–30 Bede, Venerable, 279 Aiyappan, A., 128 Bedward, Alexander, 210 Akawaio, 40, 42 Behrend, Heike, 169 Akin, David, 242–3 Belem, 226 Aladura Church, 187 Bell, Catherine, 251 Al ‘Alawi, Muhammad, 105, 110 Bellah, Robert, 47, 117 altered states of consciousness, 11, 19–21 Benandanti, 280 Al-Yusi, 106, 109 Berbers, 99–100 Amahuac Indians, 37 Besson, Jean, 211, 222 Ames, Michael, 63–4 Bhadrakali, 126 ancestral spirits, 150, 155, 166, 180, 237–8 Bhagavad Gita, 120, 138 Ancient Order of Druids, 289 Bhakti cults, 17, 120–1, 134–40 animism Bhaktivedenta, A. C., 136 anthropology, 2–3 Bharati, Agehananda, 112 anthropology of religion, 310 Bhatt, Chetan, 140 anthropomorphism, 5 Bloch, Maurice, 3, 251, 310 Apotropaic Buddhism, 58 Boas, Franz, 6, 9 Appiah, Kwame, 149 Bobo community, 215–6 Arabia, 79–80 Bockie, Simon, 152 Arawak, 206 Boddy, Janice, 91–6 Arberry, A. J., 99 bodhi, 71, 74 Asad, Talal, 77 Bonewits, Isaac, 290 Asatru, see Northern Tradition Bourguinon, Erika, 37–9 Asatru Alliance, 292 Boyer, Pascal, 4 Ashanti, 206, 209 Brahman, 51, 119, 123 Ashoka, 48, 53 Brazil, 191, 222 atheism, 45 religions of, 223–31 atlantic slave trade, 189 British Druid Order, 289 axial age, 47 Brown, Karen, 190, 192, 196, 199–200, 204–6 ayurvedic medicine, 112 Brunton, Ron, 234 Azande, 3 Budapest, Zsuzsana, 287 Buddha, Gautama, 47–8 Babb, Lawrence, 142 Buddhism, 12, 28, 44–76 Baconian ethic, 275 and nationalism, 76 Balzer, Marjorie, 28–9, 43 and the state, 74–6 baraka, 83, 103, 106 four holy truths, 47–51 Barrett, Leonard, 206–8 in Burma, 54–8

345

346 INDEX

Buddhism (cont.) Crowley, Aleister, 281–3, 294–5, 302–4 in Sri Lanka, 63–88 cults of afﬂiction, 39, 62, 82–96, 152, 168–9, 243 in Thailand, 58–63 cults of the goddess, 130–4 its cosmology, 45, 48–9 cultural logics, see symbolic schemas Tibetan, 68–74 cultural relativism, 8 Buddhist dharma, 47–53 cultural theology, 241 Buddhist monk, 59–60 Cuna Indians, 41 Buninia, 253 Czaplicka, Maria, 26 Burma, 12, 54–8, 76 Burridge, Kenelm, 264, 270 Dalai Lama, 70, 73, 75 Daner, Francine, 137, 139 Caboclo, 224–5 Darwin, Charles, 275 Callinicos, Alex, 9 Daur Mongols, 21 Candomble, 13, 225–7 Davis, Wade, 203 capitalism, 2, 7 Dayan, Joan, 195 Capra, Fritjof, 306 De Heusch, Luc, 24 Capuchin missionaries, 159 dependent origination, 51 cargo cults, see millenarian movements Deren, Maya, 191, 193–5, 197–8, 201, 313 Caribbean islands, 188 Descartes, Rene, 15 Carrithers, Michael, 50, 66 Dewey, John, 2, 306 Carroll, Peter, 303–4 Dharmapala, Anagarika, 46, 65 Cartesian philosophy, 8, 15, 69, 74, 306 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 9 Cashmore, Ernest, 206 Divine Life Society, 144 Castaneda, Carlos, 34 Douglas, Mary, 4, 40, 93 caste system, 59, 117–8, 138 Dowie, John Alexander, 185 Catimbo, 224–5 Druidry, 13, 288–91 Celts, 288, 290 Dubois, W. E. B., 213 Chaitanya, 134, 137 Dumont, Louis, 118, 129–30 Chandi temple, 132–3 Durkheim, Emile, 6–7, 10, 16, 45–6, 69, 133, 232 channelling, 305 Duvalier, Francois, 193–4 Chaos Magick, 303–4 charisma, 263–4 Eastern Orthodox Church, 147 Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad, 113 ecological anthropology, 244 Chevannes, Barry, 208–13, 219–22 ecological rationalism, 251 Christianity, 12, 146–8 ecstasy, 17, 19, 28, 37–8, 90, 104, 140, 200–1, 228–9 Chukchi, 25 Elema, 255–7 Clarke, Peter, 271 Eliade, Mircea, 5–6, 10, 17, 19, 21, 24, 28, 43 Clerical Buddhism, see Nibbanic Buddhism empirical naturalism, 2, 245–6 Cochrane, Glynn, 256–7, 268 enlightenment, 48, 50–2 cognitive mechanisms, 5 Eskimo, see Inuit Cohn, Bernard, 128 esotericism, 297 Cohn, Norman, 252, 279 Ethiopian Churches, 185 colour symbolism, 90 ethnographic studies, 11 Comaroff, Jean, 117–87 European enlightenment, 2, 17 Combs-Schilling, Elaine, 105, 110 Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 3, 9, 148 common sense, 11 Evenki, 16, 24–7, 36, 40, 42 communitas, 81, 134 Constantine, Emperor, 147 female circumcision, 91, 93 Constantinides, Pamela, 88–92, 94 feminism, 275–6 contemplative knowledge, 119, 135, 298 feminist witchcraft, 286–8 Conze, Edward, 44–5, 49 Firth, Raymond, 6–7, 10, 22, 232 Coorgs, 12, 124–7, 130 Folk Catholicism, 188, 223, 225 core shamanism, 35 Fortes, Meyer, 148 counter culture, 139–40 Fortune Dion, 277, 283, 294, 296–8 Crapanzano, Vincent, 102–4 Foucault, Michel, 10

INDEX 347

Frazer, James, 3 horned god, 279 Freud, Sigmund, 3 Horton, Robin, 3, 7 Fuller, Chris, 116, 122–3, 129–31, 145 hot/cold symbolism, 180 functionalism, 3–4, 6, 54, 250–1 Hountondjii, Paulin, 149 Howell, Leonard, 214 Gandhi, Mohandas, 139 Hughes, P., 279 Gardner, Gerald, 272–3, 281–5, 294 Hultkrantz, Ake, 15, 18 Garvey, Marcus, 191, 212–3 humanism, 2 Geertz, Clifford, 1, 4, 11, 14, 94, 104–5, 110, 164 Humphrey, Caroline, 21 Gellner, Ernest, 7, 12, 81–2, 95–102, 109–110 Humphreys, Christmas, 51 Genghis Khan, 75 hunter-gatherers, 21 Gibb, Hamilton, 96 Hurbon, C., 198 Ginzberg, Carlo, 280 Husserl, Edmund, 5–6, 11, 19 gnosis, see contemplative knowledge Hutton, Ronald, 19, 277, 282–3, 288 God, 149–50, 155, 166, 176, 199, 210, 304 Huxley, Aldous, 45 Godelier, Maurice, 4, 6 Huxley, Francis, 200 Gombrich, Richard, 44, 64, 66–8 Graves, Robert, 288, 290 Ibn Khaldun, 97 Great Traditions, 115, 312 Idowu, E. B., 11 Greenﬁeld, Sydney, 222 Independent African Churches, 174–5, 184–7 Greenland Inuit, 32–3 India, 112–3 Greenwood, Susan, 273, 282, 285 initiations, 181–2 Guthrie, Stewart, 5 interpretive understanding, 4, 7, 9 Gyekye, Kwame, 149 Inuit, 12, 29–33 Islam, 12, 77–81, 86–101 Haiti, 37, 190–3 and politics, 104–11 Haile Selassie, 191, 215, 217, 219 ﬁve pillars of, 78, 81 Halifax, Joan, 34 fundamentalism, 98–9 Hallowell, Irving, 15 reformist movements in, 109 hallucinogenic plants and fungi, 20, 27, 37, 116 two-styles of, 97–8, 312 Hamadsha, 12, 102–4, 127 Islamic clerics, 99, 107–8 Hanegraaff, Walter, 304, 307–8 Islamic saints, 100, 103, 107 Hare Krishna movement, 136–40 Hardwar, 141–2 Jackson, Michael, 2 Harner, Michael, 18, 34–6, 71 Jakobsen, Merete, 32–3 Harper,E.B.,23 Jamaica, 206–8 Harris, Marvin, 9, 244 religions of, 206–12 Harrison, Jane, 288 slave rebellions in, 207 Harvey, Graham, 14–15, 288 James, C. L. R., 192, 213 Heelas, Paul, 307–8 Jaspers, Karl, 47 Henry, Claude, 215 Jefferies, Richard, 45 hermeneutics, 2, 9, 68, 244 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 172–3 Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, 294, 302 Jesus of Nazareth, 23, 146, 158, 176 Herskovits, Melville, 189–90, 201, 211 John Frum cult, 257, 264 hierarchical inequality, 118 Johnson, G., 140 Hindu gurus, 143–5 jnana, see contemplative knowledge Hinduism, 112–45 Jung, Carl, 5 and nationalism, 112, 140–5, 315 paths to salvation, 119–21 Kamanga, Rice, 170 popular, 122–30 Kammatic Buddhism, 57, 70 sanskritic, 115–23 karma, 70, 117–20, 298 Hindu Mahasabha, 142–3 Kataragama, 67–8 Hofriyati, 92–6 Keesing, Roger, 235–43, 310 holism, 69, 244, 306 Kenyon, Susan, 91 Holy, Ladislav, 101 Keown, Damien, 44

348 INDEX

Khanty, 28 methodological individualism, 9, 69 Kimbangu, Simon, 160–1 Metraux, Alfred, 191–2, 194, 199–202 Kimbanguism, 160–4, 217 Middleton, John, 7 Kongo religion, 12, 152–9, 175 Milingo, Emmanuel, 152, 176–7 Kopytoff, Ivor, 149 Millenarian movements, 217, 304 Krishna, 136–8 as proto-nationalist movements, 267–70 Kwaio, 236–43 in Melanesia, 251–62 cosmology, 239–40 in South Madang, 257–62 rituals, 240–1 interpretation of, 262–70 Kwajuitl, 41 Mills, C.Wright, 10 Kuper, Adam, 180, 259 Mintz, Sydney, 199 modes of production, 165 La Barre, Weston, 20, 266 Morocco, 99–111 La Fontaine, Jean, 182 Mother Goddess, 124, 131–4, 287 Laing, R. D., 39 Mpadi, Simon, 162–3 Lame Deer, John, 37 Muhammad, 79–80, 264 Lala, 172–3 Muller, Max, 113 Larose, Serge, 194, 198 Munson, Henry, 99, 105–11 Lawrence, Peter, 236, 257–62, 267–8 Mupumani, 169 Leach, Edmund, 58, 177 Murphy, Jane, 31 Leacock, Seth and Ruth, 226–9 Murray, Margaret, 270, 273, 278–82, 284, 290, Leland, Charles, 278, 282 294 Lenshina, Alice, 152, 174–5, 185 Mwana Lesa movement, 172–3 Levi-Strauss, Claude, 4–5, 22, 41, 54, 58, 164 Myalism, 206, 209 Lewis, Ioan, 18–9, 22–4, 28–30, 37–40, 46, 81–8, mysticism, 45 92, 95, 169, 313 Liele, George, 207, 213 Naipaul, V. S., 212 Lokayata, 113 Nash, Manning, 51, 54 Lovecraft, H. P., 303 Nasr, Seyyid Hossein, 77 Luhrmann, Tanya, 273, 298–301, 309 Nat spirits, 46, 49, 55–56 on the psychology of magic, 300–1 naturalism, 2, 244 Lumpa Church, 174–5, 185, 187 nature spirituality, 286 neo-paganism, 13, 272 MacGaffey, Wyatt, 153–9, 175, 313 as worldview, 274–8 Mackie, Liz, 213 contemporary revival of, 273–4 Mafeking, 184, 186 pathways, 284–94 magic, 203, 234, 240, 300–1 the roots of, 278–83 magical ﬂight, 24, 33 neoplatonism, 15, 147 Mahmood, Cynthia, 53, 114 neoshamanism, 12, 34–6 Mair, Lucy, 264–5 Netselik, 30–1 Malaita, 236–7 Nettleford, Rex, 212 Malawi, 15, 173 New Age Malinowski, Bronislaw, 3, 6, 9, 232 as movement, 304–9 Mama Lola, 204–6 commercial aspects of, 307 Mandelbaum, David, 131, 312 spiritualism, 6, 10, 13, 34, 95, 299, 304–8 Marching Rule movement, 237, 257 new religious movements, 271–2 Marriott, McKim, 115 Ngaing, 257–8, 260 Martin, Marie-Louise, 161–3 Ngubani, Harriet, 151 Marx, Karl, 6–7, 10, 133 Ngunzism, 162–3 Marxism, 4, 8, 164, 277 Nibbanic Buddhism, 57–8, 60 Mbiti, John, 149, 313 nirvana, see enlightenment McKean, Lisa, 141–5 Noel, Daniel, 34–5 Mecca, 79–80 Northern Tradition, 291–4 medicine, 150–1, 157 its links with fascism, 293 Melanesia, religions of, 232–70 Nyirenda, Tomo, 171–3 Methodist Church, 183–4 Nzila sect, 170–1

INDEX 349

Obeyesekere, Gananath, 3, 7, 64–6, 68, 259 reincarnation, 70, 117, 119 occultism, 297 religion, 11 Odinism, see Northern Tradition as social institution, 1–2 Odinist Fellowship, 292 as ultimate sacred postulates, 245 Oglala Sioux, 37 definitions of, 1–2, 44, 237, 252 Ojibway, 15 pragmatic emphasis of, 195–6, 199, 232, 240, Orokaiva, 253–5 313 Otto, Rudolf, 1, 5 theoretical approaches to, 3–7, 310 Owusu, Maxwell, 148 Revivalism, 13, 190, 208–13 revitalization movements, 263 Padmasambhava, 72 Richards, Audrey, 151 Paliau movement, 254, 257, 270 Ricoeur, Paul, 9 Papua New Guinea, 236 Ring of Troth, 293 Parry, Johnny, 128 Ritual Magic, 298–301 Patanjali, 121 Rodinson, Maxime, 79, 88 pentecostalism, 187, 218 Roman Catholic Church, 147, 159, 192, 206–8, 223 People’s Temple, 171 Rorty, Richard, 8 Perennial philosophy, 45, 306 Roy, M. N., 113 peripheral cults, see cults of affliction persons, 10, 14 sacrifices, 129, 133, 202 phenomenology, 5–6, 19 Sahlins, Marshall, 4, 250, 259 pilgrimages, 103, 134 Sakha, 42 Plato, 71 Salvation Army, 162 Poewe, Karla, 173 Samuel, Geoffrey, 69–74 polytheism, 275 Sanders, Alex, 285 Pomo Kivung movement, 269–70 Samburu, 23 positivism, 2 sanskritization, 125, 127–8 postmodernism, 2, 6, 8–10, 14, 69, 184 Savarkar, Vinayak, 112, 141, 143 Preston, James, 131–4 Sarvodaya movement, 66 Prince Emmanuel, 215 Schoffeleers, Matthew, 167 prophetic movements séance, 19, 27–8. See also ecstasy in Jamaica, 210 secular humanism, 52 in Lower Zaire, 159–64 segmentary political systems, 100–1 in Zambia, 169–71 self, 51 Protestant Buddhism, 46, 65–7 self-enlightenment, 14 self-spirituality, 305–6 Quigley, Declan, 118 Shallcross, Philip, 289 Quran, 79–81, 85, 99, 108 shaman, 16, 24, 26, 33, 41, 56 shamanism, 11, 14–43, 310 Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 69 and altered states of cosciousness, 19–21 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 112–3 and ethnic identity, 42 Radha-Krishna cult, 12, 135–6 and mental illness, 27 Rahula, Walpola, 45, 50 and spirit possession, 22–5 Ramanuja, 134 definition of, 14–9 Rappaport, Roy, 235, 243–51 of the Inuit, 29–33 on levels of meaning, 246 of Siberian peoples, 12, 18, 25–9, on ritual, 250–1 therapeutic aspects, 31, 41 Rasmussen, Knud, 29, 33 Shamanic Buddhism, see Tantric Buddhism Rastafari, 13, 190, 212–22 Shankara, 113 and dreadlocks, 216, 219–20 Sharma, Ursula, 117 and ganga smoking, 214, 220 Shembe, Isaiah, 185, 187 communitarian ethos, 218 Shepperson, George, 266 membership, 216 Shirokogoroff, S. M., 17, 19, 24 political aspects, 221 Shiva, 123, 127, 131, 134 relation to Haile Selassie Shivananda, Swami, 144 Redfield, Robert, 115 Siikala, Anne-Leena, 26, 28

350 INDEX

Singer, Milton, 115, 135–6 Tuka movement, 257 Sinhalese, 63–5, 67–8 Tungus, see Evanki Sjoo, Monica, 307 Turner, Victor, 4, 81, 134 Smith, Robertson, 234 two-world cosmology, 154, 197, 253 social science, 2, 10–11 Tylor, Edward, 3, 44 social structure, 7 sociological imagination, 10 ulama, see Islamic clerics Somali, 22, 82–4 Umbanda, 227 soul loss, 24, 31 souls of the dead, 198 Vailala Madness, 236, 255–7 South Seas, 232 Valiente, Doreen, 281, 285–6, 304 Southwold, Martin, 46, 66 Van Binsbergen, Wim, 6–7, 152, 164–71 spirit possession, 22–5, 37–8, 84, 228, 310. See also varna, see caste system ecstasy vestehen, see interpretive understanding spirits, 14–5, 45, 61–2 Vishnu, 123, 127, 131, 134 Spiro, Melford, 1, 3, 54–8, 75, 252 visionary trance, 37–8 Sri Lanka, 65 Vitebsky, Piers, 42 Srinivas, M. N., 116, 122, 124–9 Vivekananda, Swami, 142–3 Starhawk, 273, 276, 282, 285–7 Vodou, 13, 190–205, 227 structuralism, 4, 22, 58, 234 lwa spirits in, 194–7 structural linguistics, 4 political aspects of, 193 Structural Marxism, 9, 164 rituals, 199–204 subjective idealism, 11 Sudan, 89–96 Wadley, Susan, 133 Suﬁsm, 99, 102–4 Wallacw, Anthony, 263 Sundkler, Bengt, 184–5 Watchtower Society, see Jehovah’s Witnesses supernaturalism, 54–5 Weber, Max, 6, 16, 74, 252, 263 Sutcliffe, Richard, 273, 295 Wesley, John, 183 symbolic schemas, 93, 118, 179–80, 239–40, 245 Western mystery tradition, 294–8 syncretism, 68, 190, 230, 265, 314 Whitehouse, Harvey, 234–5, 254, 269–70 Wicca, 13, 277, 281, 284–6 Tambiah, Stanley, 1, 4, 58–63 Williams, F. E., 254–6 Tantric Buddhism, 68–74 Wilson, Bryan, 161 Taro Cult, 236, 252–4 Wilson, Monica, 151, 177 territorial cults, 167 Winkelman, Michael, 20–1 textualism, 2, 9 witchcraft, 33, 151–6, 166, 206, 280 Theosophical Society, 296 witch cult, 278 Theravada Buddhism, 54–68 witch-ﬁnding movements, 157, 171–3 Thomas, Keith, 279 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 3 Tibet, 68–74 Wolf, Eric, 164–5 Tikopia, 22, 232 Worsley, Peter, 6, 236, 251–3, 262–70 Tonton Macautes, 193 totemism, 54 Yali, 257, 260–2 Townsend Joan, 17, 35 Yali movement, 260–2 Toynbee, Arnold, 148 Yinger, J. Milton, 1 trance, see ecstasy Yoga, 121 Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 279 York, Michael, 308 Trompf, G. W., 268–9 Yoruba, 209, 229 Tsembaga, 235, 246–51 cosmology, 248 Zambia, 12, 152, 164–75 ritual cycle, 249–50 Zar cults, 12, 82–96 spirit categories, 247–8 and position of women, 84–5, 90–5 Tsidi Barolong, 12, 153, 177–82 spirits of, 83 cosmology, 178–81 Zionist Churches, 178, 182, 184–7