Prediction of Genotypic Values and Estimation of Genetic Parameters in Common Bean
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465 Vol. 51, n. 3 : pp.465-472, May-June 2008 BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF ISSN 1516-8913 Printed in Brazil BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Prediction of Genotypic Values and Estimation of Genetic Parameters in Common Bean Alisson Fernando Chiorato 1*, Sérgio Augusto Morais Carbonell 1, Luiz Antônio dos Santos Dias 2 and Marcos Deon Vilela de Resende 3 1Centro de Análises e Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio dos Grãos e Fibras; Instituto Agronômico; Campinas - 2 SP -Brazil; [email protected]. Departamento de Biologia Geral; BIOAGRO; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa - MG - Brazil. 3Embrapa Florestas; 83411-000; Colombo - PR - Brazil ABSTRACT Eighteen common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes were evaluated in 25 environments of the state of São Paulo in 2001 and 2002. The estimation of genetic parameters by the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) and the prediction of genotypic values via Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) were obtained by software Selegen- REML/BLUP. The estimate of the broad-sense heritability was low for the grain yield (0.03), since it took individual plots into consideration and was free of the effects of interaction with years, cultivation periods and site. Nevertheless, the heritability at the level of line means across the various environments was high (0.75), allowing a high accuracy (0.87) in the selection of lines for planting in the environment mean. Among the 18 genotypes, the predicted genotypic values of nine were higher than the general mean. The genetic gain predicted with the selection of the best line, in this case line Gen 96A31 of the IAC, was 16.25%. Key words: REML, BLUP, Phaseolus vulgaris , Mixed Models INTRODUCTION criterion for the selection, since the expression of the genes may be influenced to different degrees The common bean is considered one of the main by the conditions in which they are expressed. protein sources used by the Brazilian population. The use of mixed models by the means of the On this background, the genetic improvement methods Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) programs of the common bean aim to identify the and Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) for an genotypes with high production capacity and yield estimation of genetic parameters and the prediction stability. Rigorous selection methods with tillages of genetic values, free of any environmental at various sites and in different harvest periods effects can be a important method in the were, therefore, used for an evaluation of the orientation of the common bean breeding phenotypic performance of the genotype. Cruz and programs. Resende (2002) mentioned that BLUP Carneiro (2003) reported that the observed and REML were adequate proceedings for the phenotypic performance was often not an adequate prediction of genetic values and estimation of the components of variance. They can well be used to out the experiments on several sites. In the identify the superior genotypes evaluated in a literature, the studies that use mixed linear models restricted number of environments, which was in annual plants are rare, being more common for often the consequence of lacking funds for coming the perennial plants. An example of the use of * Author for correspondence Braz. arch. biol. technol. v.51 n.3: pp.465-472, May/June 2008 466 Chiorato, A. F. et al. mixed models in the annual plants is the study of Capão Bonito, Monte Alegre do Sul, Tatuí Reis et al . (2005) and that of Bernardo et al . (48º05’W – 23º13’S) and Espírito Santo do Pinhal (1996a; 1996b) with maize suggesting the in 2002; winter cultivation periods conducted in estimation of variance components, prediction of Monte Alegre do Sul, Votuporanga (50º11’W – breeding values using REML/BLUP procedures. 29º09’S), Espírito Santo do Pinhal, Ribeirão Preto In this report, we used the Restricted Maximum (47º59’W – 21º04’S), Mococa and Pindorama Likelihood (REML) and the Best Linear Unbiased (49º01’W – 21 o07’S) in 2001 and Ribeirão Preto, Prediction (BLUP) to analyze the experiments Monte Alegre do Sul, Mococa and Pindorama in involving 18 common bean genotypes cultivated at 2002, and finally the rainy cultivation periods 25 sites in São Paulo state in 2001 and 2002. conducted in Capão Bonito, Tatuí and Espírito Santo do Pinhal in 2001 and Capão Bonito, MATERIAL AND METHODS Taquarituba (49º40’W – 23 o24’S) and Monte Alegre do Sul in 2002. Data gathered from 25 sites in the State of São The experimental design consisted of randomized Paulo (regional trial of common bean - VCU complete block design, with four replications. Trials) from 2001/02 biennium was used. The Each plot contained four rows, five meter long, trials were installed considering the three 0.50 m between rows and the two central rows cultivation periods (rainy, dry and winter), were used for grain yield evaluation. Altogether, recommended for the crop. The trials of the dry 14 advanced lines of the main Brazilian breeding cultivation period were conducted in Capão Bonito programs and four other recommended cultivars (48 o36’W – 23 o50’S), Tietê (49 o15’W – 23 o35’S), for São Paulo state (IAC-Carioca Eté and Pérola Monte Alegre do Sul (46 o45’W – 22 o38’S), of carioca tegument and IAC-Una and TPS-Nobre Mococa (47º16’W – 21º16’S) and Espírito Santo with black tegument) were planted in each trial do Pinhal (46º55’W – 22º04’S) in 2001 and (Table 1). Table 1 - Common bean cultivars and lines that participated in the VCU trials of 2001 and 2002 analyzed by the REML/BLUP mixed model methodology. Common beans cultivars and lines Grain Type Holders CII - 102 Carioca UFLA, Lavras - MG - Brazil LH-II Carioca UFLA, Lavras - MG - Brazil CNFC8065 Carioca EMBRAPA, Goiânia - GO - Brazil CNFC8066 Carioca EMBRAPA, Goiânia - GO - Brazil CNFP7726 Black EMBRAPA, Goiânia - GO - Brazil CNFP8100 Black EMBRAPA, Goiânia - GO - Brazil FT-Nobre Black FT, Ponta Grossa - PR - Brazil GEN96A10 Carioca IAC, Campinas - SP - Brazil GEN96A13 Pinto beans IAC, Campinas - SP - Brazil GEN96A28 Carioca IAC, Campinas - SP - Brazil GEN96A31 Carioca IAC, Campinas - SP - Brazil GEN96A58 Black IAC, Campinas - SP - Brazil IAC-Carioca Eté Carioca IAC, Campinas - SP - Brazil IAC-Una Black IAC, Campinas - SP - Brazil LP97-13 Carioca IAPAR, Londrina - PR - Brazil LP98-19 Carioca IAPAR, Londrina - PR - Brazil LP98-20 Black IAPAR, Londrina - PR - Brazil Pérola Carioca EMBRAPA, Goiânia - GO - Brazil Braz. arch. biol. technol. v.51 n.3: pp.465-472, May/June 2008 Prediction of Genotypic Values and Estimation of Genetic Parameters in Common Bean 467 The data were analyzed by the methods REML and Mixed model equations BLUP, according to Resende and Dias (2000) and X'X Z'X 'X W bˆ y'X Resende et al . (2001). The analyses were obtained X'Z Z'Z + Iλ 'Z W gˆ = y'Z using model 23 of the software SELEGEN 1 REML/BLUP (Resende 2002). A univariate + λ W X' W Z' W'W I 2 cˆ W y' genotypic model was used, where: y = Xb + Zg + Wc + e, where y, b, g, c and e were the vectors of where: σˆ 2 1− hˆ 2 − c 2 σˆ 2 data, of the effects of the blocks and environments λ e a λ e 1 = = ; 2 = = (fixed), of the genotypic effects (random), of the σˆ 2 hˆ 2 σˆ 2 effects of the interaction genotypes x environments g a c (random) and of the random errors, respectively; 1− hˆ 2 − c 2 a and X, Z and W were the matrixes of incidence for c 2 b, g and c, respectively. σˆ 2 hˆ 2 = g = broad-sense heritability at Mean and variance distributions and structures a σ 2 + σ 2 + σ 2 ˆ g ˆ c ˆ e y b, V ~ N(Xb, V) the plot level; σ 2 σ 2 σ 2 2 ˆ c g ˆ g ~ N (0, I ˆ g ) c = = coefficient of σˆ 2 + σˆ 2 + σˆ 2 g c e σ 2 σ 2 determination of the effects of interaction c ˆ c ~ N (0, I ˆ c ) genotype x environment; σˆ 2 σ 2 σ 2 g = genotypic variance; e ˆ e ~ N(0, I ˆ e ) σ 2 ˆ c = variance of the interaction genotypes x that is environments; σˆ 2 = residual variance. Cov (g, c) = 0; Cov (g, e) = 0; Cov (c, e) = 0 e y Xb Iterative estimators of the components of variance by REML via algorithm EM g 0 E = and (Expectation-Maximization) c 0 [ − ˆ − ˆ − ˆ ] e 0 σ 2 y' y 'b X' y Z''g y 'c W' y ˆ e = []N − r(x) y V ZG WC R [ˆ'g gˆ + σˆ 2 trC 22 ] g GZ ' G 0 0 σˆ 2 = e Var = where: g c CW ' 0 C 0 q [ˆ c'c + σˆ 2 trC 33 ] e R 0 0 R σ 2 e ˆ c = s where: G = I σˆ 2 , R = I σˆ 2 , C = I σˆ 2 and V = ZI σˆ 2 Z’ + g c e g σ 2 σ 2 22 33 WI ˆ c W’+ I ˆ e = ZGZ’ + WCW’ + R C and C derived from : −1 11 12 13 C11 C12 C13 C C C − 22 1 = = 21 23 C C21 C22 C23 C C C 31 32 33 C31 C32 C33 C C C Braz. arch. biol. technol. v.51 n.3: pp.465-472, May/June 2008 468 Chiorato, A. F. et al. C = matrix of the coefficient of the Mixed model RESULTS AND DISCUSSION equations; tr = trace of a matrix operator; The estimative of the broad-sense heritability at r(x) = rank of the X matrix; the level of individual plots, in other words, of the N,q,s = total number of data, number of lines and pure genotypic effects for the grain yield was low number of combinations genotypes x (0.034) (Table 2) since it was free of the environments, respectively.