Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

DIVERSITY OF IN SOUTH DISTRICT OF

SIKKIM

1JOHN BHUTIA AND 2BISHNU K SHARMA

1 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY,

2DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,

NAAS Rating NAMCHI GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, 2012:1.3; 2013-16: 2.69 KAMRANG SOUTH . 2017-2020: 3.98 Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]

IMPACT FACTOR 2019-20: 2.40 ABSTRACT: are the most fascinating and valuable pollinator. They are good indicators of climatic conditions and ecological changes IPI Value 1.92 in the environment. The present study was carried out to document the

Received on: butterfly diversity in South District of Sikkim. A total of 50 species of 20th March 2020 butterflies belonging to 40 genera and six families were recorded. Revised on: Among the six families, was the most dominant with 21 26th April 2020 species, followed by and Papilionidae comprising of 6 Accepted on: 26th April 2020 species each, with 5 species, Hesperiidae with 3 species Published on: and Pieridae with 3 species. Among these 50 species, three species st 1 May 2020 were found to be protected under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act,

(1972). The present study added some valuable information on Volume No. Online & Print butterfly diversity of the study area. 123 (2020) KEY WORDS: Butterfly, diversity, conservation, Papilionidae, Page No. 12 to 28 Nymphalidae, Sikkim. Life Sciences Leaflets INTRODUCTION: is an international open Sikkim, a small (7096 sq km) Indian state, lying between 27003’47” access print & e journal, peer reviewed, and 28007’34” N and 88003’40” and 88057’19” E, is widely worldwide abstract acknowledged by scientists as India’s most critical and biodiversity listed, published every month with ISSN, RNI rich areas (Myers et al. 2000, Mittermeier et al. 2005, CEPF, 2005, Free- membership, Chettri et al. 2008, Arrawatia and Tambe, 2011). Though it was once a downloads and access. forbidden independent country, Sikkim has a rich history with many https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 12

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online) eminent naturalists visiting this biodiversity rich state. Among them were the noted entomologists like De Niceville (1881, 1882, 1883, 1885), Elwes (1882), Elwes and Moller (1888), Gammie (1877) and Sanders (1942) who have made extensive documentation of butterflies from Sikkim. In present day the state has one Biosphere Reserve, one National Park and six Wildlife Sanctuaries ( Biodiversity of Sikkim, India). The forest cover of Sikkim is 3,357 km2 which forms around 47% of the total geographical area of the state (FSI, 2009). The south district of Sikkim comprises of two wildlife sanctuaries (Maenam and Kitam), around which the present day studies has been done. The above study areas are mostly predominated by forest with small scattered villages and semi urban towns except Namchi town but its surrounding comprises forest area too. Butterflies are one of the most studies group of insects, it belong to Phylum -Arthopoda, Class- Insecta and Order- along with moths. But moths are basically nocturnal and butterflies are diurnal. 19,238 different species of butterflies has been discovered form all over the world (Ghazolul, 2002, Heppner,1998), out of which 1501 species of butterflies recorded from India so far (Kunte et al.,1999), and 689 species of butterflies are found in Sikkim (ENVIS 2015),with one recently rediscovered small woodbrown butterfly (Sailendra, et al, 2018). Butterflies are important for the environment and are pollinators too. More than 50 are economically important for crops (Borges et al., 2003). The distribution of different species of butterflies and their diversity depend not only on geographical features of the area, ability of butterflies to fly but also on ecological demand of the species (Khan et al. 2011). They share a long-term co-evolution with plants, and are good indicators of climatic conditions and ecological changes in the environment. However due to habitat destruction, climatic changes, fire, use of pesticides has drastically decrease the butterfly population all over the world. The diversity of butterflies also gets affected by cutting grass, mono- culture plantation, over grazing etc (Ashish, 2007). As the butterflies play an important role in the environment, therefore the survey was intended to estimate butterflies diversity in study area. The present study was conducted for the first time to study butterflies diversity in South District of Sikkim.

STUDY AREA: The South District of Sikkim lies at altitude of 400 mtr to 2000 mtr with terraced slopes interrupt by spring patched forest with an area of 750 sq. kms.. For the study, the five main areas has been taken that are a) Kewzing, b) Tendong, c) Perbing, d) Damthang and e) Namchi town and its surrounding (Kamrang). All the five areas are well known for their temperate climatic condition (most of the time) and biodiversity. The South Sikkim has variety of climatic condition with average annual rainfall of 162.5 cms, maximum temperature recorded so far on average is 17-27 degree Celsius and minimum 02-21 degree Celsius. Some areas experience snowfall during winter. https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 13

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

But the temperature is slightly increasing due to many factors. Namchi (1315 m asl) being the head quarter of South Sikkim district and most of the areas are covered with forest with few semi-urban and village like kewzing (1404 m asl), Perbing (1677 m asl), Damthang (1852 m asl), Kamrang (1312 m asl) and Tendong (2600 m asl).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Field data collection The survey was carried out from September 2018 to August 2019 to study butterfly diversity of the region. Most of the observations were recorded from 8 am to 5 pm in each of the study areas. Every areas noted above was covered by random observation and opportunistic sampling during walking through the forest, roads, village path, agricultural lands, flowering garden, residential vegetation etc. In the survey areas, photographs of the specimens were taken with Nikon D5300. The specimens were identified with the help of available literature (Moore, 1890-1905; Evans, 1932, 1949; Talbot, 1939,1947; Wynter-Blyth, 1957; Haribal, 1992; Rose & Walia, 2003; Thakur et al. 2006; Uniyal, 2007; Kehimkar, 2008; Irungbam et al., 2014; Lekshmi Priya, 2017). The species are categorized into very common (cited more than 30 times), common (cites more than 20 times), less common (cited less than 10 times) and rare (cited less than 1to 5 times).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: During present day study a total of 50 different species of butterflies belonging to 40 Genera and 6 families were recorded (table 1). Out of 50 specimen 27 species belonging to Nymphalidae , 6 belongign to Lycaenidae, 6 belonging to Papilionidae, 5 belonging to Riodinidae, 3 belonging to Hesperiidae, and 3 belonging to Pieridae were collected.

CONCLUSION: Monitoring species diversity can be used as a tool to reduce human mismanagement and pollution in urbanized industrial rural and managed area (Wilson, 1997). Butterfly diversity is adversely affected by various factors, such as cutting grass for fodder, over grazing, use of pesticides or insecticides etc. Three species from the study area possess the protection under the India Protection (wildlife) Act, 1972. The presences of this number of butterflies along with some protected species reveal the study area is rich in butterfly diversity and there is a need of large scale study along with good conversation policies. Small scale approach like controlling wildfire, over grazing, deforestation and ban over use of pesticides/ insecticides may be the best step to maintain butterflies density. Sikkim a small hilly state of India is highly rich in its biodiversity, with varied climatic condition and lots of areas are unexplored. This provides abundant opportunities for the

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 14

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online) future research. The result of the study provides necessary information for the future study and enhanced the ecological role of butterfly in South Sikkim and similar areas.

REFERENCES: Arrawatia, M.L. & Tambe, S. (2011). Biodiversity of Sikkim-exploring and conserving a global hotspot.IPR Department Government of Sikkim, Gangtok, Sikkim.

Ashish, Tiple D, Arun, Khurad M., Roger & Dennis L. H. (2007). Buttefly diversity in relation to human- impact gradient on an Indian University campus. Nota lipid. 30(1):179-188.

Borges RM, Gowda V, Zacharias M. (2003). Butterfly pollination and high contrast visual signals in a low density distylous plant, Oecologia. 136: 571-573.

Chettri, N., Shakya, B., Thapa, R., Sharma, E.(2008). Status of protected area system in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: and analysis of PA coverage. Int J Biodivers Sci Mang 4(3): 164- 178.

Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (2005).-Annual Report.

De Niceville L (1881). A list of butterflies taken from Sikkim in October. Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 50(2): 49-60.

De Niceville L (1882). Second list of butterflies taken from Sikkim in October. Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 51(2): 54-66.

De Niceville L. (1883). Third list of butterflies taken in Sikkim. Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 52(2): 90-100.

De Niceville L. (1885). Fourth list of butterflies taken in Sikkim. Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 54(2): 1-5.

Dewan,S. Acharya, B. K. and Ghatani, S. (2018). A new record of the lesser-known butterfly Small Woodbrown nicetella de Nicéville, 1887 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: ) from Kangchendzonga National Park, Sikkim, India. Journal of threatened texa. 10: 6.

Elwes, H. J. & Moller, O. (1888). A catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Sikkim; with additions, corrections, and notes on seasonal and local distribution. Transactions of the Entomological Society, London 1888: 269–464.

Elwes, H. J. (1882). The butterflies of India, Burmah ans Ceylon. Nature 27(681):50-5.1.

ENVIS (2015). Environment & Wildlife Management Department, Government of Sikkim, Deorali, Gangtok.

Evans, W. H. (1949). A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum. Trustrees of B.M., London. 502.

Evans, W. H. (1932). The Identification of Indian butterflies, 2ndedn. Bombay Natural History Society: Bombay, 464. https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 15

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

FSI. 2009. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment of Forests, Government of India. 144- 146.

Gammie, J. A. (1877). Occasional Notes from Sikkim. Stray Feathers, 5: 482-487.

Ghazoul, J. (2002) Impact of logging on the richness and diversity of forest butterflies in a tropical dry forest in Thailand, Biodiversity Conservation. 11: 521-541.

Haribal, M. (1992). The butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History- Includes many species found also in other parts of India and Himalays, Sikkim. Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundations (SNCF), 217.

Heppner, J. (1998). Classification of Lepidoptera, Part 1 introduction.Holarctic Lepidopter. 5: 148.

Irungbam Jatishwor Singh 1 & Meenakshi Chib 2 (2014). A preliminary checklist of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhophalocera) of Mendrelgang, Tsirang District, Bhutan, the journal of threaten texa.

Kavya K. Saraf, Dr. Murali Jadesh (2016). Butterfly diversity of Uplaon nature camp, Kalaburagi district, Karnataka, India. International Journal of Entomology Research. 2016; 49-53 ( Volume 1; Issue 7; November 2016; Page No. 49-53).

Kehimkar I.(2008). The book of Indian butterflies. Bombay Natural History Society Mumbai, India. 2008, 1-497.

Khan ZH, Raina RH, Dhar MA, Ramamurthy VV(2011)..Diversity and Distribution of Butterflies from Kashmir Himalayas. Journal of insect science. 2011; 24(1):45-55.

Kunte K, Joglekar A, Utkarsh G, Padmanabhan P.(1999). Patterns of butterfly, bird and tree diversity in the Western Ghats. Current Science. 1999; 77(4):577-586.

Kunte K, Joglekar A, Utkarsh G, Pramod P (1999). Patterns of butterfly, bird and tree diversity in the Western Ghats. Curr. Sci. India, 29: 114.

Lekshmi Priya, Varunprasath Krishnaraj, Janaranjini, Sutharsan and Lakeshmanaswamy(2017). Studies on butterfly diversity in Adichanalloor Village, Kollam District, Kerala, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies.

Mittermeier, R.A., P.R. Gill, M. Hoffman, J. Pilgrim, T. Brooks, C.G. Mittermeier, J. Lamoreux and G.A.B. da Fonseca. (2005). Hotspots Revisited: Earth's Biologically Richest and most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. CEMEX, Mexico.

Moore, F. (1890–1892). Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. I. Rhopalocera. Family Nymphalidae. Sub- families Euploeinae and Satyrinae. Reeve & Co, London, 317pp.

Moore, F. (1893–1896). Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. II. Rhopalocera. Family Nymphalidae. Sub- families Satyrinae (continued), Elymniinae, Amathusiinae, Nymphalinae (group Charaxina). Reeve & Co, London, 274pp.

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 16

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

Moore, F. (1896–1899). Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. III. Rhopalocera. Family Nymphalidae. Sub- families Nymphalinae (continued), groups Potamina, Euthaliina, Limenitina. Reeve & Co, London, 254pp.

Moore, F. (1899–1900). Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. IV. Rhopalocera. Family Nymphalidae. Sub- families Nymphalinae (continued), groups Limenitina, Nymphalina, and Argynnina. Reeve & Co, London, 260pp.

Moore, F. (1901–1903). Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. V. Rhopalocera. Family Nymphalidae. Sub- family Nymphalinae (continued), groups Melitaeina and Eurytelina. Sub-families Acraeinae, Pseudergolinae, Calinaginae, and Libytheinae. Family Riodinidae. Sub- family Nemeobiinae. Family Papilionidae. Sub-families Parnassiinae, Thaidinae, Leptocircinae, and Papilioninae. Reeve & Co, London, 248pp.

Moore, F. (1903–1905). Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. VI. Rhopalocera. Family Papilionidae. Sub- family Papilioninae (continued). Family Pieridae. Sub-family Pierinae. Reeve & Co, London, 240pp.

Myers, N.,Mittermeier,R.A. and Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots foe conservation priorities. Nature, 403: 853-858.

Rose HS, Walia VK. Inventory of Butterfly Diversity of Chandigarh. Bionotes. 2003; 5(3):58-60.

Sanders DF (1942). Notes on the butterflies of Indian. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 52, 503.

Sharma, B. K. and Bhutia, J. (2020). Diversity of Pollinators/ Visitors in Namchi, South Sikkim, India. The Journal of Ecology. Photon 113: 487-498.

Talbot G. (1939). The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma (Butterflies), Published by Taylor and Francis, London). 1(29-506):2

Talbot G. (1947). The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma (Butterflies), (Published by Taylor and Francis, London). 2: (15-506):2

Thakur MS, Mattu VK, Mehta HS. (2006). Studies on the butterflies of Sukhna and Catchement area in Chandigarh, India. Journal of Entomological Research. 30(2):175-178.

The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, (1972). Envfor.nic.in Retrieved 26 September 2018.

Uniyal VP. (2007). Butterflies in Great Himalayan Conservation Landscape, Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya. Entomon. 32:119-127.

Wilson E. (1997). Introduction.In Reakakudla ML, Wilson DE, Wilson EO, editors. Biodiversity II. Washington DC. Henry Press. 1-3.

Wynter-blyth, M. A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian region, Bombay Natural History society Bombay. 20: 523- 72.

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 17

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

Table 1: Check list of butterflies recorded from the study area

SLNO COMMON NAME SCIENCTIFIC NAME FAMILY 1 Straight Swift Parnara naso bada Hesperiidae 2 Chinese Restricted Demon Notocrypta curvifascia Hesperiidae 3 Chestnut Bob Iambrix salsala salsala Hesperiidae 4 Golden Sapphire Heliophorus brahma Lycaenidae 5 Purple Sapphirer Heliophorus epicles Lycaenidae 6 Pale Grass Blue maha Lycaenidae 7 Pea Blue Lampides boeticus Lycaenidae 8 Common Cerulean Jamides celeno Lycaenidae 9 Dark Cerulean Jamides bochus Lycaenidae 10 Whiteline Bushbrown Mycalesis malsara Nymphalidae 11 Straight-Banded Tree Brown Lethe verma Nymphalidae 12 Himalaya Fivering sakra sakra Nymphalidae 13 Common Sailer Neptis hylas varmona Nymphalidae 14 Green Duke Euthalia sahadeva sahadeva Nymphalidae 15 Mountain Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae Nymphalidae 16 Red Admiral Vanessa indica Nymphalidae 17 Painted Lady Cynthia cardui Nymphalidae 18 Great Eggfly Hypolimnas bolina Nymphalidae 19 Green Commodore Sumalia daraxa Nymphalidae 20 Common Baron Euthalia aconthea Nymphalidae 21 Common Jester Symbrenthia lilaea Nymphalidae 22 Striped Blue Crow Euploea mulciber Nymphalidae 23 Lilacfork Zophoessa sura Nymphalidae 24 Red Lacewing Cethosia biblis Nymphalidae 25 Autumn Leaf Doleschallia bisaltide indica Nymphalidae 26 Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace leopardus Nymphalidae 27 Indian Frittillary Argyreus hyperbius hyperbius Nymphalidae 28 Dark Blue Tiger Tirumala septentrionis Nymphalidae 29 Yellow Coster Acraea issoria Nymphalidae 30 Common Tiger Danaus genutia Nymphalidae 31 Treble Silverstripe Zophoessa baladeva Nymphalidae 32 Common Fivering Ypthima baldus Nymphalidae 33 Largethree Ring Ypthima newara Nymphalidae 34 Dark Evening Brown Melanitis phedima Nymphalidae 35 Scarce Woodbrown Lethe siderea Nymphalidae 49 Common Bushbrown Mycalesis perseus Nymphalidae 36 Common Rose Pachilopta arisolochiae Papilionidae aristolochiae 37 Common Batwing Atrophaneura varuna astorion Papilionidae 38 Paris Peacock Papilio paris Papilionidae 39 Red Helen Princeps helenus helenus Papilionidae 40 Common Peacock Princeps polyctor ganesa Papilionidae 41 Indian Cabbage White Pieris canidia indica Pieridae 42 Redspot Jezebel Delias descombesi descombesi Pieridae 43 Chinese Common Gull Cepora nerissa Pieridae 44 Tailed Punch eugenes Riodinidae https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 18

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

SLNO COMMON NAME SCIENCTIFIC NAME FAMILY 45 Mixed Punch Dodona ouida ouida Riodinidae 46 Tailed Judy neophron neophron Riodinidae 47 Punchinello Zemeros flegyas Riodinidae 48 Dark Judy Abisara fylla Riodinidae 50 Common Bluebottle Graphium sarpedon Papilionidae

Table 2: Family and species-wise distribution of butterflies in South District of Sikkim.

Sl No. Families Genera Species 1 Nymphalidae 21 27 2 Lycaenidae 4 6 3 Papilionidae 5 6 4 Riodinidae 4 5 5 Hesperidae 3 3 6 Pieridae 3 3 TOTAL 40 50

Fig.1: Map showing study areas

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 19

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

3000 2600 2500 1852 2000 1677 1500 1315 1404

1000

Elivation (meters) 500

0 Damthang Kamrang Kewzing Perbing Tendong Study site

Fig. 2: Elevation of the study areas

30 27 25 20 15 10 6 6 5

Totalno. of species 5 3 3 0

Families

Fig.3: Family-wise composition of the butterfly species

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 20

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

10 % 6 %

6 % 12 % Hesperiidae 12 % Lycaenidae

Nymphalidae Papilionidae Pieridae 54 % Riodinidae

Fig. 4: Family-wise distribution of butterflies in GDP

25 21 20

15 12 10 9 8

5 ofSpecies no. Total

0 Common Less Common Rare Very Common Status of the species

Fig. 5: Percentage composition of status of butterflies of Namchi, South District of Sikkim

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 21

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

PHOTOGRAPHS

1. COMMON NAME: Himalayn Straigh Swift SCIENTIFIC NAME: Parnara guttatus FAMILY: Hesperiidae LOCATION: Kewzing, South Sikkim

2. COMMON NAME: Chinese restricted demon SCIENTIFIC NAME: Notocrypta curvifascia FAMILY: Hesperiidae LOCATION: Kewzing, South Sikkim

3. COMMON NAME: Golden sapphire SCIENTIFIC NAME: Heliophorus brahma FAMILY: Lycaenidae LOCATION: Perbing, South Sikkim

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 22

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

4. COMMON NAME: Pale Grass Blue SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pseudozizeeria maha FAMILY: Lycaenidae LOCATION: Kewzing, South Sikkim

5. COMMON NAME: Large Three Ring SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ypthima nareda FAMILY: Nymphalidae LOCATION: Damthang, South Sikkim

6. COMMON NAME: Red Admiral SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vanessa indica FAMILY: Nymphalidea LOCATION: Damthang, South Sikkim

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 23

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

7. COMMON NAME: Small Turtleshell or Himalayan Tortoiseshell SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aglais caschmirensis FAMILY: Nymphalidae LOCATION: Damthang, South Sikkim

8. COMMON NAME: Common Sailer SCIENTIFIC NAME: Neptis hylas FAMILY: Nymphalidae LOCATION: Kewzing, South Sikkim

9. COMMON NAME: Indian Fritillary SCIENTIFIC NAME: Argynnis hybrida FAMILY: Nymphalidae LOCATION: Kwzing, South Sikkim

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 24

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

10. COMMON NAME: Red Lacewing SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cethosis biblis FAMILY: Nymphalidae LOCATION: Kewzing, South Sikkim

11. COMMON NAME: Pea Blue SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lampides boeticus FAMILY: Lycaenidae LOCATION: Kewzing, South Sikkim

12. COMMON NAME: Green Commodore SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sumalia daraxa FAMILY: Nymphalidae LOCATION: Kewzing, South Sikkim

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 25

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

13. COMMON NAME: Indian Cabbage white SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pieris canidia FAMILY: Pieridae LOCATION: Kewzing, South Sikkim

14. COMMON NAME: Green Duke SCIENTIFIC NAME: Euthalia sahadeva FAMILY: Nymphalidae LOCATION: Kewzing, South Sikkim

15. COMMON NAME: Great Eggfly SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hypolimas bolina FAMILY: Nymphalidae LOCATION: Kewzing, South Sikkim

16. COMMON NAME: Tailed Punch SCIENTIFIC NAME: FAMILY: Riodinidae LOCATION: Kewzing, South Sikkim

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 26

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

17. COMMON NAME: Mixed Punch SCIENTIFIC NAME: Dodona ouida FAMILY: Riodinidae LOCATION: Kewzing, South Sikkim

18. COMMON NAME: Paris Peacock SCIENTIFIC NAME: Papilio paris FAMILY: Papilionidae LOCATION: Kamrang, South Sikkim

19. COMMON NAME: Redspot Jezebel SCIENTIFIC NAME: Delias descombesi FAMILY: Pieridae LOCATION: Kamrang, South Sikkim

20. COMMON NAME: Red Helen SCIENTIFIC NAME: Papilio helenus FAMILY: Papilionidae LOCATION: Kamrang, South Sikkim

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 27

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)

21. COMMON NAME: White line Bush Brown SCIENTIFIC NAME: Telinga malsara FAMILY: Nymphalidae LOCATION: Kamrang, South Sikkim

22. COMMON NAME: Dark Evening Brushbrown SCIENTIFIC NAME: Melanitis phedima FAMILY: Nymphalidae LOCATION: Perbing, South Sikkim

https://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 28