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The Forests of the Green Mountain State

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The Forests of the Green Mountain State United States Department of The Forests of the Agriculture Forest Service Green Mountain State Northeastern Research Station Resource Bulletin NE-158 Eric H. Wharton Richard H. Widmann Charles H. Barnett Thomas S. Frieswyk Andrew J. Lister Bob DeGeus The Authors Eric H. Wharton, Richard H. Widmann, Charles J. Barnett, Thomas S. Frieswyk, and Andrew J. Lister are foresters with the Northeastern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA; Bob DeGeus is a forester with the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation at Montpelier. Photo credits Pages 1, 3, 9, 18, 19, 25, John David Geery; page 6 top, John D. Hodges, Mississippi State University, www.forestryimages.org (Image 4798050); page 6 bottom, Tim McCabe, Natural Resources Conservation Service; page 17, Robert Burt, USDA Forest Service; page 21, Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, www.forestryimages.org (Image 1748049); page 23, Theodore D. Leninger, USDA Forest Service, www.forestryimages.org (Image 3046075). Published by: For additional copies: USDA FOREST SERVICE USDA Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073-3294 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 November 2003 Fax: (740)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.fs.fed.us/ne The Forests of the Green Mountain state This is the forest primeval. The murmering pines and the hemlocks, Bearded with moss, and in garmets green, indistinct in the twilight, Stand like Druids of eld, with voices sad and prophetic, Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms. Henry Wadswordth Longfellow Evangeline, 1847 The village of Brattleboro is peculiar for the nearness of the primitive wood and the mountain But, above all, this everlasting mountain is forever lowering over the village, shortening the day and wearing a misty cap each morning The most interesting sight I saw in Brattleboro was the skin and skull of a panther I was surprised at its great size and apparent strength. It gave one a new idea of our American forests and the vigor of nature here. Henry David Thoreau Journal, 9 September 1856 USDA Forest Service Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation Northeastern Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis Montpelier, Vermont Newtown Square, Pennsylvania Danby, Vermont Vermont’s Resilient Forests Forests provide wood and other forest products, watershed protection, wildlife habitat, biodiversity, a setting for recreation, and much more. They have played a major role in the history and culture of Vermont. The early settlers found nearly all of the State covered by forests. The initial clearing of these woodlands was slow as most colonists established small subsistence farms. Forest clearing became widespread around 1800 as Vermont’s farmers began supplying food and wool to a rapidly growing nation. The thousands of small farms created a strong agriculture-based economy. The city of Burlington, Vermont, became a major producer of timber during this time. By 1880, only about a third of Vermont remained forested. As early as 1845, George Perkins Marsh warned Vermont farmers about the damage that results from clearing forests. Eventually, those who once assumed that the State’s forest resource was unlimited were faced with timber shortages. Soil erosion from farm land increased and silt now muddied creeks that once ran clear. And because of the rapid runoff of storm water, springs that previously flowed year round were dry during the summer. As Vermont’s forests diminished, so did once abundant populations of important species of wildlife, for example, the beaver, black bear, white-tailed deer, wild turkey, and wolf. During the Industrial Revolution, much of the cleared land in Vermont became unsuitable for continuous agricultural crops and was abandoned as farmers left marginal hillside farms to find work in the cities. Through the years, trees become established and what were “old fields” reverted to forest land. The opening of the West following the Civil War hastened the pace of farm abandonment across New England. The consequent decline in farming allowed much of the State to revert to forests. The amount of forested acreage in Vermont has doubled since 1880, though the sturdy stone walls one finds throughout the State’s woodlands are reminders of the decline in farm acreage that continues today. Absent interference by humans, vegetation in abandoned fields undergoes a series of changes. Plants with seed distributed by wind or birds are the first to become established. In Vermont, these include such common wildflower species as golden rod, aster, Queen Ann’s lace, and blackberry. 1 New Forest Inventory Early in the 20th century, widespread land abuse in the Eastern United States prompted Congress to enact legislation that in part mandated the USDA Forest Service to periodically survey all states and report on the state of the nation’s forest resources. As part of this legislation, the Green Mountain National Forest was established in western Vermont. In 1997, the fifth inventory of Vermont’s unique forest resource was conducted by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) unit of the Northeastern Research Station in cooperation with the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation. Previous inventories were conducted in 1948, 1965, 1973, and 1983. The results of the most recent survey detail the condition and extent of these extensive and diverse forests, and document their recovery. Highlighted here are significant trends during the last 50 years. How was the Inventory Conducted? Because it is impossible to count every tree in Vermont, FIA personnel used a scientifically designed sampling method. First, photo interpreters studied aerial photographs of the entire State. Next, a grid of nearly 22,000 points was overlaid on the photos. If forested, each point was classified according to land use and tree size. From this information, a sample of 926 plots was selected for measurement by FIA field crews. The sample included plots that were established during previous forest inventories; plots established in 1948 were measured for the fifth time. The remeasurements yielded valuable information on how individual trees grow. Field crews also collected data on the number, size, and species of trees, and related forest attributes. All of this information was used to generate reliable estimates of the condition and health of Vermonts forest resource, and how it is changing over time. Following data collection for the 1997 inventory, a series of ice storms devastated forested areas in parts of northern New England and New York State. The storms damaged an estimated 940,000 acres in Vermont alone. To quantify these losses, plots were selected within the most heavily damaged areas. During 1998, the field plots were revisited, new measurements were taken, and the entire inventory was recalculated to include data on ice damage. Detailed statistical tables were published, as was information on Vermont’s private forest-land owners and the State’s forest products industry.1 2 1Frieswyk, Thomas S.; Widmann, Richard H. 2000. Forest statistics for Vermont: 1983 and 1997. Resour. Bull. NE-145. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 130 p. 2Birch, Thomas W. 1996. Private forest-land owners of the Northern United States, 1996. Resour. Bull. NE-136. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 293 p. 2 2WKHU )DUP Farm Meets Forest in Ira, Vermont Vermont’s Forests Today )RUHVW Forests account for nearly 8 of every 10 acres of land in Vermont, or roughly 4.6 million acres. The remaining 2 acres comprise cropland, improved pasture, and other nonforest land, e.g., housing, commercial and industrial facilities, rights-of-way, wetlands, and recreational areas. As mentioned earlier, by the middle of the 19th century, two- thirds of Vermont’s original forests had been converted to farm land. Since then, the State’s forests have revealed their resilience. Today, forests blanket more of Vermont than at any other time in the last 100 years. Between 1948 and 1966 when the first two FIA inventories were conducted, forest land increased by about 16 percent, from 3.7 to 4.3 Cropland and pastures cover 14 percent of million acres. During the next 30 years, forested areas Vermont but these land uses have declined continued to increase, though only by 7 percent. from previous inventories. The remaining nonforest land, which accounts for 8 percent of the States land cover, continues to Forest land does not exist in a vacuum but in concert with increase. This includes tracts for housing, and, competing land uses. And Vermont’s forests returned at the as mentioned earlier, for urban development, same time the State’s population was expanding. Today, for example, rights-of-way, industrial and urban development, which is showing few signs of slowing, commercial facilities, churches, and schools. is draining the forest-land base and causing it to fragment into ever smaller ownerships. 3 Forest Ownership 'LVWULEXWLRQ RI 7LPEHUODQG $UHD E\ 2ZQHUVKLS Private owners account for nearly 80 percent of Vermont’s timberland. Nonindustrial private landowners hold 63 )RUHVW percent of the timberland. The remaining 37 percent is 2WKHU 3XEOLF ,QGXVWU\ )DUPHUV &RUSRUDWLRQV owned by individuals (other than farmers), corporations )HGHUDO (other than forest industry), farmers, and miscellaneous owners, e.g., hunting clubs and trust funds. Public lands accounted for 13 percent of the timberland base in 1997 compared to 9 percent in 1983. Altered perceptions about how the State’s forests should be managed have caused more timberland than ever to be reserved for public goods and services. Public land is the primary source of forest-related recreation. With all but 5,300 acres in southern Vermont, the Green Mountain ,QGLYLGXDOV National Forest contributed 6 percent of total timberland acreage. The State of Vermont also holds 6 percent or nearly 275,000 acres.
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