The Inra-Resdur Breeding Program

Inra-ResDur The French grapevine breeding program for durable resistance to downy and powdery mildew

Sabine Wiedemann-Merdinoglu INRA-University of Strasbourg France

SV QV SV Outline QV

• Introduction

• History of breeding for resistance to pathogens in France

• The Inra-ResDur breeding program

• Summary and perspectives SV Introduction QV

Alsace region

Colmar

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4,000 wineries 15,621 hectares 907,000 hl

Organic vineyard 281 wineries 2,230 ha 14,2%

www.vinssalsace.com SV Introduction QV

The Inra research center of Colmar

A research institute dedicated to grapevine SV Introduction QV The Inra research center of Colmar

2 research units 1 experimental unit ü Grapevine Health & Wine Quality ü 40 ha field crops ü Agriculture & Environment ü 11 ha vineyards ü 2,000 m2 greenhouses ü experimental winery SV Introduction QV Strengths and weaknesses of French viticulture

Wine sector generates an annual turnover of over 14 billion €

Grapevine represents 3% of the cultivated area

Viticulture uses 30% of the fungicides used in agriculture SV Introduction QV

Reduce the use of fungicides

• 16 treatments per year

• 300-400 million euros

• Impact on human health and the environment

• Pathogen resistance to fungicides

• Obligation to reduce the use of pesticides SV Introduction QV

An alternative to the intensive use of fungicides is the development of varieties resistant to pathogens SV Introduction QV

In France and until 2018, resistant varieties with high wine quality weren’t available SV History of breeding for resistance QV

Breeding by hybridization started in the 19 th century

Phylloxera Downy Mildew Import of the American French first hybrids American hybrids vines Copper Noah Léon Millot Clinton Maréchal Foch Chambourcin 1800 1847 1863 Jacquez 1878 Othello Villard blanc Herbemont Seyval Isabella Chancellor Sulfur Powdery Mildew Breeding Breeders E. Contassot C. Oberlin A. Seibel E. Kuhlmann G. Couderc B. Seyve B. Seyve-Villard J. Seyve SV History of breeding for resistance QV

The first French breeders

E. Contassot (1846-1922) A. Seibel (1844-1939) G. Couderc (1850-1924)

1874 1886 1887 Introduction of 2000 hybrids Bayard Jaeger 70 Seibel 7053 = Chancellor SV History of breeding for resistance QV The first breeders in Alsace

1895 Institut Oberlin C. Oberlin (1831-1916) E. Kuhlmann (1858-1932)

Oberlin noir Maréchal Foch SV History of breeding for resistance QV Evolution of vineyards in France

Thousands of hectares 2500!

2000!

1500!

1000! Downy mildew epidemics

500! Hybrids

0! 1820! 1840! 1860! 1880! 1900! 1920! 1940! 1960! 1980! 2000! 2020!

World wars SV History of breeding for resistance QV

National decrees

Ban on American hybrids Phylloxera Downy Mildew • Recommended Import of the • Authorized American French • Tolerated first hybrids American hybrids Copper • Recommended vines • Authorized (20) Noah Léon Millot Clinton Maréchal Foch Chambourcin 1800 1847 1863 Jacquez 1878 1935 1955 1983 Othello Villard blanc Herbemont Seyval Isabella Chancellor Sulfur Powdery Breeding Mildew No longer of interest Breeders E. Contassot C. Oberlin • Hybrids A. Seibel E. Kuhlmann G. Couderc B. Seyve • Breeding programs B. Seyve-Villard J. Seyve SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

After 1983, breeding was continuing in Europe

• Julius Kuhn Institut Geilweilerhof (JKI) • Staatliches Weinbauinstitut (WBI)

• Agroscope • Valentin Blattner Szőlészeti és Borászati Kutatóintézet (SZBKI) SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

Since 2000

• Julius Kuhn Institut Geilweilerhof (JKI) • Staatliches Weinbauinstitut (WBI)

• Institut National de la • Agroscope Recherche Agronomique (INRA) • Valentin Blattner • Institut Français de la Vigne et Szőlészeti és Borászati du Vin (IFV) Kutatóintézet (SZBKI)

Instituto di Genomica Applicata (IGA) SV The Inra-Resdur breeding program QV Organization of the Inra-Resdur breeding program

Genome Genetic analysis resources

Didier Merdinoglu

Identification Adaptation Pre-breeding of resistance Pathogen to climate effectors Breeding factors change

Resistant varieties

Christophe Schneider

Skills transfer to technical Strategies of Economical (IFV) and durable Sociological regional management Technical organisms and deployment Impacts SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

V. rupestris V. lincecumii V. berlandieri

V. amurensis

26 Asian Vitis species Vitis vinifera ca 2000 varieties V. riparia V. rotundifolia

33 American Vitis species

Sources of resistance to downy and powdery mildews among Vitis species SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV Identified resistance factors to downy and powdery mildew

Chr1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Ren7 Rpv10 Ren5 Ren9 Rpv11 Rpv5 Rpv4 Rpv8 Ren6 Rpv12 Rpv13 Ren3 Rpv1 Run1 Rpv7

Rpv9 Ren1 Ren8 Rpv6 Rpv14 Rpv3 Rpv2 Ren4 Ren2 Run2.1 Run2.2 Downy mildew (Rpv) Rpv19 Rpv15 Powdery mildew (Ren, Run) Modified from JKI (Germany) http://www.vivc.de SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

Resistance breakdowns in Vitis

Breakdown of Rpv3.1 downy mildew resistance from the Bianca variety (Peressotti et al, 2010, BMC Plant Biol)

Breakdown of Run1 powdery mildew resistance from Muscadinia rotundifolia (Feechan et al 2013, Plant J; Feechan et al 2015, Phytopathology)

LNYM NY137 Musc4 SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

New grapevine varieties: Inra-ResDur program

ns thoge pa to ce tan sis Re

Quality and typicity

Im pa ct on th e en vi ron men t

2000 2018 2024 SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

Durable management of resistance

§ Resistance genes are a limited resource

§ Resistance gene breakdowns have already been observed

§ A breeding program is a long-term and costly process

§ The question of the management of resistance durability is crucial, particularly, in the case of a perennial species

ü Pyramiding resistance genes is an efficient strategy to increase resistance durability

ü Appropriate cultural practices and monitoring of variety deployment also contribute to the durability of resistance SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

Breeding is a three-steps process

Resistant sources Genetic determinism of the resistance arkers linked to the resistance factors In Identification of molecular m tro Introgression by several back crosses and MAS gre ssi on

Resistant pro-genitors Py Tracking of the resistance factors by MAS r am i di ng

Resistant genitors Vineyard Asse ssm e nt

Resistant varieties 25 years SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

Resistance factors to downy and powdery mildew (probably) used in the European breeding programs

Rpv10 Rpv8/12 Ren3 Ren3.2 Ren1

Rpv1 Run1

Rpv3.1

V. rotundifolia American Vitis V. amurensis Kishmish Vatkana

Downy mildew (Rpv) Powdery mildew (Run, Ren) SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV Introgression: a long process despite a short cycling method V. vinifera Vitis sp

Sowing and x F1 germination December

x RC1 Seedling Seed harvest development November February x RC2

x RC3 One year from x Plant RC4 Berry maturation seed to seed development October March-June x RC5

RC6 Flowering and Apical bud crossing tipping July June SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV A sequencial process developed in partnership and completed in 2025

Changins varieties (CH) Rpv1-Rpv3-Rpv10 Rpv3 Run1-Ren3-Ren3.2 Ren3 Inra ResDur 3 American Vitis JKI varieties (G) Rpv1-Rpv3 varieties Run1-Ren3

Rpv1 Inra ResDur 1 Run1 varieties

Inra Bouquet Vitis rotundifolia Rpv1-Rpv10 breeding lines Run1-Ren3.2

Rpv10 Inra ResDur 2 Ren3.2 varieties

American and Asian WBI varieties (G) Vitis SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV Pr o - Ge n i t r 1 2 x 15 years to select a resistant variety

1 s e d l i ng Ea r y c t o n Time MA S to p y r a m i d e s ta n c g Year 1

4 v i ne s x In t e rm d i a se l c o n 3 l o c a t i ns Year 3 IN R A t ri a l n e w o rk

Fi na l s e c t i o n (V CU) Year 9 IF V a n d pa r t e s 90 v i ne x tr ia l n e tw o r k 2 c a t i ns

Year 15 R e g i st r a t o n h O f c l C u G p v V s SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

The Inra-ResDur experimental network

INRA research unit INRA experimental units Reims

Colmar IFV (National technical institute) Angers Regional partners

Villefr/Saône

Bordeaux

Orange

Narbonne SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

Outcome of the Inra-ResDur program

50 crosses (in 3 series) 14,000 seedlings screened by MAS 700 progenies assessed in vineyard in intermediate selection 50 candidate varieties assessed in vineyard in final selection 30 varieties presented for registration • 2-3 resistance genes to PM and DM • high wine quality • a range of phenology, sugar content and acidity

Ø First registrations in 2018 Ø Deployment in partnership with IFV SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

15 years to select a resistant variety Fi na l s e c t i o n (V CU) IF V a d pa r tr ia tw k In rm se IN R A ri w rk Ea y MA S to p m ta g 4 v ne x 3 oc ti ons 1 ng 90 2 Year 15 Year 9 YearTim 3 eYear 1

ResDur3 varieties (35 candidates) ResDur2 varieties (24 candidates)

Registration in the Official Catalogue of Grapevine Varieties January 2018 ResDur1 varieties: Artaban, Floreal, Vidoc, Voltis SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

2018: registration of 4 Inra-ResDur varieties

FLOREAL • Total resi st ance to PM ; very high resistance to DM • Moderate grape production • Expressive, aromatic and pleasantly fresh wines • Aromas dominated by notes of exotic fruits and boxwood VOLTIS • Total resi st ance to PM ; very high resistance to DM • Moderate grape production • Ample and persistent wines • Quite strong acidity at low ripening level

VIDOC • Total resi st ance to PM ; high resistance to DM • Fairly high grape production • Powerful and very robust wines, with intense colour • Complex aromas dominated by fruity and spicy notes ARTABAN • Total resi st ance to PM ; high resistance to DM • Fairly high grape production • Light, silky and well-coloured wines • Aromas dominated by fruity notes VIDOC http://www.colmar.inra.fr SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

Impacts of the Inra-ResDur varieties ResIntBio trial : • RES : resistant variety - Artaban • INT : low-input phytosanitary protection - Merlot • BIO : organic winegrowing- Merlot

No damage on bunches with RES; damage caused by DM with BIO and INT No pesticides residues with RES; very weak detection with INT and BIO No organoleptic defects on wines

IFT 15 Fongicides Biocontrôle Insecticide Herbicide 12

0 RES INT BIO Référence DEPHY

L. Deliere. INRA Bordeaux SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

Toward breeding of resistant varieties with regional typicality Developed in partnership with regional wine committees

Changins Rpv1-Rpv3-Rpv10 Rpv3 varieties Run1-Ren3-Ren3.2 Ren3 Inra ResDur 3 Rpv1-Rpv3 varieties American Vitis JKI varieties Run1-Ren3

Rpv1 Inra ResDur 1 Run1 varieties Vitis Rpv1-Rpv10 Inra Bouquet Run1-Ren3.2 rotundifolia breeding lines

Rpv10 Inra ResDur 2 Ren3.2 varieties American and Resistant WBI varieties Asian Vitis Traditional varieties with varieties regional typicality UMT Génovigne genitors SV The Inra-ResDur breeding program QV

Developed in partnership with the regional wine committees SV Summary QV

§ Resistant varieties to downy and powdery mildews are an alternative to the use of fungicides

§ Resistance factors are a limited resource

§ Resistance gene breakdowns have already been observed

§ A breeding program is a long-term and costly process

§ Pyramiding resistance factors is an efficient strategy to increase resistance durability

§ Promotion and dissemination of these varieties will be ensured under the ENTAV-INRA R trademark SV Perspectives QV

§ Improve resistance durability

§ Improve the breeding methods and the exploitation of genetic resources

§ Integrate resistance to other pathogens

§ Integrate traits for adaptation to climate change SV Perspectives QV

§ Improve resistance durability

§ Improve the breeding methods and the exploitation of genetic resources § IntThegraatenreksistyoancue tofor oth eyor pauthrogeattentions n § Integrate traits for adaptation to climate change

[email protected] www.colmar.inra.fr www.vinssalsace.com

SV QV