GEOGRAPHY THE HUMAN AND PHYSICAL WORLD

Richard G. Boehm, Ph.D .

• CONTENTS

HOW DO I STUDY GEOGRAPHY? ...... xxx SCAVENGER HUNT ...... xxxii

REFERENCE ATLAS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... RA1 Geographic Dictionary ...... RA2 South America Political ...... RA17 World Time Zones ...... RA4 Europe Physical ...... RA18 World GDP Cartogram ...... RAG Europe Political ...... RA20 World Population Cartogram ...... RAS Africa Physical ...... RA22 United States Physical ...... RA10 Africa Political ...... RA23 United States Political ...... RA12 Asia Physical ...... RA24 North America Physical ...... RA14 Asia Political ...... RA26 North America Political ...... RA15 Oceania Physical/Political ...... RA28 South America Physical ...... RA16 Polar Regions ...... RA30

UNIT ONE The World ...... 1 How Geographers Look at the World ...... 11 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Distribution of How does geography help us Political Power ...... 12 interpret the post, understand the present, and plan for the future? LESSON 1 The Geographer's Tools ...... 14

LESSON 2 The Geographer's Craft ...... 26

The Physical World ...... 37 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Economics and Resources: How do physical processes shape Water Scarcity ...... 38 Earth's surface? LESSON 1 Planet Earth ...... 40

LESSON 2 Forces of Change ...... 44

LESSON 3 Earth's Water ...... 51

iv of the Earth ...... 57 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Change: Why is climate important to life on The Impacts on Humans ...... 58 Earth? LESSON 1 Earth-Sun Relationships ...... 60

LESSON 2 Factors Affecting Climate ...... 64

LESSON 3 World Climate Patterns ...... 69

The Human World ...... 75 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters The Human How do the characteristics and Development Index ...... 76 distribution of human populations affect human and physical systems? LESSON 1 Global Cultures ...... 78

LESSON 2 Population Geography ...... 82

LESSON 3 Political Geography ...... 87

Case Study How Has Globalization Changed Modern Culture? ...... 92

LESSON 4 Economic Geography ...... 94

Global Connections: Patterns of Resource Distribution ...... 100

LESSON 5 Urban Geography ...... 102

v CONTENTS

UNIT TWO The United States and Canada ...... 109 The United States ...... 117

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Patterns of Immigration ...... 118 How do physical systems and human systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the United States ...... 120

LESSON 2 Human Geography of the United States ...... 125

Case Study The Environment: How Can Drought Lead to Conflict in the United States? ...... 132

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: The United States ...... 134

Canada ...... 141 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Energy Resources and How do physical systems and human Indigenous Rights ...... 142 systems shape aplac e? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Canada ...... 144

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Canada ...... 149

Global Connections: Two Decades of NAFTA ...... 156

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Canada ...... 158

vi UNIT THREE Latin America ...... 16s Mexico ...... 173 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Challenges of How do physical systems and human Urbanization ...... 174 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Mexico ...... 176

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Mexico ...... 180

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Mexico ...... 187

Central America and the Caribbean ...... 193 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Spatial Diffusion: How do physical systems and human The Columbian Exchange ...... 194 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Central America and the Caribbean ...... 196

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Central America and the Caribbean ...... 200

Case Study What Kind of Development Is Best for Haiti? ...... 206

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Central America and the Caribbean ...... 208

vii South America ...... 215

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Economic Geography: How do physical systems and human Uneven Development ...... 216 systems shape aplace? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of South America ...... 218

LESSON 2 Human Geography of South America ...... 223

Global Connections: Amazon in the Balance ...... 230

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: South America ...... 232

UNIT FOUR Europe ...... 239 Northern Europe ...... 247 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Volcanic Eruption How do physical systems and human in Iceland ...... 248 systems shape aplace? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Northern Europe ...... 250

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Northern Europe ...... 255

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Northern Europe ...... 261

viii Northwestern Europe ...... 267 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Suburban Growth and How do physical systems and human Transportation...... •..•... 268 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Northwestern Europe ...... 270

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Northwestern Europe ...... 27

Case Study How Beneficial Is the Europe n Union? . . 282

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Northwestern Europe ... . 28

Southern Europe ...... 291 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Labor Migration from How do physical systems and human North Africa ...... 292 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Southern Europe 2

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Southern Europe 299

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Southern Europe ...... 305

Eastern Europe ...... 311

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters The Breakup of Yugo I via 312 How do physical systems and human LESSON 1 systems shape a place? Physical Geography of Eastern Europe ...... 314

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Eastern Europe ... 319

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Eastern Europe ...... 326

ix The Russian Core ...... 333

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Russia's Shrinking Population ...... 334 How do physical systems and human systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Russian Core ...... 336

LESSON 2 Human Geography of the Russian Core ...... 341

Global Connections: Arctic Oil Frontiers ...... 348

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: The Russian Core ...... 350

UNIT FIVE North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia ...... 357 North Africa ...... 365

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Choke Point: Suez Canal .... 366 How do physical systems and human systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of North Africa ...... 368

LESSON 2 Human Geography of North Africa ...... 372

Global Connections: The Arab Spring ...... 378

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: North Africa ...... 380

x The Eastern Mediterranean ...... 387 ESENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters The Israeli-Palestinian How do physical systems and human Conflict ...... 388 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Eastern Mediterranean ...... 390

LESSON 2 Human Geography of the Eastern Mediterranean ...... 395

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: The Eastern Mediterranean ...... 402

The Northeast...... 409 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters A Stateless Nation: How do physical systems and human The Kurds ...... 410 systems shape aplace? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Northeast ...... 412

LESSON 2 Human Geography of the Northeast ...... 416

Case Study How Have Sunni and Shia Beliefs Led to Conflict? ...... 422

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: The Northeast ...... 424

The Arabian Peninsula ...... 431 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Migrant Workers in How do physical systems and human the Arabian Peninsula ...... 432 systems shape aplace? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Arabian Peninsula ...... 434

LESSON 2 Human Geography of the Arabian Peninsula ...... 438

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: The Arabian Peninsula ...... 444

xi Central Asia ...... 451

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Afghanistan's Troubled History...... 452 How do physical systems and human systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Central Asia ...... 454

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Central Asia ...... 459

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Central Asia ...... 466

UNIT SIX Africa South of the Sahara ...... 473 The Transition Zone ...... 481 ESSENTIAL QUESTION WhyGeographyMatters Diffusion: Muslim and How do physical systems and human non-Muslim Cultures ...... 482 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Transition Zone ...... 484

LESSON 2 Human Geography of the Transition Zone ...... 489

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: The Transition Zone ...... 496

East Africa ...... 503

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Export Crops and East Africa. 504 How do physical systems and human systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of East Africa ...... 506

LESSON 2 Human Geography of East Africa .... 511 Case Study Should the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Be Built? ...... 518

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: East Africa ...... 520

xii West Africa ...... 527 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Empowering Women in How do physical systems and human West Africa ...... 528 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of West Africa ...... 530

LESSON 2 Human Geography of West Africa ...... 535

Global Connections: Conflict Diamonds ...... 542

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: West Africa ...... 544

Equatorial Africa ...... 551 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters South Sudan: How do physical systems and human Independence and Conflict ...... "...... 552 systems shape o place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Equatorial Africa ...... 554

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Equatorial Africa ...... 559

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Equatorial Africa ...... 566

Southern Africa ...... 573 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Southern Africa and How do physical systems and human HIV/AIDS ...... 574 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Southern Africa ...... 576

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Southern Africa ...... 581

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Southern Africa ...... ·...... 588

xiii UNIT SEVEN ...... 595 ...... 603 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters India's Population How do physical systems ond human Structure ...... 604 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical ...... 606

LESSON 2 Human Geography of India ...... 611

C.ase Study What Is the Future of Kashmir? ...... 618

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: India ...... 620

Pakistan and ...... 627 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Flood-Prone Pakistan and How do physical systems and human Bangladesh ...... 628 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical and Bangladesh ...... 630

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Pakistan and Bangladesh ...... 634

Global Connections: South Asia on the Brink...... 640

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Pakistan and Bangladesh ...... 642 , Maldives, &Sri Lanka ...... 649 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Nepal's Role as a How do physical systems and human Buffer State ...... 650 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical , Maldives, Nepal & Sri Lanka ...... 652

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal & Sri Lanka ...... 657

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal & Sri Lanka ...... 663

UNIT EIGHT East Asia ...... 669 China and Mongolia ...... 677 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters China's Growing How do physical systems and human Energy Demands ...... 678 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical and Mongolia ...... 680

LESSON 2 Human Geography of China and Mongolia ...... 685

Case Study Are Limits on Growth Best for China? ... 692

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: · China and Mongolia ...... 694

Japan ...... 701

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Japan's Aging Population .. . . 702 Ho w do physical systems and human systemss hape a place? LESSON 1 Physical ...... 704

Global Connections: The Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami ...... 708

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Japan ...... 710

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Japan ...... 717

xv North Korea and South Korea ...... 723 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Complementarity: How do physical systems and human Two Koreas ...... 724 systems shape aplace? LESSON 1 Physical and South Korea ...... 726

LESSON 2 Human Geography of North Korea and South Korea ...... 730

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: North Korea and South Korea ...... 737

UNIT NINE Southeast Asia and the Pacific World ...... 743 Southeast Asia ...... 751 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Emerging Markets in How do physical systems and human Southeast Asia ...... 752 systems shape aplace? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Southeast Asia ...... 754

LESSON 2 Human Geography of South east Asia ...... 759

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Southeast Asia ...... 766

xvi Australia and New Zealand ...... 773 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Australia and New Zealand: How do physical systems and human Indigenous Peoples ...... 774 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Australia and New Zealand ...... 776

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Australia and New Zealand ...... 781

Global Connections: Non-Native Species: Rabbits in Australia ...... 788

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Australia and New Zealand ...... 790

Oceania ...... 797 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Samoa Hops the How do physical systems and human International Date Line ...... 798 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Oceania ...... 800

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Oceania ...... 804

Case Study Who Owns the High Seas? ...... 810

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Oceania ...... 812

Special Feature: Antarctica ...... 819 World Religions Handbook ...... 826 Gazetteer ...... 846 English/Spanish Glossary ...... 856 Index ...... 883

xv ii Why Geography Matters

Distribution of Political Power ...... 12 Migrant Workers in the Arabian Peninsula ...... 432 Economics and Resources: Water Scarcity ...... 38 Afghanistan's Troubled History ...... 452 Climate Change: The Impacts on Humans ...... 58 Diffusion: Muslim and non-Muslim Cultures ...... 482 The Human Development Index ...... 76 Export Crops and East Africa ...... 504 Patterns of Immigration ...... 118 Empowering Women in West Africa ...... 528 Energy Resources and Indigenous Rights ...... 142 South Sudan: Independence and Conflict ...... 552 Challenges of Urbanization ...... 174 Southern Africa and HIV/AIDS ...... 574 Spatial Diffusion : The Columbian Exchange ...... 194 India's Population Structure ...... 604 Economic Geography: Uneven Development...... 216 . Flood -Prone Pakistan and Bangladesh ...... 628 Volcanic Eruption in Iceland ...... 248 Nepal's Role as a Buffer State ...... 650 Suburban Growth and Transportation ...... 268 China 's Growing Energy Demands ...... 678 Labor Migration from North Africa ...... 292 Japan's Aging Population ...... 702 The Breakup of Yugoslavia ...... 312 Complementarity: Two Koreas ...... 724 Russia 's Shrinking Population ...... 334 Emerging Markets in Southeast Asia ...... 752 Choke Point: Suez Canal ...... 366 Australia and New Zealand : Indigenous Peoples ...... 774 Israeli-Palestinian Conflict ...... 388 Samoa Hops the International Date Line ...... 798 AStateless Nation: The Kurds ...... 410

EXPLORE REGION The United States and Canada ...... 110 How Has Globalization Changed Modem Culture? ...... 92 Latin America ...... 166 How Can Drought Lead to Conflict in the United States? ...... 132 Europe ...... 240 What Kind of Development Is Best fo r Haiti? ...... 206 North Africa , Southwest Asia , and Central Asia ...... 358 How Beneficial Is the European Union? ...... 282 Africa South of the Sahara ...... 474 How Have Sunni and Shia Beliefs Led to Conflict? ...... 422 South Asia ...... 596 Should the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Be Built? ...... 518 East Asia ...... 670 What Is the Future of Kashmir? ...... 618 Southeast Asia and the Pacific World ...... 744 Are Limits on Growth Best for Ch ina? ...... 692 Who Owns the High Seas? ...... 810

xv iii Global Connections Patterns of Resource Distribution ...... 100 Conflict Diamonds ...... 542 Two Decades of NAFTA ...... 156 South Asia on the Brink ...... 640 Amazon in the Balance ...... 230 The Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami ...... 708 Arctic Oil Frontiers ...... 348 Non -Native Species: Rabbits in Australia ...... 788 The Arab Spring ...... 378

Connecf;f!q Geograph9 fo ....

Math: Mapmaking ...... 18 Science: Soil Erosion in Iraq ...... 427 Science: Astronomy ...... 41 Science: Air-Conditioning ...... 436 Science: Climatology ...... • ...... 66 Government: Water Management ...... 448 Government: Geopolitics ...... 91 Government: Saving the Arai Sea ...... 470 Science: Soil Science ...... 124 Math: Geometry ...... 487 Science: Biology ...... 148 History: Naming Places ...... 510 Science: Environmental Science ...... 189 Sociology: Social Norms ...... 540 Science: Climatology ...... 199 History: Slave Forts ...... 561 History: Before Columbus ...... 202 Math: Output of the Kariba Hydroelectric Dam ...... 579 Science: Biology ...... 221 Math : India's GDP ...... 617 Science: Geology ...... 254 History: Natural Disaster ...... 635 Science: Cap -a nd-Trade Systems ...... 288 Science: Genetics ...... 660 Science: Demography ...... 301 Sociology: Hanami: Viewing of Flowers ...... 706 Government: Environmental Politics ...... 330 Science: The DMZ ...... 729 Economics: Privatization ...... 347 Science: Tsunamis ...... 756 Government: Geopolitics ...... 384 Sociology: The Outback ...... 780 Economics: Development ...... 400 Science: Carbon Dating ...... 805

xix Ana&ztng Primary Sources

Yi-tu Tuan, Topophilia: a Study of Environmental Perception, Hans Chresten Jeppesen, National Geographic News, Attitudes, ond Values, 1974 ...... 31 November 4, 2009 ...... 266 APenguin's View of the World (political cartoon) ...... 35 James Salter, "The Alps," National Geographic Trove/er, Gina Christie, BBC News, May 17, 2010 ...... 48 October 1999 ...... 273 Joel Achenbach, "The Next Big One," National Geographic, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2000 . .... 290 April 2006 ...... 56 G. Fontanazza , "Importance of Olive-Oil Production in Italy," Charles Q. Choi, National Geographic News, Integrated Soil and Water Management for Orchard December 29, 2011 ...... 72 Development, 2005 ...... 297 Pao K. Wang, "Chinese Historical Documents and Climate Federico Garcia Lorca , The Selected Poems of Federico Change," www.accesscience.com ...... 74 Ga refa Lorca, 2006 ...... 310 Hillary Rod ham Clinton, press statement, June 20, 2012 ...... 86 Anna Yukhananov, "Poland Makes Greatest Strides in Business Reforms-World Bank," Reuters, October 22, 2012. 325 Sam Quinones, PBS Frontline/World , "Guatemala/Mexico- Coffee Country," May 2003 ...... 98 "Deadly Hea t Wave Grips Europe," CNN .corn : Reuters (Budapest) , July 25, 2007 ...... 332 Don Belt, "Europe's Big Gamble," National Geographic, May 2004 ...... 108 Dwight Garner, "W hen Poets Rocked Ru ssia's Stadiums," New York Times, June 3, 2010 ...... 345 Brad Plumer, "Can Natural Gas Help Tackle Global Warming? APrimer ," Washington Post, August 20, 2012 ...... 138 Richard Stone, "Th e Long Shadow of Chernobyl," National Geographic, April 2006 ...... 353 Michael Parfit, "Powering the Future," National Geographic, August 2005 ...... 140 David Braun , National Geographic Daily News, November 25, 2012 ...... 356 Tavia Grant, The Globe and Mail, October 24, 2012 ...... 153 Rebecca Shaw, Nature Conservancy, Saving Mediterranean "Acid Rain Could Kill Maples Near Great Lakes," Habitats Worldwide, February 25, 2011 ...... 371 Associated Press, December 16, 2011 ...... 160 Hillary Rod ham Cl inton, U.S. Secretary of State, CNN News "Salmon Overfishing Warning Issued," CBC News, interview, January 30, 2011 ...... 386 September 1, 2010 ...... 164 World Wildlife Fund, "Lebanon's Forests: Facing New Threats" . . .394 Tim Johnson, "Mexico's 'Maquiladora' Labor System Keeps Workers in Poverty," The Miami Herald, June 18, 2012 ...... 186 United Nations , "Syria: Act Now to Stop Desertification, Says FAO," Humanitarian News and Analysis, June 15, 2010 .. 404 Jon Waterhouse, "How the Maya of Today Are Marking December 21," National Geographic Explorers Journal, Arthu r James Balfour, The Balfour Declaration, December 19, 2012 ...... 192 November 2, 1917 ...... 408 Paolo Fortis, Kuna Art and Shamanism: An Ethnographic Thomas K. Grose, "Iraq Poised to Lead World Oil Supply Approach, 2012 ...... 204 Growth, But Obsta cles Loom ," National Geographic Daily News, October 9, 2012 ...... 415 Silvia Lambiase, "Indigenous Communities in Central America Use Traditions to Protect Biodiversity," Platform for International En ergy Ag ency, "Executive Summ ary," Agrobiodiversity Research , May 2011 ...... 212 Iraq Energy Outlook, 2012 ...... 430 Jonathan Watts, "Costa Rica Recognized for Biodiversity Dr. Shawki Ba rghouti, Director-General of the International Protection," The Guardian, October 2010 ...... 214 Centre for Biosaline Agriculture, from "Desa lination Threat to the Growing Gulf," The National, August 31 , 2009 ...... 446 Sara Shahriari, "Urban Population Boom Threatens Lake Titicaca," The Guardian, January 12, 2012 ...... 234 Joshua Hammer, "Days of Reckoni ng ," National Geographic, September 2012 ...... 450 Pablo Neruda, "We are Many," The Yellow Heart, 1974 ...... 238 St ra bo from Geography, Book XI, Chapter 8 (c. A.O. 21) ...... 455 Katrin Bennhold, "Working Women Are the Key to Norway's Prosperity," New York Times, June 28, 2011...... 260 Rup ert Colville, spokesperson for the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), June 10, 2011, Marta Madina, "Oceana Concludes Expedition to Document UN News Centre ...... 472 Biodiversity and Fisheries in the Baltic," Oceana .org, June 7, 2011 ...... 262 A36-year-old mother of nine at the Jamam refugee camp in South Sudan, from Medecins Sans Frontieres, January 18, 2013 .. 491 xx AM~Zi~ Primary Sources

Robert Draper, "Shattered Somalia," National Geographic "Between the Folds," PBS Independent Lens, November 30, Magazine, September 2009 ...... 502 2009 ...... 714 "Concerted Efforts Needed to Improve Post-Primary Excerpt from United States Bombing Survey, July 1, 1946, Education in Eastern and Southern Africa," United Nations President's Secretary's File, Truman Pap ers ...... • 722 Girls' Education Initiative, February 27, 2007 ...... 515 Winston Churchill, "Why Should We Fear for Our Future?" Stewart Edward White, American hunter, describing the House of Commons, August 16, 1945...... 722 Serengeti in Tanzania , 1913 ...... 523 Philip Jaisohn, letter dated September 14, 1950 , to IPP Media , describing Tanzania, September 28, 2012 ...... 523 Lieutenant General John R. Hodge...... 732 Presi dent Clinton , Associated Press, March 1998 ...... 526 Human Rights Watch, "North Korea: Econ omic SystemBu lll Muh am mad Sanusi, a fisherman in Dogon Fili , on Forced Labor," June 13, 2012 ...... 742 "Lake Chad Fishermen Pack Up Their Nets," BBC News, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEA N), B ngkok January 15, 2007 ...... 546 Declaration, 1967 ...... 765 Elizabeth Stevens, "Sahel Food Crisis: The Cost of Climate "Mekong Giant Catfish ," nationalg eographic.com • • • • • 768 Change," October 2012 ...... _...... 550 President Lyndon B. Johnson , co mmenting on Vietn mt o U.S. Department of State, International Travel for Senator Eugene McCarthy, Februa ry 1966 . . . . 772 U.S. Citizens ...... 563 John Kerry, announcement speech, Patriots Point , "Food Crisis Plagu es War-Torn CAR ," United Press South Carolina , September 2, 2003 ...... 772 Interna tional , Febru ary 18, 2013 ...... 572 Glenys Ward, stoiengenerationstestimonies.com 79 Aman da Kendl e, "Poverty Tourism: Exploring the Slums Kiribati president Anote Tong , statemen t to th e of India, Brazil and South Africa ," www.vagabondish .com ... 586 Second Session of Global Platformf or Disaster Nelson Mandela, speech delivered in London , Risk-Reduction Conference, June 2009 ...... ••••... 815 February 3, 2005 ...... 594 Dr. Elizabeth Lindsey, www.elizabethlindsey.com •••••.••••• 818 Anika Gupta, "Th e Holy City of Varanasi ," Smithsonian .corn , August 20, 2009 ...... 607 lshaan Tha roo r, "Top 10 Most Influential Protests," Time, June 28 , 2011 ...... 612 C. Rajagopalachar, Introduction to Freedom's Bottle: Being a Comprehensive Collection of Writings and Speeches on the Present Situation, 1922 ...... 626 Jill McGiverin g, "'Elation' and 'Unease' at Helping Pakistan Flood Chil d," BBC News, September 4, 2010 ...... 633 Do n Belt, "The Coming Storm," National Geographic, May 2011 ...... 648 Jamling Tenzing Norgay, Touching My Father's Soul, 2002 . ... 654 Tom Whittaker, Higher Purpose: The Heroic Story of the First Disabled Man to Conquer Everest, 2001 ...... 668 Carla Amu rao, "From West to Far East: Rappin' and Rockin' the House," TavisSmiley: China Week, PBS California, July 2011 ...... 689 Ian Johnson , "In China , the Forgotten Manchu Seek to Rekin dle Their Glory," The Wall Street Journal, October 3, 2009 ...... 695 Made in China (po liti ca l cartoon) ...... 699 Bill McKibben , "Can China Go Green? " National Geographic, June 2011...... 700

xxi REFERENCE ATLAS MAPS ...... RA1 UNIT 2: THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA World Time Zones ...... RA4 Physical ...... 112 World GDP Cartogram ...... RAG Political ...... 113 World Population Cartogram ...... RAS Climate ...... 114 United States Physical...... RA10 Vegetation ...... •...... 114 United States Political...... RA12 Eco nomic Activity ...... 115 North America Physical...... RA14 Po pulation Density ...... 116 North America Political ...... RA15 Largest Ancestry Reported by County 2010 ...... 118 South America Physical...... RA16 The Continental Divide and the Fall Line ...... 122 South America Political ...... RA17 Ethnic Populations in the United States ...... 128 Europe Physical ...... RA18 Homes in Negative Equity in 2010 ...... 130 Europe Political ...... RA20 U.S. Water Withdrawals ...... 135 Africa Physical ...... RA22 Acid Rain in the United States ...... 136 Africa Political ...... RA23 Glaciers of the Last Ice Age ...... 145 Asia Physical ...... RA24 St. Lawrence Seaway System ...... 146 Asia Political ...... RA26 Oceania Physical/Political...... RA28 UNIT 3: LATIN AMERICA Polar Regions ...... RA30 Physical ...... 168 Political ...... 169 UNIT 1: THE WORLD Climate ...... •...... 170 Physical ...... 2 Vegetation ...... 170 Political ...... 4 Economic Activity ...... 171 Population Density ...... 6 Population Density ...... 172 Economic Activity ...... 8 Mexican Migration to the United States ...... 185 Climate ...... 10 Environmental Deterioration in Mexico ...... 188 Redistricting in Ohio ...... 12 The Columbian Exchange ...... 194 Great Circle Routes ...... 15 Physical Geography: Central America and the Caribbean ..... 197 Common Map Projections ...... 16 Dominant Ethnic Groups of South America ...... 226 Latitude and Longitude ...... 17 Agricultural Land Use in South America ...... 228 Small-Scale and Large-Scale Maps ...... 19 Mental Maps ...... 20 UNIT 4: EUROPE Perceptual Regions of the United States ...... 29 Physical ...... 242 Continental Drift ...... 46 Political ...... 243 Plates and Plate Movement ...... 47 Climate ...... 244 Global Desalination ...... 53 Vegetation ...... •...... 244 World Zones of Latitude and Wind Patterns ...... 65 Economic Activity ...... 245 World Ocean Currents ...... 67 Population Density ...... 246 World Biomes ...... 70 Acid Rain in Northern Europe ...... 263 Human Development ...... 76 Population Density of Northwestern Europe ...... 278 World Language Families ...... 79 The European Union ...... '...... 280 World Culture Hearths ...... 80 Overfishing in Northwestern Europe ...... 285 Oxygen Depletion in Coastal Marine Ecosystems ...... 286 xxii Migration: North Africa to Southern Europe ...... 292 UNIT 7: SOUTH ASIA Soil Erosion in Southern Europe ...... 306 Physical ...... 598 The Former Yugoslavia ...... 312 Political ...... 599 Alpine Europe ...... 315 Climate ...... 600 Main-Danube Canal...... 316 Vegetation ...... 600 Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe ...... 322 Economic Activity ...... 601 Environmental Issues in the Russian Core ...... 351 Population Density ...... 602 Reach of Chernobyl Disaster ...... 352 South Asia: ...... 608 Mountain Passes of Pakista n...... 631 UNIT 5: NORTH AFRICA, SOUTHWEST ASIA, Buffer States and Border Di sputes in South Asia ...... 650 AND CENTRAL ASIA Physical ...... 360 UNIT 8: EAST ASIA Political ...... 361 Physical ...... 672 Climate ...... 362 Political ...... 673 Vegetation ...... 362 Climate ...... 674 Economic Activity ...... 363 Vegetation ...... 674 Population Density ...... 364 Economic Activity ...... •...... 675 North Africa : Invasions and Migrations ...... 373 Population Density ...... 676 Eastern Mediterranean Precipitation ...... 393 Physical Geography of China and Mongolia ...... 681 The Distribution of Kurdish People ...... 410 East Asian Monsoons ...... 683 Physical Map: Turkey, Iran, and Iraq ...... 413 Physical Map of Japan ...... 705 Civilizations and Empires of the Northeast ...... 417 Japan 's Nuclear Power Plants ...... 718 Tigris- Euphrates River Basin ...... 425 Waterways of the Korean Peninsula ...... 727 Physical Geography: The Arabian Peninsula ...... 435 Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan ...... 452 UNIT 9: SOUTH EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC WORLD Ethnic Groups in Central Asia ...... 462 Physical ...... 746 Political ...... 747 UNIT 6: AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA Climate ...... 748 Physical ...... 476 Vegetation ...... 748 Political ...... 477 Economic Activity ...... 749 Climate ...... 478 Population Density ...... 750 Vegetation ...... 478 Volcanoes in Southeast Asia ...... 755 Economic Activity ...... 479 Patterns of European Settlement...... 783 Population Density ...... 480 Samoa and the International Date Line ...... 798 The African Transition Zone ...... 485 Global Sea Level Trend s ...... 813 Kingdoms and Empires of the Transition Zone ...... 490 The Sahel's Vulnerable Zone ...... 497 Sudan and South Sudan Conflicts ...... 552 Physical Geography: The Congo Basin ...... 555 The Atlantic Slave Trade ...... 560 World Distribution of HIV 2014 ...... 574 European Colonization of Africa ...... 582

xxiii PRIMARY SOURCES

UNIT 1: THE WORLD UNIT 4: EUROPE George J. Demko, Why in the World: Adventures in Thorbjorn Jagland, the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Geography, 1992 ...... 36 Committee, October 2012 ...... 283 Richard Stone, "The Last Great Impact on Earth," Nigel Farage, UK Independence Party leader, October 2012 . . 283 Discover, September 1996 ...... 41 Julian Scola , "Europe 's Rivers Ready for Revival," World Wide Joel Achenbach , "The Next Big One," National Geographic, Fund for Nature, April 20, 2001 ...... 288 April 2006 ...... 46 Fen Montaigne, "The Great Northern Forest," Corrado Sommariva, invitation to the International Desalination National Geographic, June 2002 ...... 353 Association 2013 World Congress ...... 53 Richard A. Muller, from the Columbia Forum , "Physics for UNIT 5: NORTH AFRICA, SOUTHWEST ASIA, AND Future Presidents," January/February 2009 ...... 63 CENTRAL ASIA Curt Suplee, "El Nifio/La Nina," National Geographic Magazine, Mona Mou ssavi, !SS Voices, October 10, 2012 ...... 423 March 1999 ...... 67 The United States Institute of Peace, U.S. Terrorism Report: Doug Saunders, "The Great Shift From Farm to City," MEK and Jundal/ah, August 23, 2011...... 423 Los Angeles Times, June 19, 2011...... 86 Shogo Arai, Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs, UNIT 6: AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA "Japan and the Preservation of Intangible Cultural Heritage," 2004 ...... 93 Meles Zenawi, the former prime minister of Ethiopia, at the Ko"ichiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, official commencement of the Millennium Dam, 2011 ...... 519 "Globalization, Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Role of "Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam," International Rivers UNESCO," 2004 ...... 93 organization ...... 519 Dusko Doder, "The Bolshevik Revolution," National Nzinga Mb emba, the king of Kongo, quoted in East Along the Geographic, October 1992 ...... 96 Equator, 1987 ...... 560

UNIT 2: THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA UNIT 7: SOUTH ASIA Greg Bluestein, Bill Rankin, and Scott Trubey, "High Court Shabir Choudhry, Director of the Institute of Kashmir Affairs .. 619 Grants Georgia Water-Wars Victory," Atlanta Journal Ministry of External Affairs, India ...... 619 Constitution, June 25, 2012 ...... 133 Florida governor Charlie Crist, letter to the United States UNIT 8: EAST ASIA Department of the Interior, May 28, 2009 ...... 133 Liu Shaojie, Vice Director of the Population Commission UNIT 3: LATIN AMERICA in Henan province, China , The Guardian, October 25, 2011 ... .693 Liang Zhongtang , a former committee member of Paul Collier, Haiti: From Natural Catastrophe to Economic the National Family Planning Commission, The Telegraph, Security, AReport for the Secretary General of the September 25, 2010 ...... 693 United Nations, January 2009 ...... 207 Li Jiamin, a specialist in population studies at Laurent Dubois and Deborah Jenson , "Haiti Can Be Nanka i University, The Telegraph, October 31 , 2012 ...... 693 Rich Again," New York Times, January 8, 2012 ...... 207 Ian Sample, "Amazon's Doomed Species Set to Pay UNIT 9: SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC WORLD Deforestation's 'Extinction Debt,"' The Guardian (UK), July 12, 2012 ...... 231 Colin Hanna, president of Let Freedom Ring, quoted in "Kill the Law of the Sea Treaty," U.S. News, May 10, 2012 .... 811 Gustavo Fonseca , head of natural resources, quoted in "Oceans Special: GEF Rolls Out Investment Project to Address Issues for Areas in the High Seas," June 16, 2012 ...... 811

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