Katia Iracema Krause

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Katia Iracema Krause Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia Programa de Pós-graduação em História Social KATIA IRACEMA KRAUSE O RATO VAI À GUERRA COMO O MICKEY MOUSE SE TORNOU UMA IMAGEM DE PODER DOS EUA, 1928-1946 Niterói, RJ, Brasil 2011 KATIA IRACEMA KRAUSE O RATO VAI À GUERRA COMO O MICKEY MOUSE SE TORNOU UMA IMAGEM DE PODER DOS EUA, 1928-1946 Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado do Programa de Pós- graduação em História Social da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre. Setor de História Contemporânea, linha de pesquisa Cultura e Sociedade. Orientador: Prof. Dr. PAULO KNAUSS DE MENDONÇA Niterói 2011 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central do Gragoatá K91 Krause, Katia. O RATO VAI À GUERRA: como o Mickey Mouse se tornou uma imagem de poder dos EUA, 1928-1946 / Kátia Krause. – 2011. 203 f. ; il. Orientador: Paulo Knauss de Mendonça. Dissertação (Mestrado em História Social) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia, Departamento de História, 2011. Bibliografia: f. 179-186. 1. Estados Unidos; aspecto político. 2. Disney, Walt, 1901-1966. 3. Desenho animado; história e crítica. 4. Propaganda. 5. Crise econômica, 1929. 6. Guerra Mundial, 1939-1945. I. Mendonça, Paulo Knauss de. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia. III. Título. CDD 303.375 KATIA IRACEMA KRAUSE O RATO VAI À GUERRA: COMO O MICKEY MOUSE SE TORNOU UMA IMAGEM DE PODER DOS EUA, 1928-1946 Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado do Programa de Pós- graduação em História Social da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre. Setor de História Contemporânea, linha de pesquisa Cultura e Sociedade. BANCA EXAMINADORA ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. PAULO KNAUSS DE MENDONÇA - Orientador UFF ______________________________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª BIANCA FREIRE-MEDEIROS - Arguidora FGV ______________________________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª DENISE ROLLEMBERG CRUZ- Arguidora UFF Prof.ª Dr.ª MONICA KORNIS, FGV - Arguidora (SUPLENTE) Prof.ª Dr.ª CECÍLIA AZEVEDO, UFF - Arguidora (SUPLENTE) Niterói 2011 À Santa Luzia (ela sabe as razões) AGRADECIMENTOS Penso que oportunidades de demonstrar gratidão devem ser aproveitadas. Esta dissertação é fruto de uma rica e intensa experiência pessoal e acadêmica, durante a qual tive o privilégio de contar com a observação crítica, mas generosa, de meu orientador, além da contribuição acadêmica, e por vezes pessoal, dos demais professores. Além disso, contei com o apoio de muitas pessoas queridas, de colegas de curso e de trabalho, até desconhecidos me incentivaram. Então primeiramente agradeço ao genial Walt Disney a existência do ratinho Mickey, e aos aficcionados que reúnem informações e imagens raras em blogs e sites dedicados ao tema Disney. Sou grata, todos os dias, por viver na mesma época em que existem a INTERNET, o GOOGLE e o YOUTUBE, maravilhosas ferramentas tecnológicas que permitem acessos democráticos a tanta coisa e forçam a redefinições sobre o estar no mundo. Agradeço imensamente aos inestimáveis ensinamentos dos professores com quem cursei as disciplinas obrigatórias e eletivas do curso de mestrado. Ao Prof. Carlos Fico, do PPGHIS/UFRJ, no seminário Política e Sociedade, cujas discussões alargaram meu horizonte e me fizeram admirar o respeito com que esse professor exerce o ofício. À Profª Laura Maciel, na UFF, cujas discussões no seminário de Metodologia, Cultura e História: diferentes maneiras de fazer e escrever História propuseram uma reflexão sobre o encaminhamento metodológico da pesquisa e a forma de utilização das fontes. À Profª Monica Kornis, do PPHPBC/CPDOC/FGV, cujo cuidadoso seminário História e Sociedade em narrativas audiovisuais me propiciou ampliar conhecimentos e discutir questões referentes às formas como o cinema e a televisão escrevem História e Sociedade, com especial atenção ao exame das linguagens e da estética. Como o tema da pesquisa se insere nos estudos sobre os EUA, cursei também, como ouvinte, o seminário Imaginário, Identidade Nacional e Culturas Políticas da muito querida e generosa Prof.ª Cecília Azevedo, cuja contribuição reconheço ter sido fundamental para o entendimento de questões e contradições relativas aos EUA, assim como a colaboração intelectual e teórica, além de sua valiosa experiência pessoal, do Prof. Thaddeus Blanchette, da UFRJ. Essa experiência e os papos nas providenciais caronas da Cecília para atravessar a baía resultaram numa bonita amizade. À Prof.ª Denise Rollemberg, uma fada madrinha que nem Disney imaginaria, um agradecimento muito especial, porque foi uma professora que mudou a minha vida. Desde o curso de pós-graduação lato senso em 2007, pela dedicação e disponibilidade, pelo interesse e incentivo, pela amizade, sem descuidar do rigor acadêmico e da firmeza. Já no mestrado, pelos novos ângulos que ofereceu, pelas aulas sobre Propaganda e Opinião Pública, e as muitas outras contribuições bibliográficas que a professora generosamente cedeu de seu arquivo. Também cabe um agradecimento à Prof.ª Ana Mauad pelas excelentes aulas sobre a relação entre Imagem e História, ainda no curso de pós-graduação lato senso, e o enorme incentivo de suas boas palavras na avaliação que me motivaram a continuar com o tema, e à Prof.ª Samantha Quadrat que entusiasticamente apoiou a idéia do Mickey „desde sempre‟. Reitero à banca de qualificação, às Prof.ªs Bianca Freire-Medeiros e Denise Rollemberg meus agradecimentos pelas observações, sugestões, contribuições e críticas construtivas que muito enriqueceram meu trabalho, assim como a generosa recomendação de progressão do mestrado para o doutorado, que me lisonjeou muito e me deu confiança para continuar no caminho acadêmico. Considerei seriamente, mas decidi não acelerar o ritmo e amadurecer mais academicamente. E sou profundamente grata ao meu orientador, Prof. Paulo Knauss, pela forma gentil com que me recebeu, pela elegância e delicadeza no lidar com o mundo, pelas aulas primorosas no seminário sobre Arte e Política, assim como as sugestões e contribuições em nossos encontros, que foram valiosos e fundamentais para que eu encontrasse um caminho. Só consegui esse resultado porque pude contar com sua generosa e segura orientação que incluiu, tenho certeza, grande paciência com minhas lacunas acadêmicas. Além dos professores, agradeço imensamente a possibilidade do diálogo em sala de aula com meus colegas de curso, que „compraram‟ a idéia do „rato ir à guerra‟ sem achá-la absurda, e o apoio durante o estresse que antecede à qualificação: Fabio Guerra, Mariana Bruce, Emilly Feitosa, Julia Bianchi, Wallace Andrioli, Giordano Bruno, Gabriel Marinho, Marcele Huet(UERJ); e os doutorandos generosos em compartilhar conhecimento e experiência: Bebel Lenzi, Eduardo Chacon, Sheila Lima (UERJ), Adriana Setemy (UFRJ), Dani Carvalho(UFRJ) e Rodrigo Farias. E sei que isso tudo só funciona a partir da acolhida e do profissionalismo da equipe de funcionários e coordenadores do Programa de Pós-graduação em História Social da UFF. Essa Secretaria do PPGH/UFF é IMPECÁVEL! Na paralela vida não acadêmica, sou gratíssima aos meus colegas de trabalho na SEPLAG pelo incentivo da primeira hora, Inês Lira, Teresa Soares, e Vanessa Tibau que me cedeu gentilmente grande parte da bibliografia para a prova de mestrado. Aos colegas da UERJ, principalmente à querida Flavia Freire e à Prof.ª Deise Mancebo, agradeço a acolhida, o „espaço‟ e o incentivo, e ao excelente Diogo Pinto o imprescindível bom funcionamento do meu computador e as „orientações informáticas‟. Minha fisioterapeuta e amiga Beth Stern merece um agradecimento carinhoso especial, porque meu esqueleto e músculos só sobreviveram a mais esse desafio graças a ela. Aos amigos e família agradeço a paciência e a compreensão, principalmente ao Gustavo por estar sempre presente, ao meu irmão Marcos a cuja admiração procuro corresponder, e a minha prima Vera que chega sempre quando realmente importa. Jorge Melo, namorado querido, nem tenho palavras pra agradecer sua dedicação e seu companheirismo. Acreditou, antes de mim, na minha capacidade de entrar no mestrado. Além de amoroso ouvinte, seu humor é uma fonte de estímulo e de alegria. Sorte a minha! Que o riso e o amor sigam conosco! Iris, minha flor, sem você nada disso teria graça. Além de oferecer generosamente seu amor e seu Mickey de pelúcia, ainda ajudou a preparar a apresentação gráfica e dos filmes. Este trabalho também é dedicado a você. E porque o mundo invisível se equilibra com o nosso, às vezes por um fio, agradeço às bênçãos de Mnemosine e suas nove filhas Calíope, Erato, Euterpe, Melpômene, Polimnia, Tália, Terpsícore, Urânia e Clio, as musas que permitem essa jornada. RESUMO Esta dissertação propõe uma reflexão sobre experiências visuais no contexto histórico, político e cultural do final dos anos 1920, na década de 1930, até o final da Segunda Guerra, a partir do personagem cinematográfico dos cartoons Mickey Mouse, criado nos EUA por Walt Disney. A partir da análise dos curtas animados com esse personagem, com atenção para com as complexidades do ato de olhar, tenta-se perceber como, e se, os recursos cinematográficos são utilizados para fazer surtir efeitos didáticos, de atração ou com a finalidade de cooptar pessoas, de moldar preferências e compartilhar valores intangíveis e de fazer propaganda política. A ideia é reconhecer discursos
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