DOCSLIB.ORG

Feeding Your Tropical Fish

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Feeding Your Tropical Fish Feeding your Tropical Fish Approved by Tetra (UK) Limited, PO Box 271, Southampton SO18 3ZX Email: [email protected] For more information: www.tetra.net The importance of a good quality diet Feeding a good quality Tetra food is important because it will improve your enjoyment of your aquarium: • It keeps the water cleaner and clearer, and makes the aquarium easier to maintain, by reducing waste production. In their natural environment • It keeps the Feed your fish 2-3 times a most fish consume a wide fish healthier and day, only as variety of foods, such as more colourful, by much as they algae, plants, crustaceans, providing better quality can eat in a insects, and other fish. This nutrients in the correct few minutes. ensures they receive a concentrations. balanced diet, which needs • It helps to control to be replicated in captivity algae, by reducing the to keep them healthy. production of dissolved Thanks to Tetra this is nutrients. easy, as every one of our foods has been carefully Tetra foods are formulated formulated and tested to and tested to minimise waste ensure it supplies exactly production, ensuring that the the right quality and quantity fish receive more nutrition of nutrients that fish need. and that the aquarium is In fact, Tetra developed the easier to look after. very first complete tropical food – TetraMin – over 55 years ago. 2 Different feeding needs There is a wide range of is forward-facing they are fish available for tropical mid-water feeders; and if it is aquariums, many of which downward-facing they feed have different feeding from the bottom. needs. Generally fish tend to feed at the surface, in mid- To ensure that all of your fish water, or from the bottom get the nutrition they need, of the aquarium. If you take it is important to feed foods a close look at your fish that are appropriate for their you can often identify their feeding behaviour. Because feeding preference from of this, Tetra has foods to the position of their mouth. cater for all of If it is upturned then they your fishes’ feeding are surface feeders; if it preferences. Shape of Mouth Types of food Upturned • Flakes/Crisps (Surface feeder) • Sticks (larger fish) Forward facing • Flakes/Crisps (Mid-water • Slow-sinking feeder) Granules Downward-facing • Slow-sinking (Bottom Granules feeder) • Tablets/Wafers 3 Complete daily foods TetraMin Flakes For clear water and healthy fish, TetraMin contains all the vitamins and other nutrients fish need, in a highly digestible format. TetraMin is the world’s best- selling tropical fish food, and is the product of over 55 years of research and development. TetraMin Crisps The main part of your fishes’ Foods correctly For an aquarium that is even formulated for diet should be made up of tropical fish will a complete food such as healthier and easier to care significantly TetraMin. Tetra’s main daily for, Crisps represent the next improve their foods have been formulated generation of fish foods. health to cater for the nutritional needs of a wide range of Crisps offer a number of species, typically found in advantages over flakes: aquariums. They should be • Even cleaner, clearer fed 2-3 times a day giving water, and reduced as much as the fish can eat maintenance, thanks to a within a few minutes. patented low-temperature extrusion process that All TetraMin results in less waste foods contain compared to flakes. patented ActiveFormula, • Improved fish condition, to maintain due to low-temperature a strong and healthy immune cooking process that system. preserves more vitamins and nutrients. 4 Feed TetraMin Crisps instead particle. It contains additional of TetraMin Flakes, as the proteins and energy to main part of the diet. promote excellent growth, and is ideal for feeding to TetraMin Baby fish up to 1cm in length. After TetraMin Baby offers very this they should be fed on small fish all the benefits of crushed or whole TetraMin TetraMin in a finely milled Flakes or Crisps. TetraPro Premium Daily Foods TetraPro Colour If you want to give your fish Premium daily food with the very best food available, concentrated carotenoids TetraPro then choose TetraPro Crisps to strengthen the natural foods result in for their main daily diet. As colours of your fish. Improved cleaner water, well as all the benefits of colouration is noticeable after healthier fish, plus Crisp Technology, including just two weeks feeding. they deliver clearer water and healthier a specific fish, TetraPro offers fish a TetraPro Vegetable concentrated ‘two-in-one’ food. Each crisp Premium daily food with benefit delivers a complete diet with concentrated Spirulina algae everything your fish need, and vegetable proteins, to plus a concentrated additional maintain a healthy immune benefit. Feed TetraPro instead system. Also ideal for feeding of TetraMin Flakes or TetraMin to fish that enjoy Crisps, to provide your fish with some vegetable the very best diet possible. matter in their TetraPro diet, e.g. Lake Malawi cichlids, Premium daily food for mollies, excellent health and condition, barbs and with Energy Crisps containing gouramis. a concentrated source of high quality proteins and healthy omega-3 fatty acids. 5 Treats for your fish Just like all animals, fish TetraTreats Tablets enjoy the occasional treat TetraTreats Tablets are made to add variety to their diet. using a variety of natural These should be fed 3-4 foods, including Daphnia, times a week, in place of your Brine Shrimp, Gammarus, fishes’ normal food. With and Bloodworms. They are Tetra treat foods you can a nutritious treat that can deliver this variety in a format be stuck onto the aquarium that they enjoy, and that is glass, enabling you to enjoy also good for them. watching your fish feed. Tetra FreshDelica Tetra FreshDelica is a fresh, • Convenient – does not natural treat food that fish need to be kept in the love, in a format that is fridge or freezer, and has convenient and easy to use. a long shelf life for easier storage. • 3 varieties – Bloodworms, Daphnia, • No mess – portion-sized and Brine Shrimp sachets can simply Feeding time be squeezed into the provides • Fresh, healthy treat aquarium an ideal preserved in a vitamin opportunity enriched gel. to observe your fish and check they are healthy 6 Going on Holiday Fish require a regular supply will not alter the chemistry of of food to remain in good the aquarium water. Simply condition, and many people put the required number worry about how to provide of holiday blocks into your this when they are not at aquarium to feed fish for up home. Fortunately, Tetra to 14 days. has developed a number of convenient holiday foods, TetraMin Weekend Sticks to keep fish healthy until – for short breaks your return. Simply add the A 100% edible food that required amount before provides all of your fishes’ leaving, and your fish will nutritional needs during short need no additional food while breaks. Unlike plaster-based you are away. holiday foods, they will not cloud the water or alter its TetraMin Holiday – for chemistry. longer breaks A patented gel-based holiday food containing Daphnia with added vitamins and minerals. Unlike plaster-based holiday foods, it is 100% edible and 7 Foods for different fish water column. It is likely that your aquarium will contain a mixture of surface and mid-water feeders, which means you should feed a combination of a staple flake or crisp (e.g. TetraMin Crisps), and a slow-sinking granule (e.g. TetraPrima). Food for bottom feeders To cater for the wide range Your aquatics Most aquariums contain outlet can give of feeding preferences some bottom-feeding you more advice and behaviours found in fish, such as Corydoras on the right fish, Tetra has developed a catfish, Clown loach, and type of food for range of special tropical fish different fish. Plecostomus catfish. These foods. These should be fed fish do not rise to the surface in addition to a daily food to feed, and therefore require such as TetraMin, depending a sinking food. on what types of fish your aquarium contains. For active bottom-feeding fish, such as Clown loach, Food for mid-water feeders TetraPrima can provide a suitable diet. However, it Fish that feed in mid-water is important to make sure prefer a sinking food. If your that they receive enough aquarium contains small mid- granules, as other fish will water fish, such as Tetras and consume them as they sink. Harlequins, they will benefit from slow-sinking TetraPrima For most bottom-feeders, it Mini Granules. will be necessary to feed a tablet or wafer food. These For larger mid-water feeders, are designed to sink rapidly, such as Angelfish, feed and provide food in a compact TetraPrima. These provide format that the fish can graze a larger granule which also on. This prevents other fish sinks slowly through the from eating it first. 8 Tetra TabiMin Tablets and Food for large tropical fish Tetra Variety Wafers both Larger tropical fish prefer provide a complete diet for a larger food type, as it bottom feeding fish. Variety is easier for them to consume. Wafers are ideal for fish that Tetra DoroMin provides are shy and not as quick a complete diet in stick to feed. format, for larger species such as Oscars, Tinfoil barbs, For Plecostomus catfish and Severums. DoroMin can (“sucker-mouth” catfish, be fed to large fish instead e.g. Ancistrus) it is of a staple important to feed a food flake or crisp. containing vegetable ingredients. This matches their natural diet which is rich in algae. Tetra PlecoMin tablets are ideal for active species of Plecostomus, whilst Tetra PlecoWafers are perfect for shy or nocturnal individuals.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aquascaping 10 Tips for Making the Most of Your Tank
    Aquascaping 10 tips for making the most of your tank Why put plants in my tank? 1. The Rule of Thirds Planted freshwater aquariums are a beautiful The rule of thirds, as practised in addition to any room, and will draw admiring photography and the visual arts, is often used comments from visitors. when planning and aquascaping a new tank. But did you know that many freshwater fish will To use this rule, think of your tank as an image or actually feel happier, and look better, in a planted painting. Divide your image (tank) into three aquarium? It’s true! Shy fish such as Tetras will sections—commonly the foreground, midground feel more comfortable when they have a planted and background, then use these intersecting area to hide in, especially if there are larger, points to frame and focus what you want the more aggressive fish in a tank with them. Some viewer to see. In the case of aquariums, the use male Tetras, such as the Black Phantom Tetra, of this rule brings out the natural beauty of a compete with each other for female attention by living environment, as you re-create a river, ‘shining’ their colours —but only in a planted stream or lake on your blank canvas. tank. Even some barbs, such as the male Cherry Barb, will colour more brightly when 2. Delineate areas to avoid clutter surrounded by plants. When selecting and growing foreground, mid ground and background plants, it’s important to In addition, plants are the recycling system of the keep a clear distinguished line between them.
    [Show full text]
  • FEEDING TINY FRY” SWAM, Jan/Feb 1985
    “FEEDING TINY FRY” SWAM, Jan/Feb 1985 by Chase Klinesteker Newly hatched Rainbow fry Since Lyle Marshall asked for an article on feeding fry too small to eat baby brine shrimp, I thought that I would put in my 2 cents worth. I have probably had failures numbering well over one hundred for this reason alone (I won’t talk about the many other reasons why spawns have not survived for me). My ratio of attempts to successes is about five to one for egg laying fish in general. So, taking the advice of this article may be like asking a .200 baseball hitter to instruct you in batting techniques, but here goes anyway. THE PROBLEM The biggest enemy of tiny fry is pollution and bacteria in the water. It seems they both go hand-in-hand. Organic debris particles and molecules are slowly broken down by bacteria. Decaying plant leaves and fish wastes are good examples of organic debris. In a normal aquarium that is not overcrowded or overfed, the bacteria grow in numbers. But, just as quickly, tiny single celled water animals (infusoria) reproduce and consume the excess bacteria, not allowing them to overpopulate, consume oxygen, and produce excess wastes. It is the infusoria that are excellent food for the tiny fry, whose mouths are so small that they can’t consume newly hatched brine shrimp. This may be true for a few days to 2 weeks for some fry. The real dilemma in culturing infusoria is that their food (bacteria) is deadly to the fry. Getting a good infusoria culture to its’ peak with maximum populations of infusoria and minimum populations of their food (bacteria) is a challenge I have been unable to master consistently.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Keeping: Is It an Art Or Science? | Rutgers Pet Care School
    FISH KEEPING: IS IT AN ART OR SCIENCE? Howie Berkowitz [email protected] 732-967-9700 • Water Quality • Selection of Aquarium Size and Shape • Selection of Fish --Freshwater/Saltwater • Lighting • Plants and Decorations • Filtration & Aeration • Care, Maintenance and Feeding WATER QUALITY • Nitrosomonas • Nitrobacters WATER QUALITY SELECTION OF AQUARIUM SIZE AND SHAPE Which type of fish Home space availability Budget The simple answer is: A quality aquarium that is the largest you can afford within your budget and space. It doesn’t have to be fancy it just needs to be the right size for the beautiful fish you choose to keep. CORNER AQUARIUM CORNER AQUARIUM RECTANGLE AQUARIUM CORNER AQUARIUM TABLETOP AQUARIUM RECTANGLE AQUARIUM • GLASS OR ACRYLIC • Glass is standard • Acrylic allows creativity FRESHWATER AQUARIUM KEEPING Tropical Fish FRESHWATER AQUARIUM KEEPING Tropical Fish Coldwater Fish FRESHWATER AQUARIUM KEEPING Tropical Fish Coldwater Fish Brackish Water Fish SALTWATER FISH FISH ONLY REEF AQUARIUM •Lighting • Fluorescent • LED PLANTS AND DECORATIONS • Create a natural living underwater world • Plants- Live and Plastic • Rocks – Create caves • Natural Wood • Corals - Saltwater NATURAL HABITAT KID FRIENDLY WOW! FILTRATION & AERATION • The Heartbeat of the Aquarium • Mechanical—Biological and Chemical • Cleans Water to Keep Harmful Microorganisms and Parasites from Proliferating • Increases Oxygen to support fish, plants and beneficial bacteria Care, Maintenance and Feeding • Water Testing • Routine Partial Water Changes • Algae Growth Removal • Daily Feeding Water Testing Routine Partial Water Changes Algae Growth Removal • DAILY FEEDING Q & A Howie Berkowitz [email protected] 732-967-9700 .
    [Show full text]
  • The Benefits and Risks of Aquacultural Production for the Aquarium Trade
    Aquaculture 205 (2002) 203–219 www.elsevier.com/locate/aqua-online The benefits and risks of aquacultural production for the aquarium trade Michael Tlusty * Edgerton Research Laboratory, New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110, USA Received 15 February 2001; accepted 2 May 2001 Abstract Production of animals for the aquarium hobbyist trade is a rapidly growing sector of the aquacultural industry, and it will continue to become more important as restrictions are placed on collecting animals for the wild. Currently, approximately 90% of freshwater fish traded in the hobbyist industry are captively cultured. However, for marine ornamentals, the reverse is true as only a handful of species is produced via aquaculture technology. Given the future importance of aquaculture production of ornamental species, it is important to elucidate the benefits and risks for this sector. Thus, here the production of ornamental species is compared to the production of food species. The most notable difference is that the marine coastal environment is not currently utilized in the production of ornamental species. Thus, public opposition will not be as great since there is no direct impact on the marine environment. In assessing the benefits and risks of ornamental aquaculture production, the cases where further development should and should not be pursued are developed. In general, aquaculture production of ornamental species should be pursued when species are difficult to obtain from the wild, breeding supports a conservation program, there is some environmental benefit or elimination of environmental damage via the breeding program, or to enhance the further production of domesticated species. Aquaculture production of ornamental species should be avoided when it would replace a harvest of wild animals that maintains habitat, a cultural benefit, or an economic benefit.
    [Show full text]
  • Effective Method to Culture Infusoria, a Highly Potential Starter Feed For
    International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2016; 4(3): 124-127 ISSN: 2347-5129 (ICV-Poland) Impact Value: 5.62 (GIF) Impact Factor: 0.352 Effective method to culture infusoria, a highly potential IJFAS 2016; 4(3): 124-127 © 2016 IJFAS starter feed for marine finfish larvae www.fisheriesjournal.com Received: 06-03-2016 Accepted: 07-04-2016 Y Mukai, MZ Sani, N Mohammad-Noor, S Kadowaki Y Mukai Abstract Department of Marine Science, This study was conducted to detect suitable protozoan species of infusoria as starter diet for early stage of Kulliyyah of Science, marine finfish larvae. Infusoria were cultured using vegetables (Brassica pekinensis and Brassica International Islamic University chinensis) and dry fish meal with 30 ppt, 15 ppt saline water and freshwater in 40 liter aquaria. In the 30 Malaysia, Malaysia and 15 ppt aquaria, Euplotes sp. was the dominant species and cell sizes were 60–80 µm. The densities of Euplotes sp. were 400–500 individuals/ml in the 30 ppt aquaria and 800-1300 individuals/ml in the 15 MZ Sani, Department of Biotechnology, ppt aquaria. In both conditions, the high densities were maintained for 13 days. The densities of protozoa Kulliyyah of Science, in saline water were higher in 15 ppt than in 30 ppt aquaria. The densities of protozoa cultured by our International Islamic University method was enough amount for early stage larvae of groupers and snappers. Therefore, this method is Malaysia, Malaysia. suitable for protozoa culture in small scale hatcheries. N Mohammad-Noor Keywords: Fish larvae, Live feed, Infusoria, Protozoa, Starter diet Department of Marine Science, Kulliyyah of Science, 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 in 1 Aquarium Test Strips
    5 IN 1 AQUARIUM TEST STRIPS Diagnostic Chart pH TEST 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 RECOMMENDATION Freshwater Tropical & Betta To adjust pH, use API PROPER pH 7.0 African cichlid To adjust pH, use API PROPER pH 8.2 Goldfish To adjust pH, use API PROPER pH 7.5 Salt water To adjust pH, use API PROPER pH 8.2 AQUARIUM NITRITE TEST 0.0 0.5 1.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 RECOMMENDATION Freshwater Tropical & Betta Partial water change, then treat with API QUICK START and AQUARIUM SALT African cichlid Partial water change, then treat with API QUICK START and AQUARIUM SALT Goldfish Partial water change, then treat with API QUICK START and AQUARIUM SALT Salt water AQUARIUM Partial water change, then treat with API QUICK START NITRATE TEST 0 20 40 80 160 200 RECOMMENDATION Freshwater Tropical & Betta Partial water change and add NITRA-ZORB (AQUA-DETOX) to the filter African cichlid Partial water change and add NITRA-ZORB (AQUA-DETOX) to the filter Goldfish Partial water change and add NITRA-ZORB (AQUA-DETOX) to the filter Salt water Partial water change AQUARIUM GENERAL HARDNESS (GH) TEST 0 30 60 120 180 RECOMMENDATION Freshwater Tropical & Betta For high GH, partial water changes may help if the source water has low GH African cichlid To raise GH, use API AFRICAN MINERAL SALTS Goldfish For high GH, partial water changes may help if the source water has low GH Salt water The GH of salt water is above the range of this test AQUARIUM CARBONATE HARDNESS (KH) TEST 0 40 80 120 180 240 RECOMMENDATION Freshwater Tropical & Betta To raise KH, make a partial water change, use API PROPER pH 7.0 African cichlid To raise KH, make a partial water change, use API PROPER PH 8.2 Goldfish To raise KH, make a partial water change, use API PROPER pH 7.5 AQUARIUM Salt water To raise KH, make a partial water change, use API PROPER pH 8.2 TIP: We also recommend testing for ammonia using the API Ammonia Test Strips or Kit.
    [Show full text]
  • Equipment List– Required Supplies
    Equipment List– Required Supplies Equipment Description Why it is used 55 gallon or bigger aquarium A glass tank of dimensions 48” L x A large tank has the footprint neces- 13” W x 20” H. Tank may exceed sary to accommodate lots of fish. these dimensions. Avoid hex tanks or Large tanks are also easier to main- tanks that are taller than they are long. tain because the larger volume di- lutes wastes. Stand or support for aquarium A stand of metal or wooden design that The salmon tank will weigh several adequately supports all edges of the hundred pounds. If it is not support- aquarium. It is best to buy the stand ed correctly, there is a risk of a that matches the size of your tank. seam bursting on the tank or leak- age that will damage the classroom and compromise the fish. Glass top or hood for aquarium A hinged top for the aquarium that fits A good top for the tank will keep the the dimensions of the tank. Can be fish in and contaminants out. Salm- either a hood ensemble with light or on are avid jumpers, so this is a just a glass top. It will have a plastic must. The glass top will also pro- back strip or holes to accommodate tect bulbs for lighting fixtures that filter, wires, and airlines. may otherwise become water dam- aged. Large filter (hang on the back An external power filter that offers a The external filter is an essential or canister) turnover rate of at least 300 gallons per tool for both oxygenating the tank hour.
    [Show full text]
  • Starting a Saltwater Fish Aquarium
    filters adds oxygen to the tank through aera- should have a specific gravity of 1.020 to Starting a Saltwater tion. The larger the filter, the less often you 1.025. Proper salt levels are necessary to will need to perform maintenance. Select a maintain body chemistry of marine fish, help- Fish Aquarium pump with a flow rate to match your tank vol- ing to prevent disease. Synthetic sea salts are ume. readily available and easy to mix. Hood. A hood reduces evaporation and mini- pH Test Kit. Tap water may not have the right mizes the risk that fish will jump out of the pH for tropical fish. Most saltwater fish thrive Your first decision is whether you want a fish aquarium. Adding a light fixture to the hood at a pH of 8.1—8.4. In addition to a pH test kit, aquarium or reef aquarium. A reef aquarium will enhance your viewing experience. Make make sure to purchase products to adjust the is primarily for invertebrates (corals, anemo- sure to use the light no more than 12 hours pH level. nes and crustaceans). While each aquarium per day to minimize algae growth. type is beautiful, the equipment and setup for Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate Test Kits. These a reef tank is different. If you decide to create Protein Skimmer. A protein skimmer im- kits are essential to measure the level of these a reef aquarium, please request a copy of proves water quality by removing organic com- harmful compounds when starting a saltwater aquarium. (see below) Starting a Saltwater Reef Aquarium.
    [Show full text]
  • FL 57. Care of Goldfish
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE Branch of Fish Hatcheries Leaflet FL- 57 Washington 25, D. C. Revised February 1962 CARE OF GOLDFISH HISTlW- Though now found in almost every country in the world, i n captivity and out, the goldfish, Carassius auratus, originated in easter n China as a red mutation of a normally greenish-silvery fish closely rel a ted to and generally resembling the carp. With the carp and many other smaller freshwater fishes including the "barbs" so well-known to t ropical fiSh hobbyists, the goldfish belongs to the great family Cyprinida e which, oddly enough, is found much more abundantly in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern. Xanthic, or orange, color mutations occasionally occur among a variety of wild fishes including the carp its elf, but a s i n the case of albinos , or pure white fishes, these do not oft en live to reproduce their kind under natural conditions, since t heir conspicuous appearance makes them easy t argets for predat ors. In captivity, on the other hand, goldfishes have been bred for many centuries and, by t aking advantage of certain additional mutations of a hereditary character, the breeders have produced a number of odd and colorful varieties , i ncl uding some with odd scales, double tails and fins, no s cales at all, or with certain fins missing altogether, shortened backbones , and enlarged eyes. Though known in the Orient for centuries, the goldfish is a com­ paratively recent arriv ~ l to the western world.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquarium Problem Solver
    Aquarium problem solver Approved by For more information: www.tetra.net 2 3 Contents If you follow the advice Water clarity 4-7 given by your aquatics Algae 8-9 outlet, and in our information Sick fish 10-13 brochures, it is unlikely that you will Sick plants 14-15 have any difficulty with your aquarium. However, in case you need additional help, this brochure tells you how to solve some common problems. 2 3 Water clarity Problems with water clarity are usually simple to resolve, and normally fall under one of the following: Cloudy / milky water 2 Bacterial bloom This has two possible In new aquariums, it is not causes: uncommon to experience a 1 Failure to clean new temporary cloudiness of the substrate water caused by bacteria. Because new aquariums Gravel, sand, and other do not have an established aquarium substrates contain population of micro- a lot of dust, which should organisms in the gravel be cleaned off before use. and filter, dissolved organic If the water goes cloudy as material accumulates in soon as it’s filled, this is the the water and promotes the most likely cause. The colour rapid growth of bacteria. of the water can be anything from a slight cloudiness to As the aquarium matures, a dirty brown, depending on this should settle down the type of substrate used. and clear. It is not directly harmful to fish, however Although your filter should it could indicate that too clear the water over time, many fish have been added it is preferable to remove at once.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Transmission of Enteromyxum Leei to Freshwater Fish
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 72: 171–178, 2006 Published October 17 Dis Aquat Org Experimental transmission of Enteromyxum leei to freshwater fish A. Diamant1,*, S. Ram1, 2, I. Paperna2 1Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, PO Box 1212, North Beach, Eilat 88112, Israel 2Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel 76100 ABSTRACT: The myxosporean Enteromyxum leei is known to infect a wide range of marine fish hosts. The objective of the present study was to determine whether freshwater fish species are also receptive hosts to this parasite. Seventeen species of freshwater fish were experimentally fed E. leei- infected gut tissue from donor gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata obtained from a commercial sea bream cage farm. Four of the tested species, tiger barb Puntius tetrazona, zebra danio Danio rerio, oscar Astronotus ocellatus and Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus, were found to be sus- ceptible with prevalences ranging from 53 to 90%. The course of infection and pathology was limited to the gut mucosa epithelium and was similar to that observed in marine hosts. Little is known of the differences in physiological conditions encountered by a parasite in the alimentary tract of freshwater vs. marine teleost hosts, but we assume that a similar osmotic environment is maintained in both. Parasite infectivity may be influenced by differences in the presence or absence of a true stomach, acidic gastric pH and digestive enzyme activity both in the stomach and intestine. Variability in susceptibility among species may also stem from differences in innate immunity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fish Compatibility Guide
    The Fish Compatibility Guide The Fish Compatibility Guide PPrroouuddllyy BBrroouugghhtt ttoo YYoouu BByy BBrriigghhtteeBBooookkss..ccoomm The Fish Compatibility Guide Congratulations! You Now Have Free Branding, Giveaway And Sharing Rights To This Report! Greetings! By owning rebranding & sharing rights, you may freely distribute this report to anyone you wish, or use it as incentive to build your mailing list. The choice is yours. Rebrand it with your affiliate link then share the report. Each time someone buys after clicking that link you will earn a generous 75% commission. The only restriction is that you cannot modify this document in any way without permission from the author. Enjoy and Prosper! Click Here To Share This Report With Your Twitter Followers Hot Tip: If you would like to learn how to make this report your 24/7 “Digital Sales Machine” then be sure to read the last page for full details. The Fish Compatibility Guide DISCLAIMER AND TERMS OF USE AGREEMENT The author, publisher and distributor of this report "The Fish Compatibility Guide" and the accompanying materials have used their best efforts in preparing this report "The Fish Compatibility Guide". The author, publisher and distributor make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy, applicability, fitness, or completeness of the contents of this report "The Fish Compatibility Guide". The information contained in this report "The Fish Compatibility Guide" is strictly for educational purposes. Therefore, if you wish to apply ideas contained in this report "The Fish Compatibility Guide", you are taking full responsibility for your actions. EVERY EFFORT HAS BEEN MADE TO ACCURATELY REPRESENT THIS PRODUCT AND IT'S POTENTIAL.
    [Show full text]