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KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, MOHOL

Participatory Rural Appraisal Report of Khandali Village, Tal. Mohol, Dist. Solapur

Summarized by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol Solapur – 413213, M.S.

2012-13

CONTENTS

Sr. No. Content 1 Introduction 2 Bench mark survey Climate and Land Holding Pattern Soil Type and Soil and water conservation structures Irrigation/ water Source Natural Vegetation Cropping Pattern 3 PRA Village map Social map Soil Map and Village Transect Time line Trend analysis Matrix ranking Venn diagram List Of Participated Farmers in PRA 4 SWOT and POIN Analysis 5 Seasonability 6 Major Cropping Pattern 7 Major problems identified 8 Problem Cause Diagram Farmers – Scientist interaction for action plan development 9 10 PRA photo

Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol Tal. Mohol, Dist. Solapur Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) - 2012 Village Khandali 1. Introduction: Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol established in year, 2011 for technology dissemination though various agricultural extension activities. Participatory Rural Appraisal survey is an important mean to identify the problem constraints and need of the farmers through their own involvement. Though this Krishi Vigyan Kendra comes under scarcity zone of Maharashtra and mainly work for dryland agriculture, the village Khandali Tal. Mohol has maximum irrigation potential. Hence Krishi Vigyan Kendra has to focus on both dryland and irrigated technologies. Village Khandali comes in Mohol tahsil situated near Pune- Solapur National Highway- 9 with approach road of 8 Km and it is 25 Km away from this Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol. The village Khandali popularly grown of Banana and pomegranate along with cash crop Sugarcane and cereals like Maize, Sorghum, Wheat etc. pulses and oilseeds are grown to some extent. There is opportunity for enhancing crop production with fruit and vegetable processing.

Facilitators:

1 Dr. D. R. Nandre. 2 Dr. P. G. Chavan 3 Mr. D. N. Kshirsagar 4 Dr. N.S. Deshmukh 5 Mr. A. G. Dighe 6 Ms. S. B. Kakade

1 2. Bench mark survey of Khandali 2.1 Climate: The climate of the area is semi-arid tropical. Generally, South-West monsoon starts from June and peak rainfall occurs in July and August. Usually there are short and long dry spells occurs between the outset and station of rain.

Annual Rainfall Approximate 537 mm Period June to Oct Temperature Maximum 40.40c Minimum 120c Distribution: Temperature Humidity O Rainfall Month ( C) (%) (mm) Maxi Min Morning Evening

Jan 30.8 12.32 59.2 28.2 0.0

Feb 35 14.42 54.75 30.25 0.0

Mar 38.2 16.22 33.8 17.85 0.0 8.2 Apr 40.26 23.5 53.64 28.28

May 40.42 23.4 71.5 38 7.6 Jun 36.8 78.625 77.5 46.5 65.3

July 33.36 22.88 79.4 53.6 55.8 Aug 33.62 21.82 79 53.5 39.0

Sept 33 21.9 75.25 51 35.8 Oct 32.32 19.42 72.6 47.2 148.4 3.4 Nov 31.57 15.1 61.25 37.5 Dec 31.7 13.175 58.25 34.5 0.0 Reference: Agril. Research Station, Mohol , year:2012 2.2 Land Holding Pattern:

Sr. No. Holding (ha) No. of cultivators 1 Small (<1 Ha) 286 2 Marginal(1- 2 Ha) 840 3 Large(>2 Ha) 170

2 2.3 Soil Types: Soil of Khandali village varies from light to medium and medium to deep with light soil- 40 %, Medium type of soil- 35 % and deep soil of 25 %. Light soil : < 30 cm depth (40%) Medium soil : 30-45 cm depth (35%) Heavy/ Deep soil : > 45 cm (25%)

2.4 Soil and Water conservation structures: 1. Vegetative bund 2. Compartment bunding 3. Nala Bund 4. Earthen Bund 5. Percolation tank 6. Cement plug 7. Check dam 2.5 Irrigation/water source/facilities: Hand pump 28 Well : 600 Bore well : 1150 Farm Pond : 02 Nala Bunding : 1200 ha. Cement Plug : 02

2.6 Natural vegetation: Forest Species : Babool, Tamarind etc. Trees : Acacia spp., Ber Shrubs : Euphorbia spp., Cassia etc. Weeds /floara : Harali, syprus, Congress, Chikta, Kena, tansad

3 2.7 Cropping pattern:

Season Cereals Pulses Oilseeds Fruits Vegetables Fodder crop Kharif Maize, Pigeon Pea, -- Pomegranate Tomato, Maize, sugarcane Moth bean, Anola, flower, green gram Grapes, Brinjal, Rabi Wheat, Gram Groundnut Banana, pumpkin, Ghas maize, Mango, Methi, sorghum, citrus, Coriander, Sugarcane custard onion Summer Maize - Groundnut apple, watermelon, muskmelon

3. PRA at Bitale, Tal Mohol, Dist. Solapur The different tools used for PRA  Village Map  Social Map  Soil map  Transect walk  Time line  Trend analysis  Venn diagram  Matrix ranking

3.1 Village map The cadastral map of the village Khandali Tal. Mohol was collected from Talathi Office,Khandali

.

4 3.2 Social map The village Khandali is located near national highway -9. In the center of the village, the houses of villagers are located. There are common well for drinking water in the village. The temple of goddess ‘Yamai Mata’ of Hemand Panthi type is located at the center of the village.

1. Population : 4542 (male 2380, female 2162) 2.Educational facilities Nursery/ Anganwadi : 04 Primary School : 04 Secondary School : 01 Higher Secondary : Modnimb (12 km.), Pandharpur (28 km.) Senior College : Modnimb (12 km.), Pandharpur (28 km.) 3. Drinking water availability : Pipe line(01), Well (01), Boar (42),Hand pump etc. 4. Temple : 08, Hanuman, Sonamai 5. Material availability in the village a. Grocery : In Village- 07 b. Dal mill : 10

5 c. Seeds/ Fertilizers Krishi Seva Kendra : 04 d. Insecticides and fungicides Krishi Seva Kendra : 04 6.Farm implements 1.Tractor : 50 2.Seed Drill : 01 3.Rotavator : 25 4.Sprayer : 500 (Manual / Engine ) 5. Thresher : 10 Power tiller : 10 7.Medical facilities Name of institute /organization In Village Nearby Village Dist. from Village a.Primary Health Center: -- : patkul 15 km b. b.Veterinary Health Center: 01 : -- -- 8.Marketing facility a. In Village/ Nearby Village -- : Modnimb 12 km b. Tehsil/District -- : APMC, Solapur 60 km 9.Availability of technology/ knowledge source a. Information regarding agricultural : Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol practices News Paper, Agrowan 10.Industries Dairy : 06 11. Self Help Group 05

3.3 Soil Map of village Khandali: The Soil map indicating type of soils available on cultivable land in village.

6 3.3 Transect of village: The transect walk was carried out with the villagers from North to South and East to West direction. The various item viz, topography, irrigation source, crops and cropping system, trees and fruits trees etc. were identified by observatory method during walk. The details given below Topography Leveled Slope 1 to 2 % Slope 2 to 4 % Slightly sloppy 2 to 3 %

Soil type Medium to Medium Heavy Soil shallow Soil deep

Irrigation Well, Borewell Well, Percolation Well, Borewell, Well, Borewell, cement source tank, Borewell farm pond bund , Nala bund Crops and Sugarcane, Maize, Tomato, Sugarcane Jowar, Gram Cropping Onion, Maize, Wheat, Gram Onion, Maize system Sorghum, Watermelon. Trees Neem, Babul, Neem, Nilgiri, Acacia sp. Neem, Babul Acacia sp. Rain tree , Hiwar

Fruit trees Banana, Pomegranate, Mango, Banana Ber, Pomegranate Mango, Ber Turmarind, Ber, Mango, Lime Weeds Harali, Parthenium, Ekdandi, Harali. Aghada, Kunda. Parthenium Pathri, Parthenium , Cockscomb, Lawala, Kena Fodder crop Lucerne, Lucerne, Maize, Maize, Pasture land berseem Fodder Sorghum Sugarcane

Pest and Wooly aphids Rust, Pod boron Thrips, Rust, Pod borer, Shoot fly, diseases & Thrips, Red Wilt, Aphid Stem borer Chikta nut, wilt, Shoot Fly Animals Cow Khillar, Jerssey, HF, Local Buffalo Pandharpuri Goat Osmanabadi, Local Poultry Local

7 3.4 Time line:- The major events remembered by the villagers was drawn with the help of key informants. Year Major events 1920 Bicycle 1950 Radio 1950 Motorcycle 1950,2011 Nala Bund 1950 Z. P. Primary School 1956 Establishment of Grampanchyat. 1960 Chemical Fertilizer 1972 Electricity 1972 Drinking Water Well and Pipeline 1972,2003,2012,1998,2007 Famine 1975 Hand Pump 1975 Thresher 1980 Crossbreed Cow 1985 Farm Pond 1985 Television 1992 Drip irrigation 1992,2003 Percolation Tank 1993 Earth Quake 1994 Tractor 1997-98 Telephone 1998 Bio-Gas 1998 Use of Improved seed 2000 Mobiles 2000 Agril. Service Center 2000 Cement Plug 2005 SHG 2009 Pest Occurrence

8 3.5 Trend analysis: The trend analysis in respect of rainfall, water table, cropping pattern, area of various crops grown during the year, livestock etc. was done with the help of the farmer participants involved in PRA. Particulars 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Rainfall * * - * * * - Kharif cropping area - - - - 00 000 000 Rabi cropping area ### ### ### ### ## ### ### Horticultural Crops Banana ------Pomegranate Vv vvv vvv Vvv vvv vvv vvv Onion OOO OOO OOO - - - - Ber >>> >>> >>> - - - - Area under various crops Sugarcane $ $$ $$ $$$ $$$ $$$$ $$$$$ Rabi Sorghum @@@@ @@@@ @@@ @@@ @@ @@ @ Maize X XX XX XXX XXX XXXX XXXX Tomato - - - - II II III Attack of Insect Pest ! ! ! ! !!!! !! !! Livestock Cow Desi AAA AAA AAA AAA AAA A A

Crossbreed - < < < < <<< <<<<

Buffalo Local BBB BBB BBB BB BB B B 9 3.6 Matrix ranking: The Matrix ranking was completed with the help of the participatory farmers in respect of various crops, varieties, sheep and goat and the information is given below. 1. Matrix ranking of crops: Sr. Particulars/ cereals pulses Oilseed Vegetable Cash crop Fruit No. Crop crop 1 Food 5 3 3 4 2 3 2 Fodder 5 4 3 2 5 2 3 Expenditure 3 3 3 3 5 5 on fertilizers 4 Market price 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 Income 3 4 5 4 5 5 Rank II III III IV I II It is observed that Cash crop is major crop followed by Cereals and fruit crop. 2. Matrix ranking of Sugarcane: Sr. No. Particulars / Varieties 86032 671 94005 Availability of planting 4 3 2 1 material 2 Crop duration 4 4 3 Expenditure on 4 4 4 3 fertilizers 4 Ratoon yield 5 4 3 5 Higher Yield 5 3 3 Rank I II III

3. Matrix ranking of maize: Sr.No. Particulars / Varieties Parmeshwar Pinecle Dicalb 1 Grain yield 4 4 4 2 Fodder yield 5 4 3 3 Drought resistant 4 4 4 4 Fodder quality 5 3 3 5 Market price 5 4 4 Rank I II III

4. Matrix ranking of Tomato. Sr.No. Particulars / Varieties Abhinav Shaktiman 50/ Namdhari 955 Us- 3383 1 Plant growth 3 3 4 2 Fruit size 4 3 4 3 Pest and disease resistance 3 3 4 4 Yield 4 4 5 Rank I III II

5. Matrix ranking of Onion Sr.No. Particulars / Varieties Abhinav Shaktiman 50/ Namdhari 955 Us- 3383 1 Duration 3 3 4 2 Expenditure 3 3 4 3 Yield 4 3 3 4 Water 4 4 3 5 Quality 5 3 4 6 Storage 4 3 3 Rank I III II

3.7 Venn diagram: The institutional relationship diagram indicating, how close the contact and cooperation between those organizations and groups is prepared with the help of farmers. This indicates the importance of the various individuals and the institutions in and outside the village with regard to a phenomenon related to agriculture. The importance of various organizations/ individuals for a phenomenon is indicated in terms of size of the circles and distance from the centre.

VENN DIAGRAM OF VILLAGE, Bitale , Tal. Mohol , Dist. Solapur

Sugarcane factory Krishi Seva Kendra

25km APMC Modnimb 12km GramPanchayt

Village Khandali Tal. Mohol 15km

km 15km

Sugar Factory KVK, ARS Loknete Mohol PHC Veternary, Clinic

3.8 Farmers participated in PRA: Shri.Uttam Kashinath Mane Shri. Jaywant Sambhaji Vyavhare Shri. Arun Hanumant Mule Shri. Rahul Subhash Patane Shri. Dhanaji Babru Dongare Shri. Shivaji Datta Mule Shri. Maruti Datta Shrikhande Shri. Manik Maruti Shrikhande Shri. Hanumant Maruti Shrikhande Shri. Shrimant Bajrang Srikhande Shri. Krishna Dagdu Darphalkar Shri. Ankush Ramchandra Shrikhande Shri. Pralhad Mule Shri. Janardhan Shivaji Bhosale Shri. Arvind Balkrishna Patil Shri. Bhalchandra Bhagvant Tarate Shri. Ganesh Dattatray Mule Shri. Bharat Sadashiv Bhosale Shri. Kiran Parameshwar Mule Shri. Vishnu Maruti Mule Shri. Brahmadev Maruti Mule Shri. Nitin C. Mule Shri. Mahadev Dattray Bhange Shri. Shahu Datttray Bhosale Shri. Vikram Datttray Bhosale Shri. Dipak hari Mane Shri. Nandkumar Ananda Mule Shri. Samadhan Hanumant Asade Shri. Suryakant Narayan Joshi Shri. Kantilal Manik Dongare Shri. Anurat Shivaji More Shri. Maruti Mule Shri. Suresh Laxshman Mule Shri. Satyavan Mule Shri. Shivaji Govind Mule

4 .1 SWOT analysis of village: S- Strength, W- Weaknesses, O- Opportunity, T- Threats Strength: 1. Use of drip irrigation system on large scale. 2. Positive attitude towards fruit crop. 3. Availability use of farm implements. 4. Diversified agro climatic situation. 5. Diversified farming system. 6. Greater participation in social activities. 7. Positive attitude towards dairy enterprise. 8. Adoption of improved technology and post harvest management. 9. Soil suitable for all type of crops. Weaknesses: 1. Unawareness about IPM, IDM.. 2. Lack of knowledge about INM. 3. Lack of knowledge about scientific feeding management to livestock. 4. Unskilled marketing. 5. Less important to expenditure incurred on labour and other inputs..

Opportunities: 1. Scope for increasing efficiency of fertilizer use. 2. Scope for developing fertigation techniques. 3. Scope for increasing area under pulses and oilseeds crops. 4. Scope for developing agro base enterprises, value addition. 5. Scope for enterprunrship development. Threats: 1. Uncertainty of rainfall 2. Discontinuity in electricity 3. Indiscriminate use of fertilizers lead to soil degradation. 4. Unavailability of storage facility.

4.2 POIN analysis

Sr.No. Problem Opportunity Issues Needs 1 Lack of Knowledge about Regarding integrated Water conservation Gatcharcha integrated approach approach of dryland devices, proper tools Demonstration and irrigation and techniques for Exposure visit technology farming 2 Communication gap Formation of cluster Limited approach , Exposure visit among farmers for approach and farmers less initiative Group discussion adopting new technology club Gatcharcha

3 Less participation of farm Increasing Less education, Male Formation of SHG woman in decision participation of farm dominant society Extension programme making woman in decision making

4 Marginal productivity enhancing crop yield Traditional Farming Training through adoption of practices, Lack of Exposure visit new technology knowledge about IPM, Kisan mela INM 5 Minimum use of quality Introduction of Traditional feeding Demonstration fodder for milch animal improved variety of approach, open Training fodder crop grazing, low milk Gatcharcha yield, low fat Campaigning percentage 6 Lack of knowledge about Promotion of agro base Post harvest losses, Training processing of value processing enterprise low risk ability Exposure visits addition of agricultural towards Capital Gatcharcha produce Investment economic Exhibition status

5.1 Seasonability of weather: Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Rainfall ------*** **** - - Temperature * *** **** **** **** ** ** ** * * * * Humidity ** ** * * * ** ** ** **** *** *** ** 5.2 Seasonability of crop: Crop Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Sugarcane 80 % 20% Maize Tomato Banana Onion Pomegranate

5.3 Seasonability of animal diseases: Particular Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec H.S B. Q. FMD Diarshea 5.4Seasonability of pest and disease: Crop Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Sugarcane

Wooly Aphid

Top Shoot Borer

Red rot

Shoot fly Sorghum Chikta

Pomegranate Oily spot

Thrips Onion Tomato Fruit borer Fruit borer

Leaf curl Leaf curl

Banana Steam borer (June- July planting)

6. Major cropping pattern: 1. Banana based production system 2. Pomegranate based production system 3. Sugarcane based cropping system 4. Maize based cropping system 5. Dairy based production system

7. Major problems identified: 1. Agronomy 1. Fertilizers unavailability at proper time. 2. Indiscriminate use of fertilizers. 3. Less use of biofertilizers 4. Unawareness about INM practices. 5. No proper irrigation management. 6. Improper management practices for agronomical crops. 7. Traditional method of sowing and planting followed 2. Horticulture 1. Improper Disease management 2. Unawareness about INM. 3. Improper use of insecticide, pesticide. 4. Unawareness about bahar management. 5. Lack of knowledge about pruning. 3. Livestock 1. Unawareness about mineral mixture feeding. 2. Low milk yield. 3. Lack of knowledge about improved varieties of green fodder. 4. Lack of knowledge about animal disease and their remedies. 4. Soil Science 1. Less use of soil and water conservation practices. 2. Unawareness about soil testing. 3. Unawareness about reclamation of problematic soils. 5. Food science and technology 1. Lack of knowledge about post harvest handling 2. No value addition. 3. Scope for food and V processing 6. Agriculture Extension 1. Less participation in technology adoption. 2. Technical gap among farmers.

8. Problem cause diagram: a. Problem cause diagram for low yield in sugarcane:

Traditional irrigation Less use of modern management Technologies

Indiscriminate use Unawareness of biofertilizers

Low yield in s ugarcane Lack of set treatment Lack of knowledge

Low yield in ratoon Lack of INM Practices

b. Problem cause diagram for low yield in Maize:

Monoculture Unawareness about Diversified approach

No proper crop rotation Lack of knowledge

Low yield in Maize Uneven plant population Improper plant spacing

Imbalance nutrient supply Lack of knowledge Lack of soil testing

c. Problem cause diagram for low yield in Tomato:

Use of local variety Unawareness

Lack of plant protection Occurrence of pest and disease Measures/ seed treatment

Low Yield Imbalance use of fertilizer in Tomato Lack of knowledge

Improper irrigation Unawareness about IWM practices

Less use of Micronutrient deficiency micronutrients

d. Problem Cause Diagram for low yield in Onion:

Occurrence of sucking Less use of plant pest protection measures

Improper nursery Lack of knowledge management

Low Yield in Onion Less seedling treatment Lack of knowledge about INM

Imbalance use of fertilizers Lack of knowledge

e. Problem cause diagram for low yield in pomegranate:

Uneven plant population No proper spacing

Incidence of pest and Use of disease infected disease material

Improper bahar Low Yield Lack of knowledge in management Pomegranate

No proper pruning techniques Unawareness

Indiscriminate use of fertilizer/micronutrients Lack of Knowledge

Indiscriminate use of Lack of knowledge/ irrigation water Poor economic status

f. Problem cause diagram for low yield in Banana:

Use of local snckers Unawareness

Occurrence of pest and Lack of pest and Low y ield diseases Disease management in Banana Imbalance use of fertilizer Lack of knowledge

Improper use of irrigation water Lack of IWM practice

Lack of knowledge Lack use of seed treatment

9. Farmers – scientist’s interaction for action plan development: An interactive session was conducted with the farmers of Khandali village during the survey. The farmers with distinguished farming approach viz. crop component, Animal Component, Horticulture and emerging entrepreneur. Participated actively for identifying the constraints and need of farmers and the problems raised by them are given below- Points raised by the farmers:-  Lack of seed treatment.  Less use of biofertilizers.  Improper method of planting.  Availability of planting material/ use of local cultivar.  Unawareness about dryland technologies.  Unawareness about pruning techniques in orchards.  Unavailability of quality fodder material.  Unawareness about vaccination in animal.  Lack of knowledge grading, packaging and processing of fruit and vegetables.  Lack of knowledge about scientific feeding management.  Unavailability of skilled labour.  Lack of knowledge about fertigation techniques. .

10. PRA photos: