2012-2013
Hydrogen Student Design Contest
Development of a Hydrogen Production
and Fueling Infrastructure in the
Northeastern United States
Faculty Advisors Megumi Takata Yusuke Shiratori Team Members Kazuto Tsuda Yasuhiro Toyohuku Kota Miyoshi Kyouhei Hirata Shingo Baba Keisuke Adaniya Kosuke Shinto Masaru Takada Naoya Kobayashi Takahiro Takaki Youhei Nagamatsu Liana Christani Special Thanks To Ms.Eto, Mr.Shimozono Seiichiro Soichiro Tomaki Takeshi Prof. Yokomoto AIR LIQUID Japan Ltd. Kimura Murakami Tateishi Dounoshita
CONTENTS
Executive Summary ...... 4
1 Criteria Development ...... 5
1.1 Regional Factors ...... 5
1.1.1 Population density ...... 5
1.1.2 Household income ...... 6
1.1.3 Access time to hydrogen stations ...... 6
1.2 Traffic Factors ...... 7
1.2.1 Location of highways ...... 7
1.2.2 Entertainment facilities ...... 7
1.2.3 Transport hubs ...... 7
1.2.4 Location of gas stations ...... 8
1.3 Cost Factors ...... 8
1.3.1 Land prices ...... 8
1.3.2 Existence of natural gas pipelines ...... 8
1.4 Relative importance of each criteria ...... 9
2 Evaluation of Possible Fueling Locales and Hydrogen Sources ...... 10
2.1 Location of hydrogen stations and its reason and validity ...... 10
2.1.1 The number of hydrogen stations needed ...... 10
2.1.2 How to fix the locations ...... 10
2.1.3 Validity evaluation of hydrogen station locales ...... 11
2.2 Hydrogen production, delivery, filling ...... 11
2.2.1 Technological Background ...... 11
2.2.2 Hydrogen filling ...... 14
2.3 Hydrogen Station Location Map ...... 17
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2.3.1 Northeast Entire Map ...... 17
2.3.2 Map around Boston ...... 18
2.3.3 Map around New York ...... 18
2.3.4 Map around Philadelphia ...... 19
2.3.5 Map around Washington, D.C...... 19
3 Infrastructure Development Timeline ...... 20
3.1 Hydrogen fueling infrastructure ...... 20
3.1.1 Types of FCVs owners and Mileage factors ...... 20
3.1.2 Effectiveness of “Mileage factors” ...... 20
3.1.3 The number of FCVs and Hydrogen supply capacity Breakdown ...... 20
3.1.4 Types of hydrogen stations ...... 22
3.2 Development Timeline ...... 23
3.2.1 2013 – 2015 Early adoption ...... 23
3.2.2 2015 – 2020 Growing market penetration ...... 24
3.2.3 2020 – 2025 Beginning of mass commercialization ...... 24
4 Cost and Economic Analysis ...... 30
4.1 Initial Cost of each Facility and transportation equipment ...... 30
4.1.1 On-site Station and Off-site Stations ...... 30
4.1.2 Portable Station ...... 30
4.1.3 Hydrogen Production Factory ...... 31
4.1.4 Tractor and Super Jumbo Tube Trailer ...... 31
4.2 Operating Cost of each Facility ...... 31
4.3 Delivery Cost in each Phase ...... 32
4.3.1 Delivery Cost in 2015 ...... 32
4.3.2 Delivery Cost in 2020 ...... 32
4.3.3 Delivery Cost in 2025 ...... 33
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4.4 Summary of Cost ...... 33
4.5 Hydrogen price ...... 33
5 Regulations, Codes and Standards ...... 35
5.1 Station design ...... 35
5.1.1 Characteristics of Hydrogen Station ...... 35
5.1.2 Station Model ...... 35
5.2 Codes and Standards ...... 36
5.2.1 Separation Distance ...... 37
5.2.2 Quantity of Hydrogen Storage and Use ...... 38
5.2.3 Vehicle Impact Protection ...... 39
5.2.4 Emergency Shutdown Device ...... 39
6 Marketing & Education Outreach Plane ...... 40
6.1 Marketing ...... 40
6.2 Education ...... 41
APPENDIX ...... 43
APPENDIX A Comprehensive list of possible fueling locales [2020] ...... 43
APPENDIX B Design of Base100 station and Scaling Factors ...... 44
APPENDIX C Figure of Portable Station ...... 45
APPENDIX D Delivery System in 2020 ...... 46
APPENDIX E Delivery System in 2025 ...... 47
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Executive Summary
When fuel cell were first proposed and discussed, it was firmly expected that distinctly higher efficiencies could be reached with them when converting chemical energy to electric power. With some important achievement made in the past and present, fuel cell today are growing and fuel cell vehicle (FCV) is getting ready to be promoted in 2015. Therefore, building infrastructure and addressing the construction of infrastructure is essential to commercialize FCV. This report is proposed to design the problem solving of hydrogen refueling system on certain period of time. Four cities in USA such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington D. C. are selected as pilot project area. Unique solutions are constructed to design the optimum timeline, develop the infrastructure, and reduce the accessing time, as well as to reduce the cost. In 2013-2015, two unique ideas are adopted to start developing the infrastructure. First is introducing infrastructure in New York. This idea can rise up visibility and impression of FCV as many celebrities and high-class society living in New York drive FCV. Second is use portable station, which is compact design, movable, and has cost benefit. With those features, portable station can easily avoid a risk of financial trouble because it can be moved to the other place if a portable station falls into low hydrogen demand. In 2015-2020, constructing massive infrastructure will be started especially in urban area. It is expected that many people living in urban areas will be FCV users. Thus, in order to cope with the high hydrogen demand in those areas, off-site stations are arranged densely using GIS calculation. In the same time, on-site stations are developed to surround those off-site stations due to supply hydrogen to those off-site stations. This hydrogen supply design is able to avoid excess hydrogen production. On the other hand, two methods are applied to reduce the infrastructure cost. First, hydrogen stations are designed modularly in order to reduce the costs of extension. Second, hydrogen delivery is performed without waste by devising delivery model in order to reduce the distribution costs as much as possible. Using this design, it is hoped that more than 94% of people in the service area are able to reach the filling station within 15 minutes in 2020. In 2020-2025, more comfortable infrastructure network will be provided for various FCV users. Infrastructure will be expanded not only in urban areas but also along-highway areas and suburban area so that filing station even easier to access. In addition, factories are built to cover the expanding hydrogen demand after 2020. The Factories are going to be a stepping-stone to deal with the further growing demand of hydrogen. In the end, hydrogen-fueling infrastructure would be covered not only in megalopolis area but also through out northeastern USA on 2025. In summary, this system design is prepared for upcoming commercialization of FCV in USA. In the near future, FCV with its hydrogen sourcing and infrastructure will be accomplished and it will be affordable for many segments of society.
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1 Criteria Development
We choose the following 9 items as the criteria to determine the location of the hydrogen stations. Population density Household income Access time to hydrogen stations Location of highway Entertainment facilities Transport hub Location of the gas stations Labor costs of hydrogen stations Existence of natural gas pipelines
1.1 Regional Factors One of the requirements to determine hydrogen station location is accessible for fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) owners. It will be very convenient for FCVs owner if the stations are easy to reach from their residences. In conclusion, hydrogen stations should cover as many FCVs owners’ residences as possible.
1.1.1 Population density The great demand of hydrogen is expected in where the population is highly concentrated. Placing hydrogen stations in such areas, it will socialize hydrogen energy to society because many residents will get interested in the stations.
Fig.1.1 Example of the hydrogen stations located in the densely-populated area [1] [2] [3]
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1.1.2 Household income Hydrogen stations should be located in where rich people are concentrated. This is because at early market penetration FVCs are only affordable for people who have high household income. The price of FCV will relatively expensive for several years to come because of high production cost. Although Toyota said “it would be reasonable to see the first such fuel cell car retail around $50,000.”[32], it would still remain expensive, even if the subsidies come from the government. [4] By comparing the household income with the population density described in 1.1.1, we can determine the good locations where meets both of them as well.
Fig.1.2 Distribution of median household income at Washington, D.C. [5]
1.1.3 Access time to hydrogen stations Another factor to determine hydrogen station location is time accessible. Access time is important to the widespread use of hydrogen stations for FCVs owners. In general, the shorter access time is preferable. Therefore, it is necessary to consider a proportional placement of the hydrogen station in the prospective areas so that many FCVs owners can access the hydrogen stations in a short time. Fig.1.3 shows the distribution of the access time to the green point. In this case, the deepest purple area represents in 20 minutes, then middle is in 10 minutes and the lightest is in 5 minutes.
Fig.1.3 Distribution of the access time to the green point
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1.2 Traffic Factors Traffic factors are important to determine the location of hydrogen station as well. Locating hydrogen stations on the busy road will be very benefit since the frequency of hydrogen stations is related to the traffic volume. The higher the traffic on the road, the higher the probabilities of hydrogen use, and vice versa. In the end, it will make FCVs drivers feel convenient.
1.2.1 Location of highways Another good point to determine the location of hydrogen station is placing along the highway. Highways connect several areas and are often used by a large number of drivers. Additionally, one hydrogen station can cover large residential area if it is located along the highway because most of residential areas are also located along the highways; besides FCVs drivers can access quickly from distant areas due to the high driving speed. As a result, the location interval of the stations spreads. Then it leads to reduce the number of the stations. Therefore, it is much better to place the hydrogen station along highway.
Fig.1.4 Example of hydrogen stations located along the highways [6]
1.2.2 Entertainment facilities Entertainment facilities are other example of places which have busy traffic. Places like shopping malls, amusement parks, golf courses, and tourist sites are are full with people through out the week especially in the weekend. Thus, the probability of these places been visited by FCVs’ user is relatively high. Furthermore, placing hydrogen station in entertainment facilities area should be an advantage both for users and eintertainment companies. It will provide convinience to FCVs’ users so it will increase their visit and will increase the market share, as well.
1.2.3 Transport hubs Transport hubs such as airports, ports and amtrak stations are often used and usually accessed by vehicles. Therefore it is good idea to locate hydrogen stations near such places.
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1.2.4 Location of gas stations The location of gas stations is a good point to determine the location of hydrogen stations. There are a large numbers of gas stations in the Northeast United States. Gas station placement analyses can also be applied to determine the location of hydrogen station. For example, if the gas stations are located densely in certain area, it means that there is high traffic volume and it would be very advantage to locate hydrogen stations in the same area, or even in the same spot. In this case, hydrogen station is merged with gas station. Furthermore, the merger will also give another advantage such as reduce in operational cost. It is really possible to cut down the land cost and labor cost.
Fig.1.5 Example of the hydrogen station located on a gas station [7]
1.3 Cost Factors Analysis of hydrogen station placement must also consider the costs issues. It is important to manage the budget as low as possible. There are two factors to determine the location of hydrogen station, which are related to the cost, land prices and existence of natural gas pipelines.
1.3.1 Land prices Construction of each hydrogen station requires the acquisition expense of land. It is desirable that the acquisition expense is low as possible.
1.3.2 Existence of natural gas pipelines Locations of hydrogen stations are affected by the existence of natural gas pipelines. If we adopt an on-site reforming of natural gas for a hydrogen station, the natural gas must be transported from somewhere. Usually pipelines or tankers take it. Although the trucking is also the other method, it costs more in case of the long distance. Therefore, for low transportation cost the hydrogen station must be close to the pipelines.
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Fig.1.6 Natural Gas Pipelines in the Northeast Area [8]
1.4 Relative importance of each criteria The relative importance of each criteria with the star marks is shown in table 1.1. “Locations of Gas Stations” is the most important criteria “5★” because all stations planned to be merged with gas stations. “Location of highways” and “Existing of natural gas pipelines” are also decided to be “5 ★” due to hydrogen transportation between stations. In the other hand, “Population density” and “Access time to hydrogen stations” are settled “4★” since it is required in terms of user experience. “Entertainment facillities” and “Transport hubs” are determined to “2★”, so it is ancillary criteria to increase the accurancy of determination of locations. “Land prices” is evaluated to “1★” because it doesn’t have to be considered in this plan, marging with gas stations. Table 1.1 Importance of each criterion
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2 Evaluation of Possible Fueling Locales and Hydrogen Sources 2.1 Location of hydrogen stations and its reason and validity As shown in Fig.2.5, 500 hydrogen stations are set up in Northeast Megalopolis area, after carefully analyzing technical issues, cost issues, and land availabilities. The following discusses how to fix station locations and its validity.
2.1.1 The number of hydrogen stations needed 500 hydrogen stations are generalized from the following calculation method. For the calculation, several situations are assumed; the net-working rate of each hydrogen station is 85%, hydrogen filling is 4 FCVs per hour, the hydrogen storage of a FCV is 5 kg, and hydrogen stations open 16 hours a day. Hydrogen consumption and FCV data settled as shown in Table 2.1. Bases on these assuming and the data, the specification of hydrogen stations is calculated as shown in Table 2.2. Total ability of hydrogen supply is 176,500 kg/day, and the ability per station is 350 kg/day, therefore the number of hydrogen stations needed is calculated as 500. Table 2.1 estimated hydrogen consumption and the number of FCV and the performance of FCV in 2020
The number of FCV 300,000
Average distance per driver 46.4 km/day
Efficiency of FCV 88 km/kgH 2 Hydrogen consumption of a FCV per day 0.5 kg/day Total hydrogen consumption of FCV 150,000 kg/day
Table 2.2 Calculation about specification of hydrogen stations Total ability of hydrogen supply 176,500 kg/day
The frequency of hydrogen filling (average) 4 FCVs/h
The frequency of hydrogen filling (peak) 8 FCVs/h
Hydrogen storage of a FCV 5 kg/FCV
Ability of hydrogen supply per station 350 kg/day
The number of hydrogen stations 500
2.1.2 How to fix the locations Location of hydrogen stations depend on the number of FCVs in each area and 500 hydrogen stations are assigned in four biggest urban areas; Washington DC, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. The number of FCVs and hydrogen stations of each area is corresponding to the population as shown in Table 2.3. The higher population density is, the closer the distance between each hydrogen station is. The distance between each hydrogen stations is decided every 30 km along highway that connect two biggest urban areas, and every 40~50km along highway that do not connect urban areas. Moreover, most hydrogen stations are not located around low household-income areas but around some special locations (tourist sites, shopping malls, amusement parks, golf courses, airports, ports,
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and Amtrak stations). That is because hydrogen demand is determined by FCV ownership ratio and FCV’s use frequency. FCV will be expensive in 2020, so low-income family will not be able to afford it and there might be higher hydrogen demand in gas station-dense area and near the special locations. Table 2.3 Population and Hydrogen station proportion [9] Combined Statistical Area Population H2 Station
New York (New York – Newark, Scranton - Wilkes-Barre – Hazleton, Albany - 25,096,211 215 Schenectady (Capital District))
Washington (Washington - Baltimore - Arlington, Richmond, Virginia Beach - 12,762,571 109 Norfolk (Hampton Roads), Huntingdon, Altoona, Charlottesville)
Boston (Boston - Worcester – Providence, Portland - Lewiston - South Portland, 10,932,941 93 Springfield - Greenfield Town, Hartford - West Hartford, Pittsfield)
Philadelphia (Philadelphia - Reading - Camden (Delaware Valley), Salisbury, 9,678,036 83 Lancaster, Harrisburg - York – Lebanon, Pottsville, Bloomsburg - Berwick – Sunbury)
Total 44,751,363 500
2.1.3 Validity evaluation of hydrogen station locales The locales are valid from the point of the population coverage ratio. Thresholds of population coverage ratio are settled as 38 % within 1 km, 53 % within 2 km, 78 % within 5 km, and 91 % within 10 km from hydrogen stations. The thresholds are the most important factor to evaluate the validity of hydrogen stations locales. The population within 1 km, 2 km, 5 km, and 10 km from each station are calculated by geographic information system named ArcGIS[10]. The population coverage ratios of hydrogen stations were calculated more than 38 % within 1 km, 53 % within 2 km, 78 % within 5 km, and 91 % within 10 km.
2.2 Hydrogen production, delivery, filling There are a wide variety of methods of hydrogen production, delivery, and filling and these methods influence each other. In this section, analysis of technical issues, cost issues, and area determine the proper and feasible hydrogen production method, hydrogen delivery method, and specifications of hydrogen stations in 2020. Furthermore, this analysis is done to look for the lowest production cost and to find out the continuity of hydrogen supply.
2.2.1 Technological Background 2.2.1.1 Hydrogen production There are three main methods to produce hydrogen, such as electrolysis of water, natural gas [11] reforming, and by-product hydrogen. Fig.2.1 shows hydrogen Cost and CO2 emission. 1) Electrolysis of water According to the cost and emission analysis, hydrogen production by electrolysis of water using nuclear power is the best option due to two following reasons. Firstly, the cost of
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electrolysis of water using nuclear power and its transportation is lower than the other production method in the nighttime. There is surplus electricity at night due to lower electricity demands and it results in lower price of electricity. In that case, hydrogen production can be maximized during the nighttime. Secondly, the electrolysis using other power source come up with higher production cost. For example, using wind power is too expensive because of its low
efficiency, therefore it is not considered in this analysis.
2) Natural gas reforming Hydrogen production by natural gas reforming is the second cheapest way in United States. It is because the cost of natural gas is cheaper than the other countries and natural gas pipeline
is well developed. However, natural gas reforming generates more CO2 than that by electrolysis of water using nuclear power. The CCS (Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) technique will be
applied to solve this problem. It will suppress CO2 emission significantly from natural gas reforming. Finally, even though natural gas reforming has some drawbacks but its initial cost (including transportation infrastructure) is relatively cheap.
3) By-product H2 Using hydrogen by-product from coke-oven gas, caustic soda, and petroleum processing is
beneficial to reduce production cost and emission of CO2. The further study about production cost and manufactory locales needed to be done. On the other hand, the amount of by-product hydrogen production is not considered in this analysis due to the lack of information.
In these methods, the natural gas reforming is adopted to this plan because the cost is the most important issue in the beginning of the FCV era. It plays an important role as “bridge” to the future carbon neutral hydrogen society.
[11] Fig.2.1 Hydrogen Cost and CO2 emission
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2.2.1.2 Hydrogen delivery Hydrogen can be transported by truck, rail, or pipeline as compressed gas, liquid, or metal hydride. Advantages and disadvantages of major candidates to deliver hydrogen are as following Table 2.4. Table 2.4 Advantages and disadvantages of each delivery method Delivery method Advantages Disadvantages [11] Compressed H2 by truck The cheapest capital cost Low capacity (<300kg at once) High capacity (<4300kg[11] at once), Lose (30%) energy at liquefied Liquid H by truck 2 get cheaper at longer distance process, and lose weight to evaporate
Heavy constituent materials Metal hydride Safety contaminant mixed easily Cheap operating cost, large Expensive capital cost By pipeline quantity availability (1 million $/mile)
By rail High capacity Less flexibility of transportation places
Fig.2.2 shows the transport-storage combined cost respectively as a function of hydrogen production rates and the delivery distance. For (a) low hydrogen production rates and short delivery distances, compressed gas is the cheapest. While for (b) low production rates and long distances, liquid hydrogen is the cheapest. On the other hand, for (c) high production rates and short distances, pipeline delivery is very inexpensive. Similarly, for (d) large production rates and long distances, pipeline delivery and liquid hydrogen are the main options. In other words, truck transportation for compressed hydrogen is the optimum way for this plan.
(a) 45kg/hr, 16km (b) 45kg/hr, 800km Pipeline cost is 60$/kg 1.8 10 Transport Cost Transport Cost 1.6 9 Storage Cost Storage Cost 1.4 8 1.2 7 1 6 5 0.8 4 0.6 3
0.4 2 Combined Cost($/kg) Combined 0.2 Cost($/kg) Combined 1 0 0
(c) 4500kg/hr, 16km (d) 4500kg/hr, 800km 1 6 Transport Cost 0.9 Transport Cost Storage Cost 0.8 5 Storage Cost 0.7 4 0.6 0.5 3 0.4 0.3 2
0.2 1 Combined Cost($/kg) Combined Combined Cost($/kg) Combined 0.1 0 0
Fig.2.2 Combined Storage & Transportation Costs [12]
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2.2.2 Hydrogen filling 2.2.2.1 Distribution model of hydrogen station and Specification This report proposes a unique distribution model of hydrogen stations as shown in Fig.2.3. According to the calculation on sec.2.1.1, actual specifications are affected by 3 criteria; population density, transportation cost, and land availability. Considering these criteria, Northeast area is classified into three areas; (1) densely- populated area (higher than 300 people/km2), (2) environs of densely populated area of four major cities and along highway area, and (3) suburb area. Specification of hydrogen stations in each area is explained below.
Fig.2.3 Hydrogen supply model
(1) Densely-populated area (higher than 300 people/km2) All off-site stations are applied in four major cities of this area because of the size issue. Although every station had better be on-site from the point of hydrogen delivery cost, there is a difficulty in land availability in densely populated area because on-site station including reformers need large space. As shown in Fig.2.3, hydrogen of these off-site stations is delivered from the nearest on-site stations by trucks as compressed gas, which is the cheapest transportation method in short distance. In the other cities of this area, on-site stations are applied.
(2) Environs of densely-populated area of four major cities and Along-highway area On-site stations are applied for all parts of these areas. It is easier to obtain the site area for the on-site station comparatively because this area has low population density. These on-site stations must produce hydrogen not only for supplying at the site but also for covering the hydrogen of the nearest off-site stations and portable off-site stations. It means that those on-site stations must produce hydrogen to cover both on-site and off-site stations.
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(3) Suburb area Portable stations are applied in this area around four major cities. The portable station is explained in detail in next section. In the other suburb areas, on-site independent stations will be built. This independent system, these stations produce their own hydrogen supply, is made because hydrogen stations in suburb area are far from other stations. The long distance makes the delivery cost much expensive. However, this area has enough lands to build bigger on-site station. Therefore “independent” on-site station is the best way.
2.2.2.2 Technology Requirement for Hydrogen station (1) Hydrogen supply pressure It is predicted that in 2025 FCVs will equip with 70MPa-type and 35MPa-type tank, which have different hydrogen storage pressure. As storage pressure increase, hydrogen storage capacity becomes higher and it makes FCV driven longer with one filling. However, accumulator cost becomes higher as storage pressure increase. After considering several factors, parallel type of tank, which can dispense into both 35MPa and 70MPa tank, are adopted in this plan.
(2) The filling method (a) Cascade filling method In case of this method, it used differential pressure between the accumulator in the hydrogen station and the tank in FCV. It is needed over than 80 MPa accumulator pressure to fill up 70 MPa-sized hydrogen tank. However, the higher acceptable pressure is, the lager thickness of the accumulator is needed, which result in increasing the equipment cost. Therefore, it needs improve to reduce equipment cost. (b) Direct filling method In direct filling method, hydrogen fuel is supplied directly from the compressor to the tank in FCV. This method can reduce accumulator cost because it does not need highly acceptable pressure (such as 80MPa) for the accumulator. However, it is essential to improve the durability of the compressor in order to commercialize this system.
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Based on these 2 filling methods, it can be seen that cascade method is a better option. It can reduce 35 MPa-sized tank filling cost. On the other hand, even though filling 70 MPa tank with direct method can cut down the production cost, but it needs high development technology to apply it and it cost another budget. In summary, both 35MPa and 70MPa will adopt cascade filling method.
Fig.2.4 The flow diagram
2.2.2.3 Extensibility Our hydrogen supply model (Fig.2.3) will be able to adapt the increasing in FCVs number with two modifications, and this modified model is proposed in Fig.2.5. One of modification is to build hydrogen production factories in outlying area. It is because hydrogen from on-site stations cannot cover urban off-site stations when the hydrogen consumption gets larger. Moreover, at such a big factory, CCS technique can be used effectively when these techniques will be developed. In addition, a number of these on-site stations can use hydrogen from many other production methods including renewable energy. Another modification is to build new stations around an on-site station as off-site station without increasing delivery cost. It enables optimum and stable power (hydrogen) generation because of distributed the generation locations. The modified model is suggested as Fig.2.5.
Fig.2.5 A future hydrogen network model
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Small_off-site_station On-site_station_City Onsite_station_Suburb Portable_station orInterstate Primary Acess Limited HighwaysPrimary State and US 530.000000 - 5.120000 1380.000000 - 530.000001 5120.000000 - 1380.000001 28000.000000 - 5120.000001 278120.960000 - 28000.000001 " ! # ^ H2station North_America_Road_State Feature Class Type Poplation density Poplation_density_SQkm
2.3 Hydrogen Station Location Map 2.3.1 Northeast Entire Map
Northeast Entire Map Entire Northeast
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Fig.2.
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2.3.2 Map around Boston
Fig.2.7 Map around Boston
2.3.3 Map around New York
Fig.2.8 Map around New York
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2.3.4 Map around Philadelphia
Fig.2.9 Map around Philadelphia
2.3.5 Map around Washington, D.C.
Fig.2.10 Map around Washington, D.C.
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3 Infrastructure Development Timeline
Enhancing convenience of FCVs owners is essential to make the appropriate Timeline in each phase. It is including the number of FCVs, hydrogen supply capacity, the number, and location of hydrogen stations. Therefore, to encourage FCV to Northeastern U.S, it is important to develop infrastructure of the hydrogen station, which attracts people.
3.1 Hydrogen fueling infrastructure 3.1.1 Types of FCVs owners and Mileage factors In order to develop a timeline for deploying hydrogen stations, it is assumed that there are five types of FCVs owners as shown in Table 3.1, and it is expected that each type of FCVs owners is different in average driving distance (ADD). Therefore a concept, named “Mileage factors”, is innovated to distinguish each FCVs owners at the point of the ADD. “Mileage factors” are used as following formula.
(Original ADD) × (푀푖푙푒푎푔푒 푓푎푐푡표푟) ＝ ADD each type ner *Original ADD: 46.4 푘푚/푑푎푦 (푝푟표푣푖푑푒푑 푏푦 퐷푂퐸)
Table 3.1 Types of FCVs owners and Mileage factors
FCVs owners Mileage factors（η）
Celebrity 0.6
Urban people 0.7
Along-highway people 1.2
Suburban people 1.2 Transportation business 3
3.1.2 Effectiveness of “Mileage factors” The information of hydrogen demand is necessary to get the number of Hydrogen stations. As the demand depends not only on the number of FCVs owners but also on the situation of FCV usage, the “Mileage factors” plays an important role. Using the factors, the demand of hydrogen used by each type of FCVs owners are calculated, and then the number of hydrogen stations comes out. Additionally, the factors enable to estimate the distance interval of hydrogen stations roughly. For example, if the factor is less than one, the distance interval of them gets short. And if the factor is more than one, the distance interval of them gets long.
3.1.3 The number of FCVs and Hydrogen supply capacity Breakdown The provided forecast of FCV sales till 2020 and actual Toyota Prius (HEV) Sales after the market sales’ launch are similar. By using the similarity, FCV sales from 2020 to 2025 are estimated as shown
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in Table 3.2. In addition, the demand of hydrogen is calculated by considering the “Mileage factors”, as shown in Table 3.3. The following values are used to calculate the demand of hydrogen. - Average Driving Distance of a North American Driver : 46.4km/day
- Fuel mileage : 88km/kg of H2 - Capacity of the tank of FCV : 5kg/FCV - Station utilization rate: 85 %
Table 3.2 Yearly number of FCVs breakdown
Table 3.3 Yearly hydrogen supply capacity [kg/day] (Station utilization rate: 85%) Along- Suburban Transportation Celebrity Urban people highway Total people business people 2013 2014 2015 186 217 403 2016 186 1086 208 465 1898 3844 2017 186 4179 802 1791 3865 10824 2018 186 14628 2809 6269 7945 31837 2019 186 39495 7583 16927 16242 80433 2020 186 98739 18958 42317 33161 193360 2021 186 197477 37916 97328 51434 384341 2022 186 296216 56873 165458 59285 578018 2023 186 414702 79623 264732 65804 825048 2024 186 551554 105898 397098 73076 1127812 2025 186 689442 132373 555938 80511 1458451
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3.1.4 Types of hydrogen stations The demand of hydrogen is covered by 5 types of hydrogen stations and a large hydrogen production factory as shown in Table 3.4. A super jumbo tube trailer is used for transporting hydrogen. The purposes of using each type of the hydrogen stations and the trailer are described as shown in Table 3.4, and the breakdown of yearly number of hydrogen stations is shown in Table 3.5. Detail of timeline is discussed in the next section.
Table 3.4 The purpose of using each types of the hydrogen stations and the trailer Type Purpose of use This portable station has three advantages. First is compact design. The portable station can be put into a part of a gas station because of the small size. Second is low cost. Both initial and operation costs are inexpensive. Third is movability. If a portable station falls into financial difficulties, it can be moved to the other Portable places. Therefore, portable station can easily avoid a risk of trouble. In early Station adoption, the portable stations are used primarily. After that, bigger off-site (40 kg/day) stations are built in the places where the portable stations are used with high
utilization rate. In this way, it may become information source which tells how
much hydrogen is needed in the portable station’s coverage area. In addition,
after bigger off-site stations are installed, portable stations can be reused in new
places.
Small off-site stations are designed comparatively-small-capacity to match the Small off-site early market scale. Until 2020, they are built in the places where the portable (400 kg/day) stations have operated, as replacement. Middle off-site stations are designed comparatively-middle-capacity which is
Middle 800kgH2 per day. Because modular design is adopted, they are easily built an off-site addition from the small off-site stations by just adding some equipment into the (800 kg/day) space that is set aside in advance. If hydrogen demand grows more, they can be
built an addition again, up to 1200kgH2 per day which is described below. Large off-site Large off-site stations are designed comparatively-large-capacity. As FCV market (1200 kg/day) grows after 2020, they will be built in order to respond high demand. On-site stations are designed comparatively-large-capacity because the hydrogen On-site produced there is planned to cover all hydrogen demand until 2020. In general, (1000 kg/day) half of the hydrogen is transported to off-site stations and portable stations. Factory is a large-scaled hydrogen production site. When hydrogen demand Factory becomes high after 2020, the factory is begun to set up. The daily capacity of a (26000 factory is equal to 52000 FCVs’ hydrogen dayly needs, and its production will kg/day) covers almost all hydrogen demand which is needed in off-site stations.
Super jumbo tube trailers are used in order to transport hydrogen from factories Super jumbo or on-site stations to off-site or portable stations. Its capacity is 400 kgH2 at once tube trailer and it consists of 10 tubes, one of which can hold 40kgH2 compressed hydrogen.
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Table 3.5 Yearly number of hydrogen stations breakdown
hydrogen station
3.2 Development Timeline Schematic diagram which indicates the locations of hydrogen stations and the method of hydrogen supply in each phase is shown in Fig.3.1. The detail is discussed later.
Fig.3.1 The locations of hydrogen stations and the supply method of hydrogen in each phase, (a) 2013-2015 in New York, (b) 2015-2020, (c) 2020-2025.
3.2.1 2013 – 2015 Early adoption For a pilot project (for example) New York city will be chosen due to the fact that many celebrities and the wealthy people live there. Driving FCVs by celebrities will also bring good advertising effect. According to “Mileage factor”, the celebrity and the urban people are 0.6 and 0.7, consequently the distance between one hydrogen station to another should be cut down. Therefore, 10 portable stations are built in New York instead of few bigger stations. These portable stations will be installed in 2015 as shown in Fig.3.1. For this phase, a trailer is enough to transport hydrogen because the stations are located only in New York area. In summary, this idea enables to make distance interval of each stations relatively short and make FCVs owners’ more convenience.
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3.2.2 2015 – 2020 Growing market penetration FCV market will be expanding during 2015-2020. Urban people are regarded as main FCVs owners. After 2015, New York will adopt off-site stations based on the information of hydrogen demand obtained from portable stations. On the other hand, portable stations begin to set up in Boston, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C.. After 2018, no portable station is newly built, then off-site stations and on-site stations are set up in the whole of Northeast Megalopolis area according to the demand information from portable stations. Hydrogen is delivered from on-site stations to off-site and portable stations. Table 3.6 indicates the number of stations, trailers and tractors in four Megalopolis areas: Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. They are calculated by distributing hydrogen demand by using the population ratio of each area shown in Table 2.3. Following this arrangement, 94 % people can access to hydrogen station within 15 minutes, 90 % people within 10 minutes and 75 % people within 5 minutes in 2020.
Table 3.6 The number of stations, trailers and tractors in 4 Megalopolis areas in 2020
Boston New York Philadelphia Washington, D.C. Total
Urban 25 56 22 29 On-site ST 200 Suburb 12 28 14 14
Small off-site ST 37 86 33 44 200
Portable ST 19 42 17 22 100
Trailer 72 164 64 84 384
Tractor 16 36 14 18 84
3.2.3 2020 – 2025 Beginning of mass commercialization
After 2020, it is predicted that not only high-class people but also various segments of people will be FCVs owners and a wide variety of FCV will produce to make customers be able to select FCVs to fit their needs. As a result, it is essential to further build the hydrogen infrastructure to overcome this increase. Hydrogen stations are set up densely in urban area where most FCVs owners exist. Factories are built to cover the demand of hydrogen after 2020. As shown in Fig.3.1, in urban
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outskirts, factories cover hydrogen demand. In densely-populated areas except the major city, the hydrogen supply network is independent of the major city. Only on-site and portable stations cover hydrogen demand in those areas. The location of hydrogen stations and the number of trailers and tractors are decided as following. This arrangement enables almost 100 % urban people to access to hydrogen station within 5 minutes in 2025.
Table 3.7 The number of stations, trailers and tractors4 Megalopolis areas in 2025
Boston New York Philadelphia Washington, D.C. Total
Urban 25 56 22 29 On-site ST 200 Suburb 12 28 14 14
Middle off-site ST 19 43 16 22 100 Urban 110 252 95 129 Large off-site ST 1000 Suburb 77 178 69 90 Portable Off-site ST 19 42 17 22 100 Factory 10 22 9 11 52 Trailer 427 978 373 499 2277 Tractor 103 233 89 119 544
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Fig.3.2 Boston 2020
Fig.3.3 Boston 2025
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Fig.3.4 New York 2015
Fig.3.5 New York 2020
Fig.3.6 New York 2025
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Fig.3.7 Philadelphia 2020
Fig.3.8 Philadelphia 2025
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Fig.3.9 Washington,D.C. 2020
Fig.3.10 Washington,D.C. 2025
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4 Cost and Economic Analysis
In this section, all costs including initial costs, operating costs, and delivery costs are estimated. There are six types of facilities and transportation equipment in this infrastructure design; on-site station, three scales of off-site stations, portable station, hydrogen production factory, tractor, and super jumbo tube trailer. Each cost of them is described in detail, and yearly hydrogen price is discussed based on these costs. 4.1 Initial Cost of each Facility and transportation equipment 4.1.1 On-site Station and Off-site Stations
First, Base100 which is 100 kgH2/day scaled on-site station is designed as a basis of cost design. It is explained in APPENDIX B. Second, “Scaling Factor” is used to design each cost of station based on Base100, and it is also explained in APPENDIX B. Table 4.1 shows the each cost of station that was designed based on Base100 and “Scaling Factor”. Adopting modular design, the storage capacity of off-site stations is designed at intervals of 150 kg H2, and the compressor is unified to match the large off-site station. When they are extended after 2021, the difference of total investments is simply deemed to be an extension cost. Table 4.1 Cost Breakdown of Designed Stations [$ in thousands] Scaling Small Middle Large Base 100 On-site Factor Off-site Off-site Off-site Daily Capacity 100kg - 1000kg 400kg 800kg 1200kg Hydrogen Equipment 4.2kg/h 318 0.60 42kg/h 1,265 - - - Purifier 4.2kg/h 64 0.50 42kg/h 201 - - - Storage System 150kg 196 1.08 375kg 526 150kg 196 300kg 414 450kg 641
Compressor 9kg/h 549 0.52 45kg/h 1,269 54kg/h 1,395 54kg/h 1,395 54kg/h 1,395 Dispenser 1unit 341 unit price 2units 682 1unit 341 2units 682 2units 682 Additional Equipment 266 0.03 ×100.03 285 ×40.03 277 ×80.03 283 ×120.03 287 Installation Costs 193 0.19 ×100.19 300 ×40.19 252 ×80.19 288 ×120.19 311
Contingency 194 10% 10% 453 10% 246 10% 306 10% 332 Total Investment 2,119 - 4,984 2,707 3,368 3,648
4.1.2 Portable Station The portable station designed by AIR WATER HYDROGEN CORP.[1] is adopted in this plan. Table4.2 shows specifications and cost breakdown. The initial cost is much lower than that of the other stations, so that it is effective in early phase when hydrogen demand is low. The figure of this station is shown in APPENDIX C. Table4.2 Specification & Cost Breakdown of Portable Off-site Station [$ in thousands] Portable Station (40kg/day) A portable off-site station / accumulator: Storage System 190
45MPa ,100L×5 / capacity to fill 2FCVs Compressor 102 continuously / compressor: 45MPa, Dispenser 127 Specification 30Nm3/hr / dispenser: 35MPa cascade Additional Equipment 216 filling / safety equipment, piping, trailer, Installation Costs
etc. inclusive / following Japan High Contingency 10% 63 Pressure Gas Safety Act Total Investment 698
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4.1.3 Hydrogen Production Factory It is designed by referring to JHFC (Japan Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Demonstration Project) report[2]. The factory in the report is using by-product hydrogen. Thus hydrogen equipment and purifier are designed and added by using Base100 and Scaling Factor. Table 4.3 shows cost breakdown.
Table 4.3 Cost Breakdown of Hydrogen Production Factory [$ in thousands]
Hydrogen Production Factory (26,000kg/day, Steam Reforming) Hydrogen Equipment ×2600.60 8,941 Off gas Compressor 799 Purifier ×2600.50 1,027 Additional Equipment 7,234 Suction Drum 317 Installation Costs 6,129 Hydrogen Compressor (45MPa) 4,442 Contingency 10% 2,889
Total Investment 31,779
4.1.4 Tractor and Super Jumbo Tube Trailer They are extracted from Delivery Component Model ver.2.2 of DOE H2A Analysis[3]. The tractor is ordinary tractor and the super jumbo tube trailer is a product of WELDSHIP CORP.[4] Specifications and unit prices of them are shown in Table 4.4. Table 4.4 Specification & Cost of Tractor and Trailer [$ in thousands] Tractor Trailer Fuel Efficiency : 2.6km/L 10 tubes/unit / tube length:12.2m / Specification Fuel Price : $1.02/L (5/6/2012) diameter:559mm / water volume:2600L / / Information Average Delivery Speed : 60km/h pressure 216bar / i.e. 40kgH2/tube Cost 75 225
4.2 Operating Cost of each Facility Electric power consumption, natural gas consumption, and Maintenance/Labor/Overhead Cost are considered as operating cost. Electric power and natural gas consumption of Senju Hydrogen Station[5, 2], which is written in the JHFC report and has the same scale and system as Base100, is used as reference under the inference that there is only a little difference among any technologies. Exceptionally, electric power consumption except hydrogen production is 2400kW/h according to the JHFC report. Table 4.5 shows electric power and natural gas consumption breakdown. The electricity rate used in this estimation is 7.00cent/kWh (Feb-2013)[6], which is industrial price in New York. Commercial price natural gas for on-site station is $7.57/1000ft3 (Oct-2012) [7]. For factory, it is assumed around $4.03/1000ft3 (Oct-2012)[7] as normal electric utilities since it consumes massive natural gas continuously. Maintenance/Labor/Overhead cost is estimated by using the data [8] from UC DAVIS report . There are two data, one is $66,597/year for 100 kgH2/day scaled on-site station and the other is $195,993/year for 1000kg/day scaled on-site station. By using the scaling factor which is found out from them, Maintenance/Labor/Overhead cost of each facility is estimated. From the above, annual operating costs of each facility are estimated. Table 4.6 shows the cost break down.
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Table 4.5 Electric power and Natural gas consumption breakdown Small Middle Large Senju On-site Portable Factory Off-site Off-site Offsite EQP ctrl, Lighting [kW/h] 5 10 5 10 10 2.5 2400* Pre-cooler starting [kWh] 71 142 71 142 142 - - P-c temp. maintenance [kW/h] 23 46 23 46 46 - - Utility power [kWh/kgH2] 1 1 1 1 1 1 -
H2 Equipment [kWh/kgH2] 2.41 2.41 - - - - 2.41 Low Compressor [kWh/kgH2] 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 - High Compressor [kWh/kgH2] 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 - Pre-cooler [kWh/kgH2] 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 -
Natural gas [Nm3/kgH2] 4.48 4.48 - - - - 4.48 Daily Electric power [kWh/day] 1,490 10,428 3,319 6,638 9,398 237 120,260 Daily Natural gas [Nm3/day] 448 4,480 - - - - 116,480 *EQP ctrl, Lighting of Factory includes all electric power consumption except H2 Equipment.
Table 4.6 Annual operating cost breakdown of each facility [$ in thousands]
Small Middle Large On-site Portable Factory Off-site Off-site Offsite Electricity 266 85 170 240 6 3,073
Natural gas 437 - - - - 6,050 Maintenance/Labor/Overhead 196 128 177 213 43 903 Total 900 212 346 454 49 10,025
4.3 Delivery Cost in each Phase The cost of hydrogen delivery using tractor and trailer is estimated for three representative year; 2015, 2020, and 2025. The costs of years between them are estimated by interpolation. The estimations are done under the inference that average round-trip distance per station is 150 km and labor cost is $10/driver/hour. As an exception, the distance is 200 km for portable stations in 2025. 4.3.1 Delivery Cost in 2015 1 on-site station and 10 portable stations are settled in New York. Every portable station equips a unit of trailer which has 10 days capacity. An on-site station also equips a unit of trailer which is filled 400kg H2 of 1000kg H2 produced there. A tractor delivers the filled trailer to a portable station a day and brings back the empty trailer, then it is filled for the next day’s delivery. In this way, all portable stations are delivered hydrogen by using one tractor and 11 units of trailers. Daily Delivery distance is 150 km, and a tractor runs four hours a day. Table 4.7 shows daily delivery cost in 2015.
Table 4.7 Daily delivery cost breakdown in 2015 [$] Fuel expense 150[km]/2.6[km/L]×1.02[$/L] = 58.9 Labor cost 4[hrs]×1[drivers]×10[$/driver/hr] = 40.0 Maintenance 5% = 4.9
Total 103.8
4.3.2 Delivery Cost in 2020 The hydrogen delivery system in 2020 is shown in APPENDIX D, Following the system, 50 tractors and 250 units of trailers are needed for 200 small off-site stations, and 34 tractors and 134 units of trailers are needed for 100 portable stations. Delivery distance per day of small off-site
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station is 150km, and that of portable station is (150/9) km. The 50 tractors run 24 hours a day, and the 34 tractors run (4/3) hours a day. Table 4.8 shows daily delivery cost in this case. Table 4.8 Daily delivery cost breakdown in 2020 [$] Small off-site stations Portable stations Fuel expense 200×150[km]/2.6[km/L]×1.02[$/L]= 11,769 100×(150/9)[km]/2.6[km/L]×1.02[$/L]= 654 Labor cost 50[drivers]×24[hrs]×10[$/driver/hr]= 12,000 34[drivers]×4/3[hrs]×10[$/driver/hr]= 453
Maintenance 5% = 1,188 5% = 55 Total 24,957 1,162
4.3.3 Delivery Cost in 2025 The hydrogen delivery system in 2025 is shown in APPENDIX E. Following the system, 500 tractors and 2000 units of trailers are needed for 1000 large off-site stations, and 34 tractors and 167 units of trailers are needed for 100 middle off-site stations, then 10 tractors and 110 units of trailers are needed for 100 portable stations. Delivery distance per day of large off-site station is 450km, and that of middle off-site station is 300 km, then that of portable station is (200/10) km. The 500 tractors run 24 hours a day, and the 34 tractors also run 24 hours a day, then the 10 tractors run 5 hours a day. Table 4.9 shows daily delivery cost in this case. Table 4.9 Daily delivery cost breakdown in 2025 [$] Large off-site stations Middle off-site stations Portable stations 1000×450[km]/2.6[km/L] 100×300[km]/2.6[km/L] 100×(150/10)[km]/2.6[km/L] Fuel expense ×1.02[$/L]= 176,538 ×1.02[$/L]= 11,769 ×1.02[$/L]= 588 500[drivers]×24[hrs] 34[drivers]×24[hrs] 10[drivers]×5[hrs] Labor cost ×10[$/driver/hr]= 120,000 ×10[$/driver/hr]= 8,160 ×10[$/driver/hr]= 500 Maintenance 5% = 14,827 5% = 996 5% = 54
Total 311,365 20,925 1,142
4.4 Summary of Cost Table 4.10 shows yearly and integration of initial, operating, and delivery cost. Initial Cost Operatingl Cost Delivery Cost Total Cost Single year TableIntegration 4.10 YearlySingle and yearIntegrationIntegration of Initial,Single yearOperating,Integration and DeliverySingle cost year Integration 2013 2014 2015 14,513,258 14,513,258 1,393,441 1,393,441 37,887 37,887 15,944,586 15,944,586 2016 54,687,784 69,201,042 6,897,993 8,291,434 1,936,997 1,974,884 63,522,774 79,467,360 2017 122,543,618 191,744,660 20,135,565 28,426,999 3,836,106 5,810,990 146,515,289 225,982,649 2018 260,305,960 452,050,620 51,537,740 79,964,739 5,735,216 11,546,206 317,578,916 543,561,565 2019 509,669,300 961,719,920 120,373,780 200,338,519 7,634,325 19,180,531 637,677,405 1,181,238,970 2020 738,933,880 1,700,653,800 227,314,200 427,652,719 9,533,435 28,713,966 975,781,515 2,157,020,485 2021 737,923,720 2,438,577,520 366,254,696 793,907,415 31,967,284 60,681,250 1,136,145,700 3,293,166,185 2022 742,798,720 3,181,376,240 505,195,192 1,299,102,607 54,401,133 115,082,383 1,302,395,045 4,595,561,230 2023 1,113,099,360 4,294,475,600 686,143,675 1,985,246,282 76,834,982 191,917,365 1,876,078,017 6,471,639,247 2024 1,415,208,180 5,709,683,780 919,848,319 2,905,094,601 99,268,831 291,186,196 2,434,325,330 8,905,964,577 2025 1,547,218,500 7,256,902,280 1,194,376,324 4,099,470,925 121,702,680 412,888,876 2,863,297,504 11,769,262,081
4.5 Hydrogen price Hydrogen price is not decided by hydrogen production cost at each time, but is determined by consideration of investment-return period and price demand of FCVs owners in each phase. Fig.4.1 shows yearly hydrogen price, and Fig.4.2 shows infrastructure cost and hydrogen sales integrations of the infrastructure constructed by 2025.
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[$/kg] 10 Hydrogen price 8
6
4
2
0 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 [Year] Fig.4.1 Yearly Hydrogen price [Trillion $] 35 Total Cost 30 Total Sales
25 Sales + Subsidy A Sales + Subsidy B 20 Sales + Subsidy A&B Total Sales (if $5) 15 10 5 0 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033[Year] Fig.4.2 Infrastructure Cost and Hydrogen Sales integrations Fig.4.2 Infrastructure Cost and Hydrogen Sales integrations FCVs owners of beginning phase are celebrity and high class people / society, and that of the middle phase is the people who is wealthy and interested in environment or new technologies, then that of the latter phase is the people who select FCVs after understanding the merit of FCVs for owners such as low fuel expense. It is predicted that the hydrogen price of the beginning and the middle phase can be high, then that of the latter phase must be low. Thus the price is finally settled on $4/kgH2, starting from $10/kgH2. The realistic price merit for FCVs owners in this case is explained in marketing section. In case of the price, the total sales exceeds the total cost in 2034 as shown in Fig.4.2. This means that investment-return period is nine years from 2025 when the last infrastructure in this plan is constructed. Nine years indicates that this infrastructure plan is well considered from the perspective of economics, nevertheless there is disadvantage due to low hydrogen demand during the early market penetration years of FCVs. If there are two types of subsidy from government, the period gets shorter. Subsidy A shown in Fig.4.2 is 10% of initial cost, and subsidy B is $0.5/kgH2 of bounty for hydrogen production cost. By applying them, the period is shortened till six years in maximum. In Addition, the total sales in case that hydrogen price is $5/kgH2, is shown as comparison.
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5 Regulations, Codes and Standards
The stations designed in this plan meet regulation, codes and standards in United States. Their regulations are summarized in NFPA and IFC. By overviewing them, separation distance, hydrogen quantity, and protection of stations are found important for the hydrogen station design. Therefore, they will contribute to the approval and commercialization of FCV in United States and the confidence of people in the hydrogen station.
5.1 Station design 5.1.1 Characteristics of Hydrogen Station The stations designed in this plan have following features. - A hydrogen station merged into a gasoline station - Hydrogen supply pressure: 35 MPa and 70 MPa - Maximum capacity: 1200 kg - Storage and Use of Compressed Hydrogen 5.1.2 Station Model Fig.5.1 and Fig.5.2 shows the model layout which meets common requirements for a hydrogen system in a gas station. The numbers in Fig.5.1 and Fig.5.2 are minimum separation distance required and, Fig.5.1 shows each hydrogen equipment in detached building.
1ｍ 4ｍ 5ｍ 3ｍ
10ｍ
3ｍ
Fig.5.1 The model layout of on-site and off-site stations
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1ｍ 4ｍ 1ｍ 4ｍ 9ｍ 9ｍ
4ｍ
Fig.5.2 The model layout of portable station
5.2 Codes and Standards Relevant codes and standards used in this report included the following four codes. - International Fire Code (IFC), 2009 and 2012 Editions - NFPA 2, Hydrogen Technologies Code, 2011 - NFPA 52, Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code, 2010 - NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, 2013 The codes and standards listed in Table 5.1 provide a general guide to the regulations associated with hydrogen stations. In this report, separation distance, Hydrogen quantities, and protection of station are discussed because station model is designed and they are important for safety in stations. TableTable 5.1 5.1 Code Code and and Standards Standards Applicable Applicable to toHydrogen Hydrogen NFPA2 (2011) NFPA52 (2010) StationStation NFPA55 (2013) IFC (2012)[26] Separation distance-Storage Chapter 7 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 50 - 7.3 Bulk GH2 Systems - 9.3 System Siting - 10.3 Outdoor Bulk - 5003 General Hydrogen Compressed Requirements Gas Systems Separation distance-Dispense Chapter 10 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 50 - 10.3 Dispensing - 9.3 System Siting - 10.3 Outdoor Bulk - 5003 General Hydrogen Compressed Requirements Gas Systems
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Hydrogen Quantity Chapter6 No requirement Chapter6 No requirement - General Hydrogen - Building-Related Requirements Controls Chapter7 - Gaseous Hydrogen Protection of stations Chapter 4 Chapter9 GH2 Chapter 4 Chapter 3 - 4.14 Protection From - Compression, Gas - General 312 Vehicle Impact Vehicular Damage Processing, Storage Requirements Protection and Dispensing System - 4.11 protection from Vehicular Damage Emergency Shutdown Device Chapter 10 Chapter 9 No requirement. Chapter 23 Motor Fuel 10.3 Dispensing 9.4.6 Emergency Dispensing Facilities Shutdown Device and Repair 9.4.7 Dispensing Garages Equipment.
In the present, laws about hydrogen stations are different in each state. However, a study on security of hydrogen has been conducted, and the revision of the laws has advanced in NFPA55 (2013) and NFPA2 (2011). 5.2.1 Separation Distance Layout design of hydrogen station depends on separation distance. Separation distance divided into two types. One is between hydrogen storage system and exposure (the nearest street or parked cars etc). Second is between hydrogen dispense system and exposure. 5.2.1.1 Between Storage System and Exposure Table 5.2 shows Between Hydrogen Storage System and Exposure. This is mentioned in NFPA55[29].
Table 5.2 Minimum distance between hydrogen storage system and Exposure Object Distance Compressed Gas Pressure 21MPa~52MPa 52MPa~103MPa Lot line 9m 10m Air intake openings 9m 10m Ignition sources 9m 10m Exposed persons other than those Servicing the system 4m 5m Parked cars 4m 5m Flammable gas storage systems above or below ground 4m 4m
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NFPA55 (2013), there is an article which stated separation distance can be half when the firewall having fireproof performance of 2hours is established. But 2.6.7.8 articles are not applicable. These details are listed in NFPA55 (2013) 10.3.2.4 Reduction of distance by Mitigation Means. When a hydrogen station is merged into a gasoline station in cities, site area may be small. Then, Mitigation Means are needed to utilize area of gasoline station.
5.2.1.2 Between Dispense system and Exposure Table 5.3 shows Between Hydrogen Dispense System and Exposure. This is mentioned in NFPA2 (2011) [27].
Table 5.3 Separation Distances for Outdoor Gaseous Hydrogen Dispensing Systems System Required Exposure Component Separation -Nearest important building or line of adjoining property than can Dispensing be built upon or from any source of ignition 3m Equipment -Nearest public street or public sidewalk -Nearest rail of any railroad main track Point of -Storage containers 1m transfer
5.2.2 Quantity of Hydrogen Storage and Use This part deliberates about the stations in point of quantity of hydrogen storage and use. First, Table 5.4 shows about Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) listed by NFPA2(2011).
Table 5.4 MAQ of Hydrogen per Control Area (Quantity Thresholds Requiring SpecialProvisions)[2] Unsprinklered Areas Sprinklered Areas No Gas Cabinet, Gas Cabinet, Gas No Gas Cabinet, Gas Gas Cabinet, Gas Material Gas Room, or Room, or Exhausted Room, or Exhausted Room, or Exhausted Exhausted Enclosure Enclosure Enclosure Enclosure GH2 2.5kg 5.0kg 5.0kg 10kg
The maximum quantity indicated is the aggregate quantity of materials in storage and use combined. Next, Table 5.5 shows about hydrogen station classified by quantity of hydrogen.
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Table 5.5 Location of GH2 Systems [2][4] Quantity of Hydrogen Location ≤MAQ >MAQ to <8.9 kg ≥8.9 kg to <38kg ≥38kg In a detached building A A A A In a gas room, in A A A Detached accordance with building NFPA55 Section 6.4 required Not in a gas room A A A Detached building required A:Allowed
“Detached building“ in Table 5.5 is adopted to the hydrogen station design because it is necessary to have a hydrogen capacity of 50kg at least in the stations. Detached building is a separate single-building, without a basement or crawl space, used exclusively for the storage or use of hazardous materials and located an approved distance from other structure. [27][29]
5.2.3 Vehicle Impact Protection Stations need guard posts to protect from Vehicular Damage. Vehicle impact protection requirements vary slightly between NFPA2/52/55 and the IFC. NFPA55 is mentioned that the guard posts shall meet the following criteria. (1) They shall be constructed of steel not less than 102 mm in diameter and concrete filled. (2) They shall be spaced not more than 1.2 m between posts on center (3) They shall be set not less than 0.9 m deep in a concrete footing of not less than a 381 mm diameter. (4) They shall be set with the top of the posts not less than 0.9 m above ground. (5) They shall be located not less than 1.5 m from the tank[29]
5.2.4 Emergency Shutdown Device Emergency shutdown controls vary slightly. Both IFC and NFPA 2/52 require manual emergency shutoff valve at hydrogen supply. IFC requires a minimum of one emergency shutdown control between 25-75 feet of dispensers. NFPA 52 requires a minimum of two emergency shutdown devices; one at the dispensing area and another remote from the dispensing area 20-100 feet away. IFC and NFPA 2/52 require that power to hydrogen storage, compression and dispensing equipment be shut off automatically and valves to hydrogen generator, between main supply and compressor, and between storage containers and dispensing equipment are closed automatically. [27][28][30]
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6 Marketing & Education Outreach Plane 6.1 Marketing Marketing can be simply divided into initial strategy and medium-and-long term strategy. The initial strategy’s intention is to make people understand about FCV. The medium-and-long term strategy’s intention is to promote them to buy FCVs more than gasoline vehicles. In addition, marketing for transportation business such as physical distribution (PD) is discussed, because it is assumed that transportation business is a target to market FCVs.
Marketing(the initial) Take advantage of media to inform many people about FCV.
・ As already wrote in the Timeline section, infrastructure is improved in New York State by 2015. Many celebrities have been living in Manhattan of New York State. Visibility and
impression of FCV will rise up by the celebrities who use FCV. ・ The usage of FCVs in movies and dramas. ・ FCV race event in Manhattan Island.
Marketing(the medium-and-long term) It is performed by the three philosophies described below in the medium-and-long term strategy. i. Reduction of anxiety to hydrogen. (Its detail is shown in education part.)
ii. Proposal of a new lifestyle with FCV. ・ One of the advantages of FCV is eco-friendly, which has become a lifestyle trend these days and is predicted will be last for years ahead. Therefore, the new design of the car provides FCV-users with a new lifestyle. (ex. power source in a camp, emergency power source in time of disaster, etc.) ・ Hydrogen stations are made more attractive. Iii. Comparison of hydrogen price and gasoline price.
・ It is assumed that fuel consumption of FCV is 88 km/kgH2 and H2 price is 4 $/kgH2, approximately $360 /year fuel cost will be reduced compared with gasoline car of which fuel consumption is 15 km/L and gasoline price is 1 $/L. In addition, it is expected that the fuel expenses can be further reduced by improving fuel consumption due to progress of FCV performance and by decreasing hydrogen price due to advanced hydrogen production technology. This fact brings greater value to FCV users. In Table6.1, example of calculation is shown. 46.4 km/day Table 6.1 Comparison fuel expenses of FCV and gasoline car. 365 day/year
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Marketing (PD) Marketing on cost. ・ As discussed before, fuel expenses of FCV can be cheaper than that of gasoline car. Additionally, it is possible to reduce the supply cost of hydrogen by placing a hydrogen station near by a PD hub.
Marketing for improving corporate image. ・ PD tracks can be used as small dispersed power source because the tracks are larger than standard FCVs. When a disaster strikes, they are able to not only carry relief goods, but also play an active role as a small power station. It is enable PD to do regional contribution in the community, and improve the image of the company. ・ Promote in the attitude toward ecology.
6.2 Education Education is taken place to make people familiar with hydrogen by teaching proper method for hydrogen utilization and hydrogen production, what substance is hydrogen, and how to produce hydrogen. Hydrogen is reactive gas, but if it is used properly, hydrogen is not dangerous as well as gasoline. If people become more familiar with hydrogen technology, the anxiety of hydrogen will be reduced.
Education Education for hydrogen utilization and safety by teaching the following things. ・ The appropriate use of hydrogen ・ Emergency evacuation procedure
Anxiety of using hydrogen is reduced by taking place the following ways. ・ Demonstration of hydrogen mini-car held in order to have people know mechanisms of FCV. ・ Create a device that enables people to experience hydrogen production (ex. bicycle→ electric→ hydrogen), and it is installed in the part of the hydrogen station. And then, a movie of hydrogen’s safety lecture is broadcasted on a monitor of the bicycle. If a system, which is a discount on hydrogen’s purchase price by producing hydrogen, is created, it may attract people even more. ・ Demonstrate how to produce hydrogen made from a variety of fuel. (ex. garbage→ methane fermentation→ reformulation→ hydrogen) ・ Arrange a fuel cell bus tour and a hydrogen plant tour.
If these educations are taken place in a portable station (which is our unique idea), the portable station can reduce anxiety of using hydrogen not only supply hydrogen.
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APPENDIX APPENDIX A Comprehensive list of possible fueling locales [2020]
Small off-site stations and Portable stations 640 RT 17 NORTH PARAMUS, NJ, 07652 1740 JEROME AVENUE BRONX, NY, 10453 2246 LINCOLN HGWY EDISON, NJ, 08817 New Kent St VA 23124, United States 191 MCLEAN AVENUE YONKERS, NY, 10704 40 DAVIS STRAITS FALMOUTH, MA, 02540 594 NEPPERHAN AVE YONKERS, NY, 10703 148 EAGLE STREET NORTH ADAMS, MA, 01247 32 JAMAICA AVE BROOKLYN, NY, 11207-1834 390 ROUTE 35 CLIFFWOOD BEACH, NJ, 07735 771 PENINSULA BLVD HEMPSTEAD, NY, 11550 94-03 CORONA AVENUE ELMHURST, NY, 11373 1128 E GUN HILL RD BRONX, NY, 10469-2426 1360 BRUCKNER BLVD BRONX, NY, 10459-3867 1095 Rte 37 Toms River, NJ, United States 1842 ST GEORGE AVENU, E LINDEN, NJ, 07036 2720 ROUTE 130 NORTH BRUNSWICK, NJ, 08902 8012 TONNELLE AVE NORTH BERGEN, NJ, 07047 1022 BURNSIDE AVE EAST HARTFORD, CT, 06108 1705 RICHMOND AVE STATEN ISLAND, NY, 10314 387 MARKET ST SADDLE BROOK, NJ, 07662-5929 450 Rt 3 Secaucus, NJ 07094, United States 300 BERGEN TURNPIKE LITTLE FERRY, NJ, 07643 U.S. 113 Millsboro, DE 19966, United States 1425 U.S. 6 Greeley, PA 18425, United States I-84 Exit 26 Tafton, PA 18464, United States 1555 U.S. 22 Watchung, NJ 07069, United States 55 Race Street Milton, PA 17847, United States 10 Pleasant Street Lee, MA 01238, United States 100 Mill Road Freeport, NY 11520, United States 275 New York 59 Nanuet, NY 10954, United States 301 River Road Clifton, NJ 07014, United States 49 Union Street Sidney, NY 13838, United States 801 Raritan Road Clark, NJ 07066, United States 880 Main Street Woburn, MA 01801, United States I-81, Exit 217 Harford, PA 18823, United States U.S. 202 Center Square, PA 19422, United States 112 Main Street Madison, NJ 07940, United States 1320 New York 52 Carmel, NY 10512, United States 139 Medway Road Milford, MA 01757, United States 16450 Harbour Way Bowie, MD 20716, United States 1214 Main Street Wyoming, RI 02898, United States 12816 New York 22 Canaan, NY 12029, United States 5805 New York 9G Hudson, NY 12534, United States 7 Maple Avenue Red Bank, NJ 07701, United States 1080 U.S. 206 Bordentown, NJ 08505, United States 208 Connecticut 12 Groton, CT 06340, United States 21 Union Street Waterbury, CT 06706, United States 15001 Eltham Road Lanexa, VA 23089, United States 156 Broadway Jersey City, NJ 07306, United States 241 21st Avenue Paterson, NJ 07501, United States 243 West Avenue Stamford, CT 06902, United States 348 U.S. 206 Branchville, NJ 07826, United States 502 3rd Avenue Elizabeth, NJ 07202, United States 701 Holmdel Road Holmdel, NJ 07733, United States 870 New Jersey 3 Clifton, NJ 07012, United States 5701 BROADWAY BRONX, NY, 10463-4103 15 Stockton Street Newark, NJ 07105, United States 170 New Jersey 173 Asbury, NJ 08802, United States 1700 Spring Road Carlisle, PA 17013, United States 33899 Old Valley Pike Strasburg, VA 22657, United States 420 S WASHINGTON AVE BERGENFIELD, NJ, 07621-4316 4800 HEMPSTEAD TNPKE, IKE FARMINGDALE, NY, 11735 262 Flanders Road Niantic, CT 06357, United States 3001 Partlow Road Partlow, VA 22534, United States 470 River Road Willington, CT 06279, United States 49-04 COLLEGE POINTB, LVD FLUSHING, NY, 11355-4909 51 Queen Anne Road Bogota, NJ 07603, United States 664 Union Street Franklin, MA 02038, United States 7025 Sudley Road Manassas, VA 20109, United States 100 New Jersey 440 Bayonne, NJ 07002, United States 103 Main Street Leominster, MA 01453, United States 1095 County Street Taunton, MA 02780, United States 1101 Pulaski Highway Joppa, MD 21085, United States 1699 Oregon Pike Lancaster, PA 17601, United States 1926 West Street Annapolis, MD 21401, United States 2 Bushwick Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11211, United States 2 NJ-23 N., Montague, NJ 07827 07827, United States 2410 Lee Highway Arlington, VA 22201, United States 2672 Bristol Pike Bensalem, PA 19020, United States 280 Lafayette Road Hampton, NH 03842, United States 596 Salem Street Lynnfield, MA 01940, United States 660 Islip Avenue Brentwood, NY 11717, United States 7703 Annapolis Road Lanham, MD 20706, United States 7726 Granby Street Norfolk, VA 23505, United States 964 Boylston Street Newton, MA 02461, United States 1144 Annapolis Road Odenton, MD 21113, United States 134 Park Avenue Stroudsburg, PA 18360, United States 142 Mohawk Trail Greenfield, MA 01301, United States 2859 Smith Avenue Baltimore, MD 21209, United States 3225 Gallows Road Fairfax, VA 22037, United States 335 Capitol Avenue Hartford, CT 06106, United States 375 King Street Northampton, MA 01060, United States 401 Forbes Avenue New Haven, CT 06512, United States 48 Madison Street Worcester, MA 01608, United States 6451 Edsall Road Alexandria, VA 22312, United States 70 Copeland Drive Mansfield, MA 02048, United States 700 New York 211 Middletown, NY 10941, United States 8207 Liberty Road Baltimore, MD 21244, United States 8411 Roxbury Road Charles City, VA 23030, United Sta 88 East Main Street Webster, MA 01570, United States 9275 All Saints Road Laurel, MD 20723, United States 93 Troy Road East Greenbush, NY 12061, United States 975 Oaklawn Avenue Cranston, RI 02920, United States 98 Jericho Turnpike Jericho, NY 11753, United States 130 Merrimack Street Methuen, MA 01844, United States 3399 Branch Avenue Temple Hills, MD 20748, United States 162 West Town Street Norwich, CT 06360, United States 1701 Stuyvesant Avenue Union, NJ 07083, United States 1776 Main Street Springfield, MA 01103, United States 1975 Barnum Avenue Stratford, CT 06615, United States 25202 Union Turnpike Jamaica, NY 11426, United States 260 East Main Street Hancock, MD 21750, United States 3100 Columbia Pike Arlington, VA 22204, United States 316 Lowell Street Wilmington, MA 01887, United States 3354 Lee Highway Weyers Cave, VA 24486, United States 35 North Main Street Jacobus, PA 17407, United States 368 Pleasant Street Belmont, MA 02478, United States 43305 Junction Plaza Ashburn, VA 20147, United States 465 Grand Street Jersey City, NJ 07302, United States 500 Jonestown Road Jonestown, PA 17038, United States 584 Rancocas Road Westampton, NJ 08060, United States 627 Cummins Highway Mattapan, MA 02126, United States 676 West Main Street Hancock, NY 13783, United States 3700 Philadelphia Pike Claymont, DE 19703, United States 731 Main Street New Rochelle, NY 10801, United States 733 Hanover Avenue Allentown, PA 18109, United States 76 Storey Avenue Newburyport, MA 01950, United States 920 High Ridge Road Stamford, CT 06905, United States 980 Chelmsford Street Lowell, MA 01851, United States Cross County Road Gum Spring, VA 23065, United States 10201 Westlake Drive Bethesda, MD 20817, United States 1196 Congress Street Portland, ME 04102, United States 13825 Lee Highway Centreville, VA 20121, United States 1957 Chain Bridge Road McLean, VA 22102, United States 2 West Market Street Red Hook, NY 12571, United States 2311 Valley Avenue Winchester, VA 22601, United States 25437 Germanna Highway Lignum, VA 22726, United States 2600 Marsh's Dock Road Linden, NJ 07036, United States 300 Lafayette Street New York, NY 10012, United States 3994 Jerusalem Avenue Seaford, NY 11783, United States 420 Mountain Avenue Middlesex, NJ 08846, United States 524 Defense Highway Annapolis, MD 21401, United States 6030 Duanesburg Rd Duanesburg, NY 12056, United States 611 Southbridge Street Auburn, MA 01501, United States 704 Claremont Avenue Tamaqua, PA 18252, United States 86 Glen Cove Avenue Glen Cove, NY 11542, United States 13898 Queens Boulevard Jamaica, NY 11435, United States 1480 Bergen Boulevard Fort Lee, NJ 07024, United States 150 Plymouth Avenue Fall River, MA 02721, United States 1580 Turnpike Street Stoughton, MA 02072, United States 16575 Mountain Road Montpelier, VA 23192, United States 1701 Worcester Road Framingham, MA 01701, United States 1901 MacDade Boulevard Woodlyn, PA 19094, United States 2216 Plank Road Fredericksburg, VA 22401, United States 2890 New Jersey 73 Maple Shade, NJ 08052, United States 3560 Chain Bridge Road Fairfax, VA 22030, United States 4550 Kenmore Avenue Alexandria, VA 22304, United States 5498 Germanna Highway Mine Run, VA 22508, United States 5701 Plank Road Fredericksburg, VA 22407, United States 640 Washington Avenue Kingston, NY 12401, United States 7631 Marlboro Pike Forestville, MD 20747, United States Golden Key Road New Smithville, PA 19530, United States 107 West Post Road White Plains, NY 10606, United States 11449 Kings Highway King George, VA 22485, United States 131 Forestburgh Road Monticello, NY 12701, United States 1414 Pennsylvania 507 Greentown, PA 18426, United States 185 French Street New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States 2584 Tilton Road Egg Harbor Twp, NJ 08234, United States 273 East Berkeley Street Boston, MA 02118, United States 5601 State Highway 9 Bass River, NJ 08087, United States 708 Richmond Road Staten Island, NY 10304, United States 8820 Centre Park Drive Columbia, MD 21045, United States 93 South Ridge Street Rye Brook, NY 10573, United States 3520 New Jersey 27 Kendall Park, NJ 08824, United States 12564 Broad Street Road Richmond, VA 23233, United States 2907 Acushnet Avenue New Bedford, MA 02745, United States 1300 Merritt Boulevard Baltimore, MD 21222, United States 16521 Lincoln Highway Breezewood, PA 15533, United States 18705 Sussex Highway Bridgeville, DE 19933, United States 434 Gramatan Avenue Mount Vernon, NY 10552, United States 235 North Main Street Doylestown, PA 18901, United States 548 Coney Island Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11218, United States 612 Middlesex Turnpike Billerica, MA 01821, United States 675 Sunrise Highway West Babylon, NY 11704, United States 8485 Honeygo Boulevard Baltimore, MD 21236, United States 1215 North Main Street Providence, RI 02904, United States 1269 Furnace Brook Parkway Quincy, MA 02169, United States 12850 Gordon Boulevard Woodbridge, VA 22192, United States 2333 Eastern Boulevard Baltimore, MD 21220, United States 1617 West King Street Martinsburg, WV 25401, United States 16361 Path Valley Road Spring Run, PA 17262, United States 55 Washington Street Poughkeepsie, NY 12601, United States 2901 Asbury Avenue Ocean Township, NJ 07712, United States 2930 Kings Highway Colonial Beach, VA 22443, United States 3 North Chestnut Street New Paltz, NY 12561, United States 345 West Reservoir Road Woodstock, VA 22664, United States 6098 Rockfish Gap Turnpike Crozet, VA 22932, United States 3920 Victory Boulevard Portsmouth, VA 23701, United States 442 North Henry Street Alexandria, VA 22314, United States 101 South Lehigh Avenue Frackville, PA 17931, United States 1100 Convery Boulevard Perth Amboy, NJ 08861, United States 1735 Reservoir Street Harrisonburg, VA 22801, United States 611 North Delaware Drive Portland, PA 18351, United States 531 South Main Street Wilkes-Barre, PA 18701, United States 507 North Market Street Selinsgrove, PA 17870, United States 960 Old Harrisburg Road Gettysburg, PA 17325, United States 398 Lincoln Highway Fairless Hills, PA 19030, United States 2417 West Franklin Street Baltimore, MD 21223, United States 2201 Fontaine Avenue Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States 12918 Middlebrook Road Germantown, MD 20874, United 540 Mamaroneck Avenue Mamaroneck, NY 10543, United 129 MAIN S T, LUDLOW, VERMONT, 05149-1025, UNITED S 351 ROUTE 4, RUTLAND, VERMONT, 05701-0000, UNITED 382 Portion Road Lake Ronkonkoma, NY 11779, United States States TATES S TATES States 503 Pocono Boulevard Mount Pocono, PA 18344, United 2007 Smallwood Drive West Waldorf, MD 20603, United 6068 Harding Highway Mays Landing, NJ 08330, United 36 GROVE S T, BRANDON, VERMONT, 05733-1028, UNITED 2500 North Howard Street Baltimore, MD 21218, United States States States S TATES States 2040 FREDERICK DOUGL, ASS BLVD NEW YORK, NY, 137 S MAIN S T, BETHEL, VERMONT, 05032,UNITED S US 13 AND DE 12, FELTON, DELAWARE, 19943, UNITED S 464 W JERICHO TURNPI, KE HUNTINGTON, NY, 5207 NH Burroughs NE Washington, DC 20019, United 10026 TATES TATES 11743-6032 States 7110 Baltimore Avenue College Park, MD 20740, United 3607 M Street Northwest Washington, DC 20007, United US 13 AND LINE ROAD, DELMAR, MARYLAND,21875, 1100 North Armistead Avenue Hampton, VA 23669, United 111 North White Horse Pike Lawnside, NJ 08045, United States States UNITED S TATES States States 1198 LIS BON ST, LEWIS TON, MAINE, 04240-5027, UNITED 16 N MAIN S T, RANDOLPH, VERMONT, 05060-1127, 1932 South Willow Street Manchester, NH 03103, United 2511 Columbia Boulevard Bloomsburg, PA 17815, United 4001 Mount Vernon Avenue Alexandria, VA 22305, United STATES UNITED S TATES States States States 506 North Dupont Highway New Castle, DE 19720, United 3 WALKER AVE, ALLENTOWN, NEW JERS EY, 08501, 519 MAINE AVE, FARMINGDALE, MAINE, 04344-2901, 590 E FORDHAM RD, BRONX, NEW YORK,10458-5037, 700 COMMACK RD, COMMACK, NEW YORK,11725-5406, States UNITED S TATES UNITED STATES UNITED S TATES UNITED S TATES 123 Route 17 south Hasbrouck Heights, NJ 07604, United 19884 Coastal Highway Rehoboth Beach, DE 19971, United 20A DORRER DR, CALLICOON, NEW YORK,12723-0000, 5330 ROUTE 44, AMENIA, NEW YORK, 12501-0000, UNITED 2472 KNAPP S T, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK,11235-1006, States States UNITED S TATES S TATES UNITED S TATES 3 E MAIN S T, CANAAN, CONNECTICUT, 06018-2513, 501 Quince Orchard Road Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United 5051 Wissahickon Avenue Philadelphia, PA 19144, United 8 S DUPONT BLVD, MILFORD, DELAWARE,19963-1027, 29459 Great Cove Road Fort Littleton, PA 17223, United States UNITED S TATES States States UNITED S TATES 204 North Main Street East Longmeadow, MA 01028, United 233 North Main Street Cape May Ct Hse, NJ 08210, United 668 PAPER MILL RD, NEWARK, DELAWARE,19711-7516, 7201 MAIN S T, WILLARDS , MARYLAND, 21874-1103, 800 West Dekalb Pike King of Prussia, PA 19406, United States States States UNITED S TATES UNITED S TATES New Baltimore Service Area Hannacroix, NY 12087, United 164 NEW COUNTY RD, THOMAS TON, MAINE,04861-3119, 19004 S ENEDO RD, EDINBURG, VIRGINIA,22824-2021, 2080 Lanes Mill Road Lakewood Township, NJ 08701, United 2300 Jefferson Davis Highway Arlington, VA 22202, United States UNITED S TATES UNITED S TATES States States 2406 ROUTE 44, S ALT POINT, NEW YORK,12578-8002, 360 RIVER S T, S PRINGFIELD, VERMONT,05156-2242, 945 West Red Bank Avenue West Deptford, NJ 08096, United 1220 ROUTE 55, LAGRANGEVILLE, NEW YORK,12540-5026, 401 South Bethlehem Pike Fort Washington, PA 19034, United UNITED S TATES UNITED S TATES States UNITED S TATES States 450 WES TERN AVE, BRATTLEBORO, 249 S BROADWAY, WIND GAP, PENNS YLVANIA,18091-1406, 2595 Maryland Road Willow Grove, Pennsylvania 19090, 3932 CONCORD PIKE, WILMINGTON,DELAWARE, 819 FEDERAL RD, BROOKFIELD,CONNECTICUT, VERMONT,05301-6287, UNITED S TATES UNITED S TATES United States 19803-1716, UNITED S TATES 06804-1806, UNITED S TATES 114 HANOVER S T, LEBANON, NEWHAMPS HIRE, 1223 MAIN S T, HONES DALE, PENNS 268 HELLER PKWY 274, NEWARK, NEW JERS 287 HOLLAND ROAD, HOLLAND,PENNS YLVANIA, 1001 CENTRAL PARK AVE, YONKERS , NEWYORK, 03766-1037, UNITED S TATES YLVANIA,18431-2062, UNITED S TATES EY,07107-2707, UNITED S TATES 18966-1701, UNITED S TATES 10704-1075, UNITED S TATES 307 CONNECTICUT AVE, NORWALK,CONNECTICUT, 100 W MERRICK RD, VALLEY S TREAM, NEWYORK, 11 LINCOLN S T, HOLYOKE, MAS S ACHUS 1412 ROUTE 28A, CATAUMET,MAS S ACHUS ETTS , 55 Robert Toner Boulevard North Attleborough, MA 02763, 06854-1805, UNITED S TATES 11580-5501, UNITED S TATES ETTS ,01040-3372, UNITED S TATES 02534-0000, UNITEDS TATES United States 655 William T Morrissey Boulevard Dorchester, MA 02122, 2501 NEWPORT GAP PIKE, WILMINGTON,DELAWARE, 7441 LANCAS TER PIKE, HOCKES S IN,DELAWARE, 1801 West Virginia Avenue Northeast Washington, DC 20002, 1 CANAL RD, S AGAMORE BEACH,MAS S ACHUS ETTS , United States 19808-3174, UNITED S TATES 19707-9272, UNITED S TATES United States 02562-2401, UNITEDS TATES 12089 JEFFERS ON AVE, NEWPORT NEWS ,VIRGINIA, 7605 INTERCHANGE RD, LEHIGHTON,PENNS YLVANIA, 902 JENKINTOWN RD, ELKINS PARK,PENNS YLVANIA, 1038 N MAIN S T, WHITE RIVER JUNCTION,VERMONT, 8019 GERMANTOWN AVE, PHILADELPHIA,PENNS 23606-4324, UNITED S TATES 18235-5506, UNITED S TATES 19027-1631, UNITED S TATES 05001-6008, UNITED S TATES YLVANIA, 19118-3420, UNITED S TATES 1537 N CEDAR CRES T BLVD, ALLENTOWN,PENNS 17522 HORACE HARDING EXPY, FRES HMEADOWS , NEW 1850 South Christopher Columbus Boulevard Philadelphia, PA 7018 Blue Ridge Trail, Exit 155 Interstate 81 Mountain Top, PA 6721 Emmaus Church Road, I-64 Exit 211 Providence Forge YLVANIA, 18104-2302, UNITED S TATES YORK, 11365-2121, UNITEDS TATES 19148, United States 18707, United States (tallysville Area), VA 23140, United States On-site stations Clifton Park, NY 12065, United States 204 WHEELER RD HAUPPAUGE, NY, 11788-4318 464 U.S. 1 York, ME 03909, United States 724 ROUTE 18 N EAST BRUNSWICK, NJ, 08816 2510 U.S. 9 Howell, NJ 07731, United States 862 U.S. 6 Mahopac, NY 10541, United States 21 W BOYLSTON S WEST BOYLSTON, MA, 01583-1709 498 County Road 111,Manorville United States 519 South Street Bow, NH 03304, United States 245 U.S. 46 Fairfield, NJ 07004, United States 154 Broadway Hawthorne, NY 10532, United States 39 Bath Road Brunswick, ME 04011, United States 460 Main Street Bolton, MA 01740, United States 56 Merrow Road Tolland, CT 06084, United States Old Route 9 W Glenmont, NY 12077, United States 1 Center Street Raymond, NH 03077, United States 198 Ernston Road Parlin, NJ 08859, United States 2114 York Road Timonium, MD 21093, United States 87 Derby Street Hingham, MA 02043, United States Littleton Road Westford, MA 01886, United States 110 Newtown Road Danbury, CT 06810, United States 1161 Reading Road Narvon, PA 17555, United States 130 Main Street Kingston, MA 02364, United States 1356 Dorsey Road Hanover, MD 21076, United States 1432 Route 206 Pluckemin, NJ 07978, United States 151 Elm Street Biddeford, ME 04005, United States 1802 Ellen Road Richmond, VA 23230, United States 193 New Jersey 17 Mahwah, NJ 07430, United States 193 New Jersey 17 Mahwah, NJ 07430, United States 198 Essex Road Westbrook, CT 06498, United States 211 Woodport Road Sparta, NJ 07871, United States 212 Main Street Medfield, MA 02052, United States 2345 GAR Highway Swansea, MA 02777, United States 40 Backus Avenue Danbury, CT 06810, United States 674 Suscon Road Pittston, PA 18640, United States 77 2nd Street Somerville, NJ 08876, United States 98 Roa Hook Rd Peekskill, NY 10566, United States 12404 Lager Dr Hagerstown, MD 21740, United States 1550 State Road Duncannon, PA 17020, United States 2116 Willis Road Richmond, VA 23237, United States 25 New Haven Avenue Derby, CT 06418, United States 276 Godwin Avenue Wyckoff, NJ 07481, United States 3388 Catlett Road Catlett, VA 20119, United States 470 River Road Willington, CT 06279, United States 521 Monmouth Road Jackson, NJ 08527, United States 539 Forest Avenue Paramus, NJ 07652, United States 2180 Old Trail Road Etters, PA 17319, United States 31 Heather Lane Perryville, MD 21903, United States 3700 Mountain Road Hamburg, PA 19526, United States 1707 County Road 517 Hackettstown, NJ 07840, United States 5171 Lee Highway Warrenton, VA 20187, United States 56 Lathrop Road Plainfield, CT 06374, United States 62 Mansfield Avenue Norton, MA 02766, United States 8906 Woodyard Road Clinton, MD 20735, United States South King Street Leesburg, VA 20175, United States 1 Central Street Georgetown, MA 01833, United States 1132 Kings High King George, VA 22485, United States 1250 Richmond Road Staunton, VA 24402, United States 1570 Main Street Hellertown, PA 18055, United States 15882 Frederick Road Lisbon, MD 21765, United States 1904 Urbana Pike Clarksburg, MD 20871, United States 281 South 3rd Street Oxford, PA 19363, United States 302 Post Road East Westport, CT 06880, United States 36 State Route 23 Riverdale, NJ 07457, United States 3717 US Highway 1 Princeton, NJ 08540, United States 3830 Main Street Morgantown, PA 19543, United States 706 New Jersey 35 Eatontown, NJ 07724, United States 8437 West Main Street Marshall, VA 20115, United Sta I-495 & RT 24 N Bridgewater, MA 02324, United States 135 Morristown Road Bernardsville, NJ 07924, United States 1011 New York 17 Southfields, NY 10975, United States 13711 Dumfries Road Manassas, VA 20112, United States 1446 Flanders Road Riverhead, NY 11901, United States 149 Charlton Road Sturbridge, MA 01566, United States 1650 Old York Road Allentown, NJ 08501, United States 17250 Dumfries Road Dumfries, VA 22026, United States 19 Pearson Boulevard Gardner, MA 01440, United States 2 South Main Street Marlboro, NJ 07746, United States 2079 New York 208 Montgomery, NY 12549, United States 232 Gatzmer Avenue Jamesburg, NJ 08831, United States 388 Montauk Highway Eastport, NY 11941, United States 466 Liberty Street Pawcatuck, CT 06379, United States 499 West Main Street Hancock, NY 13783, United States 500 Providence Road Brooklyn, CT 06234, United States 524 New Jersey 72 Manahawkin, NJ 08050, United States 562 Lancaster Avenue Malvern, PA 19355, United States 950 Commons Drive Parkesburg, PA 19365, United States 1118 Courthouse Road Stafford, VA 22554, United States 132 North Lowell Road Windham, NH 03087, United States 1488 North Main Street Palmer, MA 01069, United States 19 East McFarlan Street Dover, NJ 07801, United States 20723 National Pike Boonsboro, MD 21713, United States 2301 Pocahontas Trail Quinton, VA 23141, United States 23501 Overland Drive Sterling, VA 20166, United States 300 Mount Carmel Road Parkton, MD 21120, United States 315 Commonwealth Road Wayland, MA 01778, United States 490 Boston Post Road Guilford, CT 06437, United States 500 Church Street White Haven, PA 18661, United States 83 Bridge Street Lambertville, NJ 08530, United States 900 Wayne Avenue Chambersburg, PA 17201, United States 10 Molleystown Road Pine Grove, PA 17963, United States 124 New York 32 Central Valley, NY 10917, United States 162 Southampton Road Westfield, MA 01085, United States 163 Bridge Street East Windsor, CT 06088, United States 241 Pennsylvania 100 Allentown, PA 18106, United States 2505 Cranberry Highway Wareham, MA 02571, United States 344 Turnpike Road Southborough, MA 01772, United States 461 North Dupont Highway Dover, DE 19901, United States 67 Main Street South Southbury, CT 06488, United States 709 Lincoln Avenue Bowmanstown, PA 18030, United States 802 Hellam Street Wrightsville, PA 17368, United States 848 South Bedford Road Bedford, NY 10506, United States 960 Montauk Highway Water Mill, NY 11976, United States 114 Broadhollow Rd # A Melville, NY 11747, United States 129 South Main Street Rochester, NH 03867, United States 1625 Richmond Road Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States 211 West Pulaski Highway Elkton, MD 21921, United States 2510 Montauk Highway Brookhaven, NY 11719, United States 303 Harleysville Pike Souderton, PA 18964, United States 503 Commonwealth Avenue Concord, MA 01742, United States 6600 Perkiomen Avenue Birdsboro, PA 19508, United States 724 SE Crain Hwy Upper Marlboro, MD 20772, United States 788 East Drinker Street Dunmore, PA 18512, United States 8417 Ladysmith Road Ruther Glen, VA 22546, United States 1372 Susquehanna Trail Liverpool, PA 17045, United States 15145 Washington Highway Doswell, VA 23047, United States 22300 Georgia Avenue Brookeville, MD 20833, United States 428 North Church Street Thurmont, MD 21788, United States 466 Rockaway Turnpike Cedarhurst, NY 11516, United States 804 West Bel Air Avenue Aberdeen, MD 21001, United States 9886 Winchester Road Front Royal, VA 22630, United States 359 East King Street Shippensburg, PA 17257, United States 380 New Britain Avenue Plainville, CT 06062, United States 3842 Burkittsville Road Knoxville, MD 21758, United States 394 North Main Street Marlborough, CT 06447, United States 4304 Old National Pike Middletown, MD 21769, United States 1059 North Colony Street Wallingford, CT 06492, United States 400 South Jefferson Street Frederick, MD 21701, United States 90 Worcester Street North Grafton, MA 01536, United States 1 East 28th Division Highway Lititz, PA 17543, United States 211 Broadway Greenlawn Huntington, NY 11743, United RT 4, KILLINGTON, VERMONT, 05751-0000,UNITED S 1432 New York 9D Wappingers Falls, NY 12590, United 15315 Washington Street Haymarket, VA 20169, United 464 W JERICHO TURNPI, KE HUNTINGTON, NY, States TATES States States 11743-6032 11780 Old National Pike New Market, MD 21774, United 185 North Highland Avenue Ossining, NY 10562, United 2030 John Fries Highway Quakertown, PA 18951, United 1705 Center Square Road Swedesboro, NJ 08085, United States 531 South Main Street Wilkes-Barre, PA 18701, United States States States States 1 HOMEWOOD AVENUE, NEWBURGH, NEWYORK, 12550, 10 Howard Boulevard Mount Arlington, NJ 07856, United 10101 James Madison Highway Bealton, VA 22712, United 2900 Cranberry Highway East Wareham, MA 02538, United 8210 Veterans Highway Millersville, MD 21108, United States UNITED S TATES States States States 5575 Allentown Boulevard Harrisburg, PA 17112, United 5004 ROUTE 33/COLLIN, GSWOOD CIRCLE 6087 John Marshall Highway Linden, VA 22642, United 215 West Baltimore Street Greencastle, PA 17225, United 29290 Three Notch Road Charlotte Hall, MD 20622, United States FARMINGDALE, NJ, 07727 States States States 320 West Housatonic Street Pittsfield, MA 01201, United 4428 TELEGRAPH RD, ELKTON, MARYLAND,21921-2601, 2126 Ruffin Mill Road Colonial Heights, VA 23834, United 451 E BAY AVE, BARNEGAT, NEW JERS EY,08005-2476, 5362 James Madison Parkway King George, VA 22485, United States UNITED S TATES States UNITED S TATES States 82 W MAIN S T, CLINTON, NEW JERS EY, 08809-1251, 985 Boston-Providence Turnpike Walpole, MA 02081, United 998 North Hanover Street Elizabethtown, PA 17022, United 103 E MAIN S T, FREEHOLD, NEW JERS EY,07728-2225, 1228 Middletown Warwick Road Middletown, DE 19709, UNITED S TATES States States UNITED S TATES United States 1350 ROUTE 9, TOMS RIVER, NEW JERS EY,08755-4000, 2436 ROUTE 52, HOPEWELL JUNCTION, NEWYORK, 406 TAPPAN RD, NORTHVALE, NEW JERS EY,07647-1522, 505 North Black Horse Pike Williamstown, NJ 08094, United 111 MONROE TPKE, TRUMBULL,CONNECTICUT, UNITED S TATES 12533, UNITED S TATES UNITED S TATES States 06611-1394, UNITED S TATES 1873 AMWELL RD, S OMERS ET, NEW JERS EY,08873-2788, 2 NORFOLK ROAD, TORRINGTON,CONNECTICUT, 219 MAIN S T, HIGHLAND FALLS , NEW YORK,10928-1711, 307 S MAIN S T, FLEMINGTON, NEW JERS EY,08822-1740, 83 E PUTNAM AVE, GREENWICH,CONNECTICUT, UNITED S TATES 06790-2716, UNITED S TATES UNITED S TATES UNITED S TATES 06830-5611, UNITED S TATES 930 LACEY RD, FORKED RIVER, NEW JERS EY,08731-1014, 1095 ROUTE 37 W, TOMS RIVER, NEW JERS EY,08755-5019, 224 Battlefield Boulevard South Chesapeake, VA 23322, 4901 Massaponax Church Road Fredericksburg, VA 22407, 10193 Baltimore National Pike Ellicott City, MD 21042, United UNITED S TATES UNITED S TATES United States United States States 10912 COUNTY S EAT HWY, LAUREL, DELAWARE, 257 E WALNUT S T, NAZARETH, PENNS 10137 OLD OCEAN CITY BLVD, BERLIN,MARYLAND, 275 ROUTE 46 E, GREAT MEADOWS , NEWJERS EY, 3709 CROMPOND RD, CORTLANDT MANOR,NEW YORK, 19956-3658, UNITED S TATES YLVANIA,18064-2243, UNITED S TATES 21811-1143, UNITED S TATES 07838-0000, UNITED S TATES 10567-7214, UNITED S TATES 247 GORDONS CORNER RD, MANALAPAN,NEW JERS EY, 428 NOR BATH BLVD, NORTHAMPTON,PENNS YLVANIA, 5 ROCKINGHAM S T # 705, BELLOWS FALLS ,VERMONT, 223 MYERS CORNERS RD, WAPPINGERSFALLS , NEW 2001 COMMERCE S TREET, YORKTOWNHEIGHTS , NEW 07726-3301, UNITED S TATES 18067-8923, UNITED S TATES 05101-1314, UNITED S TATES YORK, 12590-2119, UNITEDS TATES YORK, 10598-4411, UNITEDS TATES
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APPENDIX B Design of Base100 station and Scaling Factors Base100 station is designed by using four stations information; C100-A, JHFC200 (JHFC: Japan Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Demonstration Project), SMR100 (SMR: Steam Methane Reforming), and SMR1000. C100-A is an off-site station really designed by AIR LIQUIDE[31]. JHFC200 is an on-site station studied in JHFC report[19]. SMR100 and SMR1000 are on-site stations studied in UC DAVIS report[20]. Main specifications and equipment cost breakdown of these stations are shown in Table 7.1 and Table 7.2. Table 7.1 Specification of referential stations An off-site station which has 100kg/day capacity / accumulator: 40MPa & C100-A 80MPa, 150kg storage / compressor: 40MPa (100Nm3/h) & 80MPa (300Nm3 /h) (Designed by AIR / dispenser: 35MPa & 70MPa cascade filling (2 nozzles) / Pre-cooler inclusive / LIQUIDE) consisting of CE Marking products
JHFC200 An on-site station which has 200kg/day capacity / reformer & purifier: 9kgH2/h / (from JHFC accumulator: 40MPa, 55kg storage / compressor: corresponding 70MPa direct report) filling / dispenser: 70MPa direct filling (2 nozzles) / Pre-cooler inclusive SMR100 (from A n on-site station which has 100kg/day capacity/ reformer & purifier: 4.2kgH /h 2 UC DAVIS report) / accumulator: 135kg storage / dispenser: 1 nozzle An on-site station which has 1000kg/day capacity/ reformer & purifier: SMR1000 (from 42kgH /h / accumulator: 1350kg storage / dispenser: 3 nozzle / a facility which UC DAVIS report) 2 has simply 10 times as big as SMR100
Table 7.2 Cost breakdown of referential stations [$ in thousands]
C100-A JHFC200 SMR100 SMR1000 Scaling Factor Base100
Hydrogen Equipment - 318 1,266 0.60 318 1,015 Purifier - 64 201 0.50 64 Storage System 196 102 197 2,372 1.08 196 Compressor 549 952 52 171 0.52 549
Dispenser 341 888 42 127 unit price 341 Additional Equipment 266 72 77 0.03 266 Installation Costs 1,929 193 300 0.19 193 450 Contingency 110 621 10% 194 Total Investment 1,801 4,886 1,048 5,137 - 2,119 *1Bold numbers are the adopted cost for BASE100. *2 The prices of C100-A and JHFC200 include pre-cooler. Using these information, Base100 which has 100kg/day capacity is designed as a basis of cost design shown as Table7.2. The followings discuss the validity of the base100 design. (a) Hydrogen Equipment and Purifier These equipments of SMR100 are adopted due to the manageability of separate element.
The cost per production capacity of JHFC200 and SMR100 is $4,700/[kgH2/day] and
$3,817/[kgH2/day] each. They have similar value although the former’s cost is comparatively expensive because of strict regulation in Japan. Thus the values are deemed to be valid. (b) Storage System Storage system of C100-A is adopted because of the information credibility. The cost per
storage capacity of C100-A, JHFC200 and SMR100 is $1,303/kgH2, $1,846/kgH2 and $1,458/kgH2 each. They have similar value, thus the values are deemed to be valid. (c) Compressor Compressor of C100-A is adopted for the same reason as storage system. The cost per
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compressor capacity of C100-A, HFC200 and SMR100 is $5,494/[kgH2/day], $4,406/[kgH2/day],
$517/ [kgH2/day] each. That of SMR100 seems not to correspond to 70MPa filling due to incredible low price. The others have similar value. In case that the filling pressure corresponds to both 35MPa and 70MPa, their price range is deemed to be valid. (d) Dispenser Dispenser of C100-A is adopted because of the most reliable price. The price of JHFC200 is high due to the strict regulation in Japan, and that of SMR100 is too low even if it is considered not to correspond to 70MPa filling. (e) Additional Equipment, Installation Costs, and Contingency Total cost of additional equipment, installation costs and contingency for C100-A, JHFC200 and SMR100 is $715,300, $1,928,934 and $375,377 each. That of JHFC200 is terribly high due to Japanese strict regulation and overestimation of labor cost, land cost, etc. Additional equipment of C100-A is adopted because that of SMR100 is estimated inexpensively because of not corresponding to 70MPa. Installation c ost of SMR100 is adopted depending on the decision that installation costs can be cut down to some extent. This installation cost is so considered that it includes engineering, design, permitting, site development, safety/HAZOPS analysis, installation, delivery, and start-up/ commissioning cost. Contingency is decided to be 10% of total costs referring to the contingency of SMR100.
Scaling Factor is a value which is used as following formula. It is used to estimate cost of voluntarily scaled equipment in case that scale and cost of basic equipment is known. 푆푐푎푙푒퐵 푆푐푎푙푖푛푔 퐹푎푐푡표푟 tB = tA × ( ) 푆푐푎푙푒퐴 In UC DAVIS report, the Scaling Factors of hydrogen equipment and Purifier are written 0.6 and 0.5 each. It is found out that SMR1000 is estimated based on SMR100 using the factors. Following this, scaling factors of the other equipments are calculated comparing SMR100 and SMR1000, and they are shown in Table 7.2. As an exception, dispenser is a unit price.
APPENDIX C Figure of Portable Station
[18] Fig.7.1 Portable station with tube trailer
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APPENDIX D Delivery System in 2020
D-1 Model system of delivery 800 kg 3：00 7：00 11：00 15：00 19：00 23：00 1：00 H2 from one on-site station to two FCV Non-business Non-business time time 25kg/h×16h/day = 400kg small off-site stations Accumu -lator Fig.7.2 shows the model. One system × Small 17kg/h 24h/day= 400kg off-site A consists of two on-site stations, four 0.5h Small small off-site stations, five trailers, and off-site B Small 1.5h one tractor. An on-site produces 1000 off-site C 1.5h Small off-site D kg H2 per day. 400 kg H2 of that is 2.5h On-site A filled to trailers twice a day. One filling 2.5h On-site B Trailer Accumu tank takes 2.5 hours and the filled trailer is -lator delivered to a small off-site stations in storage 42kg/h storage 29.5kg/h, filling 12.5kg/h storage 42kg/h SMR 42kg/h×24h/day one and half hours under the assump Fig.7.2 Model system of delivery 800 kg H2 from -tion of average delivery distance 75 one on-site station to two small off-site stations km, then the filled trailer and an 3：00 7：00 11：00 15：00 19：00 23：00 1：00 empty trailer is exchanged in half an Small off-site A 0.5h hour, after that the empty trailer is Small off-site B brought to another on-site in one and Small 1.5h off-site C 1.5h half hours. This one cycle takes six Small off-site D 2.5h hours. Thus four cycles are put in a On-site A day as shown in Fig.7.2. On-site B
D-2 Model system of delivery 400 kg On-site C 2.5h On-site D Trailer H2 from one on-site station to one Accumu tank -lator small off-site station storage 42kg/h storage 4kg/h, filling 38kg/h storage 42kg/h SMR 42kg/h×24h/day One system consists of four on-site Fig.7.3 Model system of delivery 400 kg H2 from stations, four small off-site stations, one on-site station to one small off-site station five trailers, and one tractor. In an on-site station, 400 kg H2 is filled to a Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day5 Day 6 Day 7 Day8 Day9 trailer once a day. Then same as FCV 2.5kg/h×16h/day×9day = 360kg Model D-1, one delivery cycle takes six Accumu -lator hours and four cycles are put in a day Portable 2.5kg/h×16h/day×9day = 360kg A 0.5h as shown in Fig.7.3. Portable B Portable D-3 Model system of delivery from C 1.5h 1.5h 0.5h on-site station to portable stations On-site 7.5kg/h×16h/day×3day = 360kg ×3 One system consists of one on-site SMR 42kg/h×24h/day station, three portable stations, four Fig.7.4 Model system of delivery from on-site trailers, and one tractor. In the on-site station to portable station
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station, 360 kg H2 which is nine days capacity of a portable station is filled to a trailer and delivered once in three days. One time delivery takes four hours. This delivery cycle is done three times in nine days as shown in Fig.7.4.
APPENDIX E Delivery System in 2025
E-1 Model system of delivery from 3：00 7：00 11：00 15：00 19：00 23：00 1：00
FCV Non-business Non-business factory to large off-site stations time time 75kg/h×16h/day = 1200kg Accumu One system consists of factory, two -lator × Large 50kg/h 24h/day= 1200kg large off-site stations, three trailers, and off-site A 0.5h Large one tractor. In the factory, 400 kg H2 1.5h off-site B 1.5h 0.5h which is one third day capacity of a Factory large off-site station is filled to a trailer and delivered to the station three times Fig.7.5 Model system of delivery from factory to large off-site stations a day. One delivery cycle takes four hours and six cycles are put in a day as 3：00 7：00 11：00 15：00 19：00 23：00 1：00
FCV Non-business Non-business shown in Fig.7.5. time time 50kg/h×16h/day = 800kg Accumu E-2 Model system of delivery from -lator × Middle 33.3kg/h 24h/day = 800kg off-site A factory to middle off-site stations 0.5h Middle off-site B One system consists of factory, three 1.5h Middle 1.5h middle off-site stations, four trailers, off-site C 0.5h and one tractor. In the factory, 400 kg Factory
H2 which is a half day capacity of a Fig.7.6 Model system of delivery from factory middle off-site station is filled to a to middle off-site stations trailer and delivered to the station Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 9 Day 10 twice a day. One delivery cycle takes FCV four hours and six cycles are put in a 2.5kg/h×16h/day×10day = 400kg Accumu day as shown in Fig.7.6. -lator Portable 2.5kg/h×16h/day×10day = 400kg A 0.5h E-3 Model system of delivery from Portable B factory to portable stations Portable
C
・・・・・・2h ・・・・ One system consists of factory, 10 2h Portable portable stations, 11 trailers, and one I Portable tractor. In the factory, 400 kg H2 which J 0.5h is 10 days capacity of a portable station Factory is filled to a trailer and delivered once a Fig.7.7 Model system of delivery from factory day. The delivery distance is 100 km to portable stations which is longer than the other system, so it takes two hours in one way. Then one time delivery takes five hours in total. This delivery cycle is done 10 times in 10 days as shown in Fig.7.7.
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ort.pdf [17]Hydrogen Station Economic Analysis and Siting in Southern California http://steps.ucdavis.edu/People/mianicholas/michael-nicholas-publications/Nicholas_EVS_21_officia l.pdf [18] AIR WATRE HYDROGEN CORPORATION http://www.awhc.co.jp/products/station_type.html#2
[19] JHFC project 2nd term report http://www.jari.or.jp/jhfc/data/report/pdf/tuuki_phase2_01.pdf [20] Delivery Component Model ver.2.2 of DOE H2A Analysis http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/h2a_delivery.html [21] WELDSHIP CORPORATION http://www.weldship.com/superjumbo.php [22] Senju Hydrogen Station http://www.netinform.net/h2/h2stations/H2StationsDetail.aspx?ID=285 [23] Electric Power Monthly, EIA http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_5_6_a [24] Natural Gas Price, EIA http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNY_m.htm [25] A Near-Term Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Fueling Stations, Weinert, Jonathan X., UC Davis http://publications.its.ucdavis.edu/download_pdf.php?id=46 [26]International Fire Code (IFC), 2012 Editions, International Code Council, Washington, D.C. http://shop.iccsafe.org/2012-international-fire-code-1.html [27]NFPA 2, Hydrogen Technologies Code, 2011, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts. http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=2 [28]NFPA 52, Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code, 2010, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts. http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=52&EditionID=743 [29]NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, 2013, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts.H2 Refueling Code Gap Assessment Page 13 of 55 February 20, 2013 http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/aboutthecodes.asp?docnum=55 [30] Fire Protection Research Foundation March 2013 Hydrogen Refueling Code Gap Assessment http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//research%20foundation/rfhydrogencodegap.pdf [31]Hydrogen Refueling Stations, AIR LIQUIDE http://www.airliquide-hydrogen-energy.com/file/otherelement/pj/fc/c1/e6/ee/al_plaquette_hydroge ne_uk1910402522316753852.pdf
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