Godišnji izveštaj Annual report 2013

Br. 16, januar/siječanj 2014. No. 16, January 2014

Centar za nenasilnu akciju Centre for Nonviolent Action CENTAR ZA NENASILNU AKCIJU

Ured u Beogradu / Office in Belgrade Čika Ljubina 6, 11000 Beograd, Srbija [email protected]

Ured u Sarajevu / Office in Sarajevo Kranjčevićeva 33, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina [email protected]

Godišnji izveštaj 2013. Annual report 2013

Uredila/ Editor Davorka Turk

Prijelom i dizajn/ Layout & Design Katarina Milićević

Naslovna strana: Nenad Vukosavljević fotografija:”Mi smo jedan narod”

Fotografije/ Photos Nedžad Horozović Nenad Vukosavljević

Prijevod/ Translation Ulvija Tanović Marija Stojanović Nina Vukosavljević

CNA tim/ CNA team Adnan Hasanbegović Amer Delić Davorka Turk Ivana Franović Katarina Milićević Nedžad Horozović Nenad Vukosavljević Sanja Burazerović Marijana Stojčić

Tehnička podrška/ Technical Support Velja Mijanović Centar za nenasilnu akciju je regionalna mirovna organizacija iz Sarajeva i Beograda. Radimo na izgradnji mira u regionu bivše Jugoslavije.

Centre for Nonviolent Action is a regional peace organisation from Sarajevo and Belgrade. We work on peacebuilding in the region of former Yugoslavia. Sadržaj

RAD SA RATNIM VETERANIMA 7 Studijska posjeta grupe bivših boraca Nemačkoj 7 Zajedničke posjete ratnih veterana mjestima stradanja 8 Srebrenica, sveto mjesto i mjesto pomirenja 9 Busovača, Vitez 11 Svečana akademija u Gornjem Vakufu/Uskoplju 12 Komemoracija žrtvama u Grdeličkoj klisuri 12 Ratni veterani na godišnjici bitke : Kota 715 - brdo smrti 13 Trening za učesnike ratova. Bili smo do-boja 16

PUBLIKACIJE 18 “Jedno je lice užasa” 18 Pomirenje?! Priručnik za rad na suočavanju sa prošlošću kroz treninge i radionice 19 Suočavanje s prošlošću u kontekstu etnonacionalizma. Slučaj Bosne i Hercegovine, Hrvatske i Srbije 19 „Na putu ka nenasilju“, Iskustva sa Zapadnog Balkana 21 Dokumentiranje mjesta stradanja i mjesta sjećanja 22 Lični osvrt: Put mrtvih 23

CNA PROGRAMI MIROVNOG OBRAZOVANJA 25 Osnovni trening iz izgradnje mira 25 Najava: Trening za trenere/ice 26

U ČEMU SMO JOŠ UČESTVOVALI 27 Istraživanje “Suočavanje sa prošlošću na prostoru Zapadnog Balkana” 27 Forum kulture “Sjećanja na ratove ili ratovanje” 27 IX Međunarodni forum za tranzicionu pravdu 28 Internacionalni kamp MURS MURS 29 Konferencija: Osobna sjećanja na ratove i druge oblike političkog nasilja od ‘41. do danas 29

KONTEKSTI U KOJIMA DJELUJEMO 30 Uvrnuto vrijeme 30 Brk Crnogorca 33 Sve su znali, a ništa nisu napravili 35 Sporazum ili +383 37 Jedno veliko ništa, spakovano i nađiđano 38 Kontinuitet loše beskonačnosti 39

4 Contents

WORK WITH WAR VETERANS 45 Study Visit of War Veterans 45 Joint visits of war veterans to sites of suffering 46 Srebrenica, a Sacred Place and a Place of Reconciliation 47 Busovača, Vitez 49 Commemoration in Gornji Vakuf/ Uskoplje 50 A commemoration to victims of NATO’s ‘humanitarian campaign’ 51 War Veterans at the Anniversary of the Battle: Site 715 - Hill of Death 51 Ex-combatants Training. We Were by the Battle / in Doboj 54

PUBLICATIONS 56 Horror Always Has the Same Face 56 Reconciliation?! Training Handbook for Dealing with the Past 57 Publications in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian language 58 Excerpt from ‘Dealing with the Past in the Context of Ethnonationalism’ 58 Excerpt from ‘Preparing for Nonviolence’ 59 Documenting of the places of strife and sites of memory 60 Personal impressions: The Way of the Dead 61

CNA PEACE EDUCATION PROGRAMMES 63 Basic Training in Peacebuilding 63 Announcement: Training for Trainers 64

ACTIVITIES WE JOINED 65 Research: Dealing with the Past in the Western Balkans 65 Culture of Memory Forum “Remembering Wars or Warring Memories?” 65 9th International Forum for Transitional Justice 66 MURS MURS International Camp 67 Conference “Unveiling Personal Memories on War” 67

CONTEXTS IN WHICH WE WORK 68 Twisted time (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 68 A Montenegrin’s moustache (Montenegro) 71 They knew everything, and they did nothing (Croatia) 73 Agreement or +383 (Kosovo) 75 One Big Nothing, Nicely Wrapped and Gaudily Decorated (Macedonia) 76 Continuity of Endless Disaster (Serbia) 77

5 Drage prijateljice, dragi prijatelji,

Predstavljamo vam šesnaesti po redu godišnji izvještaj o našim aktivnostima za period septembar/rujan 2012. – septembar/rujan 2013. na uvid i kao poticaj za reakcije, komentare, kritike, pitanja i pohvale.

U njemu smo najveći dio posvetili mirovnim aktivnostima mješovite grupe ratnih veterana, čiji se obujam znatno povećao, pa tako u godinu dana bilježimo studijsku posjetu Berlinu, zajedničke posjete mjestima stradanja i sjećanja - Srebrenici, Busovači i Vitezu, ali i komemorativne posjete Gornjem Vakufu/ Uskoplju, jugu Srbije i Zavidovićima (što je prvi slučaj da jedna od nekadašnjih neprijateljskih strana poziva u goste bivše “neprijatelje” na ovakav vid obilježavanja nekog značajnog datuma iz novije historije). Osim treninga za učesnike ratova, u Doboju smo održali i susret veterana na kojem smo analizirali dosadašnja postignuća veteranske grupe na polju mirovnog rada, te potencijale i mogućnosti zajedničkih nastupa u budućim mirovnim akcijama. Osnovni trening iz izgradnje mira naš je najstariji program mirovnog obrazovanja, ove godine bilježimo 34. po redu. Iz dugogodišnjeg iskustva CNA programa mirovnog obrazovanja, dvanaest godina po izlasku priručnika Nenasilje?, proizašao i naš novi priručnik Pomirenje?! Priručnik za rad na suočavanju s prošlošću kroz treninge i radionice. Engleski prijevod priručnika izaći će tijekom 2014. godine. Poslije nekoliko godina rada na pripremi, krajem 2012. krenuli smo i u realizaciju dokumentovanja mjesta stradanja i sjećanja i načinima memorijalizacije u Bosni i Hercegovini nakon rat(ova) 1992.-1995. Očekujemo da će i ova knjiga, kao rezultat istraživanja i fotografiranja obilježenih i neobilježenih mjesta sjećanja, iz štampe izaći 2014. godine.

Nakon gotovo deset godina, s veseljem i iščekivanjem se pripremamo i za novi ciklus Treninga za trenere/ice. Sve potrebne informacije objaviti ćemo na vrijeme. Objavljivanje publikacije u kojoj bismo predstavili svoja dosadašnja iskustva u radu s ratnim veteranima još uvijek nam je nerealizirana želja, ali strpljivo radimo na tome da i ona u skorije vrijeme ugleda svjetlost dana. Imamo puno planova i želja, o kojima ovdje ipak nećete čitati, sve do njihove konačne realizacije. Želimo samo reći da radimo puno i predano, ali ne žalimo se, vaše povratne informacije i zadovoljstvo koje iz tog rada proizlazi su nam poticaj za dalje.

Ove nam se godine pridružila i naša dugogodišnja suradnica i drugarica Marijana Stojčić. Na ovaj način, proširenje kapaciteta znači i da se pripremamo za neke nove iskorake u izgradnji mira u našim društvima. Trebat će nam vaša povratna informacija, reakcija, kritika, ali i podrška, kao i u prethodnih šesnaest godina. Jedino tako sve ovo na čemu radimo ima smisla.

Srdačno, CNA tim

6 rad sa ratnim veteranima

Studijska posjeta grupe bivših boraca Nemačkoj Berlin, 15.-21. oktobar/ listopad, 2012.

Namjera studijskog putovanja jedanaestorice bivših bo- i diskusiju o „politici sjećanja“, njezinim potencijalima, raca iz Bosne i Hercegovine i Srbije u Berlin bila je da se istraži ograničenjima, akterima te uslovima uspeha tog procesa. kako se Nemačka odnosi prema svojoj prošlosti i može li to O tome, kao i o radionici čiji je domaćin bila Berghof Fon- iskustvo biti inspiracija za proces pomirenja na Balkanu. Ovo dacija, a koja je poslužila kao prostor za produbljivanje disku- se prvenstveno odnosi na ostvarivanje inkluzivnije kulture sije, te predstavljanje pristupa, lične motivacije i utisaka ove sjećanja, nastojanja u koje su ovi bivši borci, u suradnji sa CNA, grupe bivših boraca objavili smo publikaciju „Jedno je lice aktivno uključeni već dugi niz godina. užasa“, koju možete pronaći na sljedećim stranicama našeg Posjeta je obuhvatila obilazak spomen mjesta, razgovore godišnjeg izvještaja. o dokumentovanju lokalne i usmene istorije, te promišljanja

7 Zajedničke posjete ratnih veterana mjestima stradanja

Grupa ratnih veterana, koju čine bivši borci Armije BiH, Hrvatskog vijeća obrane, Vojske Republike Srpske, Hrvatske vojske i JNA, odnosno Vojske Jugoslavije, već nekoliko godina zajednički posjećuje mjesta stradanja iz ratova 1991-1999. Na taj se način nastoji izraziti poštovanje svim žrtvama, te doprinijeti konstruktivnom suočavanju s nedavnom prošlošću, iznimno važnom za proces pomirenja u regiji. Sve posjete se organizuju u direktnoj suradnji ili barem u koordinaciji sa lokalnim boračkim udruženjima. Odluke o mje- stima koje će posjetiti donose sami borci, na posebno organizovanim susretima i radionicama, uz učešće CNA tima, koji im obezbjeđuje i logističku podršku. Ova ideja zapravo je nadogradnja na višegodišnji intenzivan rad na uključivanju bivših boraca u procese dijaloga, izgradnje mira i povjerenja na prostorima bivše Jugoslavije, a posebno u trouglu BiH-Hrvatska-Srbija. Prve posjete upriličene su u februaru i martu 2008. godine, u Sarajevu, Bugojnu i Prnjavoru. Krajem 2008. godine posjetili smo mjesta stradanja i mjesta sjećanja u Tuzli i Doboju. Tokom 2010. godine obišli smo Zavidoviće, Brčko, Šamac i Modriču, Derventu i Brod (Sijekovac). U nastavku vam predstavljamo posjete koje su uslijedile tokom 2012./2013. Od ove godine važan iskorak u mirovnom djelovanju bivših boraca čini i prisustvo na komemoracijama, manifestacijama koje označavaju važne datume iz bliske prošlosti, značajne za život zajednica u kojima djelujemo.

8 Srebrenica, sveto mjesto i mjesto pomirenja Memorijalni centar Srebrenica - Potočari, 17. novembar/ studeni 2012.

Noću smo stigli u Srebrenicu iz Beograda. Noću grad iz- je, predočila nam je hronologiju tragedije. Opet se potvrđuje gleda kao i svaki drugi bosanski grad, zamotan pomrčinom, da onaj ko je na svojoj koži osjetio užas može najuvjerljivije i opkoljen brdima na kojima je iznova niklo drveće, jer je ono govoriti o njemu. bliže gradskoj jezgri, tokom rata, bilo posječeno radi ogrijeva. Nakon časa istorije nastavili smo obilazak Memorijalnog Srebrenička brda nisu toliko visoka, ali imaju nagle obronke. centra. Po ustaljenoj proceduri posjetiocima je ostavljena Tek drugi dan boravka, kad sunce obasja prostor, brda će mogućnost da sami, ili uz pomoć vodiča, obiđu ogroman pros- pokazati svoju ljepotu, izvjesnu blagost naglašenu pastelnim tor kojeg ispunjavaju bijeli nišani mezarluka. Onda sam, na bojama lišća kalendarskog početka zime. Prva asocijacija na puteljku, među mezarlucima, naišao na stariju ženu koja mi je Srebrenicu je siva boja zgrada, ulica, prirode, i neobičan na- počela pričati o svojoj ubijenoj djeci. Od svega sam zapamtio ziv prigradskog naselja: Soloćuša. Sivilo uporedivo sa bojom rečenicu: „Djeca nisu gljive.“ oblaka koji zaklanjaju sunce i smanjuju horizont. Takav sam osjećaj prema ovom gradu imao iznutra, pomiješan sa gorkim Stakleni klikeri okusom ljudskog poraza. Tu sam bio nekoliko puta, ovaj put U Potočarima su dvije temeljne boje: zelena od trave i bi- najduže, dovoljno da upoznam njegove ulice, kojima su 2004. jela od mramora nišana. Ponegdje se vidi boja svježe zemlje vraćeni prijeratni nazivi. Silazio bih Učinom baščom, pa dalje u koju se ukopavaju nišani na krajevima humki. Radnici buše kroz ulicu Reufa Selmanagića Crnog. Kada je Ratko Mladić beton postavljen na polovima humke kako bi se u njega zace- ušao u grad naredio je da se tabla sa ovim imenom odmah mentirali nišani i na taj način onemogućilo naginjanje mramo- skine sa zida. Nazivi ulica su ispisani ćirilicom i latinicom na ra, i potonuće u zemlju. Jedini kontrast su crveni listovi niskog plavim metalnim tablama. Prvi put sam se uvjerio da je Sre- drveta, a njihova nijansa je ona zalazećeg sunca. U Potočarima brenica pust grad. Dok prolaziš pored nizova kuća, na koju god sam se krio iza fotoaparata. On ti omogućava da budeš nevi- stranu da pogledaš, vidiš ugasle dimnjake. Prozore u kojima dljiv i da imaš emotivnu barijeru. Objektiv je hvatao licâ vet- ne stanuje svjetlost ni ljudska toplina. Srebrenica je pusta erana dok pričaju sa srebreničkim majkama i dok slušaju Amru kao provincijski željeznički kolodvor. U njoj su kuće opipljive Begić. Oni teže ranjeni su sjedjeli na stolicama i njihova lica metafore usamljenosti. Jedini zvuk koji možeš čuti dok hodaš odslikavaju bol i saosjećanje prema ubijenim ljudima. Riječ je ovim ulicama jeste žubor potoka oko kojeg su se zbile kuće na o odraslim, snažnim muškarcima koji su u ratu časno izvršavali strmim padinama brdâ. Tako sam prvi dan posmatrao kuće, svoje dužnosti. Prostor je ovdje nadjačao mjerljivo vrijeme, one su mi bile društvo u noćnim šetnjama. Na betonskim ste- koje se izgubilo u hiljadama mramornih nišana. Ovdje postoji penicama bez ograde, koje vode u potkrovlje kuće kraj puta, samo vrijeme mrtvih, a ono je počelo 11. jula 1995. neko je ostavio dvije dunje sa smežuranim lišćem. Srebrenica U hangaru, gdje je bio smješten famozni holandski je zvijezda padalica, prolazi mi kroz glavu naziv poeme Me- bataljon, gledali smo izložbu fotografija o hronologiji rata u like Salihbeg Bosnawi. Ponegdje ugledaš svjetlo u prozoru, veš Srebrenici. Predmeti pronađeni u masovnim grobnicama na štriku, mačku na haubi kako se grije u pozi Sfinge, sve što su izloženi u tamnim nišama. Vidio sam srebrenu tabakeru, te može obradovati i pokazati da ovdje ima života, i da je on dioptrijske naočale, i dva staklena klikera, koji su stajali na skriven u svakoj desetoj kući. Prije rata Srebrenica je bila jedna staklenoj plohi. Ispod fotografije i biografije je pisalo: „Dva od najbogatijih opština u BiH, i imala je 36. 666 stanovnika klikera koja su pripadala Ismetu Hasanoviću, pronađena 1996. prema popisu iz 1991. Ovdašnji ljudi procjenju da tu danas živi sa njegovim tijelom na površini masovne grobnice Kamenica, nešto više od pet hiljada stanovnika. Dosta manje nego što ih Bratunac.“ Treba li objašnjavati krhkost dječije igračke, svjet- leži u Potočarima. lost zarobljenu u geometrijskom tijelu, egzotični mikrosvijet u Sutradan smo posjetili Memorijalni centar u Potočarima. koji se nije moglo pobjeći prije trenutka strijeljanja na livadi, U ime grupe ratnih veterana iz Srbije i BiH vijenac žrtvama koja pulsira životom. su položili Ljuban Volaš, veteran VRS-a, Novica Kostić, vet- eran JNA iz Srbije, i Narcis Mišanović, veteran Armije BiH iz Kruna zločina Sarajeva. Bio je to zaista poseban trenutak odavanja počasti Nakon dokumentarnog filma o stradanju Srebreničana, i poštovanja žrtvama srebreničkog genocida. Uz nas su bile najveći utisak na veterane ratova ostavili su iskazi majki koje srebreničke majke koje su veteranima pričale svoje tragične su izgubile svoje porodice u julu 1995. „Reakcije majki su takve životne priče. Naša kustosica Amra Begić, koja je bila maloljet- da znamo da smo na pravom putu, da možemo ići dalje“, bile na u doba kada se desio genocid, živopisno, iz ugla svjedokin- su riječi Narcisa Mišanovića, veterana Armije BiH, pred novi-

9 narima u Potočarima. Zatim smo otišli u hotel Misirlije gdje je Osjetio sam tu bol i gorčinu majki koje i dan-danas nose to u svako pričao o svojim utiscima nakon posjete Memorijalnom sebi. Treba vidjeti i drugu stranu, srpsku stranu, jer je i tu bilo centru. zločina. Samo tako se može dobiti kompletna slika tragedije u Đoko Pupčević, pripadnik VRS-a iz Šamca, svoja BiH“, zaključio je Ljuban. Podršku inicijativi za odavanje počasti razmišljanja je ovako sažeo: „Emotivno mi je bio težak dan. žrtvama srebreničkog genocida dali su domaćini iz Srebren- I prije sam znao dosta o Srebrenici, ali kad dođeš i vidiš 8000 ice Amir Mehmedović Gera iz Patriotske lige, Nedžib Delić, grobova, nišana, onda vidiš da je život ništa. Danas ima više predsjednik organizacije RVI-ja i Nedžad Bektić iz Udruženja mrtvih u Srebrenici nego živih. Nisam zapazio nijedan dječiji nosilaca najvišeg ratnog priznanja Zlatni ljiljani. S njima smo pogled ili osmijeh. Ulice su puste, a danas je neradni dan. se rastali na glavnom raskršću u Srebrenici napravivši jednu Došao sam da odam počast nevino ubijenim ljudima, koji su zajedničku fotografiju za sjećanje. Ne vjerujem da ću ovdje ubijeni samo zbog toga što su pripadali drugoj vjeroispovjesti.“ sljedeći put imati osjećaj da sam stranac. Možda je baš Sre- Novica Kostić iz Vlasotinca u Srbiji, veteran JNA iz 1991. brenica taj grad odakle je moguće započeti proces istinskog u Hrvatskoj, amputirac, bez nekoliko prstiju na ruci, i s ranom pomirenja među ljudima u BiH. A možda je to moja tekstualna na „zdravoj“ nozi je rekao: „Srebrenica je sveto mjesto. U iluzija. Jedino znam da je ovaj grad postao dio moje svijesti. Srebrenici se nije desio samo genocid, Srebrenica je kruna Smjestio se tamo gdje ga granate i vatra nikad neće moći doh- zločina.“ vatiti. Ljuban Volaš, pripadnik VRS-a iz Prnjavora, mi je rekao da je dva puta do sada dolazio u Potočare. Jednom je samo Faruk Šehić gledao kroz ogradu, drugi put je ušao u krug Memorijalnog centra i razgledao, ne ulazivši među grobove. „Kao čovjek, ja Skraćena vezija ovog teksta objavljena je u magazinu sam protiv zločina. Jedinica kojoj sam komandovao nije činila „Dani“, 23.11.2012. zločine. Bila mi je čast da položim cvijeće žrtvama u Srebrenici.

10 Busovača, Vitez 23. i 24. novembar/ studeni 2012.

Ratni veterani, bivši pripadnici jedinica Armije BiH, Vojske te Spomen soba u Novoj Biloj, koja je tokom rata korištena Republike Srpske, Hrvatskog vijeća obrane, Hrvatske vojske i kao bolnica. Jugoslavenske narodne armije, posjetili su 23. i 24. novembra Nažalost, ovaj put nisu posjećeni Ahmići, jer su upravo u 2012. godine Busovaču i Vitez, gdje su obišli mjesta stradanja toku radovi na izradi Spomen obilježja žrtvama zločina nad i odali počast žrtvama iz proteklog rata. civilima i vojnicima ARBiH u ovom mjestu. Posjetu je organizovao Centar za nenasilnu akciju Sara- Uz posjete organizovan je sastanak i razgovor sa Hamdi- jevo/Beograd uz podršku lokalnog partnera Anđelka Kvesića iz jom Karićem, predsjednikom udruženja Ratni vojni invalidi Hrvatske udruge logoraša Domovinskog rata u Kantonu Sred- ARBiH Vitez, koji je podržao inicijativu zajedničkih posjeta i nja Bosna, sa sjedištem u Busovači. izrazio ličnu spremnost i interes da u budućnosti ulestvuje u Posjeta Busovači obuhvatila je mjesto nekadašnjeg logora sličnim posjetama u regionu. „Silos“ u Kaćunima, gdje se prisutnima u ime logoraša obratio A.D. bivši zatočenik Marijan Krajina, te Spomenik poginulim bran- iteljima i Spomen sobu busovačke brigade HVO-a. O ratnom Neki od medijskih zapisa o ovoj posjeti: putu brigade govorio je bivši zapovjednik Zdravko Babić. Dnevnik 2, Federalna TV, 24.11.2012. (Radio-televizija U Vitezu je posjećeno spomen obilježje „Cisterna“, Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine) Spomen soba šehidima i poginulim borcima ARBiH u Kruščici, TV Kiss, Kiseljak, Bosna i Hercegovina

11 Svečana akademija u Gornjem Vakufu/Uskoplju 21. decembar/ prosinac 2012.

Na poziv organizatora – udruženja boraca “Goranovi” iz zajedničkom kulturom sjećanja, te prevazilaženja mržnje kao Gornjeg Vakufa/Uskoplja – ratni veterani iz Bosne i Hercego- prepreke slobodi. vine, Srbije i Hrvatske, uz podršku Centra za nenasilnu akciju U nastavku je upriličen kulturno umjetnički program u (CNA), posjetili su ovaj grad u Srednjoj Bosni gdje su prisust- kojem su učestvovali učenici iz ovog grada. Svojom izvedbom vovali svečanoj akademiji pod nazivom „Sjećanje na koman- pozorišnog mjuzikla “Kosa” dali su pečat ovom događaju i oda- danta Gorana Ćišića“, koja se tradicionalno organizuje 21.-og slali anti-ratnu poruku kao težnju mladih ovog grada da žive decembra. slobodno i grade budućnost na temeljima mirnog suživota sa U prepunoj sali Centra za obrazovanje i kulturu, skupu svim ljudima sa ovih prostora. se obratio Ibrahim Topčić, predsjednik udruženja “Goranovi” Po završetku oficijelnog dijela akademije nastavljeno je koji je nakon uvodnih riječi pročitao imena poginulih i umrlih druženje veterana sa domaćinima. saboraca. Na žalost, poput mnogih gradova u Bosni i Hercegovini, Pomen da su na ovom skupu prisutni ratni veterani iz re- Gornji Vakuf/Uskoplje egzistira kao podijeljen grad, tako da je giona koji rade na promicanju ideje pomirenja, kao i aktivisti i ovaj događaj podržan samo u jednom njegovom dijelu. Centra za nenasilnu akciju (CNA), dočekan je sa dugotrajnim Za nadati se je da će doći vrijeme kada neće biti podi- aplauzom podrške. Ispred CNA pozvan je Adnan Hasanbegović jeljenih gradova i kada će se slične manifestacije moći organ- koji je prisutnima pojasnio da ideja u kojoj veterani posjećuju izovati sa svim ljudima bez obzira odakle dolaze, čemu i mi iz jedni druge na komemorativnim događajima, zajednički CNA nastojimo doprinijeti. obilježavajući značajne datume iz ratne prošlosti, ima svoj simbolički značaj za građenje mira i pomaže u traganju za A.D.

Komemoracija žrtvama u Grdeličkoj klisuri Vlasotince, Leskovac, Grdelička klisura, 12. aprila/ travnja 2013.

Ratni veterani iz Bosne i Hercegovine i Hrvatske, uz Posjeta Vlasotincu i Leskovcu, uz učestvovanje na komem- podršku Centra za nenasilnu akciju (CNA), te u saradnji sa oraciji žrtvama u Grdeličkoj klisuri, prva je posjeta organizo- lokalnim partnerima iz opštine Vlasotince - Udruženja ratnih vana u Srbiji. veterana 1999. i Udruženja boraca rata od '90-te, posjetili su A.D. Vlasotince i Leskovac, opštine na jugu Srbije. Tokom boravka, održan je radni sastanak sa predstavnici- Medijski izvještaji o posjeti: ma Organizacije boraca veterana rata 1991. - 1999. godine Naš je život crna hronika, Faruk Šehić, www.e-novine.com Republike Srbije sa sjedištem u Leskovcu i predstavnicima Održan pomen poginulim u Grdeličkoj klisuri, www.mondo.rs Obeleženo 14 godina od raketiranja putničkog voza, tanjug.rs opštinskih odbora koje okuplja ova organizacija iz Niša, Godišnjica bombardovanja voza u Grdelici, www.rts.rs Kruševca, Prokuplja, Valjeva i Pirota. Pomen poginulim putnicima iz bombardovanog voza, www.stu- Veterani iz regiona su zajednički posjetili Grdeličku klisu- diob.rs ru u opštini Leskovac gdje su učestvovali na komemoraciji u 14 godina od granatiranja voza, www.b92.net pomen žrtvama nastradalim prilikom raketiranja putničkog Obeleženo 14 godina od NATO raketiranja voza u Grdeličkoj voza na dan 12. aprila 1999.godine. Tom prilikom su položili klisuri, http://glassrbije.org vijence na spomen obilježlje i odali počast poginulima. Obeleženo 14 godina od raketiranja voza u Grdelici, www.kurir- Osim ovoga svi su se učesnici i predstavnici lokalnih vet- info.rs Ratni veterani iz Hrvatske, Srbije i BiH na mestima stradanja, eranskih udruženja u opštinskim prostorijama sastali sa pred- www.mcleskovac.com stavnicima lokalne vlasti u Vlasotincu i Leskovcu gdje se mogla Ratni veterani iz Sarajeva i Vukovara prvi put na jugu Srbije, čuti podrška ovakvim inicijativa i načinima saradnje. http://jugmedia.info

12 Ratni veterani na godišnjici bitke : Kota 715 - brdo smrti Manifestacija „Junski dani otpora“, Zavidovići, 29. juna/ lipnja 2013.

Već nekoliko mjeseci unazad aktuelan je bio Asimov poziv, Osvrnuli smo se na program i protokol manifestacije, ispred Odbora ratnih vojnih invalida opštine Zavidovići, da znajući da je ovo tvrđa forma obilježavanja datuma iz novije mješovita veteranska grupa, zajedno sa nama iz CNA, posjeti istorije, sa jasno izraženim nacionalističkim i vojničkim kol- ovaj grad 29-og juna. To je dan obilježavanja godišnjice bitke oritom. Ali o tome smo već dosta pričali i na treninzima i sas- za kotu 715 na brdu Podsijelovo, jednim od obronaka planine tancima, tako da smo ostatak vremena do polaska proveli u Ozren, koja se proteže na potezu Doboj-Maglaj-Zavidovići- ugodnom ćaskanju uz kafu. Nije džaba jednom prilikom jedan Vozuća-Banovići-Gračanica. od naših ratnih veterana, komentarišući šta smo sve zajedno spremni da uradimo, prokomentarisao da nema toga što bi Procjenjujući da su ljetne vrućine uzele maha i da je mjes- nas moglo spriječiti jer smo već veterani - veteranskih akcija. to dosta udaljeno za učesnike iz Srbije i Hrvatske, jer se dolazi Kota 715 je udaljena nekih dvadesetak kilometara od gra- na samo jedan dan, te da je teren pristupa Koti fizički zahtje- da, podijelili smo se u tri vozila i krenuli. van, odlučili smo da formiramo manju grupu sa ratnim veter- Put vodi dolinom rijeke Krivaje nekih dvanaest kilometara anima iz BiH, predstavnike VRS-a, HVO-a i ARBiH. da bi se zatim počeo vijugavo penjati uz Laz, kako ga lokalci Dogovorili smo se da se tog dana ujutro nađemo u hotelu nazivaju po istoimenom selu koje ga prati cijelom dužinom. u Zavidovićima. Asim i ja smo već u hotelu zatekli Anđelka, Vozeći tom uzbrdicom pomislio sam koliko puta sam taj kra- a uskoro pristigoše i Pajo, Mirko, Đoko, Ljuban, Narcis i Ado. jolik promatrao sa karoserije kamiona kroz prozor načinjen od Susret kreće u razgovore kao da smo se juče rastali negdje, zadignute cerade na njegovom kraju, drndajući se na klupama pa sada samo nastavljamo neispričano. sa saborcima za vrijeme rata. Rekoh baš čudna koincidencija, 13 tada sam gledao unazad i kretao se ka naprijed, a sada gledam ma učenjem Fatihe ili minutom šutnje. Intonirana je himna, u prošlost kako bi znao bolje voziti u budućnost. a potom su po redoslijedu prozivani najavljeni učesnici da polože cvijeće. Dogovorili smo se da ispred CNA to učine Stigli smo u selo Hajderovići, mjesto gdje će sepo Ljuban, Mirko i Ado. Ja sam se pokušao probiti kroz masu kako završenom programu na Koti nastaviti manifestacija nazvana bih napravio par fotki. Nakon svake najave - aplauz, što me Junski dani otpora, u sklopu koje se i obilježava godišnjica je zateklo, jer mi je nelogično da se aplaudira u ovakvim sit- bitke za kotu 715. Inače, sva ta sela i zaseoci čine jednu od uacijama. Čuo sam spikera kako proziva Centar za nenasilnu najvećih mjesnih zajednica u BiH - Pašin Konak, koja je po akciju iz Sarajeva i Beograda. Aplauz, jak. Vidim našu trojku posljednjem popisu iz devedeset prve brojala preko šest hilja- kako se približava spomen ploči i polaže cvijeće. Poput pri- da žitelja. Sve je bilo spremno - i roštilji i ražnjevi, i štandovi sa padnika nekadašnje rumunske Sekuritatea-e naćulio sam uši i sladoledom i šećernom vatom. Bio je i ringišpil. Čudno je kako gledao ljude nakon što se Ljuban i Mirko prekrstiše, očekujući se u ovom narodu svetkovine žalovanja za stradalim isprepliću reakciju. Niko ništa ne komentariše, sve normalno, bez i jed- sa slavljenjem ovosvjetovnog kroz dekor teferiča. nog trenutka nelagode. Prilazeći platou Kote, vidjeli smo kolonu automobila, au- Sa završetkom tog dijela programa, drugi dio je započeo tobusa i pješaka. predavanjem raporta ratnih komadanata, što je bio uvod u Izlazimo iz auta i Ljuban, k'o najmudrija sijeda glava, reče: Historijski čas. Kum me je nazv'o i kaže da nigdje ne silazimo s puta, sijali smo Okupljenima je ratnu priču o značaju ove kote za zavidovićki i mi i oni, aludirajući na mine. Zaista, gdje god nije pokošeno kraj i detalje bitke ispričao Amir, koji nas je dočekao. U jed- i uređeno ili gdje počinje šuma, sve je obilježeno sa trakama nom trenutku je spomenuo da je plato na kojem stojimo bio upozorenja čija prisutnost tjera žmarce niz kičmu. preplavljen mrtvim tijelima. Počeše mi dolaziti flešbekovi. Popeli smo se na plato, prostrana livada, zaravan. Na Sjetih se svojih saboraca kada je dio moje jedinice prebačen sredini spomen ploča i do nje, na par koraka, improvizovana u ispomoć na 715. Sreo sam ih nakon dva-tri dana, poprilično govornica sa razglasom i zastavama na jarbolima. Taj centralni tupih pogleda i uvelih lica. Kažu nije više kota 715, već 714. prostor bijaše ograđen trakama sa uskom stazom za prilaz. U Jedan metar su garant granate skinule. Samo još atomsku nisu pozadini šator kuhinje na otvorenom sa stolovima i klupama na njih bacili. predviđenim za zajednički ručak domaćina i zvanica. Slušajući Amira uživljenog u priču čiji je bio protagonista, Par stotina ljudi je već bilo okupljeno na platou. Asim prilazi imao sam osjećaj kao da slušam radio prenos fudbalske utak- sa čovjekom koga predstavlja kao Amira Mujkića, predstavnika mice sa distorzijom glasa komentatora u trenucima kada je iz organizacionog odbora. Amir nam poželi dobrodošlicu i up- bilo napeto. Kao što je i rekao, spominjao je agresore u neko- oznaje se sa svima uz napomenu da zna ko smo i šta radimo, liko navrata, jednom mu se otelo i takozvana Republika Srpska, pričao mu je Asim. Kaže da će se prilikom obraćanja skupu ko- hajd' kontam politička relativizacija. Ali četnike je spomenuo ristiti terminom agresor, jer osjeća da to oni, neprijatelji, i jesu jedno šezdeset osam puta. Pitao sam Ljubana i Đoku kako im bili. Kasnije smo konstatovali da je bio pošten, pa je barem je ovo slušati. Ljuban kaže: Nek' čovjek priča, to je njegovo rekao ono što misli. Pozvao je momka zaduženog za protokol viđenje stvari. Meni to ne smeta. Đoko na to doda: Ni meni polaganja cvijeća koji nas je upitao kako će nas prozvati na ne smeta. Ja se tako nisam osjeć'o u ratu, k'o četnik. Kasnije je polaganje. Dogovorili smo se da to bude Centar za nenasil- Mirko komentarisao da se osjećao zapostavljenim jer govornik nu akciju Sarajevo/Beograd. Takođe, rečeno nam je da nije nijednom nije spomenuo ustaše. predviđeno da se neko od nas obrati skupu, ali da ćemo u Svoje pozdravne govore zatim su izredali brojni zvaničnici daljnjem dijelu programa biti pomenuti kao mješovita veter- i političari. Mogao se osjetiti fon o karakteru rata na području anska grupa iz BiH, i da je to već ranije dogovoreno s Asimom. BiH sa osvrtom na Deklaraciju o uzrocima, karakteru i posljedi- Bilo je važno da nas prisutni tako dožive, kao zajedničku grupu cama tragičnog oružanog sukoba u BiH od 1992. do 1995. go- sastavljenu od bivših neprijatelja. Iako na koncu nismo spome- dine, koju je donijela Narodna skupština RS-a dva dana prije nuti, kroz razgovor s pojedinim ljudima poslije programa mo- ovog događaja. Jasno je poručeno da takvo tumačenje nikada glo se zaključiti da su znali o kome se radi. neće biti prihvaćeno.

Zvanični spiker najavio je dolazak kolone učesnika kako Nešto razmišljam o nepomirljivosti etnonacionalizama bi otpočeo Svečani program. Ubrzo se ukaza čelo kolone sa u ovoj postdejtonskoj BiH, odabranim sjećanjima na rat koji šarenilom zastava što ratnih, što državnih bivših i sadašnjih, su zamrznuli žrtve u jedan jednoobrazno prihvatljiv obrazac. što vjerskih. Promoli se aplauz, a stjegonoše se postrojiše is- Obrazac u kome se ne percipira potreba za oprostom i pred govornice, unutar ograđenog prostora. Ostali prisutni se pomirenjem sa drugom stranom i koji se prenosi na generacije natiskaše po njegovom obodu. koje dolaze. Šta je onda model suživota? Jaka država koja za- Nakon toga uslijedio je poziv da se oda počast poginuli- konodavnim i policijskim aparatom garantuje građanima da ih

14 niko neće ubiti, spaliti im kuću, oteti imovinu, protjerati!? Je li postave povjerenje i grade odnose koji će zajedničku prošlost prihvatljivo oni sebi-mi sebi i tu završiti priču? Pa pobogu, nisu artikulisati bez aktiviranja mržnje. Asim je spomenuo da bi u ovi narodi hemijski rastvori koji se moraju držati u odvojenim budućnosti bilo dobro da se izradi spomen obilježlje i srpskim retortama kako ne bi spajanjem izazvali burnu reakciju. Ima li vojnicima na koti 715, koji su u tim borbama takođe imali stra- ko model za saradnju, prosperitet... hovite gubitke. Po završetku prišao nam je Amir i pozvao na zajednički ručak. Procijenili smo da je velika gužva i da smo već umorni Jedan je od načina da se uloga vojnika i njihova žrtva od dvosatnog stajanja i uputili se prema Zavidovićima. obostrano prepozna i uvaži jeste i mogućnost da se zajednički Sjeli smo u jedan restoran da bi sumirali današnji dan. obilježe dani stradavanja u žestokim borbama. Smatrati bivšeg Zaključili smo da naše aktivnosti ovog tipa trebamo nastav- nepriljatelja čovjekom sa sličnom sudbinom koji ima sjećanja iti i da imaju odjeka u sredinama koje posjećujemo. Ljudi su na smrt saborca, danonoćno kišnjenje i smrzavanje u rovu, nam prilazili, raspitivali se, podržavali. Je li to slučajno da nam strah i beznađe ratnog vihora, lakše je za premoštavanje rat- ni u jednom trenutku niko ne kaže da radimo nešto loše ili nih trauma od stereotipnih predodžbi o nepomirljivim - zak pogrešno? Do sada nismo doživjeli niti jednu incidentnu sit- letim dušmanima. Prema zločinima i zločincima častan čovjek uaciju, psovku ili pogrdnu riječ. Nema boljeg znaka da smo na se odnosi kao prema nečemu sramotnom, kobnom po civi- dobrom putu. lizacijske tekovine. Šta je to onda kod nas problem? Noseći Iako je odnos prema ratnoj prošlosti u našem društvu prljave gaće možemo prikriti svoju sramotu, ali problem je što podijeljen i zaglavljen u jednostrano donošene aktove koji se i dalje uvlače u našu guzicu i žuljaju.. imaju za cilj da odgovornost svoje strane operu, a one druge Kao što pisac, i sam veteran i naš saradnik, Faruk Šehić da kompromituje, ovakve pozitivne reakcije bude nadu. Mi reče: O, vi, koji ste preživjeli rat, ostavite svaku nadu da ćete smo spremni ići i promovisati ideju pomirenja kroz potrebu iz njega ikada izići. da se nekadašnji neprijatelji uvažavaju i na tim temeljima us- Amer Delić

15 Trening za učesnike ratova. Bili smo do-boja Doboj, 7.-10. juna/lipnja 2013.

Već duže od decenije Centar za nenasilnu akciju, kroz rad Formirajući novu grupu, oslonili smo se na dio ljudi sa ko- sa ratnim veteranima, organizuje Treninge za učesnike ra- jima je CNA ostvario prvobitni kontakt kroz posjete stratištima tova. Okupiti ratne veterane, pripadnike suprotstavljenih vo- koje smo organizovali, te na preporuke ratnih veterana sa jski tokom ratova u bivšoj Jugoslaviji samo je po sebi izazov. kojimo smo sarađivali proteklih godina. Takođe, grupa je još Organizovati trening sa pratećim radionicama u kojem će se dodatno pojačana sa dvojicom ratnih veterana iz gore spome- govoriti o nasilju i ratu, a u svrhu pomirenja i izgradnje mira, nute jezgre. Nažalost, neki od pozvanih učesnika su otkazali, je podizanje ljestvice, rečeno sportskim žargonom, sa vrlo odnosno izostali zbog iznenadno iskrslih obaveza, kako su na- neizvjesnim ishodom. Svojevrsna kockarska igra koja može veli. donijeti potpuni debakl ili džek pot. To kažem iz razloga što Grupa je u konačnici brojala jedanaest učesnika, članova uvijek postoji ta doza opreza, u smislu da li se politička sva- boračkih udruženja iz Bosne i Hercegovine, Federacije BiH kodnevnica reflektuje u velikoj mjeri i na bivše ratnike. A kod (Bihać, Vitez, Brčko, Žepče) i Republike Srpske (Šamac, Ro- nas je sveprisutno tumačenje ovog poratnog perioda kao vre- gatica), Srbije (Leskovac, Kruševac) i Hrvatske (Zagreb) i nas mena kada je sve isto kao u ratu, samo što se ne puca. Nekada četvoricu iz trenerskog tima, Nenada Vukosavljevića, Adnana suprostavljene vojske sada su ljudi suprostavljenih sjećanja. Hasanbegovića, Nedžada Horozovića i Amera Delića.

Nakon višegodišnjih akcija u koje su bili uključeni ratni Na samom početku treninga uočljivo je bilo kako učesnici veterani iz regiona, koji tvore jezgro mješovite grupe koja vrlo brzo uspostavljaju dijalog. Transparentno, bez zadrške je obilazila obilježena i neobilježena mjesta stradanja u i sa puno motivacije ulaze u diskusije i o najtežim pitanjima BiH i koja je počela sa praksom odlazaka jednih kod drugih iz prošlosti, takozvanim vrućim temama. Iskrenost, kao sve na komemoracije i manifestacije organizovane povodom veći raritet u komunikaciji u našem savremenom društvu, u obilježavanja značajnih datuma iz novije istorije1, ukazala se slučaju ratnih veterana je spontana reakcija ljudi željnih da potreba za pridruživanjem novih ljudi koji su spremni i mo- budu slušani i da čuju jedni druge. Svjesni da imaju drugačija tivisani da svojim učešćem i zalaganjem doprinesu izgradnji viđenja i stavove o događajima iz prošlosti, ne bježe od toga mira. Takođe, uključivanjem novih aktivnih pojedinaca i - or da to iskažu i da budu prihvaćeni kao takvi. Govorilo se o ide- ganizacija, cilj nam je potaknuti daljnje regionalno širenje mi- alima za koje se ratovalo, žrtvama i patnjama, kako vlastitog rovnih aktivnosti. tako i drugih naroda. Ovaj put trening smo organizovali u Doboju, gradu u sje- Takođe, jako izražen je bio i kritički osvrt na vlastitu ulogu vernom dijelu Bosne koji, po predanju, ime dobio po tome što i odgovornost u proteklom ratu, kao i uočavanje lične trans- su nekada bile česte bitke na poljani gdje je smješten, tako formacije u poratnom periodu, kada su u pitanju nacionalna da je bilo putnika namjernika koji su išli do-boja. Razmišljam i ideološka tumačenja ratnih zbivanja. U velikoj mjeri i nama koliko li je tih ljudi htjelo da vojevaju bojeve, a koliko li ih je je bilo od pomoći to što je trenerski tim uvidio da uživa po- gurnuto ili natjerano u njih!? Kako li bi se zvalo mjesto gdje vjerenje među učesnicima, s obzirom na njihovu upućenost i u nikada nije bilo rata i po tome je baš čuveno? Šta bi takvo mje- dosadašnji rad CNA i očekivanja sa kojim su došli. Ni u jednom sto odlikovalo i šta bi dominiralo krajolikom, kao što Dobojem trenutku se nije osjetila doza rezerve prema članovima tima. dominira tvrđava na brdu, Gradina, kako je ovdje zovu? Ponovno potezati ratna sjećanja kroz sam ciklus vraćanja Doboj je bio alternativno rješenje, jer je trening zbog ljudi u ta apokaliptična iskustva ima na ovakvim skupovima geografske pristupačnosti ljudi iz regije, prvobitno bio zaka- posebnu težinu. Ovakav vid treninga nema terapijsku funkciju, zan u Brčkom. Međutim, zbog neprofesionalnog odnosa već kroz duboku ličnu priču učesnici razvijaju empatiju jednih menadžmenta iz hotela, morali smo da promjenimo lokaciju prema drugima koja je ključ za izgradnju povjerenja neopho- i to četiri dana pred sam događaj. dnog za nastavak rada i preduslov je bilo kakve dalje saradnje. Generalno, kroz trening je bila prisutna osuda rata kao društvene pojave sa osvrtom na bilo koji oblik nasilja uopšte. 1 Nažalost, još uvijek se za takve akcije ratni veterani ne odlučuju da Pogotovo onog prisutnog u našim društvima s kojim se sva- djeluju samostalno odnosno u okvirima svojih boračkih udruženja, kodnevno susrećemo, a često nismo u mogućnosti da ga sami već uveliko se oslanjaju na podršku CNA, kako u organizacionom, prepoznamo. tako i logističkom smislu. Nadati je se da će u skoroj budućnosti početi realizacija zajedničkih aktivnosti na koje ćemo biti pozvani kao Vođeni dosadašnjim iskustvom i uz prezentaciju rada prijatelji i dragi gosti. U tom pravcu ih ohrabrujemo. sa ratnim veteranima u proteklom periodu, trenerski tim je 16 otvorio pitanja o mogućnostima, ali i o brojnim dilemama mi iz CNA, ostvarili dobre kontakte sa predstavnicima BORS-a koje nosi proces izgradnje mira. Pomirenje nema alternativu, iz Prijedora i Šipova koji, iz privatnih razloga zauzetosti u tom osim opredjeljenja ka zatvorenom društvu u kojem je stalno terminu, nisu mogli prisustvovati treningu, ali su podržali ide- prisutno otkucavanje sata za novi sukob. Sadašnja situacija ju saradnje i zajedničkih posjeta bivših boraca, te izrazili želju je takva da veterani mirovnjaci strše u svojim lokalnim zajed- da i sami tome doprinesu. nicama i nerijetko nailaze na osudu i od bivših saboraca i od Takođe, svi učesnici su izrazili spremnost da učestvuju relevantnih političkih faktora, jer se konfrontiraju društveno u posjetama stratištima sa ljudima iz postojeće grupe, ali prihvaćenom tumačenju događaja iz prošlosti koja lansira i spoznali šta bi, u skladu sa svojim kapacitetima, mogli da tezu o nepomirljivoj suprostavljenosti naroda s ovih prostora učine u svojim sredinama, kao pojedinci ili članovi organizaci- i tumači periodičnost međusobnih sukoba kao nešto što nije ja. Činiti stvari za opšte dobro u ovakvoj delikatnoj misiji kao stvar izbora ovozemaljskog. što je pomirenje, podrazumijeva i osjećanje za potrebe druge strane, bivših neprijatelja. Generalno, iz pozicije organizatora, ciljevi i očekivanja Ovakvim pristupom i ozbiljnošću i trenerskom timu je koja smo imali za ovaj trening su ispunjeni. Otvorila nam se omogućeno da konkretno planira buduće aktivnosti u koordi- mogućnost saradnje u, do sada slabo pokrivenim, regionima naciji sa veteranima. istočne Bosne i Cazinske Krajine. Učesnici iz tih dijelova BiH po- Entuzijazma i želje ne nedostaje, dakle preostaje da se nudili su konkretnu saradnju i koordinaciju u razvijanju daljih radi – na terenu. akcija. Moram ovdje da napomenem da smo i prije treninga, Amer Delić

17 publikacije

“Jedno je lice užasa”

Autorke: Martina Fischer i Miriam Schroer-Hippel Izdavač: Centar za nenasilnu akciju

Odlomak

Ratom razorena društva suočavaju se sa ključnim pitanjem razgovore s inicijativama civilnog društva o dokumentovanju i izazovom: kako pronaći reči, gestove, mesta, i oblike komem- lokalne i usmene istorije (Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt) i oracije koji bi objasnili prošlost na primeren način i ponudili umetničkim oblicima sećanja na ekskluziju, progon i deport- smernice za izgradnju zajedničke budućnosti, bez ponovnog aciju jevrejskih stanovnika Berlina (postavljenim, pored drugih nanošenja bola? Mirovni praktičari i učenjaci su uverenja da mesta, i u bivšoj jevrejskoj četvrti „Spandauer Vorstadt“ u ta- postoji potreba suočavanja sa nasleđem nasilne prošlosti da kozvanoj „Bavarskoj četvrti“). (Za kompletan pregled pogle- bi se utro put mirnom suživotu, poverenju i građenju odnosa. dati http://nenasilje.org/2012/nasledje-nacionalsocijalizma- U isto vreme, javna prezentacija istorije često je izvor sukoba. kultura-secanja-u-berlinu/). Postoje različiti interesi i perspektive i o njima je potrebno Pored studijskog putovanja, 18. oktobra 2012. učesnici su raspravljati. Da bi se diskutovalo o ovim pitanjima, Centar za se okupili na radionici čiji je domaćin bila Berghof Fondacija. nenasilnu akciju (CNA Beograd/Sarajevo) je organizovao studi- Događaj je ponudio prostor za produbljivanje diskusije s jsko putovanje u Berlin (Nemačka), sa ratnim veteranima iz re- nemačkim stručnjacima, prijateljima i pristalicama CNA, kao giona bivše Jugoslavije, od 15. do 21. oktobra 2012. godine. i za promišljanje o utiscima stečenim nakon posete spomen Jedanaest bivših boraca iz Bosne i Hercegovine i Srbije pu- obeležjima. Događajem su predsedavali Martina Fischer tovalo je u Berlin. Svi oni su ratovali u Bosni tokom 90-ih i borili (Berghof Fondacija) i Nenad Vukosavljević (CNA). Kao osnov se jedni protiv drugih na suprotstavljenim stranama. Ovi bivši za debatu poslužila su dva izlaganja: Daniela Gaedea, direk- neprijatelji sada promovišu mir. Radeći pod najtežim uslovi- tora Odeljenja za edukaciju u Memorijalnoj fondaciji Buchen- ma, oni posećuju mesta stradanja u lokalnim zajednicama u wald, koji je predstavio primere iz mnogih nemačkih istorija Bosni i iniciraju razgovore sa stanovništvom i vlastima. Mnoga nakon 1945. godine: ko je postao aktivan u „politici sećanja“ mesta u Bosni još uvek nisu obeležena, dok su neka obeležena i na koji način su se ti akteri angažovali? Kakvi su bili uslovi spomenicima koji izazivaju kontroverze. Grupa ima za cilj da za uspeh? On je istakao potencijal i organičenja delovanja na uveri i senzibilizira svoje sugrađane da ta mesta moraju biti različitim nivoima (ličnom, društvenom i državnom) - ipoka obeležena na način na koji će izazivati saosećanje za patnje zao da suočavanje s prošlošću nije linearan proces. Adnan žrtava, koje potiču sa svih strana. Hasanbegović i Nenad Vukosavljević su predstavili pristup Namera obilaska Berlina bila je da se istraži kako se Centra za nenasilnu akciju i kako on podržava napore bivših Nemačka odnosi prema svojoj prošlosti i može li to biti in- boraca za ostvarivanje inkluzivne kulture sećanja. Ratni veter- spiracija za proces pomirenja na Balkanu. Grupa je posetila ani su objašnjavali svoje lične motivacije i raspravljali o utisci- spomen mesta koja je tim CNA odabrao prilikom svoje ranije ma iz Berlina s prijateljima i pristalicama CNA i članovima Tima posete, u martu 2012. godine, uključujući: „Spomen ubi- Fondacije Berghof. Nemačko Ministarstvo za razvoj i saradnju jenim Jevrejima Evrope“ i „Topografiju terora“ što je spomen (BMZ) financiralo je putovanje i radionicu. na centar za planiranje nacističkih političkih institucija i bivši Dokumentacija ukazuje na neke od najvažnijih momenata zatvor u centru Berlina, spomen mesto nekadašnjeg zatvora i diskusija: „Gedenkstätte Hohenschönhausen“ u Demokratskoj Repub- lici Nemačkoj, spomen i muzej bivšeg koncentracionog logora http://nenasilje.org/2013/jednojeliceuzasa/ (preuzeto pre- i ratnog zatvora „Sachsenhausen“, i Brandenburšku polici- ko 29000 puta na oba jezika) jsku školu koja se nalazi u susedstvu. Poseta je obuhvatila i

18 Pomirenje?! Priručnik za rad na suočavanju sa prošlošću kroz treninge i radionice

Uredila: Ivana Franović Autor/ke: Ivana Franović, Nenad Vukosavljević, Tamara Šmidling

Iz uvoda publikacije (odlomak): preneti i dalje: priručnik ne bi valjalo koristiti kao kuvar s- re Na ideju za ovaj priručnik došli smo upravo u želji da pode- ceptima, pa od oka odlučivati šta će biti predjelo, šta glavno limo sakupljeno iskustvo. Mislimo da postoji deficit konstruk- jelo, a šta dezert. Njegova uloga bi trebalo da bude takva da tivnog pristupa suočavanju s prošlošću u regiji, pa se nadamo prevashodno inspiriše i da ideju kako bi se nešto moglo ura- da ćemo ovim još neke ljude podstaći da se upuste u rad. diti, ali je najbolje da glavna pitanja formulišete sami, u zavis- Samo u posljednjih godinu dana, 12 godina od objavljivanja nosti od potreba grupe sa kojom radite. priručnika “Nenasilje?”, on je sa naše internet stranice skinut Nadamo se da će ovaj priručnik poslužiti drugima kao in- preko 30.000 puta (najviše na „bhs“ jezicima, ali i verzije na spiracija za konkretan rad na ovim temema. I da će bar neke mađarskom, makedonskom i albanskom). To govori da je vre- ljude u drugim delovima sveta koji tek počinju ili razmišljaju delo uložiti svu energiju u rad na njemu, prevođenje i objavlji- da počnu da rade na ovim temama ohrabriti da se može, bez vanje. Između ostalog i to nas je potaklo da objavimo šta smo obzira na to koliko izgledalo teško. novo naučili i do čega smo došli. Ovaj priručnik sastoji se iz tri bloka. U prvom je niz uvod- nih tekstova kojim smo pokušali da opišemo kontekst u kom radimo (ili kako ga doživljavamo), da pojasnimo pristup koji imamo i damo sliku onoga kako trening funkcioniše. U središnjem delu su četiri potpoglavlja s vežbama koje koristi- mo na treninzima, a veći broj njih popraćen je praktičnim uvi- dima do kojih smo došli. Na kraju se nalazi „Pojmovnik“, koji smo zamislili kao skup kratkih tekstova koji bliže pojašnjavaju pojmove relevantne za suočavanje s prošlošću. Većina navedenih vježbi su osmišljene u „CNA kuhinji“. Najefektnije su bivale one koje smo smišljali za određenu grupu inspirisani radom sa tim konkretnim ljudima. Ovo smo vrlo rano uvideli, tako da već dugi niz godina praktikujemo da najveći dio treninga ne pripremamo unapred, već da, vodeći se uočenim potrebama i poteškoćama grupe, vreme ispuni- mo onim što je prioritetno. I nadamo se da ćemo ovu pouku

Suočavanje s prošlošću u kontekstu etnonacionalizma Slučaj Bosne i Hercegovine, Hrvatske i Srbije

Autorka: Ivana Franović

Prevod rada: „Dealing with the Past in the Context of Ethnona- Iz uvoda (odlomak): tionalism. The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Ser- bia“, Berghof Occasional Paper Nr.29, oktobar 2008, Berghof Postoji mnogo teorija i narativa o tome šta su razlozi za Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management (sada: raspad Jugoslavije, rat koji ga je pratio i krivicu i odgovornost Berghof Conflict Research) za pokolj koji se dogodio. Kako navodi Sabrina P. Ramet, svi 19 mi „znamo“ zašto se Socijalistička Federativna Republika Ju- tivne načine suočavanja s prošlošću i krenula ka trajnom miru. goslavija (SFRJ) dezintegrisala i zašto je izbio rat(ovi) (1991.- Tvrdiću da je konstruktivno suočavanje s prošlošću nezamen- 1995.): jivi preduslov koji mora da prati procese izgradnje mira. Moje „Za sve je kriv Milošević/ Tuđman/ „Slovenci“/ komunis- interesovanje za ovu temu nije čisto akademske prirode. ti/ organizovani kriminal/ zapadne zemlje/ zavera Vatikana i Takođe je vođeno vrlo ličnim iskustvima i potrebom da se o Kominterne, koji je/ su to sve sam/i isplanirao da bi ostvarili njima razmišlja. Dezintegracija bivše Jugoslavije, praćena kr- svoje lične/ srpske/ slovenačke/ američke/ vatikanske interese vavim ratovima, značila je da se moja zemlja raspala. Činjenica – po vašem izboru. Ili, pak – sve se to dogodilo zbog loših loka- da se jedna država dezintegrisala čak ni nije tako značajna – lnih tradicija/ ekonomskih problema/ strukturnih pitanja/ ne- ono što užasava je kako je to učinjeno, šta smo bili u stanju sigurnosti sistema/ legitimnih zamerki/ nelegitimnih zamerki/ da uradimo jedni drugima, kako smo postupali i kako još uvek dugih senki prošlosti. Ili, pa – sve je u stvari počelo još 1389./ postupamo jedni prema drugima. 1463./ 1878./ 1918./ 1941./ 1986./ 1987./ 1989./ 1990./ Fokus ovog rada jesu potencijali i prepreke procesu izgrad- 1991. – sami birajte. Naravno, svi znamo da je i raspad i rat nje mira u trouglu Srbija-Bosna i Hercegovina-Hrvatska. Ljudi bilo potpuno moguće izbeći/ da su bili neizbežni, je l’ tako? A u ove tri zemlje nalaze se u veoma različitim situacijama. Ali najbolje od svega svi mi znamo da u ovoj drami pravi zlikovci u isto vreme, ove situacije su povezane i utiču jedna na dru- mogu da budu jedino Milošević/ Tuđman/ „Srbi“/ „Slovenci“/ gu. Kako bi se izbegli bilo kakvi nesporazumi, kada se u radu „Hrvati“/ „Muslimani“/ „Nemačka“/ balkanski narodi uopšte/ osvrćem na ‘nas’, to se odnosi na ljude u regionu bivše Jugo- Velike Sile, koji moraju (isključivo/ zajednički) da snose odgo- slavije, bez obzira na to koji im je etnički prefiks. Najpre, rad vornost za najveći deo ubijanja, mada neki od nas takođe zna- će dati kratak pregled problema s kojim se prvo treba suočiti: ju da su sve strane bile jednako krive. Pa, možda svi znamo šta patnja koju su ljudska bića trpela tokom rata (poglavlje 2). je izazvalo jugoslovenske nesreće, ali izgleda da svi „znamo“ Ovo poglavlje baviće se i ulogom etnonacionalizma u našoj nešto različito.“ (Sabrina p. Ramet, „Explaining the Yougoslav tragediji. Zastupaću tezu da, da bismo analizirali uzroke rata, Meltdown, 1. ‘For a charm of pow’rful trouble, like a hell- ne treba da gledamo u ‘vekovnu mržnju’ među plemenima broth boil and bubble’: theories about the roots of Yugoslav ili na etničke razlike. Treba da posmatramo samu suštinu troubles,“ Nationalities Papers 32 (2004), 731.) patrijarhata (ne zaboravljajući da je etnonacionalizam jedna Ovo je autentičan sažetak toga koliko su različite stvari od inkarnacija patrijarhata): naime, moć nad drugima, bez koje „znamo“. Narativi variraju širom regiona. Moglo bi se reći obzira ko su oni i kojoj grupi pripadaju. Ostajem uverena da da ne patimo od nedostatka istine, nego od postojanja prev- su dokle god smo posvećeni etnonacionallizmu naše šanse za elikog broja „istina“ i nedostatka doslednih napora da o njima izgradnjom trajnog mira male. Treće poglavlje fokusira se na otvoreno raspravljamo, da se s njima suočimo i integrišemo pomirenje i izgradnju mira. Istražuje šta bi pomirenje moglo da ih. znači u našem kontekstu i posmatra koncepte konstruktivnog Skoro da ne postoji zajednička istina, a mnogima je teško „suočavanja s prošlošću“. Četvrto poglavlje daje pregled me- da prihvate da različiti ljudi različite stvari percipiraju kao hanizama tranzicione pravde i suočavanja s prošlošću primen- istinu zbog različitih iskustava. Samo se naša ‘istina’ prihvata jenih u regionu bivše Jugoslavije i podvlači šta bi još trebalo kao prava istina, dok se ‘istine’ drugih doživljavaju - kaoma uraditi kako bi se postigao trajni mir. Peto i poslednje poglavlje nipulacija i propaganda. A u mnogim slučajevima, ‘naša istina’ identifikuje aktere čija dužnost jeste i/ ili bi trebalo da bude da je to da smo mi žrtve, dok su drugi počinitelji. Zemlje bivše preuzmu aktivnu ulogu u procesima izgradnje mira. Jugoslavije i dalje pate od nasleđa rata (ratova) devedesetih. Ovo nasleđe ozbiljno utiče na sadašnjost i ugrožava budućnost Publikaciju možete preuzeti na http://nenasilje.org/ društava u Bosni i Hercegovini, Srbiji i Hrvatskoj. download/#publikacije (...) Ovaj tekst će diskutovati šta može i treba da se uradi u prevod: Marija Stojanović regionu bivše Jugoslavije kako bi ova društva razvila konstruk-

20 „Na putu ka nenasilju“, Iskustva sa Zapadnog Balkana

Autor: Nenad Vukosavljević

Prevod rada: ‘Preparing for Nonviolence - Experiences in the potreba da se ljudi u regionu suoče s prošlošću u smislu pri- Western Balkan.’ U: B. Austin, M. Fischer & Hans J. Gießmann hvatanja i preuzimanja odgovornosti za nasilje počinjeno u (ur.), Advancing Conflict Transformation. The Berghof Hand- prošlosti. Tako smo na primer, odlučili da radimo s bivšim bor- book II. Opladen/Farmington Hills: Barbara Budrich Publ., cima sa različitih strana (iz Hrvatske, Srbije i Bosne i Hercego- 2011. vine), koji su učestvovali bilo kao regruti ili dobrovoljci u ratu Članak iz Berghof priručnika za transformaciju sukoba u Bosni i Hercegovini. Organizovali smo treninge s mešovitim http://www.berghof-handbook.net/ grupama, nakon čega su bivši borci diskutovali o svojim iskust- vima na javnim forumima. Oni su u osnovi pričali svoje lične Iz uvoda (odlomak): priče, o tome kako su otišli u rat i kako se osećaju sada kad U ovom eseju ću razmatrati iskustva sa treninga iz izgrad- se na to osvrnu. Ti skupovi naširoko su praćeni od strane nje mira i transformacije konflikta držanih na Zapadnom Bal- lokalnih a povremeno i regionalnih medija. Osim toga, počeli kanu, izdvajajući lekcije naučene tokom poslednjih 13 godina smo da pravimo i dokumentarne filmove u čijem fokusu su rada Centra za nenasilnu akciju (Centre for Nonviolent Action bila iskustva ljudi iz proteklih ratova. U skorije vreme, radili – CNA). CNA je mirovna organizacija koju vode lokalni aktivisti, smo i intervjue sa običnim ljudima iz različitih delova bivše a u čijem fokusu su prekogranične aktivnosti na Balkanu. Os- Jugoslavije na temu “pomirenja” i prikupili smo iskustva onih novan je nakon rata u Bosni i Hercegovini i počeo je s radom koji se bave mirovnim radom za buduće publikacije (Centar 1997. godine u Sarajevu, u periodu između nekoliko regio- za nenasilnu akciju 2005, 2007, 2009). U isto vreme, nastavili nalnih ratova i eskalacije nasilja koje ih je pratilo (npr. u Srbiji/ smo sa treninzima.U ovom eseju ću se osvrnuti na rezultate Kosovu i Makedoniji). Godine 2001., počeo je s radom i drugi treninga iz izgradnje mira i nenasilne transformacije konflika- ured CNA u Beogradu (Srbija). ta. Razmatraću ta pitanja iz perspektive praktičara - mirovnog (...) aktiviste i trenera iz izgradnje mira i nenasilne akcije – a ne Krajnja svrha čitavog rada na izgradnji mira koji CNA obav- naučnika (iako stremimo tome da kombinujemo aktivizam lja je doprinos izgradnji poštenih i pravednih društava koja i strukturisano promišljanje i planiranje svoga rada). Tekst svim svojim građanima garantuju jednaka prava, bez obzira odražava iskustva izgradnje mira kroz prizmu insajdera – iako na njihovo ime i poreklo; društava koja neguju vrednosti je danas neizbežno razmišljati i o ulogama insajdera i autsa- poštovanja različitosti i pravde; društava koja svoje građane jdera i njihovom međusobnom odnosu. čine sposobnim da preuzmu odgovornost za svoje zajednice Drugi deo eseja predstavlja ciljeve i metode trenerskog i da se odupru populističkim, nacionalističkim i šovinističkim rada CNA, nakon čega sledi treći deo koji podvlači neke ideologijama. Želimo da doprinesemo izgradnji društva koje naučene lekcije i praktične preporuke. Četvrti deo zalazi dublje će težiti sigurnosti gradeći odnose i mostove sa susedima, čiji od problema vezanih za treninge jer se bavi glavnim izazovima stanovnici će se distancirati od zločina počinjenih u prošlosti i dilemama s kojima se suočavamo u mirovnom radu. Tu se u njihovo ime. takođe bavim teškoćama da se proceni učinak i uticaj tren- U periodu od 1997. do 2002. godine, aktivnosti CNA bile su inga. Trening ima za cilj promenu stavova pojedinaca. Pitanje usmerene isključivo na mirovno obrazovanje i prekogranično je da li će “uspešno” sprovođenje treninga ili sprovođenje više umrežavanje, okupljajući pojedince različitog prethodnog takvih aktivnosti, nužno dovesti do situacije u kojoj će uslediti profesionalnog iskustva koji su imali potencijal za širenje ideja društvena promena. Teško je proizvesti održivu snagu koja će (“multiplikatore”). Veći deo tog rada je bio, a i dalje je, malo ostvariti društveni uticaj. Peti deo članka izvodi zaključke i uka- vidljiv u javnosti, ali je doprineo stvaranju široke mreže mi- zuje na preostale izazove. rovnih aktivista u celom regionu koji su razvijali aktivnosti i saradnju koja sada funkcioniše nezavisno od CNA. Od 2002. Publikaciju možete preuzeti na: http://nenasilje.org/2013/na- godine, pored treninga, CNA je razvijao nove aktivnosti koje putu-ka-nenasilju-iskustva-sa-zapadnog-balkana/ su bile mnogo više usmerene na podizanje svesti i aktivnosti Prevod: Nina Vukosavljević u cilju konstruktivnog “suočavanja s prošlošću”. Svi mi u timu CNA, osećali smo da je sazrelo vreme i da postoji goruća

21 Dokumentiranje mjesta stradanja i mjesta sjećanja

Ove smo godine započeli rad na novoj aktivnosti na temu memorijalizacije: kako i čega se sjećamo iz prošlog rata, na primjerima spomenika u Bosni i Hercegovini. Poslije nekoliko godina rada na pripremi, krajem 2012. krenuli smo u realizaciju knjige foto- grafija o mjestima sjećanja i načinima memorijalizacije. Očekujemo da će ova knjiga, poslije dugog istraživanja i fotografiranja obilježenih i neobilježenih mjesta sjećanja, iz štampe izaći 2014. godine. Tokom protekle godine smo, uz fotografiranje i prikupljanje podataka o spomenicima koje u knjizi želimo prikazati, održali i dvije fokus grupe, koje su sastavni dio ovog istraživanja.

Fokus grupa I Sarajevo, 15. decembra/ prosinca 2012. Prva fokus grupa, planirana u okviru ovih aktivnosti, sas- unutar samih grupa, izražavaju „neupitne historije etničkog tojala se od mirovnih aktivista/kinja i aktivista/kinja za ljud- predznaka“ u prošlosti koja se prikazuje jednodimenzionalno, ska prava, povjesničara/ki, kustosa/kinja i predstavnika/ca i vrlo često daju prioritet vojničkim spram civilnih žrtavama. nadležnih institucija, u najvećem broju iz Bosne i Hercegovine, Namjesto većinom prisutnog etnonacionalističkog diskursa, ali i iz zemalja u regiji. valja otvoriti prostor za dijalog i različite perspektive kako bi Namjera nam je bila da, kroz prezentaciju prikupljenog se otvorio prostor za inkluzivniju memorijalizaciju te komuni- materijala i fotografija spomenika, obilježenih i neobilježenih kaciju između nacionalnih narativa i kulture sjećanja. mjesta stradanja, otvorimo prostor za raspravu o tome što U tom je smislu izražena nada da će planirana monografija nam ti spomenici danas znače, kakvu poruku prenose, te ko- dati doprinos tome da spomenici i mjesta stradanja, sada go- liko doprinose izgradnji mira, a koliko nastavku rata drugačijim tovo isključivo mjesta društvenog rituala, postanu mjesta o sredstvima. Planirano je da publikacija sadrži fotografije 30- kojima će se diskutirati, priznanja onoga što se na pojedinom tak odabranih spomenika u Bosni i Hercegovini, uz osnovne mjestu dogodilo te spona prošlosti i sadašnjosti, kao opom- detalje o svakom spomeniku. ena, i utjeha. Prikazana memorijalna mjesta, zaključeno je, utjelovljuju D.T. homogene nacionalne narative koji prikrivaju heterogenost

Fokus grupa II - susret veterana Doboj, 26.-28. aprila/ travnja 2013. U Doboju je od 26. do 28. aprila 2013. održan susret rat- jalizacije u Bosni i Hercegovini. nih veterana iz Hrvatske, Srbije i Bosne i Hercegovine, u or- Radionica na temu Tabui tematizirala je otvorena pitan- ganizaciji Centra za nenasilnu akciju iz Beograda/ Sarajeva, u ja o suočavanju s prošlošću u regionu i brojne kontroverzne čijem su trenerskom timu bili Katarina Milićević, Davorka Turk, teme koje dolaze iz javnog prostora. Govorilo se o manipulaciji Nedžad Horozović, Adnan Hasanbegović i Amer Delić. žrtvama, nedostatku pravde u kontekstu oslobađajućih presu- Aktivnosti su obuhvatile Forkus grupu za potrebu da i neprocesuiranih zločina, te o različitim interpretacijama istraživanja na temu memorijalizacije te prateću radionicu na uzroka ratova u regiji. temu Tabui. Analizirana su i dosadašnja dostignuća veteranske grupe Fokus grupom sadržajno je obuhvaćena prezentacija pri- na polju mirovnog rada i potencijala koji učesnici prepoznaju kupljenog materijala i fotografija sa više od trideset spomeni- kod sebe, te mogućnosti zajedničkih nastupa u budućim mi- ka, ali i još uvijek neobilježenih mjesta stradanja na prostoru rovnim akcijama. Bosne i Hercegovine tijekom rata 1992.-1995. Namjera nam je A.D. bila raspraviti o postojećim modelima i primjerima memori-

22 Lični osvrt Put mrtvih

Da nije puke slučajnosti čovjek nikad ne bi opet vidio mje- smo osvojili od autonomaša, tada mi je jedna djevojka rekla: sta koja je zaboravio, potisnuo u sebi, ili ona na kojima nikad “Dabogda ti kosa gorila kao ova kuća.” Dešavalo se to dok smo nije bio. Tako je meni slučaj da sam radio sa CNA (Centar za prolazili kraj njene kuće, dok je susjedna kuća gorila kao be- nenasilnu akciju) po Unsko-sanskom kantonu omogućio da nzinom polivena. iznova posjetim spomen-sobu u Pištalinama i vojničko groblje Prolazili smo dalje kroz Pištaline, i sjetio sam se improvizo- Ometaljku. I nešto što nikad prije nisam vidio: fantazmagorično vane brigadne bolnice, te kako sam koristio specijalna kolica groblje autonomaških vojnika smješteno ispred i u krugu fa- za vršenje nužde, koja imaju rupu na sjedištu, jer mi je rana brike peradi nedaleko od Velike Kladuše. bila svježa i nisam mogao lijevim stopalom dodirnuti zemlju. Bio je prokleto hladan dan u Krajini kada smo se popeli Mogao sam, ali bi to iziskivalo neviđene bolove, krvarenje putem preko Ljusine do Pištalina, onim putem kojeg znam i suze u očima. Zato su izmislili invalidska kolica da u njima preći i zavezanih očiju u bilo koje doba dana i noći. Prola- možemo vršiti veliku nuždu u drvenom, poljskom zahodu, zimo kraj kafane Šoferska noć odakle smo se Alija Kurtović aprila 1994. na nekoj krajiškoj visoravni kojom je puhao vjetar i ja takmičili ko će prije na štakama, pijani obojica, stići do kroz naše mlade kosti. Onda smo stigli do komande brigade brigadne bolnice udaljene stotinjak metara od kafane. I gdje i ušli u spomen-sobu. Unutra je bilo hladno kao u grobu. Na mi je konobarica, noseći paket pivskih limenki, rekla: “Dabog- centralnom zidu su fotografije poginulih boraca, njih blizu da te mati ovako mrtvog nosila.” Samo jednom sam doživio pet stotina, sa datumima rođenja i pogibije. Jedna ovdašnja goru kletvu od ove, a ona se desila u mjestu Skokovi, koje književna kritičarka i pjesnikinja bi sigurno upotrijebila sinta-

23 gmu: “nasilna smrt” umjesto pogibije. Nisam nikad čuo gluplje su njeni futuristički prozori. Da ne bude zabune za one koji ne sintagme od ove. Kao da u ratu postoji ijedna smrt koja nije znaju, radi se o ratištima prema Fikretovim autonomašima, to nasilna. Kao da smrt, bez obzira koliko je proglašavali priro- su rubna sela cazinske opštine prema Velikoj Kladuši. U ovom dnom, nije apsolutno nasilje nad životom. ratu je, prema grubim procjenama, poginulo 3500 ljudi na Gledao sam sva ta mrtva lica, većinu njih sam lično po- obje strane. Pripadnika 5. korpusa je ovdje poginulo puno više znavao. Neki su mi bili baš prijatelji, drugi samo poznanici, nego protiv boraca VRS-e, u raji “popularnih” četnika. I onda ali smo svi negdje dijelili ratne trenutke skupa. Vežu me mi je najslađe kada me neki sarajevski imbecil pita: “A što ste zajedničke uspomene sa njima, bez obzira gdje se oni sada na- se, ba, ’arane, vi ono gore poklali međusobno?” Pitaj rahmetli laze. Da li su zaista šehidi, i uživaju u raju, ili su samo pod ze- Aliju Izetbegovića, Tuđmana i Miloševića, neka ti oni odgovore mljom, vodoravni i nijemi. Na šehidskom mezarju / vojničkom ako im podzemne vrane nisu pojele jezike. groblju Ometaljka bilo je još hladnije, plus vjetar koji je brijao Najzanimljivije mjesto na kojem smo bili definitivno po snježnim brežuljcima, oduzimao dah iz grla. Stajao sam jeste autonomaško groblje, vrlo blizu centra grada i granici kraj svojih prijatelja i gledao u nišane od bijelog mramora. Na sa Hrvatskom. Čitav taj prizor kao da je ukraden iz Stalkera kraju reda nišana nalazi se staza zarasla u mahovinu. Nekoliko Andreja Tarkovskog. Mezarluci i, tu i tamo, poneki grob sa drveća čija je kora isto obrasla mahovinom. Mogao sam zele- krstom, na samom su prilazu hangarima gdje se nekad uzga- nilo mahovine zamisliti kao tepih kojim se, naveče, kada nema jala perad. Hangari su očerupani, opljačkani, vide se samo re- nikoga u blizini, kreću sjenke mojih mrtvih drugova. Sjećam bra na kojima je stajao krov, i pramenovi staklene vune koja se jedne dženaze kada je ukopano dvanaest boraca poginulih se nije mogla opljačkati. Mjesto je nadrealno mirno i pusto. u akciji oslobađanja Ćojluka. Sjećam se Ćipe i Šoka rahmetli. Ostaci industrijske romantike i vojničko groblje unutar bivše Djelovali su tako živo tog jula (ako me sjećanje ne vara) kada fabrike Agrokomerca. Crnogorično drveće što raste između su ukopani. Ćipo je na čelu imao svježe rane, kao da je prolazio mezarluka. Pjev ptica i muzika vjetra. Naš sagovornik Nijaz kroz gusto šiblje koje ga je izranjavalo po licu ranama nalik na Miljković, ratni komandant 506. kladuške brigade, na moju duge crvene fuge. Šok je ležao na tabutu ozbiljan kakav je bio konstataciju da ovdje ima stotine ukopanih kaže: “Nažalost je i za života. tako. Tu leže i očevi i sinovi, braća, sirotinja.” Put mrtvih se Na Ometaljki, osim vjetra, ptice su pjevale tako razdraga- ovdje završava. Na spomeniku poginulim borcima Armije BiH, no znajući da će snijeg brzo nestati, i da je proljeće nezausta- koji je prognan u dvorište gradske džamije, nalaze se stihovi vljiva milina koja će u svim živim bićima obnoviti snagu i volju Skendera Kulenovića: “Mrtve oči, ali vide bolje nego žive uz za životom. Poslije smo nastavili naše putovanje u potrazi za brijeg niz polje. Sva krvava od davnih davnina, sad Krajina ze- spomenicima vojski iz minulog rata. Prolazili smo Skokove, lena haljina...” Pećigrad, gdje sam svojim saputnicima objašnjavao gdje se Faruk Šehić nalazi tzv. razrušena kuća, koja i dan-danas opravdava svoje ime, jer je još niko nije ni pokušao obnoviti. Rupe od granata (tekst je objavljen u bh magazinu „Dani“ 12. 4. 2013.)

24 CNA programi mirovnog obrazovanja

Osnovni trening iz izgradnje mira

Mavrovo, Makedonija, 28. juna/lipnja -8. jula/srpnja 2013.

“Nervira me tretiranja rata kao elementarne nepogode.” (citat, učesnica na treningu)

Kako je prošlogodišnji izvještaj sa osnovnog treninga jako važan, tako smo i ovog puta želeli da svim učesnicima/ održanog u Mavrovu završen rečenicom u kojoj stoji citat je- cama iz regiona približimo makedonski kontekst, a da, sa dru- dnog od naših domaćina: „Mavrovo je mesto u kojem se pro- ge strane, osnažimo aktiviste/kinje sa područja Makedonije blemi sami rešavaju“, tako je red ovogodišnji izveštaj, sa istog na daljnji rad na konfliktima koji postoje na ovom području. mesta, započeti tom konstatacijom, jer se ponovno potvrdila Odatle još jedan plus za Mavrovo, i hotel „Srna“ koji nam je u praksi. pružio sasvim pristojne uslove za rad. Iako nam je jedna od najvećih želja, konstantno, da se na Radni plan koji smo pripremili pre početka treninga, uvi- naše osnovne treninge prijavljuje više osoba sa područja Ko- dom u potrebe i kapacitete grupe, na samom treningu je sova, a izborom mesta za trening pokušavamo da olakšamo bitno promenjen, sa čim su i trenerski tim i učesnici/e, izašli putovanje ljudima s tog područja, ni ovog puta nismo dostigli zadovoljni. Iako je naša početna ambicija bila da se dublje po- taj cilj. Sa Kosova smo imali samo jednu prijavu, dok je najviše zabavimo radom na izgradnji mira, na samom treningu smo njih došlo sa područja Srbije (47), pa Bosne i Hercegovine (28), odlučili da produbimo radionice suočavanja sa prošlošću i Makedonije (17), Hrvatske (14), Crne Gore (9). Jedna, pretpo- pomirenje, te da osnažimo učesnike/ce za prepoznavanje so- stavljamo, zalutala prijava, stigla je iz Albanije. Od ukupno 127 cijalnih nepravdi koje postoje u društvima iz kojih dolaze. Kao prijava, povećan je broj aplikacija osoba mlađih od 21 godine. i (gotovo) uvijek, radionica o rodu i polu izazvala je najžustrije Iako je to donja starosna granica za učešće na treningu, ova polemike. Čini se da i dalje na ovim prostorima postoji velika informacija može poslužiti organizacijama koje rade na pro- potreba za senzibilizacijom ljudi za različite vrste ljudskih pra- gramima za mlade, jer očigledno u toj starosnoj grupi postoji va i ravnopravnosti u društvu, ali i u porodici. interesovanje za rad na izgradnji mira u regionu. Kako je jedan od naših bazičnih ciljeva rad na razradi kon- Kako je izbor mesta na kojem će se održati trening za nas flikata, ovoga puta smo imali sreće, jer je sama grupa prepo-

25 znavala, i u svom neformalnom vremenu na kreativan i za- Boro Kitanoski iz Mirovne akcije Prilep, sa kojim je uvek zado- bavan način uspevala da razradi postojeće konflikte unutar voljstvo raditi i družiti se, a njegov doprinos izgradnji mira u grupe, te se sam trenerski tim nije njima bavio u radno vreme, regionu ima posebnu težinu, obzirom da je redovno aktivan i na čemu smo im posebno zahvalni. Vrlo smo ohrabreni što u svetskim mirovnim pokretima. se daljnjeg angažmana osoba koje su bile na treningu tiče, Završiću ovaj izvještaj citatom koji je izgovoren na jednoj jer smo osetili i potencijal za daljnje reprodukovanje stečenih od radionica, a koji je, na neki način, postao moto celog treni- znanja i veština. Posebno nas raduje što su dva ratna veterana nga: „Nervira me tretiranja rata kao elementarne nepogode.“ bila učesnicima treninga za izgradnju mira, jer CNA, kao orga- Dakle, kad rat prestanemo da tretiramo kao nešto što nam se nizacija, godinama unazad prepoznaje i podržava, godinama dogodilo, van našeg uticaja i moći da na njega utičemo, tek unazad, mirovnu angažovanost ratnih veterana. tada možemo da počnemo da gradimo mir. Potpuno sam Iako se na početku činilo da je tim od petero ljudi, možda, sigurna da su učesnici/ce ovog treninga već daleko na putu prevelik, sasvim smo efikasno i koncentrisano radili, i posebno izgradnje mira u svojim sredinama. nam je drago što se CNA timu i ovog puta pridružio naš kolega Katarina Milićević

Najava: Trening za trenere/ice

Program Treninga za trenere/ice razvijan je uslijed potrebe za izgradnjom kapaciteta za rad u polju treninga/ neformalnog obrazovanja. Do sada je sprovedeno 5 ciklusa ovog programa (1998-1999, 2000, 2001, 2002-2003, 2003- 2004). Iako je posljednji ciklus održan prije gotovo deset godina, interesovanje učesnika naših drugih programa mirovnog obrazovanja za ovaj program nije jenjavalo. Anketirali smo učesnike naših prethodnih Treninga za trenere/ice, kao i druge zainteresira-ne, te utvrdili kako potreba za ovim programom i dalje postoji. Stoga smo odlučili krenuti u novi ciklus, koji će započeti 2014. godine. O detaljima ćemo vas pravovremeno obavijestiti.

26 U čemu smo još učestvovali

Istraživanje “Suočavanje sa prošlošću na prostoru Zapadnog Balkana”

Bergof Fondacija objavila je 2013. godine istraživanje (Hrvatska), Ismet Sejfija (Bosna i Hercegovina) i članica našeg „Suočavanje sa prošlošću na prostoru Zapadnog Balkana“ au- tima, Katarina Milićević (Srbija). torki Martine Fischer i Ljubinke Petrović-Ziemer. Istraživanje je Ceo tekst istraživanja dostupan je na sajtu: www.berghof- rađeno u periodu mart 2010- april 2012. godine. foundation.org U istraživanju su učestvovali i saradnici: Srđan Dvornik

Forum kulture “Sjećanja na ratove ili ratovanje”

Vukovar, 11-13. aprila/travnja 2013.

Forum kulture sjećanja, u organizaciji Centra za suočavanje vrijednost. No, stradanje same bolnice, njeno značenje za s prošlošću „Documenta“, okupio je niz aktivista, povjesničara, stanovnike Vukovara tijekom rata, te događaji koji su usli- muzeologa i umjetnika u propitivanju praksi kulture sjećanja u jedili po padu grada prezentiraju se na način koji su sudionici zemljama bivše Jugoslavije. Tijekom rada Foruma dotakli smo skupa mahom ocijenili neprikladnim za posjete školskih ek- se postojećih praksi, kritika postojećih praksi, kao i mogućih skurzija s kojima smo se susretali tijekom obilaska. Jedan od alternativnih modela komemoriranja. zaključaka Foruma bio je kako će se gradu uputiti pismo koje Iako postoje neke mogućnosti usporedbe sa sličnim pro- ima upozoriti na potrebu da komemoracijske prakse omoguće cesima u zapadanoj i središnjoj Evropi nakon II. svjetskog i komunikaciju s onima koji dolaze s „druge strane“, postanu rata, nacionalistički diskurs, karakterističan za memorijalizac- inkluzivnije, s naglaskom na stradanje prvenstveno civilnih iju žrtava i događaja iz nedavnih ratova na ovim prostorima, žrtava, izbjegavajući generalizaciju počinitelja, što trenutno utjecao je na nastanak velikog broja memorijalnih obilježja nije slučaj. sa izraženim nacionalnim ili vjerskim simbolima, upitne Ovdje se postavlja pitanje u kojoj je mjeri moguće uni- umjetničke vrijednosti, koji mahom komuniciraju veličinu verzalizirati patnju žrtve, a da ta univerzalizacija ne poništi vlastite žrtve i stradanja, te heroja vlastite „strane“. Kao jedna specifičnost svake situacije? Udruženje srpskih civilnih žrtava od osnovnih odrednica ovog procesa istaknuta je i (ne)komu- rata u Vukovaru već dugo traži mogućnost i prostor da se nikacija memorijalnih obilježja sa svojom neposrednom ur- obilježi stradanje srpskih civila. Edin Ramulić govorio je o banom ili drugom okolinom, ili pak potpuna nemogućnost nji- dosadašnjim naporima obilježavanja stradanja Prijedorčana, hova postavljanja (ukoliko se radi o stradanju „onih drugih“). istaknuvši da su „manjinska“ memorijalna obilježja (jednom Može se govoriti i o procesu depolitizacije samih umjet- kad se dopusti njihovo postavljanje) uglavnom u povratničkim nika i nedostatku institucionalne podrške umjetničkim projek- sredinama, mjestima ukopa ili masovnih grobnica... Nema ih tima koji se bave nedavnom prošlošću što rezultira komemo- blizu prometnica ili bilo kakvih frekventnijih mjesta. racijskim praksama čija svrha zapravo ostaje nedefinirana: Inicijativama za obilježavanje mjesta sjećanja istaknuta radi li se o sjećanju ili žalovanju, je li to problem nacionalne je regionalna podrška. Mjesta sjećanja, zaključeno je, možda homogenizacije, koja je njihova obrazovna po(r)uka... neće ljude učiniti boljima, ali njihovo postojanje u određenoj Ovo posljednje posebno je tematizirano uz obilazak zajednici predstavlja čin priznavanja da se na tom mjestu do- memorijala na području grada Vukovara, s osvrtom na loka- godilo stradanje. litet vukovarske bolnice. Za razliku od drugih mjesta sjećanja Centar za nenasilnu akciju Sarajevo/Beograd predstavio je i obilježavanja prošlosti na kojima je život u jednom trenutku zajedničke regionalne studijske posjete ratnih veterana sa tri prekinut, u ovoj bolnici život teče, ona je u stalnoj komuni- zaraćene strane mjestima stradanja u lokalnim zajednicama kaciji s ljudima koji u njoj rade ili borave, što joj daje posebnu u Bosni i Hercegovini i Srbiji. Cilj ovih aktivnosti je razgovarati 27 sa stanovništvom i lokalnim vlastima te pokazati da ta mjesta zadobiti podršku za te aktivnosti i u Hrvatskoj, te da će ova, moraju biti obilježena na način koji će izazvati suosjećanje kao i druge inicijative otvoriti neke nove mogućnosti susreta i sa patnjama žrtava, koje potiču sa svih strana. Za nadati se buduće suradnje. je, kako smo istaknuli i na samom Forumu, da ćemo uspjeti D.T.

IX Međunarodni forum za tranzicionu pravdu

Jahorina, 17-18. maj/ svibanj 2013.

U organizaciji Koalicije za REKOM na Jahorini je 17. i 18. kada su rezultat dijaloga koji uključuje i one koji imaju različita maja 2013. godine održan IX Međunarodni forum za tran- mišljenja i različite narative. Ono što se može uočiti u regionu, zicionu pravdu pod nazivom “Pomirenje u postjugosloven- po njenom mišljenju je rast socijalne amnezije, koja označava skim zemljama”. Predstavnici/e državnih institucija, organi- i nebrigu o žrtvama, dok je najveći deo civilnih inicijativa loka- zacija civilnog društva, udruženja žrtava i verskih zajednica, lnog karaktera i pod političkim pritiskom. umetnici/e i osobe iz akademske zajednice razgovarali/e su Najveće razočarenje je bila sesija posvećena pomire- iz različitih perspektiva o dometu i mogućnostima procesa nju iz ugla umetnika/a. Sa ponekim izuzetkom, utisak je da pomirenja u regionu. je promišljanje uloge umetnika/a i umetnosti u procesu Kao izuzetno zanimljive izdvajamo izlaganja dr. fra Ivana pomirenja nekako ustupilo mesto nezadovoljstvu govornika Šarčevića koji je govorio o ulozi verskih zajednica u pomirenju odnosom države/a prema umetnicima/ama (posebno u finan- u regionu, dr. Hrvoja Klasića (pomirenje iz ugla naučne zajed- sijskim segmentima). nice), dr. Zorana Pajića (pomirenje iz ugla država u regionu) i Ono oko čega uglavnom postoji saglasnost svih dr. Jasne Dragović – Soso (pomirenje iz ugla civilnog društva). govornika/a na Forumu je da postoji potreba za regionalnim Po rečima dr. fra Ivana Šarčevića, religija je na ovim prostorima pristupom i u suočavanju s prošlošću i pomirenju. Takav pri- često korišćena za teološka opravdavanja rata i u odnosu pre- stup je potreban i da bi se utvrdile nepobitne činjenice o rat- ma drugima zakazale su sve verske zajednice. Baš zbog toga nim zločinima i teškim kršenjima ljudskih prava. Iako pomaci što su u toj prošlosti postavljeni naši sadašnji identiteti (koji postoje, posebno u procesuiranju ratnih zločina, postizanje se često vide kao religijski), odgovornost verskih zajednica i pravde za žrtve i proces suočavanja s prošlošću je i dalje spor. vernika/ca uopšte je da rade na otvaranju prostora za dijalog A to su neophodni uslovi za pomirenje. I dalje inicijative za kroz spremnost da se razumeju »tuđe istine« (čak i ako se one suočavanje s prošlošću i pomirenje dominantno dolaze iz čine kao čista laž). Dr. Hrvoje Klasić je govorio o opterećenosti civilnog društva, a da bi to imalo širi efekat potrebno je veće zvanične istorije nacionalizmom, nedostatku multiperspek- uključivanje različitih socijalnih aktera i mere države. tivnosti u udžbenicima istorije i odsustvu dijaloga istoričara/ki Ono što ostaje kao primedba organizatorima je da zbog i i van pojedinih zemalja i unutar njih. Prema dr. Zoranu Pajiću, velikog broja govornika/ca na sesijama nije ostalo dovo- pomirenje je moguće tek nakon stvaranja uslova za pomiren- ljno prostora za diskusiju, kao i utisak da su se govornici/e je: priznavanje žrtava i uspostavljanja sistema reparacija i uglavnom držali/e suviše doslovno plana svojih izlaganja ne kompenzacija. Izvinjenja lidera u regionu često idu sa porica- komunicirajući njihov sadržaj sa drugim učesnicima/ama, niti njem zločina, a spomenici i memorijali koje je on video u BiH publikom. Uprkos zamerkama, bilo je više nego korisno tokom su uglavnom „jednonacionalni, sa strašnim porukama mržnje ova dva dana slušati i razmišljati o kompleksnosti koju proces prema drugim narodima“. O izvinjenjenju kao simboličkom pomirenja sadrži. gestu od velike važnosti za političku transformaciju govorila M.S. je i Jasna Dragović – Soso. Međutim, izvinjenja imaju svrhu

28 Internacionalni kamp MURS MURS

Goražde, 13. avgusta/ kolovoza 2013.

Udruženje GRAD iz Goražda (BiH), domaćin “Internac- skom timu CNA za ovu se priliku pridružio i Đoko Pupčević iz ionalnog kampa MURS MURS” u kojem učestvuju mladi iz Šamca, ratni veteran koji ima višegodišnje iskustvo mirovnog Njemačke, Francuske, Palestine i BiH, pozvalo nas je da mla- rada i saradnje sa CNA. dim učesnicima kampa predstavimo rad sa pripadnicima Iskustva ratnih veterana predstavili smo dokumentarnim različitih vojski koje su u ratu bile na suprotstavljenim stra- filmom iz produkcije CNA “Posjete veterana”, a u nastavku se nama, a koji danas kroz zajedničke mirovne akcije doprinose mladima, kroz diskusiju, nastojala približiti ideja veteranskog pomirenju u regionu. Naročito su bili zainteresovani za priče mirovnog angažmana i regionalni kontekst njihovog djelo- ratnih veterana. vanja. Ovaj kamp već niz godina okuplja mlade iz različitih di- Svojom energijom i interesom koji su pokazali za naš rad, jelova svijeta. Pišu novine, slikaju, rade teatarske predstave, ovi mladi ljudi su doprinijeli tome da ovo druženje bude inspi- razgovaraju i imaju stručna predavanja. Sve to s ciljem razbija- rativno i osnažujuće i po nas. nja barijera i predrasuda među ljudima koji dolaze sa različitih Određeni propusti u organizaciji nisu umanjili zadovoljst- podneblja i iz različitih kultura. Takođe, i iz različitih društveno- vo susreta sa ovim mladim ljudima. političkih konteksta. A.D. Posjetili smo kamp 13. avgusta 2013. godine. Veteran-

Konferencija: Osobna sjećanja na ratove i druge oblike političkog nasilja od ‘41. do danas

Zagreb, 26. septembra/ rujna 2013.

U svojstvu posetioca/učesnika bio sam na konferenciji tematizirajući: odnos društvene i individualne memorije, koja je upriličena povodom završetka prve faze rada na saku- potrebu za ličnim svedočenjem i načinima mogućeg korišćenja pljanju ličnih svedočenja o doživljajima političkog nasilja od zabeleženih usmenih istorija u obrazovne, istraživačke, muze- 1941. do danas, sačuvanih u obliku video arhive (450 saku- jske i umetničke svrhe. pljenih svedočenja). http://www.osobnasjećanja.hr/ O značenju ličnih svedočenja rečeno je puno toga, a ja bih Konferenciju su pozdravili, osim ambasadorke Nizozem- napomenuo sledeće misli: ske, i lični izaslanici predsednika Republike Hrvatske i mini- U stvaranju društvenog sjećanja, ništa ne može zamijeniti stra kulture, sprečenih da prisustvuju. Ovo napominjem jer je ljudsko svjedočanstvo. indikativno za institucionalnu podršku koju razvijeni program Istorija nije zatvorena knjiga, ne postoji samo jedan nara- uživa, uprkos percepiranoj vrlo nepovoljnoj klimi za pitanja tiv. suočavanja sa prošlošću u Hrvatskoj. Hoću reći, stvari se Sjećanja blijede, a spomenici koliko-toliko ostaju. menjaju, malo po malo, javni prostor postaje sve prijemčiviji Osobna sjećanja su važna kao korektiv društvene historije za glasove koji imaju kritički odnos spram prošlosti i načinu nastale između nauke i ideološkog konteksta. sećanja koji se gaji u Hrvatskoj, a posebno vezano za tzv. „dig- Vrednost zbirke video snimaka usmenih istorija je u emo- nitet Domovinskog rata“, odnosno nepravde počinjene od tivnom preživljavanju kroz gledanje osobnih svjedočenja. strane hrvatskih snaga. N.V. Osim uvodnih izlaganja održana su još četiri panela

29 Konteksti u kojima djelujemo

Uvrnuto vrijeme

(Bosna i Hercegovina)

Kada govorimo o vremenu i njegovom proticanju danas vrijeme koje je praćeno povremenim padovima neke od 13 općenito postoje dva shvatanja. Prvo je ono koje je skoro vlada u Bosni i Hercegovini. Istina, taj astronomski fenomen općeprihvaćeno, a prema kojem vrijeme posmatramo kao ri- vlade padalice bilježimo još od 2012. i vrlo je izvjesno da će jeku. Ta rijeka teče od svog izvora prema ušću, od prošlosti nebo nad nama najmanje do sljedećih izbora u oktobru 2014. ka budućnosti. Drugo poimanje vremena dao je engleski as- godine biti u ovom horoskopskom znaku. I u kontekstu prela- tronom James Bradley. Prema njemu, vrijeme teče obrnuto: zaka preko rijeke 2013. je, barem za sad, u BiH itekako šugava. od budućnosti prema prošlosti pri čemu trenutak u kome Izuzev nagle i nikad razjašnjene smrti akademika Sulejmana budućnost postaje prošlost nazivamo sadašnjošću. U kontek- Redžića i tihog, ali dugog odlaženja Mostarca Ilijaza Delića, ova stu postratne Bosne i Hercegovine valjalo bi dodati i još jedno godina bosanskohercegovačke medije nije počastila odlaskom tumačenje prema kojem vrijeme protiče uvrnuto: čas živimo nekog velikana, kakav je u Hrvatskoj bio Mirko Kovač ili u Srbiji prošlost, čas budućnost, bližu ili dalju; sadašnjost skoro da i ne Srđa Popović. Tako smo ostali bez crno-bijelih naslovnica, uz postoji, jer ona zahtijeva suočavanja s nama samima onakvima kitnjaste omaže i posljednje poruke mom dragom prijatelju kakvi doista jesmo. U tom smislu, neka mi bude oprošteno što tom i tom, iako su, barem je tako u većini slučajeva, takvi umi- o Bosni i Hercegovini u 2013. ne govorim hronološki – ionako rali sami, ostavljeni, neshvaćeni, davno gurnuti na društvenu njeni stanovnici ne podnose niti uvažavaju bilo koji termin koji marginu. u sebi sadrži logos. Povijest BiH u šest čaša Godina koja traje 15 dana Tom Standage posmatrao je cjelokupnu povijest ljudskog Pa, kakvi smo to bili u 2013. godini? Ako posmatramo roda na osnovu pića koja su bila dominantna u određenom većinu običnih ljudi i njihovo uključivanje u javni prostor kojim periodu, pa je govorio o Povijesti svijeta u šest čaša. Iskreno se daju znak da su i dalje članovi ovog društva, 2013. godina u nadam da će neko cjelokupnu postratnu povijest BiH jednog Bosni i Hercegovini trajala je kratko, jedva 15-ak dana. Počela dana posmatrati kroz optiku mjesta gdje se protestiralo. Mjes- je 1. oktobra, a završila već 15. oktobra. Sve prije bile su tek to protestiranja pokazuje količinu nemoći i beznađa u kome se pripreme za najluđi događaj godine, a sve poslije 15. samo nalazimo. Oni najnemoćniji, koji su svjesni da njihovi protesti je glavobolja koja nije posljedica triježnjenja, već međufaza ne mogu smijeniti ni načelnika općine koja broji jedva neko- između dva ludovanja. Riječ je, dakako, o Popisu stanovništva, liko hiljada stanovnika, uglavnom idu protestirati pred zgradu domaćinstava i stanova u BiH, ili jednostavnije Na Bošnjake, OHR-a1. Tu, pred dovoljno velikim i snažnim Golijatom, na- Hrvate i Srbe razbroj se. Nacionalne elite koje žive od proce- daju se da će iskamčiti ono što smatraju da im pripada, a ako nata (matematički: procent broja naroda na popisu u kombi- i ne dobiju ono što traže znaju da protiv takvih i nije sramota naciji s procentom glasova na izborima kao rezultantu daje izgubiti. Od sredine oktobra ispred OHR-a su povratnici u bh. vlast; vlast daje moć, a moć se koristi isključivo za individualne entitet Republiku Srpsku, koji traže da se poštuje sporazum interese) već su u javnost izašle i s rezultatima popisa ispod iz 2002. godine koji bošnjačkim povratnicima garantira pravo kojih neće pristati. Bošnjaka je 54%, Srba 33%, Hrvata 15%, i na nacionalnu grupu predmeta u školama. Iz RS-a su prvo- ostalih 2-3%. Dakle, ukupno 106%. Iako za većinu popis nema bitno opravdanje pronašli u činjenici da ni Srbi u bh. entitetu smisla ukoliko nije izražen u procentima, kao fakat ostaje da je Federacija BiH nemaju prava na nacionalnu grupu predmeta popis pokazao da nas ukupno ima 3,7 miliona, što je bar ne- što su federalne vlasti negirale da bi već sutradan federalni koliko stotina hiljada više nego li je stvarno stanje. To što nas premijer izdao instrukciju da se za njih uvede nacionalna gru- je u odnosu na 1991. manje za skoro milion, kao i gdje su svi pa predmeta koja, kako je samo dan ranije rekao, postoji. Što ti ljudi, nikome nije bitno. Tako smo popisom dobili tačan zbir bi rekao grčki premijer Micotakis 1994: “Mi nismo podržavali netačnih podataka koji će malo kome koristiti. Sve ostalo prošlo je manje-više mimo običnih ljudi, iako 1 Office of the High Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina/ Ured uvijek preko njihovih leđa. Političku scenu obilježilo je tmurno visokog predstavnika u Bosni i Hercegovini 30 Karadžića, ali obećavamo da to više nećemo činiti”. Nakon banjalučki studenti koji su također protestirali ulicama Banja toga, iz RS-a su ponudili solomonsko rješenje po staljinističkom Luke poručili su da im ne pada na pamet da se na bilo koji principu nema čovjeka - nema problema: Goran Mutabdžija, način identificiraju sa sarajevskim protestima. Na kraju, sve se ministar prosvjete RS-a zatražio je ukidanje škole u Konjević- završilo kao davne 1968. Istina, bez Tita i Kozaračkog kola, ali Polju. Baš kao što je i predsjednik RS-a pokazao svu količinu uz obećanje vlasti da će zakon usvojiti (još uvijek je na snazi socijaldemokratske tradicije koju baštini kazavši kako “ozbiljno privremena uredba koja istječe krajem godine) i pravi dernek razmišlja da ukine sud u Bijeljini” koji je presudio protiv RS-a u zadnje noći uz neke od najpopularnijih bendova. korist litvanskih investitiora. Nije problem, dakle, što ova bebolucija nije uspjela, i drugi su protesti u prvom pokušaju doživljavali fijasko. Problem je Bebolucija što je u tih nekoliko dana, i pored medijske pompe, na ulice Oni koji nisu potpuno nemoćni idu da protestiraju ispred izašlo jedva nekoliko hiljada građana, pri čemu su i ti građani Zgrade institucija BiH. Takvi su moćni taman koliko i država jasno rekli da trenutno stanje ne valja, ne ponudivši nikakvu Bosna i Hercegovina: na papiru se vodi da postoji, a u stvar- alternativu. Prošireno na cjelokupno stanje i cijelu BiH: uopće nom životu je i mikroskopom teško pronalazite. Na ovom nije problem što je trunutno stanje loše, problem je što i mjestu su u junu protestirali građani Sarajeva, ali i drugih najveći optimisti sve teže uočavaju kraj tunela makar nas na bh. gradova nakon što bh. vlasti nisu usvojile zakon o jed- tom kraju i ne dočekalo blještavo svjetlo. instvenom matičnom broju što je onemogućilo upisivanje novorođenčadi u matične knjige rođenih i izdavanje potrebnih Ko ne skače mrzi Bosnu hehehe dokumenta za bebe koje su trebale liječenje u inostranstvu. Zato je tu, kad ništa ne ide, nogomet i nogometna Nakon dramatične blokade parlamentaraca koji su pušteni reprezentacija. Kao neka vrsta opijuma i melema na sve naše iz zgrade tek nakon 15 sati i to na intervenciju Visokog pred- rane, došao je odlazak naše reprezentacije na svjetsko prven- stavnika Valentina Inzka, sve je krenulo silaznom putanjom. stvo u Brazilu. E, tada se na ulicama Sarajeva okupio buljuk Iz Banja Luke su poručili da vole bebe, ali da im je RS milija, a svjetine koja je mahala bh. zastavama (sadašnjim i prošlim),

31 padala u trans gledajući Zmajeve zaboravivši barem na jed- pa se sad naši političari domišljaju kako da ovu diskriminaciju nu noć da su nezaposleni, bez zdravstvene zaštite, riješenog formalno ukinu, s tim da se pri tom riješi trenutno evidentno stambenog pitanja, da će ih već sutra nazvati iz banke, jer pitanje majorizacije Hrvata na državnom nivou, pri čemu se ne kasne s uplatom rate kredita. Političarima, koji su o državnom bi diralo u suštinu troetničke matrice. O Sejdić-Finciju (sjeća li trošku redovito boravili u zmajevom gnijezdu ovaj je uspjeh se iko ko su uopće Sejdić-Finci, znamo li njihova imena ili se došao kao naručeni i dobro plaćeni spin pa je pobjednik iz- radi o potpunom sjedinjavanju, nekoj vrsti novonastalog ken- bora iz 2010. i veliki socijaldemokrata svoju ljubav prema BiH taura?) napisane su stotine kolumni, već su objavljeni stručni poslije dokazivao degutantno skačući u jednom televizijskom radovi, izvještaji... Pa opet, dozvolite mi da prosudim kako je studiju i uzvikujući ko ne skače mrzi Bosnu hehehe. I pritom ni jedan obični građanin, na novinarsko pitanje o Sejdić-Finciju jednom ne skočivši. dao najsažetiji i najpotpuniji odgovor: U svakom slučaju izvode I tako, u 2013. smo još danima svečano ćutali umjesto da pizdarije, ona četvorica (bh. lidera). I jebu nam mater jer smo smo urlali, aranžmane s MMF-om smo potpisivali svečano kao blesavi. A u tome im pomaže ova kurva od međunarodne za- da se rješavamo svih sadašnjih i budućih problema, kod Prije- jednice. dora je otkrivena masovna grobnica s preko 600 tijela, vratio Ukoliko 2013. godinu posmatramo u kontekstu procesa nam se Momčilo Krajišnik i još neki neki osuđeni heroji, ni u pomirenja i suočavanja s prošlošću vrijedi spomenuti nekoliko ovoj godini nismo riješili presudu Sejdić-Finci... stvari. Narodna skupština RS-a usvojila je deklaraciju kojom se definira karakter rata u BiH. Bio je to, prema ovoj deklaraciji, Kentaur Sejdić-Finci tragični (kao da postoje sretni) građanski rat i bilo kakva druga Da, ne treba zaboraviti Sejdić-Fincija, ali čovjeku ponesta- interpretacija ne samo da nije dobrodošla, već je zabranjena. je snage da objašnjava. Ukratko, presudom Suda za ljudska Istovremeno, još uvijek nije usvojena deklaracija o zabrani ne- prava svim bh. građanima bi trebalo biti omogućeno da biraju giranja genocida nad Bošnjacima šireg područja Srebrenice, i da budu birani za članove Predsjedništva BiH (prema važećim uz stalno i uporno negiranje genocida koje dolazi od nekih ustavnim rješenjima trenutno mogu biti birani samo Bošnjaci, najviših zvaničnika RS-a. Sjećanje na žrtve nije u potpunosti Hrvati i Srbi). Presudu valja provesti jer EU prijeti sankcijama, zabranjeno, ali je svakako ograničeno. Lokalne vlasti u Prije-

32 doru još uvijek zabranjuju da se posjete bivši koncentracioni će. Neće, jer neće imati šta. Ko preživi vraćat će kredite MMF- logori Keraterm i Omarska; višegradske vlasti ovih dana se u, Svjetskoj banci, privatnim stranim bankama, domaćim (na- pripremaju da sruše kuću u kojoj su braća Lukići 1992. godine cionalnim) liderima i uspješnim privatnim poduzetnicima koji zapalili 72 civila jer eto, baš tuda, treba da prođe lokalni put nam i zrak i vodu i sami život (pro)daju na kredit. širok desetak metara; Sarajevo još uvijek nema spomenik civ- ilnim žrtvama koje su ubijene na lokalitetu Kazana... Nedžad Novalić Sve u svemu, 2013. u BiH je bila takva da na kraju ne možemo reći ni onu toliku ofucanu floskulu ko preživi pričat

Brk Crnogorca (Crna Gora) „Brk Crnogorca, da je neko nekad takao, samo je mogao da izgubi glavu. Rađanje i umnožavanje, to je jedini spas ovom narodu...“ (Na dan kad je bavljenje mirom počelo da u meni neke druge politike. izaziva preveliki nemir, naprasno sam prestala da Ove godine bilježimo 200 godina od rođenja Petra II budem aktivistkinja i postala savjetnica za turizam i Petrovića Njegoša, a njegov rođendan 13. novembar biće održivi razvoj (ne kažu uzalud "turizam je pasoš mira", novi državni praznik – Dan crnogorske kulture. Ovoj odluci ah!). Kome to ne smeta, neka nastavi sa čitanjem moje protivili su se predstavnici Bošnjačke stranke, koji vjeruju da je Njegoš insiprisao mržnju prema islamskom svijetu, te „da reportaže o Crnoj Gori, turističkoj destinaciji. Ipak, čim su neke ideje tog djela, u svojoj bukvalnoj interpretaciji, bile sam odlučila o čemu ću da pišem osjetila sam bol u idejni koncept i opravdanje izvođačima zločina i genocida nad želucu.) islamskim stanovništvom i u 19. i u 20. vijeku, u Crnoj Gori i okruženju”. Bošnjaci nadalje smatraju da treba makar iz Ko (smije da) se bavi politikom? školskih udžbenika ukloniti sadržaje koji su uvredljivi za musli- U posljednje vrijeme tokom obuka koje sam radila imala mane. Sa druge strane, većina poštovaoca Njegoša govori da sam priliku da pitam oko 60 ljudi u Crnoj Gori da li se bave je potrebno razumjeti kontekst u kojem je on živio i stvarao, politikom. Samo jedan od njih je odgovorio „da“, i to kao član pa na osnovu toga donositi sud. Tokom višemjesečnog političke partije. Čak i djevojka koja je bila u radnoj grupi za obilježavanja 200 godina od njegovog rođenja, mnogo se o izradu nekog zakona, rekla je da nju politika ne zanima i da Njegošu govorilo. Isječaka iz njegovog života i djela ima bez- nema nikakve veze sa tim. Na sasvim tehničkom sastanku, broj, i samo je pitanje pojedinca/društva da li želi da ih posma- na pomen „poboljšanje poljoprivredne politike“, bila sam tra pojedinačno ili kao cjelinu. zamoljena da „ne koristimo tu riječ“. Prije par godina, na ne- koj radionici predavač je pitao za primjer prava koje nam je Ko je ugrožen? najviše ugroženo u Crnoj Gori (pitanje je trebalo da posluži Što se tiče nejednakosti u društvu, do skoro se ona veziva- samo kao lagan primjer, i niko od prisutnih se zapravo nije la uglavnom za neravnopravnost polova. Međutim, ova lista bavio ljudskim pravima niti sličnom tematikom). Tri četvrtine je sve veća: korisnici socijalne pomoći, samohrani roditelji/ odgovora je bilo isto i ja sam se zaprepastila kad smo svi „ot- majke, trudnice i porodilje (kojima su ugrožena radna prava), krili“ papire na kojima smo prethodno zapisali prvu asocijac- djeca bez roditeljskog staranja, dugotrajno nezaposlena lica, iju: pravo na slobodu govora/izražavanja (?!). Odavno znamo osobe iz ruralnih i udaljenih gradskih sredina, Romi i Egipćani, da ako ovo pravo iskoristiš kako bi iskritikovao bilo kakvu po- raseljena lica i izbjeglice, osobe sa invaliditetom, LGBT oso- javu u društvu, pa i sebe samog, postaješ državni neprijatelj. be... Ako želimo ići u detalje, treba pomenuti i novinare, koji Pored toga, vlast često proziva nevladine organizacije da se su definitivno osjetljiva grupa, naravno, u zavisnosti od toga o bave politikom, odnosno da „rade isto što i opozicija“.- Na kome i na koji način pišu/govore. Takođe, ugroženi su brkati kon toga, sve političke partije pozivaju građane da izađu na Crnogorci, i to od LGBT populacije jer su organizatori Parade izbore, samo to, a oni (partije) će sami sve ostalo... onih 60 ponosa kao svoj zaštitni znak odabrali – brkove, tradicionalni ljudi je za kratko vrijeme promijenilo mišljenje i sada su pon- simbol časti i junaštva! Lista i dalje nije zatvorena, ako ste i vi osni što rade važne stvari za svoju zemlju i time daju doprinos ugroženi, ne zamjerite, nego se samo upišite! unapređenju socijalne, ekonomske, ekološke, omladinske ili

33 Zašto? porodica napravila tempirane bombe, roditelji do danas U posljednje vrijeme za svaki problem se kao odgovor nađe nisu u mogućnosti da se usklade sa radom vrtića i škola. -Um svjetska ekonomska kriza, pa moram napomenuti da je veliki jesto „staromodnog“ dolaska sa posla na ručak u 15h, ručak broj slučajeva nejednakih mogućnosti nastao zbog vrijednosti, se odvija na kioscima brze hrane, djeca su ljuta na roditelje stavova i ponašanja u društvu, a nikako zbog nedostatka nov- što nemaju vremena za njih, a roditelji isfrustrirani što nisu u ca. Na primjer, niz faktora utiče na odluku žena o (ne)ulasku u mogućnosti da obezbijede vrijeme, prostor i novac za svoju politiku: uticaj sredine, istorijski kontekst i tradicija: „za ženu porodicu. Neko će reći da današnju djecu vaspitava ulica, da, nije da se bavi politikom“; mali broj žena u politici i njihova to je tačno, ali to je tako „evropski“! značajno slabija mogućnost napredovanja; nedovoljno mor- A što se tiče Evropske Unije, priznajem da je sreća da ima- alne i praktične podrške okoline: briga o djeci i domaćinstvu; mo makar nekoga prema kome ne gajimo teorije zavjere kada ekonomska zavisnost i nedovoljno ženske solidarnosti među nam pošalje kritiku. Naravno, i ovdje ima izuzetaka. političarkama. Individualni činioci koji zavise od samih žena su da one često politiku smatraju prljavom i da nisu spremne da Zanimljivo za region: Gej je OK? rizikuju cjelokupnu prijeđašnju profesionalnu karijeru i integ- Ako Evropa tako kaže - naravno! Jedna dobra vijest: ritet. S druge strane, građani Crne Gore imaju veoma oštra održane su dvije parade ponosa u Crnoj Gori! Jedna manje i predubjeđenja o ženama/muškarcima u politici, odnosno jedna više uspješno. Prva je bila organizovana u Budvi, gdje je biračko tijelo je specifično i patrijarhalno. Istraživanje je poka- oko hiljadu osoba (što je velik broj za tako mali prostor) napalo zalo da pola ispitanica smatra da bi muškarci uspješnije nego predstavnike parade riječima, kamenicama, flašama i drugim žene obavljali državne funkcije na visokom nivou, dok samo predmetima, a vlasnici nekoliko gradskih kafića su ugostili 13-19% žena (u zavisnosti od pozicije) vjeruje da bi žene bile sveštenika koji je osveštao njihove lokale na čijem platou su uspješnije. prolazili aktivisti. Mišljenja građana su podijeljena – jedni su Jedna anketa je pokazala da je glavni razlog za nejednake zgroženi i ugroženi paradom, a drugi lažnim moralom onih mogućnosti za zapošljavanje mladih nepotizam, ali tu nije kraj kojima “smeta parada, a ne smeta korupcija, organizovani priče. Nepotizam je zamalo pa neizbježan u našoj maloj zem- kriminal i divlja gradnja”. Baš me zanima kako ovo posljed- lji, ali pravi problemi nastaju kad imate više rođaka i prijatelja nje navedeno utiče na tradicionalne crnogorske vrijednosti. koje biste da zaposlite, a naprosto ne znate koga ćete prvo, Dvadesetak osoba je pritvoreno, a organizatori su evakuisani ili kada obećate i njima i njihovim prijateljima da će da budu sa kopna kako bi se spriječili veći incidenti. zapošleni nakon narednih izbora a onda se suočite sa novim Nakon dva mjeseca organizovana je prva parada pono- problemom – radnih mjesta naprosto nema. sa u Podgorici, uz ponovno veliko učešće huligana, od kojih U zadnje vrijeme me jako ljute planovi opozicije koji go- je većina mladih osoba. Ova je ipak uspješno realizovana, vore građanima šta će dobiti ako za njih glasaju, a radi se pro- doduše uz neizbježne napade i hapšenja. jektima koje bi mogli da realizuju i ako nisu na vlasti. Tako smo Zanimljivo mi je bilo da gledam kako su političke partije dobili još jednu osjetljivu grupaciju – opoziciju, koja bi uradila mahom poslale žene da podrže skup (iako se znalo da će biti sve za Crnu Goru, ali nikako da je izglasamo! Kako god, i jedni i vrlo vjerovatno izložene fizičkom nasilju), a prije toga su se drugi su skloni aferama, mada ni oni „treći“ (NVO) ne zaostaju, muškarci – političari uglavnom izjasnili da oni nisu “gay” ili da a ove godine aktulna afera „Snimak“1 nikako da dobije svoj sebe ne vide na „takvim“ skupovima, ali da treba poštovati epilog. Za mene lično jeste, kada sam čula kako predstavnica ljudska prava, naročito jer je to bitno za ulazak u EU(?!). Koji vlasti uz osmjeh (javno) kaže predstavniku opozicije: „Prizna- god razlog bio, država je organizovano stala na stranu pravde jte, i vi bi ste - da ste na našem mjestu“. i zaštitila učesnike povorke, kako organizovanim prisust- vom predstavnika policije, tako i ličnim dolaskom da se skup EU je svetinja, ili je porodica svetinja, a možda (ni)je podrži. S druge strane, Mreža mladih koalicije neparlamen- oboje? tarnih stranaka pod nazivom „Srpska lista” pozvala je građane Primjećujem da je sve što dolazi iz EU najbolje rješenje Crne Gore na protest, a predstavnik Nove srpske demokratije za Crnu Goru. Ako će nam pomoći da joj se približimo, svako iskreno je naveo: “Mi smo konzervativna hrišćanska stranka rješenje je pravo. Ako nema veze sa njom, prošvercovaćemo koja baštini tradicionalne vrijednosti. Neka ih podrži vlast, svoje ideje kao „evropske“. Tako smo prije nekoliko godina, koja maše demokratijom i evropskim standardima.” Čak su se od svih recepata iz Evrope, odlučili da usvojimo tzv. evrop- oglasili iz Udruženja boraca ratova od 1990. koji su „doživjeli sko radno vrijeme. Praktično, ova odluka je od crnogorskih kao provokaciju“ to što je za datum događaja izabran 20. ok- tobar, “jedan od najznačajnijih datuma NOB-a, kada su 1944. 1 U javnost su procurile audio-snimke sa sjednice Vijeća crnogorske godine, združene snage jugoslovenskih partizana i sovjetske vladajuće partije DPS-a, na kojima se čuje kako njeni zvaničnici ot- Crvene armije oslobodile Beograd od Hitlerovih fašista”. Ovim voreno govore o stranačkom zapošljavanju, mijenjanju popisa birača povodom Mitropolit crnogorko-primorski Amfilohije orga- i direktorima državnih tvrtki koje rade isključivo u interesu stranke. 34 nizovao je svečanu litiju, kako bi „očistio grijeh kojim jetih Direktor lokalne turističke organizacije Mirza Krcić, kojeg dana grad bio zagađen“. On je kazao na svečanoj akademiji smo zatekli u gradu, kazao je "Vijestima" da se sve odvija u povodom osveštenja Sabornog hrama da ta „bogomolja pred- najboljem redu, da nema nikakvih problema, te da su Kotorani stavlja poziv na praštanje i pomirenje u Crnoj Gori“ što nije pokazali da su dostojanstveni: bio slučaj sa njim samim, koji je danima pozivao na mržnju "Svako treba da izražava svoje mišljenje i opredjeljenje, i to i otpor „bestidnoj povorci koja proglašava grijeh za vrlinu, a treba ljudi da poštuju. Građani Kotora su pokazali da su dosto- čovjekomržnju za čovjekoljublje.“ Građani intervjuisani na janstveni i da poštuju različitosti i da će sve proteći u najboljem ulici su ponavljali njegove riječi o tome kako smo stvoreni da redu. U Kotor je svako dobro došao, svako ko ne izlazi iz okvira se razmnožavamo i kako treba čuvati porodicu od napasnika, onih sloboda koji ne ugrožavaju druge, i po meni je sve to le- a naročito su ih naljutili (gore pomenuti) brkovi. gitimno. Treba pustiti ljude da razmišljaju i osjećaju se onako Nevjerovatna je količina nasilja i mržnje koja je ovom pri- kako žele i misle, i to treba poštovati, svačije mišljenje i opred- likom isplivala iz mladih ljudi, koji su činili većinu privedenih jeljenje. Ovo je svuda u svijetu normalno, oni su posjetili juče i huligana, od čega je trećina bila maloljetna. Jedan podgorički Dubrovnik, i Dubrovčani su rekli da su dobri potrošači", kazao dječak zadobio je teže opekotine kada mu se zapalila eksploz- je Krcić, uz opasku da njega lično više interesuje i brine šta će ivna naprava koju je pripremao po „receptu“ sa interneta, a biti sa budžetom Crne Gore ili Kombinatom aluminijuma (koji želio da aktivira na paradi. je u procesu zatvaranja), nego što je u Kotoru 2.800 pripadnika Za kraj, da se vratimo na moju struku (turizam!), u kontek- gej populacije. stu priče o LGBT pravima. Samo par dana nakon Parade pono- Lidija Brnović sa u Budvi, na tačno 30 km dalje, u Kotoru iskrcan je kruzer sa 2.800 homoseksualaca.

Sve su znali, a ništa nisu napravili

(Hrvatska)

Najveća promjena koja se u Hrvatskoj dogodila u posljed- izvještaju o „stanju nacije“, u 22 godine nezavisnosti ostvarila njih godinu dana članstvo je u Europskoj Uniji. Uz puno is- sve svoje strateške političke ciljeve, među koje ubraja članstvo postavljenih računa, i mjera koje „rastrošnu“ državu imaju u NATO-u i EU. Osim toga, najavio je novi val privatizacije dovesti u fiskalni red, postoje neki trenuci u kojima je moguće preostalih državnih poduzeća zbog nužnosti konsolidacije vježbati državni suverenitet, poput spora s EU oko zakona državnog proračuna1. Dakle, osim političkih strateških ciljeva, koji je kolokvijalno nazvan Lex Perković, prema nekadašnjem Hrvatska je u 22 godine nezavisnosti uspjela rasprodati i svu članu UDBE, optuženom u Njemačkoj za ubojstvo političkog svoju državnu imovinu, ekonomija je i dalje disfunkcionalna, a emigranta Stjepana Đurekovića. Teško je tvrditi da postoji građani i sama država nalaze se u dužničkom ropstvu. BDP je i puno ljudi koji razumiju u čemu je zapravo spor i zašto je zbog dalje u padu, 70 tisuća radnika ne dobiva plaće, i brojimo 314 takvog propisa vrijedno riskirati sankcije odmah po ulasku tisuća nezaposlenih, odnosno 18%. u „europsku obitelj“. No, to je ujedno bila i prilika da se još Ulaskom u EU utvrđena je i granica između Hrvatske i jednom zapitamo o stanju hrvatskih medija, nemogućnosti njezinih balkanskih susjeda, pa smo tako ove godine ponov- razaznavanja ikakvih smislenih informacija u kakofoniji po- no doživjeli regresiju u prekograničnoj komunikaciji, onoj tencijalnih prijetnji i insinuacija. Ujedno, iako to do sada (pa doslovnoj, propustivši isposlovati za naše susjede isto ono što ni tijekom dugog razdoblja pregovaranja) nismo imali priliku je Hrvatska imala u godinama slovenskog članstva u EU - pre- vidjeti, doista je moguće razgovarati za pregovaračkim stolom, lazak granice s osobnom iskaznicom. jednom kad je vaša pozicija barem nominalno jednaka onima Da ta granica nije samo teritorijalna pokazalo se pri koji postavljaju uvjete. Dakle, moguće je državnički djelovati, i pokušaju Vlade da osigura sprovođenje hrvatskih zakona na prava je šteta da je takvo djelovanje izolirano na pojedinačne čitavom teritoriju države, uključujući i područja od posebne akte zajedničke evropske pravne stečevine. Iako premijer tvrdi državne skrbi (područja devastirana tokom posljednjeg rata). da se radi o načelnom stavu, čitav ovaj nered nije ni trunčice pomogao u rasvjetljavaju recentne hrvatske povijesti, niti načina na koje su spomenute službe (ili pojedinci) imali utje- 1 Croatia Osiguranje, Croatia Airlines, ACI, monetizacija autocesta, caja na stvaranje hrvatske nezavisnosti. nakon što je to ova vlada već učinila s prodajom Brodosplita, Bro- dotrogira i Trećeg maja (brodogradilišta) i ugovorom o koncesion- Hrvatska je, reći će premijer Milanović u Saboru u svom iranju Zračne luke Zagreb 35 Međutim, iako su „dvojezične“ (latinica plus ćirilica) ploče je osnivač centra Vlada, a zadaća mu je „istraživanje istine postavljene na zgrade državnih institucija u Udbini, u Lici, o Domovinskom ratu“. Ostaje pitanje kako je takvu „istinu“ ispostavilo se da taj zadatak neće biti tako lako provesti na moguće istraživati kada Vlada (uz pomoć obavještajne zajed- području Vukovara. Istog jutra kad su postavljene, uz zaštitu nice) određuje ne samo tko ima pristup datim dokumentima, policije, polupane su u rušilačkom pohodu pred kojim je ta već i što je za takvo istraživanje relevantno. policija bila nemoćna do te mjere da je ploča s neželjenim Da takvo postupanje nije izolirani incident pokazale su i natpisom odvaljena i sa zgrade policijske stanice. HDZ koji je najave ministra branitelja Freda Matića da Vlada u školske pro- prije 4 godine omogućio stupanje na snagu Ustavnog zakona grame planira uvesti teme o Domovinskom ratu, i to kroz eks- o pravima nacionalnih manjina sada se njegovom provođenju perimentalnu terensku nastavu koja bi obuhvaćala na prvom izrazito protivi2 i zahtijeva da se Vukovar proglasi „gradom mjestu posjetu Vukovaru3. U školskim programima se, u tom posebnog pijeteta“. U konkretnom slučaju to bi značilo legal- smjeru, kao obavezan planira i najmanje jedan posjet godišnje iziranje suspenzije hrvatskih zakona na hrvatskom teritoriju. ratištu koje je najbliže mjestu i školi koju djeca pohađaju. U Međutim, više od ciničnog stava nekadašnje vlasti nerv- praksi to znači da bi zadarska djeca išla na Maslenicu, no nitko ira stajalište sadašnje. SDP, naime, u obranu zakona, uporno nije upitao ministra znači li to da bi splitska djeca imala pri- naglašava presudnu odgovornost HDZ-a, a oni kao dobri, like posjetiti splitsku ratnu luku Lora. Teško da bi za osnovce građanski nastrojeni legalisti sad „samo“ pokušavaju odraditi mogla biti prikladna priča o premlaćivanjima i ponižavanjima ono što je ustavnim zakonom propisano. Čak i kada bi se mogli ljudi koji su u Loru dovođeni pod optužbom da su spremali othrvati osjećaju da se političari cijelog hrvatskog političkog oružanu pobunu protiv Hrvatske, koja se rijetko mogla- pot spektra odnose prema ovom zakonu kao da je neželjeno di- krijepiti materijalnim dokazima. S deklarativne strane, država jete, više plaši ideološka potka koja iza takve obrane stoji. nikad nije priznala ove zločine. S druge pak strane, s nekima Premijer je, braneći zakon u Hrvatskom saboru, izjavio: „Ovaj od žrtava postignuta je nagodba i isplaćen im je određen no- zakon je trijumf Hrvatske. U pobjedi moramo biti velikodušni, vac. Ipak, teško je vjerovati da bi se tako nečemu moglo naći a u miru imati dobru vjeru“. mjesta u obrazovnom sustavu. Dodajmo ovome još i da je Nije posve jasno u čemu se ta dobra vjera sastoji, ili zašto ministarstvo branitelja raspisalo natječaj namijenjen neprof- za njom postoji potreba. O „pobjedi“ se malo tko još i pita. itnim organizacijama „čije je primarno djelovanje usmjereno Službeni „pobjednički“ diskurs o prirodi Domovinskog rata to- na područje zaštite interesa i skrbi o hrvatskim braniteljima i liko je prevladao u javnom prostoru da se i pomenuti premi- stradalnicima Domovinskog rata“. Za ovu je svrhu predviđeno jer požurio oprati kad mu je jednom drugom prilikom, posve 5 milijuna kuna, a bit će namijenjena promicanju vrijednosti nesmotreno, izletjelo promišljanje o višestrukoj prirodi tog su- Domovinskog rata. koba, pa mu je i sintagma „građanski rat“ prešla preko usana. Sve je to utvrđeno oslobađajućim presudama hrvatskim Na opasnost od cementiranja takvog stanja upozorava i jedna generalima Markaču i Gotovini, koje su u domovini dočekane „crtica“ iz znanstvenog svijeta, područje povijest. Zahvaljujući s pravedničkim zadovoljstvom nepokvarenim pomenutim zahtjevu mlade znanstvenice Julijane Antić Brautović, koja je „sporadičnim“ incidentima. Ovom je potonjem, Anti Gotovini, za potrebe svoje doktorske disertacije u kojoj istražuje „trgo- uručena i povelja počasnog građanina grada Splita, na svečanoj vinu“ teritorijem između RH, Republike Jugoslavije i Bosne i ceremoniji kojoj je nazočio i u ovom izvještaju najviše pomin- Hercegovine (Prevlaka i istočni dio Konavala) tražila pristup jani ministar, kao i dvojica njegovih kolega iz Vlade. Ponešto klasificiranim podacima iz Tuđmanovog arhiva (sada pohran- disonantne tonove u ovu hrvatsku priču o pobjedi i praved- jenima u Državnom arhivu), saznali smo da pristup takvim nosti unijela je nepravomoćna haška presuda hercegovačkoj dokumentima imaju samo osobe koje posjeduju sigurnosni šestorki. Nekadašnji politički i vojni lideri samoproglašene certifikat, a o dopuštenju pristupa odlučuje Vlada i njezino „Herceg-Bosne“ proglašeni su krivima za udruženi zločinački povjerenstvo, na zatvorenoj sjednici. Možda takav pristup pothvat protjerivanja i ubijanja Bošnjaka u Bosni i Hercego- državničkim dokumentima za koje još nije istekao rok od 30 vini. Zločinački pothvat je, prema presudi, koordinirao Franjo godina tajnosti i ne bi bio neobičan, da se nije saznalo da sig- urnosni certifikat, a time i pristup tim dokumentima ima -direk tor Hrvatskog memorijalno-dokumentacijskog centra Domov- 3 Svaki dan, ne računajući ljetne praznike i vikende, u Vukovar bi ulazilo desetak autobusa sa školskom djecom. Spavat će u vojarni, na inskog rata, Ante Nazor. Objašnjenje se sastoji u činjenici da vojničkim krevetima, a organizirano će slušati satove povijesti koje će im predavati stručne osobe iz redova branitelja ili mladi povjesničari 2 Nekadašnji ministar državne uprave u HDZ-ovoj vladi izjavio koje će educirati pravi branitelji. Posjetit će sva važna mjesta u je u jednoj televizijskoj emisiji: „Kad je HDZ bio za ćirilicu, Srba u gradu, ali i okolici, ako to žele, od Iloka do Kopačkog rita. Zadnje pre- Vukovaru nije bilo dovoljno da bi mogli ostvariti pravo na službenu davanje održat će se u Mirovnom centru, kako bi svi iz Vukovara otišli uporabu jezika i pisma“. Ovo se odnosi na postotak srpske manjine s porukama mira“. http://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/Hrvatska/ u stanovništvu koji bi dvojezičnost u društvenom i javnom životu te tabid/66/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/201818/Default.aspx) službenoj komunikaciji u javnim poslovima odredio obaveznim. 36 Tuđman, s krajnjim ciljem „pripajanja“ navedenog bosansko- Tuđmana, čija je vlast zataškavala ratne zločine, sprječavala hercegovačkog teritorija Hrvatskoj. Sudsko je vijeće utvrdilo njihovo procesuiranje, te sprovodila politiku koja je da je sukob bio međunarodnog karaktera, čime je Hrvatska onemogućavala povratak izbjeglih Srba. Da nam jednog dana označena kao agresor na BiH. U tijeku je žalbeni postupak, a sama povijest ne bi sudila zato što smo učinili ono što je tako s obzirom na neke recentne neobične prakse Haškog suda, plastično izraženo u nepravomoćnoj presudi Jadranku Prliću, ishod je, čini se, neizvjestan. Bruni Stojiću, Slobodanu Praljku, Milivoju Petkoviću, Valentinu I premijer Milanović i predsjednik Josipović nakon Ćoriću i Berislavu Pušiću: „Sve su znali, a ništa nisu napravili“. oslobađajuće presude Gotovini i Markaču izjavili su da zločine u počinjene u „Oluji“ treba procesuirati. Dodajmo tome da je Davorka Turk također nužno da se Hrvatska distancira od naslijeđa Franje

Sporazum ili +383

(Kosovo)

Najvažniji događaj, u sklopu budućnosti saradnje između skih stranaka Centralnoj izbornoj komisiji. 1 Kosova i Srbije je potpisivanje SPORAZUMA, koje se dogodilo Mimo ovoga, stalni i veliki problemi koji muče sve građane u aprilu 2013. godine. Ovo je bila važna tema, o kojoj se mno- Kosova su: nedostatak slobode kretanja, velika nezaposlenost go pričalo u javnosti, a detalji su i dalje predmet dogovaranja, (najviše mladih, od 18-30 godina), privatizacija najvećih javnih uz posredovanje Evropske Unije i baronice Ketrin Ešton. preduzeća (Telekom i energetski kompleks), velika korupcija, i Ovaj dijalog, koji intenzivno traje, veoma je značajan, ne stalni incidenti i nasilje (poput ubistva EULEX-ovog policajca). samo za jednu ili drugu zemlju, nego i za Evropu, pa i za ceo Sve nabojano stanovnike Kosova drži godinama u stanju svet. Svi konflikti na svetu, ratovi, nesporazumi... na kraju su povećane tenzije, straha od budućnosti, novog nasilja, što ne završavani dijalogom, što je suština i ovog Sporazuma. Neke doprinosi procesima stabilizacije i izgradnje mira u regionu. od najinteresantnijih tema dijaloga, za koje još uvek nema Jedan od svetlih događaja desio se krajem septembra, u konkretnih rezultata su teme vezane za Telekom i energe- Mitrovici, gde je održana Prva konferencija za mlade Foruma tiku. Kosovska vlast zahteva svoj sopstveni pozivni broj, +383, za gradove u tranziciji. Mladi predstavnici iz Belfasta, Derija- međutim, vlada Srbije ovaj zahtev ne prihvata. Londonderija, Jerusalima, Kadune, Kirkuka, Ramalaha, Tripoli- I kroz dijalog je vidljivo da ima problema u razumevanju ja i domaćina Mitrovice, razmenili su iskustva iz svojih sredina, jedne ili druge strane, te da neke detalje sporazuma svaka od i upoređivali načine na koji su oni slični.22 Jedan od najvažnijih strana tumači na svoj način, pokušavajući da kroz tumačenje zaključaka ove razmene je nužnost komunikacije između suštinu prilagodi sopstvenom jednostranom interesu. različitih ljudi, neophodnost jačanja komunikacije između ko- Izbori su, takođe, jedna od najvažnijih tema sporazuma. sovskih Srba i kosovskih Albanaca, takođe i ostalih zajednica Na prethodno održanim izborima nisu učestvovali građani koje žive na Kosovu. Značaj ovog događaja je i što se ovakvi i severnog dela Kosova, tako da su se premijeri obe zemlje, uz slični dešavaju retko, pogotovo u Mitrovici, pa su i mediji dali posredstvo EU, dogovorili da izbori budu održani 3. novem- veliki značaj susretu mladih i jačanju njihovog međusobnog bra, i da se održe na celoj teritoriji Kosova, uključujući i sever povezivanja. Nadajmo se da će i organizacija koje rade na (Severna Mitrovica, Zvečan, Leposavić, Zubin Potok). Građani poboljašnju etničkih odnosa, i događaja koji ih stavljaju u prvi srpske zajednice bojkotovali su prethodne izbore, iz straha od plan, biti sve više, te da će i rad ovih koje sada postoje i deluju formiranja vlasti od strane samo kosovskih Albanaca, te nisu biti vidljiviji u javnosti. učestvovali ni na lokalnim, ni na parlamentarnim izborima, iako imaju zagarantovan broj poslaničkih mesta u parlamentu Lulzim Hakaj Kosova. No, za razliku od prethodnih, stvara se utisak da će učestvovati na ovim izborima, jer je već prijavljeno deset srp- 1 Podaci se odnose na kraj septembra meseca 2013. godine, kada je tekst pisan. 2 http://citiesintransition.net/2013/09/29/young-leaders-ready-to- develop-conflict-transformation-network/

37 Jedno veliko ništa, spakovano i nađiđano

(Makedonija)

Dok kucam ove redove na TV-u ide direktni prenos prvog i na kraju ipak prihvatila izlazak na lokalne izbore uz znatnu Sahara Balkanskog Mirovnog Festivala, u organizaciji kom- umešanost posrednika iz EU i uvjetovano formiranje komisije panije indijskog milijardera Subrata Roj i pod pokroviteljst- koja će doneti zaključke o kršenju zakona u parlamentarnoj vom Vlade Makedonije. Malopre se državnoj eliti, uredno praksi tog dana. Izbore su uveliko dobile vladajuće stranke, skockanoj u večernjim toaletama, obratio i najskuplji govornik a komentar na zaključke koje je komisija donela dao nam je današnjice, Toni Bler, a prije njega premijer Nikola Gruevski. jedan od učesnika, poslanik Ilija Dimovski, koji kaže da izveštaj Čekam dodelu prve nagrade Šampion mira. Lete citati Gandija ima važnost koliko i paloma maramice. Kako god, izveštaj je i Majke Tereze na sve strane. O čemu se radi? Ne znam da tu, notirane zabeleške na procedure treba da se operacional- li da se smijem, ljutim ili plašim. Naime, indijskog milijardera iziraju. Ostaje gorak ukus da su maltene svi dokumenti nakon koji se pojavio u Makedoniji početkom ove godine, vlada je velikih okršaja u zemlji napravljeni uz snažno posredstvo ljudi bombastično predstavila kao velikog investitora koji preuzima sa strane, Brisela ili Washingtona. uzgoj stoke na istoku zemlje, te izgradnju milionskog luksu- Drugi, meni važan događaj je suludo hapšenje novinara znog kompleksa na Ohridskom jezeru i naravno – grandioznog Tomislava Kežarovskog iz Velesa (specijalci u punoj opremi, spomenika Majke Tereze na glavnom trgu u Skopju. Njega u rano ujutru, kamere...). Apsurdna optužba ga tereti da je svo- Indiji traže zbog pravosnažne sudske odluke koja kaže da je jim tekstom iz 2008. otkrio identitet tajnog svedoka u slučaju prevario više stotine hiljada ljudi za uplate od preko 4 mili- ubistva. Informacije koje su poznate u javnosti govore da taj jarde dolara. Malo se ko zabrinjava dok se javno veličaju nje- čovek nije imao status zaštićenog svedoka sve do sledeće go- gove najave o investicijama. Evo ga sada u ulozi organizatora, dine, a malo je kasnije i sam javno priznao da su ga inspektori ni manje ni više, već Balkanskog mirovnog festivala. Ko je tu iz policije prinudili da lažno svedoči protiv nekoga za ubistvo. još prisutan iz regije? Naravno – niko. Zašto baš u Makedoniji? U međuvremenu Tomislavu Kežarovskom je po peti (!) put On je to jučer veoma lepo objasnio, kaže da ga je dugih godina produžen pritvor. Na veliki pritisak od strane međunarodnih ta ideja terala da traži zemlju u kojoj bi je realizovao, zemlju (na domaće se odavno ne obaziru) novinarskih i drugih mira, ljubavi, zemlju bez korupcije. I konačno je našao. Ne, ne udruženja, vlast odgovara da se ne meša u poslove suda, a i šalim se. Uopšte mi nije do šale. da je evo, proces već blizu, pa će i presuda brzo. Prošlu je godinu u Makedoniji obeležio oštar sukob na Makedonija je, inače, pala za još 22 mesta u izveštaju Re- relaciji vlast – opozicija. Mi živimo tu tenziju već nekoliko portera bez Granica o slobodama medija i 2013. se našla na godina, ali sada je taj sukob progutao bukvalno sve. Svi su 116 mestu. društveni procesi podvedeni pod to poravnavanje ili su kom- Ništa se značajno nije desilo na polju međuetničkih pletno ignorisani. Taj je sukob imao svoj klimaks 24. decembra odnosa. Generalna politika – svatko (vlada) svoje i svako sa 2012. godine. Usred uzavrele rasprave oko novog budžeta svojima - se nastavlja. Etnička homogenizacija i fizičko razdva- zemlje, vlast je odlučila da na filibastering11 od strane opozici- janje odvijaju se kontinuirano, sa povremenim potresima koji je odgovori uvođenjem tajne policije u parlament i fizičkim iz- drže trend. To je, po meni, najgori razvoj za Makedoniju koji bacivanjem kompletne opozicije iz parlamenta. Desetak minu- u kombinaciji sa općom klimom nerazumevanja za drugačija ta pre toga su na isti način izbacili novinare iz galerije. Kažu, mišljenja ne obećava ništa dobro. Prije par meseci bio sam iz bezbednosnih razloga. Snimke brutalnog izbacivanja po- na jednoj diskusiji u Tetovu. U diskusiji maltene istomišljenika slanika iz parlamenta su, verujem, obišle regiju. U isto vrijeme snažno se provlačila ideja da nije bitno ko je šta. Da su etnički opozicija je imala nekoliko hiljada demonstranata ispred par- i verski identiteti nebitni. Hajde, šta ima veze ko je šta, to lamenta, na što je vlast reagovala tako što je skupila isto toliko uopšte nije bitno. Ja sam se držao teze da jesu bitni, da su svojih pristalica. I jednima i drugima se „desio narod“. Tako ljudi ovde u konstantnom konfliktu po tim osnovama, da ima- kažu. (A šta se narodu desilo?) Rizična situacija na ulici ipak je mo dugu istoriju konflikata, na kraju krajeva i rat nam se desio prošla bez većih incidenata. Sledećih meseci opozicija je bo- po tim osnovama, i da ti identiteti koji su tako neprijateljski jkotovala rad parlamenta, demonstrirala na ulicama gradova postavljeni jedni protiv drugih treba da se protresu, a ne da se ignorišu. I ta dilema mi stoji i dan danas. Dokle da idemo sa poštovanjem potreba i ambicija tih identiteta. Imaju li te 1 Filibastering (Filibustering) je parlamentarna procedura kojom se rasprava o nekom predlogu prolongira, čime jedan ili više članova ambicije kraj, tačku gde su konačno realizovane, neugrožene, parlamenta mogu da odlože ili u potpunosti spreče glasanje o gde je „dosta više, eto, proživeli smo to, 'ajmo sada dalje“. Je li određenom predlogu. to 30-metarski kip Aleksandra Makedonskog u centru Skoplja 38 ili one 50-metarske albanske zastave pored magistrala na za- jardera iz Indije, na kome priča Toni Bler, a plesne grupe iz padu zemlje? Gde je ta tačka? Postoji li uopšte? Indije dramatiziraju bunt Gandija na pozlaćenoj sceni novog Da, postoje neke druge male tačke u vremenu i prostoru pozorišta od 45 miliona eura. Jedno veliko ništa, spakovano u kojima se može otvoreno i prijateljski raspravljati o nama i nađiđano. Jedan kompletno novi nivo manipulacije. E, da, bitnim stvarima. Kompletno van javne pažnje i medija. Vero- šampionom mira za ovu godinu proglašen je Jeremy Gilley iz vatno je i tako bolje. Peace One Day. Drži govor i kaže čovjek da mu se ne veruje da Skoro da je iščezla javna diskusija, kritičko promišljanje i je dobio nagradu. Pa ni meni. Jedva čekam da vidim koja će kontekstualizacija događaja. Sve se svodi na uniformnu propa- nam kompanija sledeće godine organizovati mirovne festivale. gandu. Ide se dotle da se može i kompletno kreirati događaj Možda Coca Cola? i onda se razbija danima. Kao recimo Balkanski regionalni mi- rovni festival bez prisustva ikoga iz regije u organizaciji mili- Boro Kitanoski

Kontinuitet loše beskonačnosti

(Srbija)

Nakon potpisivanja Briselskog sporazuma dva meseca niti se očekuju. Očajanje je individualno, neartikulisano, a soli- ranije, kojim se obavezala na ukidanje paralelnih državnih darnost s drugima ne ide dalje od izolovanih protesta grupe struktura na severu Kosova i regulisanje odnosa s Kosovom, sapatnika/ca koji/e su u istoj situaciji. Ni Kosovo nije izuzetak. Srbija je u junu 2013. dobila obećanje da će u januaru 2014. Osim skupa od nekoliko hiljada ljudi na Trgu Republike 10. otpočeti pregovori o pristupanju Evropskoj Uniji. EUforia je maja koji su organizovali Srbi s Kosova, zapamćenog najviše izostala. Nimalo neočekivano, jer je ionako potpuno nejasno po »opelu« za upokojenje Vlade i Skupštine koju je održao (bar u javnom prostoru) šta bi ta Evropa zapravo trebalo da crnogorsko-primorski mitropolit Amfilohije, i poređenju bude1. Evropski standardi, evropske integracije u diskursu Dačića s ubijenim premijerom Đinđićem (»Dačić kaže da je za domaće političke elite najčešće funkcionišu kao džoker reči zemaljsku politiku, ne interesuje ga nebeska, tako je govorio i koje su same po sebi prazne, ali zgodne da se u njih ulivaju Đinđić, a kako je završio, neka Bog sudi« - vladika Atanasije3), najrazličitija značenja, po dnevnoj potrebi ili potrebi govorni- gotovo da se ništa nije dogodilo. Oštre reakcije gotovo svih ka/ce. Najčešće kao obećanje pristupa blagostanju i socijalnoj političkih partija i javnosti na izrečeno i brzo ograđivanje patri- sigurnosti građana Prvog sveta ili opravdanje stvari »koje ne jarha SPC Irineja, ponovo su podsetili da Crkva ima zapravo bismo, ali Evropa traži«. A ta Evropa, osim možda deklara- onoliko moći u javnom prostoru koliko joj prepusti politička tivno, traži sve manje. Osim implementacije Briselskog spora- elita. zuma i kontrole azilanata/kinja. Tu nema deklarativnosti. Odlaskom Demokratske stranke (DS) i dolaskom Srp- U Srbiji potpisivanje Briselskog sporazuma nije izazvalo ni- ske napredne stranke (SNS) na vlast u maju prošle godine kakve veće potrese. Kosovo ovde već veoma dugo funkcioniše ponešto se promenilo, suštinski - malo toga. Nije usledio ni- kao mekgafin2, a film predugo traje. Konstantna nesigurnost i kakav radikalan preokret u odnosu na politiku Demokratske strah od sveprisutnog nasilja i onoga šta nosi budućnost, sva- stranke. Evropski kurs, svođenje demokratije na periodične kodnevica su za najveći deo stanovnika/ca Srbije. Po mnoštvu izbore svake četiri godine, zapošljavanje po partijskoj i rodbin- pokazatelja, Srbija je među najsiromašnijim zemljama u Evropi, skoj liniji4, dominacija izvršne nad sudskom i zakonodavnom s više od milion nezaposlenih, gde sve češće očajni ljudi seku vlašću, odsustvo efektivne podele vlasti i međusobne kontrole prste, zabijaju eksere u ruke ili se spaljuju jer »obični« štrajkovi glađu više ne privlače dovoljno pažnje. Širokih protesta nema, 3 Srbin. Info - Srpske brze internet novine, 2013, http://srbin. info/2013/05/mitropolit-amfilohije-sluzio-opelo-za-upokojenje-vlade- 1 To što tu konfuziju u značajnoj meri dele i zemlje Evropske Unije, srbije/ ne olakšava, već dodatno otežava stvar. 4 Prema podacima Centra za praktičnu politiku koju je preneo 2 Mekgafin (McGuffin) je termin koji je uveo Alfred Hičkok i dnevni list Blic, sadašnja vlast je smenila skoro 3000 ljudi u državnoj označava postupak građenja čitave priče u filmu oko jednog motiva upravi, a u isto vreme, u poslednjih godinu dana, po partijskoj liniji u koji se svuda provlači, pokreće likove na akciju i prati priču, a javnim službama zaposleno je još 3000 ljudi. Izvor: Blic online, 2013, suštinski je nebitan za gledaoca. Funkcija tog motiva je da gledaoca http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Politika/380172/Vlada-do-sada-smenila- stalno drži u neizvesnosti i napetosti. 3000-ljudi 39 različitih grana vlasti, zaklinjanje u svetost ljudskih prava bez ličnih ne/simpatija i zaklanjanja iza huligana, ekstremno istinske volje da se ona zaista poštuju i/ili zaštite, deo su tog desničarskih i navijačkih grupa (koje su oko potpisivanja Bri- kontinuiteta. Nekih novina ipak ima. Jedna od njih je da se od selskog sporazuma, potencijalno mnogo rizičnijeg događaja, deklarativnih zalaganja za borbu protiv korupcije u političkim sve odreda bile na pecanju). To je ono što je suština često ra- emisijama prešlo na medijski najavljena hapšenja tajkuna. bljene reči »vladavina prava«. Jedna od svrha Ustava, zakona i Uhapšen je i optužen za korupciju Miroslav Mišković, najkrup- institucija jeste ograničavanje vlasti, njena efektivna kontrola niji među bogatašima nastalim tokom devedesetih. Do siste- i sprečavanje samovolje. Maks Veber, omiljeni mislilac prvog ma koji omogućava i indukuje tu korupciju nije se (još?) stiglo. potpresednika Vlade Republike Srbije Aleksandra Vučića6, je o Mada to nije važno sve dok rejtinzi rastu. A rastu. Ništa tako ne tome pisao mnogo i sa strašću. Bez toga ulazimo u ono što se razveseli ljude kao bogataš u zatvoru. u srpskom novogovoru naziva »politička volja«, siva zona po- Bilo da se pozicionira kao zaštitnik opljačkanih i poniženih, godna za zastarevanje sudskih procesa, pljačku državnih i re- onaj koji će se žrtvovati za modernizaciju Srbije i/ili oličenje ketiranje privatnih preduzeća od strane tajkuna bliskih vlasti, narodne volje, Aleksandar Vučić je trenutno najpopularniji nerasvetljavanje ubistava novinara/ki ili proglašavanje mleka političar u Srbiji. Ta popularnost odslikava i jedan dublji kon- sa nedozvoljenom količinom aflatoksina savršeno zdravim. Niz tinuitet čežnje za „tamo nekim ko zna”, „ko će (sam?) rešiti je potencijalno beskrajan. A mnogo toga je već viđeno. stvar”, „ko je drugačiji”, koju u većoj ili manjoj meri dele svi Prošlogodišnja promena vlasti i ustoličavanje kao nove slojevi društva. Ideologija se tu uglavnom pojavljivala tek kao vlasti onih koji su imali značajnu ulogu u oblikovanju poslednje kozmetika. Istovremeno, specifičan spoj „dokazanog patriot- dekade dvadesetog veka u ovom regionu, nije donela nikakav izma” i proevropske, modernističke retorike amortizuje kri- »povratak u devedesete«. Socijalna amnezija koja prekriva de- tike i obezbeđuje Vučiću široku podršku kako tradicionalnih vedesete u Srbiji u kojima »Srbija nije bila u ratu« vremenom glasača/ca (pređašnje) Srpske radikalne stranke, tako i dobrog se sve više pretvara u »Koji rat?«. Toj amneziji umnogome su dela glasača/ica onoga što se ranije zvalo prodemokratski doprineli i čelnici Demokratske stranke nedostatkom političke blok. Radikalni politički zaokret od-šešelja-do-vebera ne da vizije i/ili hrabrosti da se otvori pitanje odgovornosti Srbije za nije okrnjio njegovu popularnost, već je naprotiv – povećao. A ratove, pitanje posledica tih ratova, ali i da u ime države koju SNS se vidi kao stranka koja drži svoja obećanja5. su predstavljali, izraze žaljenje bez relativizacija, i upute ned- Na drugoj strani je dezorijentisana opozicija, u prvom vosmislenu poruku drugima (u regionu i unutar zemlje) da se redu Demokratska stranka, koja se, nakon smenjivanja Borisa tako nešto neće ponoviti. Onda nije neočekivano da i režim Tadića, s konstantnim padom rejtinga, nosi s optuživanjem koji je Milošević personifikovao postaje samo »vlast koja nije »svojih« glasača/ica za nelojalnost i/ili nerazumevanje i frakci- bila idealna, s obzirom da je izgubila izbore«, ali i da »sve to jskim borbama unutar stranke. Praksa uvedena mnogo ranije, treba ostaviti u prošlosti« jer »ako ne možemo da ispravimo da se lokalna vlast usklađuje s republičkom, kao bumerang prošlost možemo da utičemo na sadašnjost i budućnost« (Ivi- se vraća Demokratskoj stranci. Predsednik DS Dragan Đilas, ca Dačić)7. Međutim, ta prošlost je tu i iz dana u dan opominje smenjen je sa mesta gradonačelnika Beograda i slede novi da nigde ne ide. Bilo u obliku naizgled, nerazumljivih erupcija izbori u glavnom gradu. Sada se gotovo u celoj državi lokalna nasilja kakvo je bilo višestruko ubistvo koje se dogodio u Ve- i republička vlast podudaraju, što po ko zna koji put otvara likoj Ivanči kod Mladenovca, gde je čovek koga komšije opisuju mnoga pitanja. Recimo, ako se odnosi moći na republičkom kao tihog i dobrog (inače ratni veteran iz Slavonije 1991), ubio nivou (ili nivou predsednika) prenose na druge nivoe vlasti, trinaestoro ljudi na spavanju8. Ili nedavno prebijanje nastavni- koji je tačno smisao lokalnih izbora? Ili kakve posledice nosi ka od strane osnovaca dok je čekao ženu i dete u parku9. Bilo u koncentracija moći u rukama malog broja ljudi? Ali, dobro, selektivnoj istoriji, uprošćenim crno-belim objašnjenjima i/ili ovde bar pitanjâ nikad nije nedostajalo. A nije baš ni da su diskursu samoviktimizacije gde »smo mi ako ne jedine, a ono nova. najveće žrtve« koji je i dalje dominantan u javnom prostoru u Nova nije ni zabrana održavanja Parade ponosa koja skoro odnosu prema ratovima iz devedesetih. Očajanje i frustracija metaforički sublimira različite forme kontinuiteta neodgovor- u kombinaciji sa normalizovanim nasiljem, opasna su kombi- nosti i/ili cinizma političke klase u Srbiji. Po treći put, njeno nacija, a prošlost nikada nije samo prošlost. Takva prošlost održavanje je zabranjeno iz »bezbednosnih razloga«. U jed- nom se treba složiti sa izjavama političara/ki iz vladajućih 6 TV B92, 2013, http://blip.tv/b92/utisak-ned- struktura – to nije poraz države. Da bi država bila poražena, elje-10-3-2013-6548445 ona bi morala da stane iz svog Ustava i svojih zakona i da 7 Akter, 2013, http://akter.co.rs/25-politika/54434-hvala-im-to-su- pokuša da obezbedi njihovo sprovođenje. Bez relativizacije, nas-smenili-oktobra-2000-godine.html 8 Glas Amerike, 2013, http://www.glasamerike.net/content/masakr- kod-mladenovca/1637770.html 5 Politika, 2013, http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Politika/SNS-sam- 9 Slobodna Evropa, 2013, http://www.slobodnaevropa.org/content/ na-vrhu.sr.html grupa-osnovaca-pretukla-nastavnika-u-novom-sadu/25101346.html 40 traje zauvek. od plutanja u lošoj beskonačnosti. Loša vest je da ne treba U širokom rasponu između narativa o gubljenju identiteta, preterano računati na pomoć sa strane i da će ljudi koji ovde izdaji Kosova i nacionalističkog resantimana i (sve bleđe) nade žive morati sami da zaveslaju. Dobra vest je to isto. u dolazak zlatnog doba (oličenog u blagostanju EU), stanovn- ici/ce Srbije poput brodolomnika čekaju brod koji će ih spasiti Marijana Stojčić

41 42 Annual Report 2013 (English version)

43 Dear friends,

We present to you the 16th annual report on our activities for the period September 2012 - September 2013 and hope to receive your feedback. Most of the report is devoted to peacebuilding activities of the mixed group of war veterans that has been in- creasingly busy this year so that we can report on their study visit to Berlin, joint visits to places of strife and memo- ry - Srebrenica, Busovača, and Vitez, as well as commemorative visits to Gornji Vakuf/Uskoplje, the south of Serbia and Zavidovići (which was the first instance where one of the former warring sides invited their former “enemies” to this type of commemoration of an important date from recent history). Apart from training for war veterans, in Doboj we organised a meeting of veterans to analyse what the veterans group had achieved to date in terms of peace-building, and the possibilities and opportunities for joint participation in future peace-building actions. The Basic Training in Peacebuilding is our oldest programme of peace education, and this year we held our 34th round of trainings. From long years of experience of the CNA peace education programmes, twelve years after the publication of the Nonviolence? manual, follows our new manual Reconciliation?! A manual for dealing with the past through trainings and workshops. The English translation of the Manual will be available in 2014. After years of preparation, at the end of 2012, we started putting together a book of photographs of places of memory and modes of memorialisation in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war(s) of 1992-1995. We expect that this book, a result of long-term research and photographing of marked and unmarked sites of memory, will be printed in 2014. After almost ten years, we are gladly looking forward to and preparing for a new cycle of Training for Trainers. We will be publishing all the necessary information on time. We would also like to publish our experience in work- ing with war veterans, and we are patiently working on this publication, hoping that it too will see the light of day soon. We have a lot of plans and wishes that you will have an opportunity to read about when they are finalised. We just want to say that we are working hard and with dedication, but we are not complaining, the feedback we get and the pleasure we derive from the work encourage us to keep at it. This year, we were joined by our long-term associate and friend Marijana Stojčić. With this expansion of our capacities, we are preparing from some new ventures in peacebuilding in our societies. We will need your feed- back, reactions, criticisms, but also your support, just like in the past sixteen years. Only then can our work have meaning.

Kind regards, CNA Team

44 Work with War Veterans

Study Visit of War Veterans

Berlin, October 15th-21st, 2012.

The purpose of the study visit by eleven veterans from about documenting local and oral history, and discussions Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia to Berlin was to explore about "memory policy", its potentials, limitations, stakehold- how Germany deals with its past and whether this experience ers, and the preconditions for its success. could be a source of inspiration for the reconciliation process We brought all these topics together, as well as materials in the Balkans. This is primarily a matter of establishing a more from the workshop hosted by the Berghof Foundation where inclusive culture of memory, an effort that these veterans, discussions ran deeper, and presented the approach, person- in cooperation with CNA, have been actively involved in for al motivation and impressions of this group of veterans in a years now. publication called "Horror Has Only One Face", which is also The study visit included tours of memorial sites, talks included in our annual report.

45 Joint visits of war veterans to sites of suffering

A group of war veterans made up of former fighters in the Army of BiH, the Croat Defence Council, the Army of Republika Srpska, the Croatian Army and the JNA, later the Army of Yugoslavia has for a number of years been jointly visiting sites of suffering from the 1991-1999 wars. This is a way to express respect towards all victims, and to contribute to constructive dealing with the recent past, which is singularly important for the reconciliation pro- cess in the region. All visits are organised in direct cooperation, or at least in coordination with local veterans associations. The places to be visited are decided upon by the veterans themselves at specially organised meetings and workshops with the participation of the CNA team that also provides logistical support. This idea was built on our years of intensive work on involving veterans in processes of dialogue, peace and trust building in the former Yugoslavia, and especially in the triangle of BiH-Croatia-Serbia. The first visits took place in February and March 2008 in Sarajevo, Bugojno and Prnjavor. At the end of 2008, we visited places of suffering and sites of memory in Tuzla and Doboj. During 2010, we visited Zavidovići, Brčko, Šamac and Modriča, Derventa and Brod (Sijekovac). We present here the visits that took place in 2012/2013. As of this year, an important step in the peace building activities of veterans is their presence as commemorations, events to mark important dates from the recent past significant for the communities in which we work.

46 Srebrenica, a Sacred Place and a Place of Reconciliation Srebrenica, 17th of October, 2012

We arrived in Srebrenica from Belgrade by night. At ing the victims of the Srebrenica genocide. With us were the night the town looks like any other Bosnian town, enveloped mothers of Srebrenica who told the veterans their tragic life in darkness, surrounded by hills now repopulated by trees; stories. Our curator, Amra Begić, who was a child when the those closer to the town centre were cut down for firewood genocide happened, recounted the chronology of the tragedy during the war. The hills around Srebrenica are not very tall, vividly, from the point of view of a witness. Once again it turns but they have sudden drops. Only on the second day of our out that those who have felt the horror on their own skin are stay, the sun will shine to reveal the beauty of the hills, a the ones to talk about it most convincingly. certain mildness brought out by the pastels of the leaves at Following the history lesson, we continued walking the calendar start of winter. The first thing Srebrenica brings around the Memorial Centre. The usual procedure is to let to mind is the grey colour of buildings, streets, nature, and visitor decide whether they want to walk around on their own the unusual name of its suburb: Soloćuša. The greyness is or have a guide take them through the vast space populated comparable to the colour of the clouds hiding the sun and by white tombstones. Then, on a path between the graves, I constricting the horizon. That was my gut feeling about this chanced upon an older woman who started telling me about town, mixed in with the bitter taste of human defeat. I had her murdered children. Of everything she said, I remembered been here a few times before, but this time for the longest the sentence: “Children are not mushrooms.” stay, long enough to get to know its streets whose pre-war names were reinstated in 2004. I would go down Učina bašča Glass Marbles and then further on down Reuf Selmanagić Crni Street. When There are two basic colours in Potočari: the green of the Ratko Mladić entered the town, he ordered the sign with the grass and the white of the marble tombstones. Here and name of this street be removed from the wall right away. The there, you see the colour of fresh earth as the tombstones are names of the streets are written out in Cyrillic and Latin script dug into it at the ends of recent mounds. Workers are drilling on blue metal plates. For the first time, I realised Srebrenica into the concrete blocks at the poles of the mound in order to was a deserted town. As you walk by rows of houses, eve- cement in the tombstones so that the marble does not tilt and rywhere you look, you see extinguished chimneys. Windows sink into the earth. The only contrast are the red leaves on a uninhabited by light or human warmth. Srebrenica is as des- stout tree, they are the colour of a setting sun. In Potočari, olate as a provincial railway station. Its houses are tangible I hid behind my camera lens. It allows you to stay invisible, metaphors of loneliness. The only sound you can hear as you to put up an emotional barrier. The lens captured the faces walk these streets is the babbling of a brook crowded in by of the veterans as they spoke with the mothers of Srebrenica houses on the steep slopes of the hills. So, for the first day, I and as they listened to Amra Begić. The once severely wound- observed the houses, they kept me company during my night- ed sat on chairs, their faces reflecting pain and sympathy time walks. Out on the concrete unfenced steps leading to the for those that were killed. These are all grown, strong men, attic of the house by the road, someone left two quinces with who had discharged their duties honourably in the war. Here, shrivelled leaves. Srebrenica is a falling star, the title of Melika space has overpowered measurable time, it was lost among Salihbeg Bosnawi’s poem runs through my mind. You may see the thousands of marble tombstones. The time of the dead a light in a window here and there, clothes hanging out to dry, reigns supreme here, and it started on 11 July 1995. a cat taking up the sphinx pose to warm itself on a car bonnet, At the hangar where the infamous Dutch battalion was welcome surprises revealing that there is life here, that it is stationed, we saw an exhibition of photographs depicting the hidden in every tenth house. Before the war, Srebrenica was chronology of the war in Srebrenica. Objects found in mass one of the wealthiest municipalities in BiH. Its population, ac- graves are exhibited in dark niches. I saw a silver cigarette cording to the 1991 census, was 36,666. The locals estimate case, reading glasses, and two glass marbles on a glass pane. there are just over five thousand people living in Srebrenica Beneath the photograph and the biography, it said: “Two mar- today. Quite a few less than there are buried in Potočari. bles that used to belong to Ismet Hasanović, found in 1996 The next day, we visited the Memorial Centre in Potočari. with his body on the surface of the Kamenica mass grave, Bra- On behalf of the group of war veterans from Serbia and BiH, a tunac.” Is there a need to explain the frailty of child’s play, the wreath for the victims was laid down by Ljuban Volaš, a veter- flash of light trapped in a geometric figure, pulsating with life, an of VRS, Novica Kostić, a veteran of the JNA from Serbia, and an exotic microcosm you could escape into right before the Narcis Mišanović, a veteran of the BiH Army from Sarajevo. It moment of your execution in a field. was a truly special moment of showing respect and honour- 47 The Crown of the Crime through the fence, the second time, he entered into the Me- After seeing a documentary about the killing of the peo- morial Centre to look around, but did not venture among the ple of Srebrenica, the war veterans were most deeply touched graves. “As a man, I stand against crimes. The unit under my by the testimonies of mothers who had lost their families in command did not commit crimes. It was an honour to lay July 1995. “The reactions of the mothers tell us we are on the down flowers for the victims of Srebrenica. I felt the pain and right track, that we should go on,” were the words of Nar- bitterness of mothers who bear it to this day. We must also cis Mišanović, a veteran of the BiH Army, when he spoke to see the other side, the Serb side, because there were crimes the press in Potočari. We then withdrew to the Misirlije hotel there, too. That is the only way to get a complete picture of where everyone talked about his impressions from the visit to the tragedy in BiH,” Ljuban concluded. The initiative to hon- the Memorial Centre. our the victims of the Srebrenica genocide was supported by Đoko Pupčević, a member of the VRS from Šamac, our hosts from Srebrenica: Amir Mehmedović Gera from the summed up his thoughts thus: “Emotionally, it was a diffi- Patriotic League, Nedžib Delić, President of the Disabled War cult day. I knew quite a bit about Srebrenica beforehand, but Veterans Association, and Nedžad Bektić from the Golden Lil- when you come here and see 8000 graves, tombstones, you ies Association of the highest war medal bearers. We parted see that life is nothing. The dead outnumber the living in Sre- with them at the main intersection in Srebrenica, posing for brenica today. I did not see a single child or smile. The streets a joint photo. The next time I come here, I don’t think I’ll feel are deserted, and it’s not a working day. I came to honour like a stranger. Perhaps Srebrenica is the town from which we the innocent people killed here, killed only because they be- can start the process of genuine reconciliation among people longed to a different religion.” in BiH. And perhaps that’s just my textual illusion. One thing I Novica Kostić from Vlasotinac in Serbia, a JNA veteran know: this town has become part of my conscious. It has set- from 1991 in Croatia, an amputee, missing fingers on his hand tled itself deep within where shells and fires cannot reach it. and with a wound on his “healthy” leg, said, “Srebrenica is a sacred place. It’s not just genocide that happened in Sre- Faruk Šehić brenica, Srebrenica is the crown of the crime.” Ljuban Volaš, a member of the VRS from Prnjavor, told (the shorter version of the article is published in bh me he had visited Potočari twice before. Once, he just looked magazine „Dani“, on November 23rd, 2012)

48 Busovača, Vitez 23rd and 24th of November 2012

War veterans, former members of units in the Army of er Zdravko Babić spoke about the war travails of the brigade. BiH, the Army of Republika Srpka, the Croat Defence Council, In Vitez, the visit included the memorial site of „Cisterna“, the Croatian Army, and the Yugoslav National Army went to the Memorial room to honour the shaheeds and fallen fight- Busovača on 23rd and 24th of November 2012 where they vis- ers of ARBiH at Kruščica, and the memorial church in Nova Bila ited memorial sites and honoured the victims of the past war. that had been used as a hospital during the war. The visit was organized by the Centre for Nonviolent Ac- Unfortunately, Ahmići was not visited this time, because tion Sarajevo/ Belgrade with the support of local partner the Memorial for the Civilian Victims and Fallen ARBiH Sol- Anđelko Kvesić from the Croat Association of Prison Camp diers was under construction. Surviovors from the Homeland War in the Central Bosnia Can- A meeting was organized with Hamdija Karić, President of ton located in Busovača. the Disabled War Veterans of ARBiH in Vitez, who supported The visit to Busovača included the site of the „Silos“ in- the initiative for joint visits and expressed his personal readi- ternment camp in Kaćuni where those present were ad- ness and interest in participating in similar visits in the region dressed by a former internee of the camp, Marijan Krajina, in the future. and the Monument to Fallen Fighters, as well as the Memorial A.D. room of the Busovača brigade of the HVO. Former command-

49 Commemoration in Gornji Vakuf/ Uskoplje 21st of December 2012

At the invitation of the organiser – the veterans associa- cant dates from the wartime past as symbolically important tion „Goranovi“ from Gornji Vakuf/Uskoplje – and with the for building peace and seeking a common culture od memory, support of the Centre for Nonviolent Action (CNA), war veter- as well as overcoming hatred as an obstacle to freedom. ans from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Croatia visited Pupils from the town took part in the cultural and artistic this town in Central Bosnia and attended the commemoration part of the programme. They gave their seal to this events „In memory of Commander Goran Ćišić“, traditionally organ- from the town to live freely and build a future on the founda- ized on 21 December. tions of peaceful coexistence with all people from the region. In the overflowing hall of the Centre for Education and After the official part of the commemoration, the veterans Culture, those gathered were adressed by Ibrahim Topčić, continued their stay with the hosts. President of the „Goranovi“ association who delivered the Unfortunately, like many towns in Bosnia and Herzego- introductory speech and read out the names of killed and de- vina, Gornji Vakuf/Uskoplje is a dividied town, and the com- ceased fellow fighters. memoration was supported by only one part of the town. The mention of the presence of war veterans from the re- We hope that there will come a time when divided towns gion working on promoting peace and activits from the Centre become a thing of the past and when events such as this one for Nonviolent Action (CNA) was greeted by a long applause include all people irrespective of their background. This is of support. something we from CNA hope to contribute to. Adnan Hasanbegović was invited to speak on the behalf A.D. of CNA, and he explained the idea behind the veterans visiting each other for commemorative events, jointly marking signifi-

50 A commemoration to victims of NATO’s ‘humanitarian campaign’ Vlasotince, Leskovac, Grdelička klisura, 12th of April 2013

War veterans from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, commemoration to honour the victims who lost their lives with the support of the Centre for Nonviolent Action (CNA) during the bombing of the passenger train on 12 April 1999. and in cooperation with local partners from the municipality They laid wreaths at the memorial and honoured the dead. of Vlasotince - the Association of War Veterans 1999 and the The participants and representatives of local veteran as- Association of Fighters from the 1990 war, visited Vlasotince sociations also met with representatives of the local adminis- and Leskovac, two municipalities in the south of Serbia. tration in Vlasotince and Leskovac where they heard expres- During their stay, a working meeting was held with the sions of support for initiatives and ways of cooperation such Organisation of Veterans from the 1991 - 1999 war of the as theirs. Republic of Serbia located in Leskovac and representatives of The visit to Vlasotince and Leskovac, and the participation municipal committees of this organisation from Niš, Kruševac, at the commemoration in Grdelička klisura was the first -or Prokuplje, Valjevo and Pirot. ganised to Serbia. Together, the veterans from the region visited Grdelička A.D. klisura in the Leskovac municipality where they attended a

War Veterans at the Anniversary of the Battle: Site 715 - Hill of Death Podsijelovo Hill, Zavidovići, 29th of June 2013

Months ago we received an invitation from Asim on be- that nothing could stop us because we were already veterans half of the Council of Disabled War Veterans of Zavidovići for of veteran actions. a mixed veteran group and the CNA team to visit this town on Site 715 is some twenty kilometres from the town, so we 29 June. That day was to mark the anniversary of the Battle split up into three vehicles and were on our way. for Site 715 on Podsijelovo Hill on the outskirts of Mount Oz- The road runs along the valley of the Krivaja River for about ren which stretches across Doboj-Maglaj-Zavidovići-Vozuća- twelve kilometres before it starts zig-zaging uphill along Laz, Banovići-Gračanica. as the locals call it after an eponymous village that stretches Anticipating the summer heat and given that the site was all along the hillside. Driving up that incline, I thought about quite remote for participants from Serbia and Croatia to travel all the times I had watched this landscape from the back of a just for a one-day event, and in view of the fact that access truck, through a window made by pulling the tarp away at the to the Site was physically demanding, we decided to form a edge, jostling on the benches with my fellow fighters during smaller group with war veterans from BiH, representatives of the war. What a coincidence, I thought, back then I looked VRS, HVO and AR BiH. backwards while moving forwards, and now I am looking into We arranged to meet on the morning of that day at the the past so as to better drive into the future. hotel in Zavidovići. Asim and me found Anđelko waiting at the hotel, and Pajo, Mirko, Đoko, Ljuban, Narcis and Ado soon We arrived at the village of Hajderovići, a place where joined us. Once we were all together, it was as if we had seen we were to return after visiting the Site and attend an event each other just the day before and were now picking up the called June Resistance Days that provides the framework for conversation we started then. the commemoration of the Battle for Site 715. All these vil- We talked about the programme and protocol for the lages and hamlets make up one of the largest local communi- event knowing that this was a hard-liner type of commemo- ties in BiH - Pašin Konak, which had a population of some six ration of a date from recent history, with clearly expressed thousand according to the last census from 1991. Everything nationalist and military colouring. But we had gone through was ready - the barbecues and roasting spits, the ice-cream all that at our trainings and meetings, so we spent the rest and candy floss stands. There was even a merry-go-round. It is of the morning before departure engaged in small talk over curious how among the people, events to mourn the dead are coffee. It was not for nothing that one of our war veterans intertwined with festivities to celebrate things of this world commenting on what we were prepared to do together said through the décor of the village fair.

51 Arriving at the plateau of the Site, we saw a convoy of plause, loud. I see our three representatives walking up to the cars, buses and pedestrians. We get out of the car and Ljuban, clock to lay the wreath. Like a member of the once Rumanian as the wises greying head among us says, “My friend called Sekuritatea I pricked up my ears and watched people closely to tell me not to get off the road anywhere, who know how for any reaction after Ljuban and Mirko crossed themselves. many were planted here, by both us and them,” alluding to No one made any comments, everything was normal, without the mines. And truly, wherever the grass was not cut or where a moment’s pause. the forest started, everything was marked by ribbons whose With that part of the programme over, the second part warnings sent shivers down one’s spine. started with salutes from the war commanders, which was an We climbed to the plateau, a spacious meadow, a plain. In introduction to the History Lesson. the middle was a commemorative block, a few steps further Those gathered were told the war story about the impor- an improvised rostrum with speakers and flags on poles. The tance of this site for the Zavidovići area by Amir, the man who central space was bordered by ribbons providing a narrow greeted us. At one point, he said that the plateau we were path up to the rostrum. In the background was a tent-covered standing on was once overcrowded by dead bodies. That’s kitchen with tables and benches prepared for an outdoor when the flashbacks started. I remembered my fellow fight- lunch of the host and guests. ers, from when part of my unit was transferred over to help A few hundred people had already gathered on the pla- with 715. I saw them again two or three days later with dulled teau. Asim approaches with a man he introduces as Amir eyes and sunken faces. They said it was no longer site 715, Mujkić, a representative of the organising committee. Amir it was now 714. The shells certainly knocked off at least one welcomed us and shook hands with everyone saying he knew meter. The only think they didn’t throw at them was an atom who we were and what we did, that Asim had already filled bomb. him in. He said that during his speech he would be using the term aggressor, because he felt that’s what they, the enemy, Listening to Amir engrossed in the story where he was the were. We later concluded that he was fair, at least he said protagonist, I felt like I was listening to a radio broadcast of a what he thought. He called over the young man in charge of football match with the commentator’s voice becoming dis- protocol for the laying of the wreaths who asked us about torted in particularly suspenseful moments. He mentioned -ag how he should announce our group. We agreed it should be gressors a few times, like he said he would, and once he even Centre for Nonviolent Action Sarajevo/Belgrade. We were slipped up and said the so-called Republika Srpska, whatever, also told that the programme did not foresee any of us ad- I thought, political relativisation. But he mentioned Chetniks dressing the gathering, but that we would be mentioned as about sixty-eight times. I asked Ljuban and Đoko how it was a mixed group of veterans from BiH as was previously agreed for them listening to this. Ljuban said, “Let the man speak, with Asim. It was important for those gathered to see us as it’s his view of things. Doesn’t bother me.” Đoko added, “Me such, as a joint group made up of former enemies. Although neither. I didn’t feel like that during the war, like a Chetnik”. we were ultimately never mentioned, through conversations Later Mirko said he had felt left out because the speaker did with people following the programme, we found they knew not mention Ustasha even once. who we were after all. A series of speeches followed given by various officials and politicians. You got the general gist about the nature of The host announced the arrival of participants to start the war in BiH with a view to the Declaration on the causes, the Ceremony. Soon we saw the front of the column with a nature and consequences of the tragic armed conflict in BiH motley of flags, both from the war, state flags past and pre- from 1992 to 1995 adopted by the RS National Assembly just sent and religious flags. They were greeted by applause and two days before. A clear message was sent that such an inter- the colour guard arranged themselves in front of the rostrum. pretation would never be accepted. The others gathered around the periphery of the designated central space. I think about the irreconcilability of ethno-nationalisms in This was followed by a call to honour the killed by reciting this post-Dayton BiH, select memories of war that have petri- the Al-Fatiha or taking a moment of silence. fied victims into a uniformly acceptable model. A model that Following the national anthem, participants were called leaves no room for the need for forgiveness and reconciliation up to lay their wreaths. We agreed that Ljuban, Mirko and Ado with the other side and that is transferred to the coming gen- should go up on behalf of CNA. I tried to push through the erations. What of the model of co-existence? A strong state crowd to take a few photos. The announcement of each group with a legislative and law enforcement apparatus as a guaran- was followed by applause. I was taken aback because the ap- tee to its citizens that they will not be killed, their houses will plause seemed ill fitting to the occasion. I heard the host call not be burnt, their property taken, that they will not be made Centre for Nonviolent Action from Sarajevo and Belgrade. Ap- to flee their homes? Is this to each his own model acceptable

52 and end of story? These peoples are not chemical solutions future it would be good to erect a memorial to Serb soldiers that must be kept in separate containers to avoid a volatile at Site 715, because they also suffered tremendous losses in reaction. What of a model for cooperation, prosperity... those battles. After the closing, Amir came and invited us to lunch. We realised it was quite crowded and we were tired from stand- One of the ways for the roles of soldiers and their victims ing for two hours, so we decided to head back to Zavidovići. to be recognised and acknowledged on both sides is the pos- We went to a restaurant to sum up the day. We concluded sibility of jointly marking the casualties from intense battles. we should continue our activities and that they do have an im- Considering your former enemy a man with a similar fate, pact in the places we visit. People had approached us, asked with memories of losing his fellow fighters, spending days in about our work, expressed their support. Can it be a coinci- the rain and freezing in the trenches, memories of the fear dence that at no point did anyone come to say we were doing and hopelessness of war - is better for overcoming the trauma something bad or wrong? We never had an incident, a curse of war than the stereotypical preconceptions about irreconcil- or bad word come our way. There is no better sign that we are able foes. An honest man will treat crimes and criminals like on the right track. something shameful, something detrimental to civilisation. Even though our society is divided when it comes to at- What, then, is our problem? Wearing dirty underwear might titudes towards the past war and stuck in a cycle of unilateral hide our shame, but they’ll still ride up our cracks... acts aiming to shift responsibility from one’s own side at the As the writer, himself a veteran and our colleagues, Faruk expense of others, these positive reactions give rise to hope. Šehić says, “Oh, you who survived the war, leave all hope of We are prepared to go and promote the idea of reconcili- ever getting out of it alive”. ation through the need to respect former enemies and estab- Amer Delić lish trust and mutual relations that will articulate our common past without activating hatred. Asim mentioned that in the

53 Ex-combatants Training. We Were by the Battle / in Doboj Doboj, 7-10 June 2013.

For more than a decade, the Centre for Nonviolent Ac- fore the event. tion has been working war veterans and organising Trainings Forming a new group, we relied on people that CNA had for those who participated in wars. Bringing together war vet- established initial contacts with through visits to execution erans, members of opposed armies from the wars in former sites that we organised, and on recommendations from war Yugoslavia, is a challenge in and of itself. To organise a training veterans that we had worked with in the past. The group was with workshops where they will discuss violence and war, and reinforced by two war veterans from the above mentioned all in the interests of reconciliation and peace building means core. Unfortunately, some of the participants cancelled due to to raise the stakes and face an uncertain outcome. It is a gam- obligations that had cropped up suddenly, as they said. ble that can result in a complete washout or a jack pot. I say Ultimately, the group consisted of eleven participants, this because there is always a degree of caution in the sense members of veterans’ associations from Bosnia and Herzego- that the everyday political situation has a strong influence on vina, the Federation of BiH (Bihać, Vitez, Brčko, Žepče) and Re- veterans. And we have a general interpretation of the post- publika Srpska (Šamac, Rogatica), Serbia (Leskovac, Kruševac) war period being just like the war, except there’s no shooting. and Croatia (Zagreb), and the four of us from the teamof What used to be opposed armies has now become people trainers, Nenad Vukosavljević, Adnan Hasanbegović, Nedžad with opposed memories. Horozović and Amer Delić. After years of actions that involved war veterans from At the very beginning of the training, it was noticeable the region, who make up the core of a mixed group that vis- how the participants were quick to establish dialogue. Trans- ited marked and unmarked sites of suffering in BiH and that parently, without holding back and with a lot of enthusiasm started the practice of visiting each others’ commemorations they entered into discussions of the most difficult topics from and events organised to mark important dates from recent the past, the so-called burning issues. In the case of war vet- history1, a need arose for new people to join in, people pre- erans, honesty, which is becoming increasingly rare in com- pared and motivated to participate in and advocate for peace- munication in our contemporary society, comes out as a spon- building. Also, by involving new individuals and organisations, taneous reaction of people wanting to be heard and to hear our aim is to encourage further regional expansion of peace each other out. Aware that they have different perspectives building activities. and opinions on the past, they do not shrink from expressing This time, we organised the training in Doboj, a town in them and from being accepted as such. We talked about the northern Bosnia that was named, as legend has it, after nu- ideals that were fought for, victims and suffering, both of our merous battles occurring in the field adjacent to it, so that own and of other peoples. there were travellers going to the site of the battle. I won- Also, there was a pronounced critical view of one’s own der how many of those people wanted to wage war, and how role and responsibility in the past war, as well as awareness of many were pushed or forced into it? What name would be personal transformation in the post-war period when it comes given a place never touched by war and known for it? What to national and ideological interpretations of the course of the would characterise such a place, what would dominate its war. It was beneficial that the training team saw that it had landscape the way the fortress on Gradina hill dominates the the trust of the participants based on their knowledge of the landscape of Doboj? activities CNA has conducted in the past and the expectations Doboj was an alternative solution. For reasons -of geo they had from this training. At no time was there any reluc- graphical accessibility for people from the region, the training tance to cooperate with the team members. was initially planned to take place in Brčko. However, due to a To revive war memories through the cycle of having peo- lack of professionalism on the part of the hotel management ple go back to their apocalyptic experiences carries a particular there, we had to change the location, and only four days be- weight at these events. This sort of training is not straightfor- wardly therapeutic, instead, through deeply personal stories, 1 Unfortunately, such actions are still not something that war participants develop empathy towards each other, which is veterans decide to take up independently within the scope of their key to building trust as the cornerstone of future cooperation. veterans’ organisations. Instead, they rely on the support of CNA, In general, the training exhibited a condemnation of war both in terms of organisation and in terms of logistics. We hope that as a social phenomenon and all other forms of violence. Es- in the foreseeable future, joint activities will be organised and we will pecially the insidious form of violence we encounter in our be invited to attend them as friends and dear guests. We certainly societies daily, but are often unable to clearly identify. provide encouragement for things to develop in this direction. 54 Based on past experience and along with a presenta- CNA established contacts with representatives of BORS tion of the work conducted with war veterans, the team of from Prijedor and Šipovo. Due to prior engagements, they trainers opened discussion on the possibilities and numer- were unable to attend the training, but they expressed their ous dilemmas inherent in the peacebuilding process. There support for the idea of cooperation and joint visits by veterans is no alternative to reconciliation, unless we opt for a closed and their readiness to contribute to our work. society where a new conflict is just a matter of time. The -cur Also, all the participants expressed their readiness to par- rent situation is such that peacebuilding veterans stick out in ticipate in visits to sites of suffering with people from the -ex their local communities and are frequently ostracised by both isting group, and they also realised what they may be able to their fellow veterans and the political powers that be precisely do in their communities either as individuals or members of because they stand up to socially accepted interpretations of their respective organisations. Working for the common good the recent past, which propagate irreconcilable opposition in such a delicate mission as reconciliation entails understand- between the peoples in the region and see the regular recur- ing the needs of the other side, of former enemies. rence of conflict as inevitable. The approach and commitment of the participants ena- From the point of view of the organiser, we can gener- bled the team of trainers to plan concrete future activities in ally say that the goals and expectations for this training were coordination with the veterans. Enthusiasm and readiness are fulfilled. A possibility for cooperation in hitherto under-repre- in abundance, now we must put them into practice - in the sented areas of eastern Bosnia and the Cazin region opened field. up. Participants from these part of BiH offered concrete coop- Amer Delić eration and coordination in developing further actions. I must point out that before the training, we from

55 Publications

Horror Always Has the Same Face By Martina Fischer and Miriam Schroer-Hippel Published by CNA

Excerpt

War-torn societies face a crucial question and challenge: in the same neighbourhood. The visit also included talks with How to find words, gestures, sites, and forms of commemora- civil society initiatives for documenting local and oral history tion that explain the past in an appropriate manner and give (Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt) and artistic forms of- remem guidance for building a shared future without repeating the bering exclusion, persecution, and deportation of the Jewish pain? Peace practitioners and scholars are convinced that inhabitants of Berlin (established i.e. in the former Jewish there is a need to face the legacies of the violent past to pave quarter “Spandauer Vorstadt” and in the so-called “Bavarian the way for peaceful co-existence, trust- and rela- Quarter”). (For a complete overview see http://nenasilje.org/ tionship building. At the same time, public presentation of his- en/2012/the-heritage-of-national-socialism-the-culture-of- tory is often a source of conflict. Different interests and -per remembrance-in-berlin/). spectives are involved and need to be addressed. To discuss In addition to the study tour, the participants met for these questions, the Centre for Nonviolent Action (CNA, Bel- a workshop hosted by the Berghof Foundation on October grade/Sarajevo) conducted a study tour to Berlin (Germany) 18th, 2012. The event offered space for deepening discus- with war veterans from the region of former Yugoslavia from sion with German experts, friends and supporters of CNA’s October 15th-21st, 2012. activities, and for reflecting on impressions from the visits Eleven ex-combatants from Bosnia-Herzegovina and Ser- to the memorials. The event was chaired by Martina Fis- bia travelled to Berlin. All of them waged war in Bosnia in the cher (Berghof Foundation) and Nenad Vukosavljević (CNA). 1990s and fought against each other on opposing sides. These Two inputs informed the debate: Daniel Gaede, Director of former enemies are now promoting peace. Working under the the Educational Department at the Buchenwald Memorial most difficult conditions, they visit sites of atrocities in local Foundation, presented examples from the many German communities in Bosnia and initiate discussions with inhabit- histories after 1945: Who became active in “remembrance ants and authorities. Many places in Bosnia are still unmarked policy” and how did these actors engage? What were the and others are marked by monuments that raise controversy. conditions for success? He highlighted the potential and lim- The group aims to convince and sensitise their fellow-citizens its of action on diverse (personal, social and state) levels and that the sites have to be marked in a way that creates empa- showed that dealing with the past is not a linear process. Ad- thy for the suffering of the victims of all sides. nan Hasanbegović and Nenad Vukosavljević presented the The aim of the tour to Berlin was to explore how Germany Centre for Nonviolent Action’s approach and how it supports has dealt with its past and whether this can inspire the recon- ex-combatants’ efforts to achieve an inclusive culture of re- ciliation process in the Balkans. The group visited memorial membrance. War veterans explained their personal motiva- sites selected by the CNA-team during an earlier visit in March tions and discussed their impressions from Berlin with friends 2012: They included the “Memorial to the Murdered Jews of and supporters of CNA and staff members of the Berghof Europe”, the “Topography of Terror”, which is a memorial to Foundation. The German Ministry for Development and Co- the planning hub of the Nazi police institutions and former Operation (BMZ) financed the tour and the workshop. prison in the center of Berlin, the memorial site of the former The report marks some of the most important issues and GDR-Prison “Gedenkstätte Hohenschönhausen”, the memo- discussions: rial and museum of the former concentration camp and war http://nenasilje.org/en/2013/horroralwayshasthesame- prison “Sachsenhausen”, and the Brandenburg Police School face/ (downloaded over 29000 times on both languages)

56 “Reconciliation?!”

Training Handbook for Dealing with the Past

Publisher: Centre for Nonviolent Action, Belgrade - Sarajevo, 2012 Editor: Ivana Franović Authors: Ivana Franović, Nenad Vukosavljević, Tamara Šmidling

English version is expected in February 2014

Excerpt

The idea for this handbook came about from the desire training sessions work. The mid section contains four sub- to share the experience we have gathered. We feel that there chapters with exercises that we use in workshops, and many is a lack of constructive approaches to dealing with the past of them are accompanied with practical insights gained during in our region, and we hope that this will encourage people training sessions. The publication is concluded with a “Glos- to engage in this important work. Since its publication twelve sary,” that is conceived as a collection of short essays which years ago, and up until last year, the training handbook Non- define concepts relevant to the theoretical and practical field violence? has been downloaded from our website over 30 000 of dealing with the past. times (mostly in “BCS” [Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian] languages, Most of these exercises are designed in the “CNA kitch- but also Hungarian, Macedonian and Albanian versions). This en”. We feel that the most effective ones are those developed demonstrates how rewarding and valuable it was to invest and tweaked for some groups of participants who inspired us our energy in working on this handbook, in its translation to work further. This is something we realized very early on; and publication. Amongst other things, it encouraged us to therefore, in recent years our practice has been only to set the publish new insights we have gained and knowledge we have basic blueprint for the training in advance, and then, guided accumulated. by the identified needs and inhibitions in the group itself, de- We hope that this handbook will serve as an inspiration velop sessions for issues that are a priority in the given com- for concrete work on these issues. We also hope that at least position of the group. We hope to clearly convey the following some people in other parts of the world, who are just starting lesson: the handbook should not be used as a cookbook, with to work on these issues, or thinking about it, will be encour- a selection of recipes for an appetizer, main course and des- aged, no matter how difficult it seems. sert. Rather, it should inspire and provide an idea how some- The handbook consists of three parts. The first part is a thing might be done but it would be best if the users of the series of introductory essays in which we attempt to describe handbook formulated their own priority issues, depending on the context in which we work (or as we experience it), to clar- the needs of the group they are working with. ify the approach that we have and provide a picture of how

57 Publications in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian language

We finally translated into B/C/S language two essays previuosly published only in English:

• ‘Dealing with the Past in the Context of Ethnonationalism. The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia’ by Ivana Franović. Berghof Occasional Paper No. 29, October 2008. • ‘Preparing for Nonviolence - Experiences in the Western Balkan’ by Nenad Vukosavljević. In B. Austin, M. Fischer & Hans J. Gießmann (eds.), Advancing Conflict Transformation. The Berghof Handbook II. Opladen/Farmington Hills: Barbara Budrich Publ., 2011.

Excerpt from ‘Dealing with the Past in the Context of Ethnonationalism’ There are many theories and narratives about the reasons ceived as manipulation and propaganda. And in many cases, for the break-up of Yugoslavia, the war that accompanied it ‘our truth’ is that we are the victims, while the others are per- and guilt and responsability for the slaghter that happend. As petrators. The countries of former Yugoslavia still suffer from Sabrina P. Ramet states, we all „know“ why the Socialist Fed- the lagacy of the 1990s war(s). This legacy seriously affects eral Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) disintigrated and why the the present and endangers the future of societies in Bosnia- war(s) (1991-1995) broke out: Herzegovina, Serbia and Croatia. „It was all because of Milosevic/ Tudjman/ „the Slo- (...) venes“/ communists/ organized crime/ Western states/ the This text will explore what can and should be done in the Vatican-Comintern conspiracy, who planned it all by himself/ former Yugoslav region, so that these societies develop con- themselves in order to advance his own personal/ Serbian/ structive ways to deal with the past and take a path towards Slovenian/ American/ Vatican interests – your chioce. Or lasting peace. I will argue that constructive dealing with the again – it all happened because of local bad traditions/ eco- past is an indispensable prerequisite for accompanying peace- nomic problems/ structural issues/ system illegitimacy/ legiti- building processes. mate grievances/ the long shadow of the past. Or again – it My interest in this topic is not purely academic. It is also really started in 1389/ 1463/ 1878/ 1918/ 1941/ 1986/ 1987/ driven by very personal experiences and the need to reflect 1989/ 1990/ 1991 – your pick. Of course, we all know that on them. The disintegration of former Yugoslavia, which was both the break-up and the war were completely avoidable/ accompanied by bloody wars, meant that my home country inevitable, don’t we? And the best of all, we all know that the fell apart. The fact that one federal state disintegrated is not real villian(s) in this drama can only be Milosevic/ Tudjman/ even such a big deal – what is horrifying is how it was done, „the Serbs“/ „the Slovenes“/ „the Croats“/ „the Muslims“/ what we were able to do to each other, how we treated and Germany/ Blakan peoples generally/ the Great Powers, who still treat each other. must be held (exclusively/ jointly) responsible for most of This paper will focus on the potentials and obstacles for the killing, though some of us also know that all parties were peacebuilding processes in the triangle Serbia – Bosna-Herze- equally guilty. Well, maybe we all know what caused the Yu- govina – Croatia. People face very different situations in these goslav troubles, but it seems that we „know“ different things.“ three countries. But at the same time, these situations are -re (Sabrina P Ramet, “Explaining the Yugoslav meltdown, 1. ‘For lated, affecting each other. And to avoid any misunderstand- a charm of pow’rful trouble, like a hell-broth boil and bubble’: ing, when the paper refers to ‘us’, it refers to people in the theories about the roots of the Yugoslav troubles,” Nationali- region of the former Yugoslavia, no matter what their ethnic ties Papers 32 (2004), 731.) prefix is. First, the paper will give a brief overview of the issue This is an authentic summary of how different the things that needs to be faced foremost: the suffering that human be- we „know“ are. Narratives vary throughout the region. Some ings endured during the war (chapter 2). This second chap- people might argue that we do not suffer from a lack of truth, ter will address the role of ethnonationalism in our tragedy. but from the existence of too many ‘thruts’ and a lack of con- I will argue that for analysing the causes of war we should sistent efforts to debate them openly, to face and integrate not look at ‘ancient hatreds’ between the tribes or at ethnic them. differences. We should look at the essence of patriarchy (not There is almost no shared truth, and for many people it forgetting that ethnonationalism is one of the incarnations of is still hard to accept that different people perceive different patriarchy): namely power over others, no matter who they things as truths due to different experiences. Only our ‘truth’ are and which group they belong to. I remain convinced that is accepted as the truth, while the ‘truths’ of others are per- as long as we are dedicated to ethnonationalism, our chances 58 for building lasting peace are low. The third chapter focuses chapter identifies actors whose duty is and/or should be to on reconciliation and peacebuilding. It explores what recon- take an active role in peacebuilding process. ciliation could mean in our context, and it looks at concepts for „dealing with the past“ in a constructive way. The fourth Source: ‘Dealing with the Past in the Context of Ethnonation- chapter gives an overview of mechanisms for transitional jus- alism. The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia’ tice and dealing with the past applied in the region of former by Ivana Franović. Berghof Occasional Paper No. 29, October Yugoslavia and outlines what should be done in addition to 2008. these, in order to establish lasting peace. The fifth and final

Excerpt from ‘Preparing for Nonviolence’

In this essay I will discuss experiences from training for ing courses in mixed groups and after this the ex-combatants peacebuilding and conflict transformation in the Western discussed their experiences in public forums. They basically Balkans, extracting lessons learned throughout the past 13 told their personal stories, how they entered the war and years of practice by the Centar za nenasilnu akciju (Centre for what they felt now looking back on this. These events were Nonviolent Action – CNA). CNA is a peace organisation driven broadly covered by local and sometimes also regional media. by local activists focusing on cross-border activities in the Bal- In addition, we started to produce documentary films that fo- kans. It was founded after the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina and cus on people’s experience of the past wars. More recently, started its work in Sarajevo in 1997, in-between several re- we also conducted interviews with ordinary people in differ- gional wars and the escalation of violence that followed (for ent regions of former Yugoslavia on „reconciliation“ and we instance in Serbia/Kosovo and Macedonia). In 2001, a second collected parctitioners’ peacebuilding experiences for further CNA office was set up in Belgrade (Serbia). book publications (Centre for Nonviolent Action 2005, 2007, (...) 2009). At the same time, training activities have been contin- The ultimate purpose of all peacebuilding work which ued throughout. CNA conducts is to contribute to building fair and just socie- In this essay I will reflect on the effects of training for ties that guarantee equal rights to all citizens, irrespective of peacebuilding and nonviolent conflict transformation. I will their name and background; societies that nurture values of reflect on these issues from the point of view of a practitioner respecting diversity and justice; societies that make citizens – a peace activist and trainer for peacebuilding and nonvio- capable of taking responsibility for their communities and of lent action – and not as a scientist (although we do strive to resisting populist, nationalistic and chauvinistic ideologies. combine activism and structured thinking and planning in our We want to contribute to building a society that would seek work). The text reflects peacebuilding experiences through security by building relationships and bridges with neigh- the lens of an insider – although nowadays it is inevitable bours, populated by people who would distance themselves to think of roles of both insiders and outsiders and their co- from crimes committed in the past in their names. relation. The second section presents the goals and methods CNA’s activities in the period 1997-2002 were focused of CNA’s training work, followed by a third section that out- strictly on peace education and cross-border networking, lines lessons learned and recommendations for practice. The gathering individuals with professional backgrounds who had fourth section goes beyond the training issue as it discusses a potential for disseminating ideas („multipliers“). Most of general trade-offs and dilemmas we face in our peace work. this work was, and still is, barely visible in public, but it has It also reflects on the difficulty of assessing the impact and contributed to producing a wider network of peace activits influence of training. Training aims at changing the attitudes across the region who have developed activities and coopera- of individuals. The question is whether conducting “success- tion that now function independently from CNA. Since 2002, ful” training, or conducting more of these activities, will nec- beyond its training courses, CNA has also developed new ac- essarily lead to a situation where social change will follow. It tivities that were much more focused on public awareness- is a difficult task to generate sustainable force that will have raising and activities for constructively „dealing with the social impact. The fifth section draws conclusions and points past“. Within the CNA-team, we all felt that the time was ripe to remaining challenges. now and that there was an urgent need for people in the re- gion to face the past in the sense of acknowledging and taking Source: ‘Preparing for Nonviolence - Experiences in the West- responsibility for past violence. We decided, for example, to ern Balkan’ by Nenad Vukosavljević. In B. Austin, M. Fischer & work with ex-combatants from various sides (Croatia, Serbia, Hans J. Gießmann (eds.), Advancing Conflict Transformation. Bosnia-Herzegovina) who had participated as draftees or vol- The Berghof Handbook II. Opladen/Farmington Hills: Barbara unteers in the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. We organized train- Budrich Publ., 2011. 59 Documenting of the places of strife and sites of memory

We started working on the subject of Memorialisation: How and what we remeber from the past war, studied on examples of monuments from the last war(s) in Bosnia-Herzegovina. After several years of preparation, we finally began realization process of a photo book about places of remebrance and the ways of memorialisation. We -ex pect this book, after a long research period and process of photographing, to be released from printing in 2014. This year, with photographing and collecting information on selected monuments and memorials, we held two focus groups, which are an integral part of this research.

Focus Group I Sarajevo, 15th of December 2012 In the autumn of 2012, the Centre for Nonviolent Action 30 selected memorials in Bosnia and Herzegovina with basic started working on a publication about the culture of memory details about each. in Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on memorials, memorial It was concluded that the displayed memorial places sites, marked and unmarked places of strife during the 1992- embody homogeneous national narratives that conceal the 1995 war, with the aim of exploring the culture of memory in heterogeneity within the groups themselves, express “un- the context of reconciliation, dealing with the past, and with a questionable ethnically marked histories” in a past that is pre- view to the socio-political message conveyed by these forms sented one-dimensionally, and often prioritise military over of memorialisation. civilian victims. In place of the prevalent ethnonationalist The first focus group planned as part of these activities discourse, we need to open up a space for dialogue and dif- was made up of peace and human rights activists, historians, ferent perspectives to enable inclusive memorialisation and curators and representatives of relevant institutions, mostly communication between national narratives and the culture from Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also from other countries of memory. in the region. In that respect, we hope that the planned monograph will By presenting the material and photographs we have gath- contribute to these memorials and sites of strife - now almost ered of memorials, marked and unmarked places of strife, our exclusively places of social ritual - becoming places of discus- intention was to open a space for discussion about what these sion, recognition of past events, and links between the past memorials mean to us today, what sorts of messages they and the present to serve as warning and as solace. convey, and to what extent they contribute to peacebuilding, D.T. and to what extent to a continuation of war by other means. The publication is planned to contain photographs of some

Meeting of War Veterans – Focus group II

Doboj, 26-28 April, 2013 A meeting of war veterans from Croatia, Serbia and Bos- The intention was to discuss the existing models and exam- nia and Herzegovina was held in Doboj, from 26 to 28 April ples of memorialisation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2013. It was organized by the Centre for Nonviolent Action The Taboos Workshop dealt with issues of facing the past from Belgrade/ Sarajevo and its field team made up of Ka- in the region and the numerous controversial topics circulat- tarina Milićević, Davorka Turk, Nedžad Horozović, Adnan ing in the public space. There was talk of manipulation of vic- Hasangebović and Amer Delić. tims, lack of justice in the context of acquittals and unpros- The activities included a Focus Group set up to consider ecuted crimes, as well as about the various interpretations of the issues of memorialisation, and an accompanying -work the causes behind wars in the region. shop dealing with Taboos. The achievements of the veterans group in terms of The Focus Group included a presentation of collected ma- peacebuilding were also analysed, as well as the potential terials and photographs from more than thirty monuments, participants recognize in themselves, and the possibility for as well as from some still unmarked sites of suffering in the joint activities in the future peace actions. territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the 1992-1995 war. A.D. 60 Personal impressions The Way of the Dead

If it were not for coincidence, you would never again subject to a curse worse than that: in Skokovi, a place we had see the places you forgot, repressed deep inside yourself, or overtaken from the Autonomous forces, a girl said to me, places where you had never been. So it was for me. Work- “May your hair burn like this house.” It happened as we were ing for CNA (Centre for Nonviolent Action) in the Una-Sana walking past her house, while the house next door was burn- Canton gave me an opportunity to visit the memorial room ing as if doused in petrol. at Pištaline and the Ometaljka military cemetery. And also We passed on through Pištaline and I remembered the something I had never seen before: the phantasmagorical improvised field hospital, and how I used a special wheelchair cemetery of Autonomous soldiers located in front and within with a hole in the seat to go to the bathroom because my the premises of the poultry plant near Velika Kladuša. wound was fresh and I could not touch the ground with my It was a hellishly cold day in Krajina when we ascended left foot. I could, but this would cause unspeakable agony, along the road through Ljusina to Pištaline, the road I could bleeding and tears. So they came up with this wheelchair for traverse with my eyes closed any time day or night. We pass us to use when we went to the outhouse, in April 1994, on the Šoferska noć bar where Alija Kurtović and me raced on some Krajina plain where the wind blew through our young crutches, both drunk, to see who would be first to reach the bones. Then we reached the brigade command and entered field hospital some hundred meters from the bar. And where the memorial room. Inside, it was cold like in a tomb. On the the waitress, carrying a carton of beer cans, said to me, “May central wall were photographs of fallen fighters, some five your mother carry you dead like this.” Only once had I been hundred of them, with dates of birth and death. A literary

61 critic and poetess from these parts would have been certain understanding, these are former battlegrounds with Fikret’s to use the phrase “violent death” instead. I’ve never heard a Autonomous forces, the peripheral villages of the Cazina Mu- more stupid phrase. Can there be any other kind of death in nicipality facing Velika Kladuša. According to rough estimates, war. As if death, no matter how much they insist on it being some 3500 were killed on both sides during the war. Many a natural phenomenon, is not an absolute form of violence more members of the 5th Corps were killed here than fighting against life. the VRS, popularly known around town as the Chetniks. So I I looked at all those dead faces, most of them I knew per- really get a kick out of some Sarajevo imbecile asking me, “So, sonally. Some were friends, some just acquaintances, but we man, what happened, why did you all like slaughter each oth- had all shared moments of war together at some point. Our er?” Ask the late Alija Izetbegović, Tuđmana and Milošević, let common memories from the past bind us wherever we may them tell you if the underground crows haven’t eaten their be today. Are they truly shahids, enjoying paradise now, or are tongues by now. they just underground, horizontal and mute. At the Ometaljka The most interesting place we visited was definitely the shahid / soldiers cemetery, it was even colder, the wind blow- Autonomous soldiers cemetery, very close to the town centre ing down from the snowy hillocks took your breath away. I and the border with Croatia. The whole scene looks like it was stood next to my friends and looked out at the white marble lifted straight out of Andrei Tarkovsky’s Stalker. Muslim tomb- tombstones. At the end of the row of tombstones is a moss stones, and here and there a cross or two, right in front of covered path. A few trees whose trunks are also covered in the hangars where poultry used to be kept. The hangars have moss. I could imagine the lush green of the moss as a carpet been plucked clean, looted, all that’s left are the ribs that used upon which, at night, when there is no one around, the shad- to support their roofs and wisps of glass wool that could not ows of my dead comrades walk. I remember a funeral when be looted. The place is surreally peaceful and deserted. The twelve fighters killed in the liberation of Ćojluk were buried. remains of industrial romanticism and a military cemetery on I remember the late Ćipo and Šok. They seemed so alive that the premises of a former Agrokomerc factory. The evergreens July (if my memory isn’t playing tricks on me) when they were growing among the graves. Birdsong and windmusic. Talking buried. Ćipo had fresh cuts on his forehead, as if he had been to Nijaz Miljković, wartime commander of the 506th Kladuša walking through a thicket that had cut long red stripes across Brigade, who at my claim that there are hundreds buried here his face. Šok was lying on the tabut, serious as he had always says, “Unfortunately, that’s true. There are both fathers and been. sons here, brothers, the destitute.” The way of the dead ends At the Ometaljka, apart from the wind, there were birds here. Inscribed on the monument to the fallen fighters of chirping excitedly, knowing it would soon snow, and that the Army of BiH that has been exiled to the yard of the town spring is unstoppable in its grace, reviving all living things with mosque are the verses of Skender Kulenović: “Dead eyes, but the fresh will to live. Later, we continued our journey looking they see better down the field than the living. All bloodied for memorials to armies from the past war. We went through from of old, now Krajina like a green dress...” Skokovi, Pećigrad, where I explained to my fellow passengers where the so-called ruined house stills stands to this day and Faruk Šehić honours its name, for no one has tried to renew it yet. Shelled (the article was published in bh magazine “Dani”, 12th of out holes are its futuristic windows. Just so there’s no mis- April 2013)

62 CNA peace education programmes

Basic Training in Peacebuilding Mavrovo, Makedonija, 28th of June – 8th of July 2013

“It irritates me when war is treated like a natural disaster” (quote, training participant)

Since last year’s report from the basic training held in Ma- tant for us, we wanted to familiarise the participants from the vrovo ended with a statement from one of our hosts: “Mav- whole region with the Macedonian context, and also to en- rovo is a place where problems solve themselves,” it is only courage activists in Macedonia in their work dealing with con- fitting to start this year’s report from the same place, because flicts in this area. Hence, another plus for Mavrovo and Hotel this claim has been proven in practice yet again. Srna that provided us with very adequate working conditions. Although one of our greatest aspirations has been to have The working plan we had prepared before the training was more people from Kosovo applying to these trainings, and the significantly changed at the training itself after insight into the choice of location was a way to facilitate travelling for people needs and capacities of the group. Ultimately, both the team from this region, we were unable to achieve our goal. We only of trainers and the participants came out satisfied. Our initial received one application from Kosovo, while most came from ambition was to work on peace building in more detail, but at Serbia (47), followed by Bosnia and Herzegovina (38), Mac- the training we decided to spend more time on workshops for edonia (17), Croatia (14), Montenegro (9). One, presumingly dealing with the past and reconciliation, and on enabling the misguided application arrived from Albania. Out of a total of participants to recognise social injustices in their societies. As 127 applications, there was an increase in applications from (almost) always, the workshop on gender and sex elicited the persons under 21. Even though 21 is the minimum age for most heated discussions. It seems there is still a pressing need participation at the training, this information may be useful to in this region to sensitise people for different types of human organisations working on youth programmes, because there rights and equality in society, but also in the family. is evidently interest within this age group for peace building One of our basic aims is working on conflict resolution, in the region. and this time we were very lucky, because the participants Since the choice of location for the training is very impor- themselves recognised and in their free time worked creative-

63 ly to resolve existing conflicts within the group in a fun way. our colleague Boro Kitanoski from Peaceful Action Prilep. He The training team is therefore particularly grateful that they is always a pleasure to work with and socialise with, and his did not need to spend time on this during the working hours. contribution to peace building in the regain is especially sig- We are encouraged in terms of further engagement of train- nificant given his regular activities in world peace movements. ing participants, because we felt the potential for further -re I will conclude this report with a statement heard at one production of the knowledge and skills gained at the training. of the workshops that, in a way, became the motto for the We are particularly glad that two war veterans participated whole training: “It irritates me when war is treated like a nat- in the peace building training, since CNA as an organisation ural disaster.” So, when we stop treating war like something recognises and has been supporting peace building activities that happened to us, something out of our control and influ- by war veterans. ence, only then can we begin to build peace. I am positive Although at the beginning it seemed that the team of five that the training participants have already gone far in peace might be too big, we worked efficiently and with focus, and building in their areas. we are pleased that the CNA team was once again joined by Katarina Milićević

Announcement: Training for Trainers

The Training Programme for Trainers was developed due to the need to build ca- pacities for work in non-formal education. Five cycles of the programme have been implemented to date (1998-1999, 2000, 2001, 2002-2003, 2003-2004). Although the last cycle was held almost ten years ago, the interest of participants in other segments of peacebuilding education for the training programme has remained strong. We conducted a survey of participants at our previous Training for Trainers, as well as other interested parties, and determined that there is still a need for this train- ing. We have, therefore, decided to organise another cycle to start in 2014. We will provide you with more details in due time.

64 Activities we joined

Research: Dealing with the Past in the Western Balkans

Berghof Foundation has published the research report: 2010 to April 2012. Co-authors are Srdjan Dvornik (Croatia), “Dealing with the Past in the Western Balkans. Initiatives for Ismet Sejfija (Bosnia-Herzegovina) and Katarina Milićević (Ser- Peacebuilding and Transitional Justice in Bosnia-Herzegovi- bia), member of CNA team. na, Serbia and Croatia”, ed. by Martina Fischer and Ljubinka The report is available at www.berghof-foundation.org. Petrović-Ziemer. The research was conducted from March

Culture of Memory Forum “Remembering Wars or Warring Memories?” Vukovar, 11 - 13 April 2013

Organised by the Documenta Centre for Dealing with the cation with the people that work or stay there, which gives it Past, the Culture of Memory Forum brought together activ- a special value. However, the ordeal of the hospital, its signifi- ists, historians, museologists and artists to examine culture cance for the population of Vukovar during the war, and the of memory practices in former Yugoslav countries. During the events that followed the capture of the town are presented Forum, we discussed existing practices, their shortcomings, as in a way that the participants in the Forum for the most part well as possible alternative memorialisation models. assessed as unsuitable for visits by schoolchildren that we encountered during our tour. One of the conclusions of the Although there is some room for comparison with simi- Forum was that a letter be sent to the town indicating the lar processes in Western and Central Europe following World need for commemoration practices to also enable communi- War 2, the nationalist discourse characteristic of memorialis- cation with those coming from the “other side”, to become ing victims and events from the recent wars in the region has more inclusive, foregrounding the plight of civilian victims and given rise to numerous memorial sites with pronounced na- avoiding generalisations about perpetrators, none of which is tional or religious symbols and questionable artistic value that currently the case. by-and-large communicate the magnitude of own victimhood There is also the issue of the extent to which it is possible and suffering and the heroism of the respective “side”. One of to universalise the suffering of victims without that -univer the main features of this process is the (non-)communication salisation cancelling out the specificity of each individual situ- of memorial sites with their immediate urban or other vicin- ation. The Associaiton of Serb Civilian Victims of the War in ity, or the complete impossibility of setting up memorial sites Vukovar has been seeking a site to commemorate Serb civilian (if they portray the suffering of “the others”). victims for a while now. Edin Ramulić talked about the efforts We can also talk about the process of depoliticisation of to mark the plight of victims in Prijedor, pointing out that “mi- the artists themselves and the lack of institutional support nority” memorials (once their establishment is granted) are to artistic projects dealing with the recent past, all of which mostly located in returnee areas, burial or mass grave sites... results in commemoration practices whose purpose remains They are never close to roads or more frequented public ar- undefined: is it memory or mourning, is it the problem of na- eas. tional homogenisation, what is their educational message or Initiatives to mark memory sites were given regional sup- lesson... port. It was concluded that memory sites may not make peo- The latter was examined through a tour of memorials in ple kinder, but their existence in a community represents an the town of Vukovar and a review of the site of the Vukovar act of recognition that suffering took place at that site. hospital. In contrast to other sites of memory and memori- The Centre for Nonviolent Action Sarajevo/Belgrade pre- alisation of the past where life had at one point been inter- sented joint regional study visits by war veterans from all rupted, life in this hospital goes on, it is in constant communi- three warring sides to places of suffering in local communities 65 in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. The aim of these activi- for such activities in Croatia, and that this initiative, as well ties is to speak with the local population and local authorities as others, will open up new possibilities of encounters and and show that such places should be marked in a way that will future cooperation. elicit empathy with the victims from all sides. As was pointed D.T. out at the Forum, we hope we will manage to garner support

9th International Forum for Transitional Justice

Jahorina, 17 - 18 May 2013

On 17 and 18 May 2013, at Mount Jahorina, the RECOM transformation. However, apologies are meaningful when Coalition organised the 9th International Forum for Transi- they result from a dialogue that includes different opinions tional Justice under the title “Reconciliation in Post-Yugoslav and diverse narratives. In her opinion, what is noticeable Countries”. Representatives of state institutions, organisa- in the region is a tendency towards social amnesia marked, tions of civil society, victims associations and religious com- among other things, by neglect of victims, while most civil so- munities, artists and members of the academic community ciety initiatives are local in character and suffer from political discussed the reach and possibilities of the reconciliation pro- pressures. cess in the region from various perspectives. The session devoted to reconciliation from the perspec- Particularly interesting were the presentations by fra Ivan tive of artists was disappointing. With a few exceptions, the Šarčević, PhD, who talked about the role of religious commu- general impression was that thinking about the role of artists nities in the region, Hrvoje Klasić, PhD (reconciliation from and the arts in the reconciliation process has been deposed the perspective of the academic community), Zoran Pajić, by dissatisfaction with the attitude of the state towards artists PhD (reconciliation from the perspective of the countries in (especially in financial segments). the region) and Jasna Dragović-Soso, PhD (reconciliation from Something that all the speakers at the Forum agreed on the perspective of civil society). According to fra Ivan Šarčević, was the need for a regional approach both in dealing with the PhD, religion in this region was often used to provide theo- past and in reconciliation. Such an approach is needed in or- logical justification for war and all the religious communities der to determine irrefutable facts on war crimes and severe have failed in their treatment of others. Precisely because human rights violations. Although some progress has been our current identities (often seen as religious) were grounded made, especially in prosecuting war crimes, achieving justice in that past, it is the responsibility of religious communities for victims and the process of dealing with the past remain and believers in general to work on making room for dialogue slow. Certain preconditions are necessary for reconciliation. through their readiness to understand “the truths of others” Initiatives for dealing with the past and reconciliation still (even when such truths seem like falsehoods). Hrvoje Klasić, mostly come from civil society, and in order to have broader PhD spoke about official history being burdened by national- effects, it would be necessary to involve different social stake- ism, a lack of multiple perspectives in history textbooks, and holders as well as state measures. an absence of dialogue among historians outside and within The organisers should be advised that due to the large individual countries. According to Zoran Pajić, PhD, reconcili- number of speakers at the sessions, there was not enough ation is possible only once the necessary preconditions are time for discussion, and there was also a general impression met: recognition of victims and establishment of a system of that the speakers mostly stuck to their planned presentations reparations and compensation. Apologies from leaders in the without communicating with the other participants or the region are often accompanied by denials of the crimes, and audience. Despite these shortcomings, it was exceptionally the monuments and memorials he saw in BiH were mostly useful to listen and think about the complexities of the recon- “one-national, with terrible messages of hatred towards other ciliation process during these two days. nationalities”. Jasna Dragović-Soso also spoke about apologis- M.S. ing as a symbolic gesture of great importance for political

66 MURS MURS International Camp Goražde, 13th August 2013

The GRAD Association from Goražde, BiH, hosted the We visited the Camp on 13 August 2013. The CNA veter- “MURS MURS International Camp” that brought together ans team was joined on this occasion by Đoko Pupčević from participants from Germany, France, Palestine, and BiH. We Šamac, a war veteran with years of experience in peace build- were invited to give a presentation to the young people at ing and cooperation with CNA. the Camp about our work with members of various armies We presented the experience of war veterans through a that had been on opposing sides during the war and that are documentary film produced by CNA “Visits by Veterans” fol- now contributing to reconciliation in the region through their lowed by a discussion with the young people where we pro- peace building actions. They were particularly interested in vided more information about the concept of peace building the stories of war veterans. activities by veterans and the local context they work in. This Camp traditionally gathers young people from differ- The enthusiasm and interest of the young people made ent parts of the world. There, they write articles, paint, stage this experience inspiring and encouraging for us as well. plays, talk and attend lectures. The overall aim is to break Certain shortcomings in the organisation of the event did down barriers and prejudice among people coming from dif- not diminish the pleasure of this meeting with young people ferent places and belonging to different cultures, as well as at the Camp. diverse socio-political contexts. A.D.

Conference “Unveiling Personal Memories on War” 26 September 2013, Zagreb, Croatia

As a guest/participant, I attended the conference to mark the following topics: the relationship between social and in- the end of the first phase of the project that collects personal dividual memory, the need for personal testimony and pos- testimonies of political violence from 1941 to the present sible ways of using recorded oral histories for educational, day into a video database (450 testimonies collected). http:// research, museum and artistic purposes. www.osobnasjecanja.hr/ Much was said about the importance of personal testimo- Apart from the Dutch Ambassadress, welcoming remarks nies, but I would like to point out the following: were also given by personal representatives of the Croatian Nothing can take the place of human testimony in con- president and minister of culture, who were unable to attend. structing social memories. I mention this because it is indicative of the institutional sup- History is not a closed book, there is no one single nar- port given to this programme despite the perceived unfavour- rative. able climate in Croatia for matters of dealing with the past. I Memories fade, memorials, for the most part, remain. mean to say that things are changing, little by little, the public Personal memories are important as a corrective to social space is becoming more receptive to voices with a critical -at history developed somewhere between scholarly work and titude towards the past and the culture of memory fostered the ideological context. in Croatia, and especially towards the so-called “dignity of the The value of the video database of oral histories is in the Homeland war”, that is, the injustices committed by Croatian emotional experience available to the viewer of these- per forces. sonal testimonies. The keynote speeches were followed by four panels on N.V.

67 Contexts in which we work

Twisted time

(Bosnia and Herzegovina)

When it comes to time passing, broadly speaking, there means there is almost one million fewer people here than in are two ways to look at it. The first is the universally accepted 1991, and what happened to all those people, no one seems notion of time flowing like a river. That river flows from its to care. The census has provided us with the correct sum of source towards its mouth, from the past towards the future. incorrect data that will be of little use to anyone. The other notion of time was provided by the English astrono- Everything else more or less bypassed the ordinary peo- mer James Bradley. According to him, time flows backwards: ple, although it always seems to break their backs. The politi- from the future towards the past where the moment when cal scene was characterised by gloomy weather accompanied the future becomes the past is called the present. In the con- by intermittent failures of one of the 13 governments in Bos- text of Bosnia and Herzegovina, we should add another inter- nia and Herzegovina. This astronomical phenomenon of fall- pretation whereby the flow of time is twisted: one moment ing governments has been marked since 2012, and it is quite we’re living the past, the next moment the future, immediate clear that the sky above us will remain in this zodiac sign at or far-off; the present is practically non-existent since it would least until the next elections in October 2014. In the context require facing ourselves as we truly are. In that respect, for- of getting over to the other side of the river, 2013 in BiH has, give me for not speaking chronologically about Bosnia in 2013 at least so far, been a lousy year. Apart from the sudden and -- besides, its inhabitants are averse to anything smacking of never fully elucidated death of the academician Sulejman logic. Redžić and the quiet and protracted departure of Ilijaz Delić of Mostar, this year has not treated the media in Bosnia and The 15 Day Long Year Herzegovina to the departure of a great figure, such as Mirko So, what were we like in 2013? If we look at the majority Kovač in Croatia or Srđa Popović in Serbia. We were, thus, of ordinary people and their involvement in the public space spared the black-and-white front pages with ornate homages that would signal their still being members of this society, and final farewells to my dear friend so-and-so, although in 2013 was a short year in Bosnia and Herzegovina lasting only most cases such people died abandoned, misunderstood, about 15 days. It started on October 1st and was over by the long pushed to the margins of society. 15th. Everything that came before was just preparation for the maddest event of the year, and everything after the 15th The History of BiH in Six Glasses is a headache, not a consequence of sobering up, but an in- Tom Standage viewed the history of the entire human race terval between two bouts of madness. We are talking about though the drinks that were dominant in a given period and the Population, Households and Dwellings Census in BiH, of talked about A History of the World in Six Glasses. I sincerely course, or rather about Counting the Bosniaks, Croats and hope that someday someone will view the whole of post- Serbs. The national elites that live off of percentages (mathe- war BiH history through places of protest. Places of protest matically speaking: the percentage of the nation in the census show the magnitude of helplessness and hopelessness we are combined with the percentage of votes won at the elections mired in. The most powerless, those aware that their protests equals participation in government; participation in govern- could not even depose a mayor in a municipality of scarcely a ment equals power, and power is used exclusively to pursue few thousand inhabitants, stage their protests mainly in front personal interests) have already come out with the minimum of the OHR building1. There, in front of a large and powerful census results, saying they would not accept anything less. enough Goliath, they hope to wheedle what they believe is 54% of Bosniaks, 33% of Serbs, 15% of Croats, and 2-3% of theirs by right, and even if they don’t get it, they know there others. So, 106% in total. Although for most, the census is is no shame in being defeated by such a powerful opponent. meaningless if not expressed in percentages, the fact of the Since mid-October, returnees to the BiH entity of Republika matter is that the census has shown that there are all in all 3.7 million of us, which is at least a few hundred thousand peo- 1 Office of the High Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina/ Ured ple more than actually live in the country. The fact that this visokog predstavnika u Bosni i Hercegovini 68 Srpska have been protesting in front of the OHR, asking that front of the BiH Joint Institutions Building. They are about as the 2002 agreement affording Bosniak returnees the right to powerful as the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina: it exists on a national group of subjects in schools be honoured. From the paper, but in real life you’d be hard-pressed to find it even RS, they initially found justification in the fact that Serbs in the with the help of a microscope. This was the site of protests in BiH entity of the Federation of BiH do not enjoy the right to a June by citizens of Sarajevo and other BiH cities after BiH au- national group of subjects, which the Federal government de- thorities failed to adopt a law on the unique ID number which nied, only to have the Federal Premier issue instructions the made it impossible to enter new-borns into the birth registry very next day for the Serb national group of subjects to be in- and issue documents for babies that needed to travel abroad troduced, the same one he had claimed the previous day was for medical treatment. Following the dramatic blockade of the already available. As the Greek Prime Minister Mitsotakis said MPs that were allowed to leave the building only 15 hours in 1994, “We did not support Karadžić, but we promise not to later and even that thanks to an intervention of the High Rep- do it any more.” After that, the RS offered a Solomon solution resentative Valentin Inzko, everything went downhill. From based on the Stalinist principle of no people - no problems: Banja Luka they said they were all for the babies, but were still Goran Mutabdžija, the RS Education Minister asked for the more for the RS, while the students of Banja Luka also protest- school in Konjević-Polje to be closed down. Just like the RS ing on the streets of Banja Luka said they had no intention of President demonstrating all the magnitude of the social dem- in any way identifying with the Sarajevo protests. In the end, ocratic tradition he fosters when he said he was “seriously it all came down like in 1968. Albeit, without Tito and the Ko- thinking about abolishing the Court in Bijeljina” after it had zara ring dance, but with government assurances that the law ruled against the RS and in favour of the Lithuanian investors. would be adopted (the temporary order expiring at the end of the year is still in force) and a real party on the last night Babylution with some of the most popular local bands. The problem isn’t Those who are completely powerless stage protests in that this babylution failed, other protests were disastrous on

69 their first attempts, too. The problem is that during those few love for BiH by disgustingly jumping in a television studio, days, despite the media display, only a few thousand citizens shouting, “If you don’t jump, you hate Bosnia hehehe”. And came out protesting, and even they, clearly saying the current somehow managing not to actually jump. situation was no good, failed to offer any sort of alternative. And so, in 2013, we were solemnly silent for days instead Expanded to the overall situation and the whole of BiH: the of shouting, we solemnly signed arrangements with the IMF problem isn’t that the current situation is bad, the problem as if we were solving all our current and future problems, a is that even the greatest of optimists find it harder to see the mass grave was discovered in the vicinity of Prijedor with over end of the tunnel even if we reconcile ourselves to there be- 600 bodies, Momčilo Krajišnik returned as well as a few other ing no blinding light out there to greet us. convicted heroes, the Sejdić-Finci judgement has remained If you don’t jump, you hate Bosnia hehehe solemnly unresolved. When nothing works out, at least we still have football and the national team. Like opium, or a balm to heal all our The Sejdić-Finci Centaur wounds, our national team is going to the world cup in Brazil. Right, Sejdić-Finci shouldn’t be left out, but explaining it Now, that’s when the crowds really hit the streets in Sarajevo, has become exhausting. In brief, the European Court of Hu- waving BiH flags (both current and former), going into a trance man Rights Judgement should allow all citizens of BiH to vote watching the Dragons play, forgetting, at least for one night, and stand for elections for the Presidency of BiH (according that they were unemployed, had no health insurance, ques- to current constitutional provisions, only Bosniaks, Croats and tionable roofs over their heads, that they could very well be Serbs are eligible to stand for elections to the Presidency). getting a call from the bank tomorrow because they were late The EU is threatening with imposing sanctions if the Judge- with their loan instalment. For the politicians, who charged ment in not implemented, so our politicians are now trying to the state budget for their regular visits to the Dragons’ lair, figure out how to formally remove discrimination while also this success was just the spin they needed. The winner at the resolving the currently evident issue of out-voting of Croats 2010 elections and great social democrat demonstrated his at the state level, but without tampering with the core of the

70 tri-ethnic matrix. Sejdić-Finci (does anyone still remember been adopted yet, and the genocide is being constantly and who Sejdić-Finci are, do we know their names, or have they persistently denied by some of the highest officials in RS. -Re in fact become conjoined like some sort of newly developed membering victims is not entirely prohibited, but it is certainly centaur?) has been the subject of hundreds of editorials, aca- restricted. Local authorities in Prijedor still do not allow visits demic papers have been written on the subject, reports, etc. to the former concentration camps of Keraterm and Omarska; Still, allow me to conclude that an ordinary citizen stopped the Višegrad authorities are preparing to tear down the house in the street by a reporter and asked about Sejdić-Finci gave where in 1992 the Lukić brothers torched 72 civilians, to make the most succinct and complete answer: In any case, they’re way for a local road ten meters wide that can’t possibly take screwing around, the four of them (BiH leaders). And they’re any other route; there is still no memorial to civilian victims fucking with us, because we’re stupid. And that whore, the killed at Kazani in Sarajevo… international community’s helping them out. All in all, 2013 in BiH was such that we can’t even use the If we look at 2013 in the context of reconciliation and fac- tired old phrase of surviving to tell the tale. There will be noth- ing the past, a few things are worth mentioning. The RS Na- ing to tell. Those that survive will be repaying loans to the IMF, tional Assembly adopted a Declaration defining the nature of the World Bank, foreign private banks, domestic (national) the war in BiH. According to this Declaration, it was a tragic leaders and successful private entrepreneurs who are selling (as if there were any other kind) civil war and any other inter- us both air and water and our lives on credit. pretation is not just unwelcome, but outright banned. At the same time, a declaration prohibiting the denial of the geno- Nedžad Novalić cide against Bosniaks in the wider Srebrenica area has not

A Montenegrin’s moustache

(Montenegro) “If anyone ever even touched a hair from a Montenegrin’s moustache, they would be liable to lose their head. Birth and procreation is the only salvation for this people...”

The day when dealing with peace started causing me our notes where we had written down the first thing that too much distress, I abruptly stopped being an activist and popped into our heads, I was shocked to find it was: the right became an advisor for tourism and sustainable development to freedom of speech/expression (?!). We have long known (it's not for nothing that they say "tourism is the passport that when you use this right to criticise any phenomenon in of peace", eh!). If this does not bother you, please continue society, yourself included, you automatically become an en- reading my report on Montenegro, a tourist destination. Still, emy of the state. Apart from that, the government often calls as soon as I decided what I would write about, I felt an ache out non-governmental organisations for dealing in politics, or in my stomach.) rather for "doing the same as the opposition". After that, all political parties call upon citizens to turn out for elections, just Who (is allowed) to engage in politics? that, they (the parties) will take care of the rest... those 60 During a recent training I was conducting, I had the people that changed their minds and are now proud to be do- opportunity to ask about 60 people in Montenegro ing important things for their country, contributing to improv- whether they were engaged in politics. Only one of them said ing social, economic, environmental, youth and other policies. yes, and he was a member of a political party. Even the young This year we mark 200 years since the birth of Petar II woman who was a member of a working group developing a Petrović Njegoš, and his birthday on 13th of November will be law said she was not interested in politics and had nothing to a new national holiday - Montenegrin Culture Day. This deci- do with it. At a purely technical meeting, after sion was challenged by representatives of the Bosniak party mentioning "improvements to agricultural policy" I was who believe Njegoš inspired hatred towards the world of Is- asked "not to use that word". A few years ago at a workshop, lam and that "some of the ideas from his work, interpreted lit- the trainer asked for an example of a right that was most en- erally, formed the concept and justification for the crimes and dangered in Montenegro (the question was meant to elicit genocide against the Muslim population in the 19th and 20th easy examples, none of those present were involved with centuries in Montenegro and the region." Furthermore, Bos- human rights or anything along those lines). Three quarters niaks believe that at least school textbooks should be purged of the responses were identical and when we "disclosed" from contents insulting to Muslims. On the other hand, most 71 admirers of Njegoš say it is necessary to understand the con- that you simple don't know where to start, or when you text of his life and work, before we can judge them. During promise both them and their friends jobs right after the next the many months marking the 200th anniversary of his birth, elections and then face a new problem - there are simply not much was said about Njegoš. Excerpts from his life and works enough jobs to go around. are countless and it is just a matter of whether a person/soci- Lately, I have been extremely irritated by plans of the op- ety wants to view them individually or as a whole. position telling people what they stand to gain if they vote for them, and these are projects they could implement even if Who is endangered? they are not in power. Thus we have another vulnerable group As for inequality in society, until recently it was mostly - the opposition, who would do anything for Montenegro, we related to gender inequality. However, the list goes on: peo- just can't seem to vote them into office! Either way, both the ple on welfare, single parents/mothers, pregnant women and position and the opposition are prone to scandals, though mothers (whose labour rights are endangered), orphans, the the "third" (NGO) option is not much better. It seems the cur- long-term unemployed, people from rural areas and the pe- rent "Recording"1 scandal will have no end. For me personally riphery, Roma and Egyptians, displaced persons and refugees, it ended when I heard a government representative with a persons with disabilities, LGBT persons... If we were to get smile (publicly) telling an opposition representative, "Admit into the details, we would have to mention reporters who are it, you'd do the same if you were us". definitely a vulnerable group, albeit depending on who they write/speak about and how. Moustachioed Montenegrins are The EU is sacrosanct, or the family is sacrosanct, or also endangered, and by the LGBT population no less, because both(neither)? the organisers of the Pride Parade chose for their logo - the I've noticed that everything coming from the EU is the moustache, the traditional symbol of honour and heroism! best solution for Montenegro. If a solution will help usap- The list is not exhaustive, so if you are also endangered, don't proximate the EU, it is the right solution. If it has nothing to do mind, just add yourself to the list! with the EU, we'll smuggle our ideas in as "European". Thus a few years ago, out of all the recipes from Europe, we decided Why? to adopt the so-called European working hours. In practice, Lately, the global economic crisis has been used to explain this decision has turned Montenegrin families into ticking every problem, so I feel I must point out that the majority of time bombs; parents are still unable to match their working cases of unequal opportunities arose out of the values,- at hours with daycare and school schedules. Instead of the "old- titudes and behaviours in society, and not due to a lack of fashioned" return from work for lunch at 3 p.m., lunch now funds. For example, a number of factors affect the decision takes place at fast food grills, children are upset with parents of women (not) to enter into politics: influence of the com- who have no time for them, parents are frustrated for not be- munity, historical context and tradition: "a woman's place is ing able to find the time, space or money for their families. not in politics"; the small number of women in politics and Someone will doubtless say that today's children are raised by their considerably narrower opportunities for advancement; the street, which is true, but it's also so "European"! insufficient moral and practical support from the community; As for the European Union, I admit it's fortunate to have childcare and household work; economic dependence and at least one entity we don't spin conspiracy theories about insufficient female solidarity among women politicians. Indi- when they criticise us. Of course, there are always exceptions. vidual factors that depend on the women themselves are that they often consider politics a dirty business and are unpre- Interesting for the region: Gay is OK? pared to put their entire past professional career and integrity If Europe says so - of course it is! Good news: two pride on the line. On the other hand, citizens of Montenegro have parades were held in Montenegro! One more and one less quite strong preconceptions about women/men in politics, successful. The first was organised in Budva where about a that is to say, the electorate is quite specific and patriarchal. thousand people (which is a large number for such a small Surveys have shown that half the female respondents believe place) attacked the participants in the parade with words, men would be more successful than women in high level offi- stones, bottles and other objects, and the town's cafe own- cial positions, while only 13-19% of women (depending on the ers hosted a priest who consecrated their establishments as position) believe women would be more successful. the parade had marched through the square in front. Public One survey found that the main reason behind unequal employment opportunities for young people is nepotism, but 1 Audio recordings have been leaked to the public from a meeting of that's not the end of the story. Nepotism is almost unavoid- the ruling Montenegrin party DPS where its representatives openly able in our small country, but real problems arise when you discuss employment along party lines, changes to the voters list, and have a host of cousins and friends you'd like to see employed directors of state companies that work exclusively in the interests of the party. 72 opinion was divided - some felt enraged and endangered by apply to him since he spent days calling for hatred and resist- the parade, others by the false morality of those who "mind ance to the "shameless parade proclaiming sin to be a virtue the parade but don't mind the corruption, organised crime and misanthropy to be philanthropy." Citizens interviewed on and illegal construction". I'd really like to know how the latter the street parroted his words about how we were created to affects traditional Montenegrin values. Some twenty people procreate and how the family must be defended from those were detained, and the organisers were evacuated from the that would destroy it, and they were particularly angered by shore to prevent further incidents. the (above mentioned) moustache. Two months later, the first pride parade in Podgorica was The magnitude of the violence and hatred issuing from organised, again with ample participation of hooligans, most the young people who made up the majority of the assem- of them young. This one was successfully implemented, albeit bled hooligans, a third of them under-age, was shocking. One with the inevitable attacks and arrests. boy from Podgorica suffered third-degree burns from an ex- I found it interesting that the vast majority of political plosive device he had made himself following a "recipe" from parties sent women to support the parade (although it was the internet and planned to activate at the parade. known they would most likely be exposed to physical vio- At the end, let us return to my profession (tourism!) in the lence), and before that the male politicians predominantly context of LGBT rights. Only a few days after the Pride Parade identified themselves as not being 'gay' or as not being able in Budva, exactly 30 km away, at Kotor, 2.800 homosexuals to picture themselves at 'such' parades, but that human rights disembarked from a cruiser: should be respected, especially since this was important for The Director of the local tourism organisation Mirza Krcić, EU accession (?!). Whatever the reason, the state organised who we found in the town, told the "News" that everything to stand on the side of justice and protected the participants was going smoothly, there were no problems, and that the in the parade, both by organising police protection and by people of Kotor showed themselves to be dignified: sending representatives to support the parade. On the other hand, the Youth Network of an opposition coalition named "Everyone should express their opinions and choices, and peo- the "Serb List" called on the citizens of Montenegro to pro- ple should respect that. The citizens of Kotor have proven their test, and a representative of New Serb Democracy truthfully dignity and that they respect differences and that everything said, "We are a conservative Christian party that fosters tradi- would be fine. Everyone is welcome in Kotor, everyone whose tional values. Let the government waving its democracy and freedoms that do not endanger others, and in my opinion, it's European standards support them." Even the Association of all legitimate. We should let people think and feel however War Veterans from 1990 chimed in saying they "saw it as a they want to think and feel, and that should be respected, provocation" that the date selected for the event was 20 Oc- everyone's opinion and choice. This is normal everywhere in tober, "one of the most important dates of the People's Lib- the world. Yesterday, they visited Dubrovnik, and the people eration Struggle when in 1944 the joint forces of the Yugoslav of Dubrovnik say they're big spenders," Krcić said, noting that partisans and the Red Army liberated Belgrade from Hitler's he was personally more interested and concerned about what fascists". On this occasion, the Metropolitan of Montenegro would happen with the Montenegro budget or the Aluminium and the Littoral, Amfilohije organised a ceremonial liturgy Conglomerate (which is being shut down) than about having to "purge the sins the city had been polluted with". At the 2800 gay people in Kotor.” solemn academy on the occasion of the consecration of the Cathedral that "this house of worship is a call to forgiveness Lidija Brnović and reconciliation in Montenegro," which apparently did not

They knew everything, and they did nothing

(Hrvatska)

The greatest change to happen in Croatia in the past year UDBA (Yugoslav secret police) agent accused in Germany for was accession to the European Union. With a lot of settled the murder of the political emigrant Stjepan Đureković. It is accounts and measures to impose fiscal order on the “waste- hard to imagine there are many people who understand what ful” state, there were some instances for exercising state sov- the dispute is about and what makes this piece of legislation ereignty, such as the dispute with the EU concerning the law worth risking sanctions over upon entry into the “European that became popularly known as Lex Perković after the former family”. However, this was also an opportunity for us to re-

73 examine the state of Croatian media, the impossibility of dis- be proclaimed a “city of special piety”. In this concrete case, cerning any meaningful information in the cacophony of po- that would mean legalising the suspension of Croatian laws on tential threats and insinuations. Also, though we have yet to a piece of Croatian territory. see it (notwithstanding the long period of negotiations), it is What is more irritating than the cynical attitude of the -for possible to negotiate once your position is at least nominally mer government is the standpoint of the current government. equal to those setting the conditions. It is possible to act in Namely, to defend the law, SDP keeps pointing out the pivotal the capacity of the state, and it is a shame that such actions responsibility of HDZ, while they as good, civic-minded legal- are limited to individual acts of the EU acquis. Although the ists are “merely” trying to implement what is stipulated by Premier contends this is a principled standpoint, the whole the constitutional law. Even if we could resist the feeling that mess has done nothing to help shed light on the recent Croa- politicians across the Croatian political spectrum treat this law tian past and the way the secret services (or individual agents) like an unwanted child, what is even more worrisome is the influenced the emergence of Croatian independence. possible ideological background to this defence. Defending According to Premier Milanović addressing the Parlia- the law in the Croatian Parliament, the Premier said, “This law ment on the “state of the nation”, in the 22 years of its inde- is triumph for Croatia. We must be generous in victory and act pendence, Croatia has achieved all its strategic political aims, in good faith in peacetime.” including NATO and EU membership. Apart from that, he It is not entirely clear what this good faith consists of or also announced a new wave of privatisation of the remaining why it is deemed necessary. Few would be apt to ask about state-owned enterprises due to the necessity of consolidating the “victory”. The official “victorious” discourse on the na- the state budget1. So, apart from political strategic aims, in ture of the Homeland War has become so dominant in pub- the 22 years of its independence, Croatia has also managed to lic space that the Premier was quick to wash his hands when sell off its state-owned property, the economy is still dysfunc- he once openly contemplated the multifaceted nature of this tional, and the citizens, as well as the state itself, find them- conflict, quite recklessly uttering the phrase “civil war”. The selves enslaved by debt. The GDP is still on the decrease, 70 danger of cementing this state of affairs is illustrated by an thousand workers are not being paid, and there are 314 000 “anecdote” related to scholarly research, specifically history. unemployed people, or 18%. Thanks to a request submitted by the young scholar Julijana EU accession also determined the border between Croatia Antić Brautović doing research for her doctoral dissertation on and its Balkan neighbours, so this year was again marked by the “trade” in territory between the Republic of Croatia, the regression in cross-border communication in the literal sense, Republic of Yugoslavia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Prevlaka failing to arrange for our neighbours what Croatia had en- and the eastern part of Konavle), asking for access to classi- joyed in the years of Slovenian EU membership - crossing the fied information from the Tuđman archives (now stored at the border with personal ID cards. State Archives), we found out that access to such documents The fact that the border is not merely territorial became is granted only to individuals with security clearance, which clear when the government attempted to ensure the imple- in turn is decided upon by the government and its committee mentation of Croatian laws on the entire territory of the state, at a closed session. Perhaps such restriction of access to state including areas of special state concern (areas destroyed dur- documents still under the 30-year confidentiality rule would ing the last war). However, although “bilingual” (Latin plus not be unusual if it had not turned out that Ante Nazor, Direc- Cyrillic script) plaques were affixed to buildings of state in- tor of the Croatian Homeland War Memorial Documentation stitutions in Udbina, in Lika, the same task turned out to be Centre, has security clearance and access to the documents. far more difficult to carry out in Vukovar. The same morning The explanation is that the government founded the Centre when they were put up, under police protection, they were and tasked it with “researching the truth about the Homeland smashed in a destructive campaign the police was helpless War”. What remains unanswered is how such “truth” can be to stop to such an extent that the new plaque was torn off researched when the government (with the help of the intel- the building of the police station itself. The HDZ that had ligence community) determines not only who has access to enabled the passing of the Constitutional Law on the Rights such documents, but also what is relevant for such research. of National Minorities four years ago is now vehemently op- That this treatment is not an isolated incident is made posed to its implementation2 and is demanding that Vukovar clear by the announcement issued by the minister for veter- ans Fred Matić that the government is planning to introduce 1 Croatia Osiguranje, Croatia Airlines, ACI, highway Homeland War topics into school curricula through experi- monetisation, after this government already did the same with the sale of Brodosplit, Brodotrogir and Treći maj (shipyards) and the not enough Serbs in Vukovar to make them eligible for official use of concession of the Zagreb Airport language and script.” This pertains to the percentage of the Serb mi- 2 The former state administration minister in HDZ’s government nority in the population that would make bilingualism in social and said on a TV show, “When HDZ was in favour of Cyrillic, there were public life and official communication in public affairs mandatory. 74 mental teaching that would include, in the first place, a field generals Markač and Gotovina received in their homeland trip to Vukovar3. School curricula would also include as man- with righteous enthusiasm untainted by the above “sporad- datory at least one annual visit to a battleground closest to ic” incidents. The latter, Ante Gotovina, was made honorary the location of the school. In practice, this means that chil- citizen of Split at a ceremony attended by the minister most dren from Zadar would go to Maslenica, but no one asked the mentioned in this report as well as two of his colleagues from minister whether this also means children from Split would the government. A note of dissonance was introduced into visit the Lora wartime port. It would hardly be appropriate to this Croatian story of victory and righteousness by the first-in- tell schoolchildren about the beatings and humiliations that stance ICTY judgement against the Herzegovinian six. The for- took place at Lora where people were brought under accusa- mer political and military leaders of the self-proclaimed “Her- tions of having participated in preparing an armed uprising ceg-Bosna” were found guilty of a joint criminal endeavour to against Croatia that could rarely be substantiated by material expel and kill Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According evidence. On the declarative side, the state never recognised to the judgement, Franjo Tuđman coordinated the criminal these crimes. On the other hand, some of the victims settled endeavour with the ultimate aim of “annexing” this part of out of court and were paid compensation. Still, it is hard to be- Bosnian-Herzegovinian territory to Croatia. The Trial Chamber lieve there would be room for a story like this in the education found that the conflict was international in character, denot- system. In addition, the ministry for veterans has published a ing Croatia as an aggressor in relation to BiH. The appeal pro- call for proposals from non-profit organisations “whose pri- cess is currently under way, and given some recent unusual mary activities deal with protecting the interests and caring practices at the Tribunal, the outcome seems uncertain. for Croatian defenders and victims of the Homeland War.” Following the acquittal of Gotovina and Makrač, both Five million Kunas have been set aside for this purpose, and it Premier Milanović and President Josipović stated that crimes is intended to promote the values of the Homeland War. committed during operation “Oluja” should be prosecuted. All of this was determined by the acquittals of Croatian We should also add that Croatia needs to distance itself from the heritage of Franjo Tuđman whose government covered up war crimes, prevented their prosecution and conducted 3 “Every day, not counting the summer holidays and weekends, a policy to prevent the return of Serb refugees. So that one Vukovar would greet a dozen buses with schoolchildren. They would day history itself would not judge us for doing what was so sleep in the barracks on army cots, and would attend organised history classes taught by professionals from among the veterans or aptly stated in the first-instance judgement against Jadranko young historians trained by real veterans. They would visit all the im- Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoje Petković, Valen- portant sites in the town, but also its periphery if they wish, from Ilok tin Ćorić and Berislav Pušić: “They knew everything, and they to Kopački rit. The final lecture would be held at the Peace Centre so did nothing.” that everyone would be leaving Vukovar with messages of peace.” http://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/Hrvatska/tabid/66/articleType/ Davorka Turk ArticleView/articleId/201818/Default.aspx)

Agreement or +383

(Kosovo)

The most important event in terms of the future coop- still open, including the issue of the Telecom company and en- eration between Kosovo and Serbia was the signing ofthe ergy policy. The Kosovo authorities have requested that the AGREEMENT in April 2013. This was an important topic much country code of +383 be assigned to Kosovo, but the Serbian discussed in the public, but the details are still being nego- government has refused the request. tiated with the mediation of the European Union andLady The dialogue has shown that there are problems in reach- Catherine Ashton. ing compromises on both sides, and that certain particulari- This intensive dialogue is of significance not just for the ties of the agreement are differently interpreted, whereby two countries involved, but for Europe and the wider world. each side uses the interpretation to sway matters in the direc- All the conflicts in the world, wars, disputes, etc. were ulti- tion of its unilateral interest. mately resolved through dialogue, something that is at the The elections are another important topic in the Agree- core of this Agreement. ment. Citizens in the north of Kosovo did not participate in the Some of the more interesting topics of the dialogue are previously held elections, so the premiers of both countries, 75 with EU mediation, agreed to have elections on 3rd Novem- bilisation and peace-building in the region. ber in the entire territory of Kosovo, including the north (Sev- One positive event took place at the end of September when erna Mitrovica, Zvečan, Leposavić, Zubin Potok). Members Mitrovica hosted the First Youth Conference of the Cities in Tran- of the Serb community had boycotted the previous elections sition Forum. Youth representatives from Belfast, Derry-Lon- fearing the government would be made up exclusively of Ko- donderry, Jerusalem, Kaduna, Ramallah, Tripoli and their hosts sovo Albanians. They also did not participate in the local or from Mitrovica exchanged experience from their locations and 2 parliamentary elections despite there being reserved seats for compared similarities they share . One of the main conclusions Serbs in the Kosovo Parliament. However, in contrast to what of this exchange was the necessity for communication between different people, the necessity of strengthening communication happened in the past, it seems they will participate in the between the Kosovo Serbs and Kosovo Albanians, and members upcoming elections. Ten Serb parties have already registered 1 of other communities present in Kosovo. The significance of this with the Central Elections Committee. event lies in its rarity, especially in Mitrovica, so the media de- Apart from this, the constant major problems faced by voted considerable attention to this meeting of young people all citizens of Kosovo are: lack of freedom of movement, high and the strengthening of links between them. We hope that this unemployment (mostly among the 18-30 age group), privati- will encourage the establishment of more organisations working sation of major public enterprises (Telecom and energy com- to improve ethnic relations and events foregrounding these re- plex), widespread corruption, and constant incidents and vio- lations, and that the work of existing organisations will become lence (such as the murder of the EULEX police officer). more visible to the public. All of this has been keeping the inhabitants of Kosovo in a state of elevated tensions for years, making them fear the Lulzim Hakaj future, new outbreaks of violence, and is not conducive to sta-

2 http://citiesintransition.net/2013/09/29/young-leaders-ready-to- 1 Data from the end of September 2013, at the time of writing. develop-conflict-transformation-network/

One Big Nothing, Nicely Wrapped and Gaudily Decorated

(Macedonia)

As I type this, the TV is showing live coverage of the first had nurtured this idea and was looking for a country where Sahara Balkan Peace Festival organised by the company of the it could be implemented, a country of peace, love, a country Indian billionaire Subrata Roy and under the patronage of the without corruption. And finally, he found it. This is not a joke. Macedonian Government. The state elite, all decked out in for- I am not joking in the least. mal attire, was just addressed by the most expensive speaker Last year, Macedonia was marked by a severe conflict of the day, Tony Blair, and just before him Nikola Gruevski. I'm between the government and the opposition. We have been waiting to see who gets the Champion of Peace prize. Gandhi living this tension for a few years, but now the conflict has and Mother Theresa get quoted all over the place. What is overtaken literally everything. All social processes have been this about? I don't know whether to laugh, fume with rage or subsumed under this settlement of accounts, or they are be frightened. Namely, the Indian billionaire who appeared completely ignored. The conflict culminated on 24 December in Macedonia early this year was presented bombastically by 2012. In the midst of a heated debate about the new state the government as a great investor taking over cattle raising budget, the government to respond to the filibustering1 of in the east of the country, investing millions in the construc- the opposition by bringing the secret police into the Parlia- tion of a luxury resort on Lake Ohrid and, of course, erecting ment to physically remove the entirety of opposition mem- the grandiose monument of Mother Theresa in Skopje's main bers. That was ten minutes after they had removed members square. He is wanted in India due to a final court decision that of the press from the gallery. For security reasons, they said. found he had cheated hundreds of people for payments of Videos of the brutal expulsion of MPs from the parliament over 4 billion dollars. Few show any concern while his invest- were, I believe, seen throughout the region. At the same time, ment plans are publicly glorified. And now, here he is organis- the opposition had a few thousand protesters in front of the ing no less than a Balkan Peace Festival. Who else from the Parliament, which incited the government to assemble the region is in attendance? No one, of course. Why in Macedo- same number of its own supporters. In both cases "the peo- nia? He explained it nicely yesterday, he said that for years he ple happened". So they say. (And what happened to the peo-

76 ple?) The risky situation in the streets passed without major combination with the general climate of lack of understanding incidents. For the next months, the opposition boycotted the for different opinions, it does not promise a good outcome. work of the Parliament, protested in the streets of cities and A few months ago I participated in a discussion in Tetovo. A ultimately accepted participating in the local elections with discussion among people who were all practically of the same significant involvement of EU mediators and on the condition opinion there was a strong undercurrent of discounting who that a committee be formed to report on legal violations in was what. Implying that ethnic and religious identities were parliamentary practice on that day. The elections were most- unimportant. Come now, who cares about what you are, that ly won by the ruling parties, and a comment regarding the is unimportant. I argued that it was important, that people conclusions of the committee was given by one of the par- here were in constant conflict along these lines, that we have ticipants, MP Ilija Dimovski, who likened the significance given a long history of conflicts, that, after all, the war happened to the report to that given a box of Kleenex. Either way, the along the same lines, and that the identities set up in opposi- report has been issued, noted remarks regarding the proce- tion to one another should be examined, not ignored. I still dure are now waiting to become operational. A bitter after- have this dilemma. How far should we take the respect for taste is left by the fact that almost all documents following the needs and ambitions of these identities. Is there an end the large-scale skirmishes in the country were produced with to such ambitions, a point where they are finally realised, not strong mediation by outsiders, mainly people from Brussels endangered, where "enough now, we've made it, let's go on". or Washington. Is that point the 30 meter tall statue of Alexander the Great Another important event in my opinion was the absurd ar- of Macedonia in the centre of Skopje or the 50 meter long rest of reporter Tomislav Kežarovski from Veles (special police Albanian flag along the motorways in the west of the country? in full gear, early morning, cameras...). The ludicrous charges Where is that point? Does it even exist? were that an article he published in 2008 had revealed the Yes, there are some other small points in time and space identity of a protected witness in a murder case. Information where we can openly and amicably discuss important matters known to the public indicate that the man did not have the to do with us. Outside the media and public eye. It's probably status of a protected witness until the next year, and a little better that way. later he himself publicly admitted that police inspectors had Public debate, critical thinking and contextualising events coerced him into giving false testimony against someone ac- have all but disappeared. Everything boils down to uniform cused of murder. In the meantime, Tomislav Kežarovski's de- propaganda. It goes so far as completely creating an event tention was extended five (!) times. In response to pressures to be distributed. Such as the Balkan Regional Peace Festival from international (they have long since ceased paying atten- without anyone from the region in attendance, organised by a tion to national) press and other associations, the- govern billionaire from India, with Tony Blair as the keynote speaker, ment said they did not interfere with the work of the courts and with dance groups from India dramatising Gandhi's revolt and, besides, the trial would begin soon, and a verdict would against the gilded stage of the new 45-million-Euro theatre. closely follow. One big nothing, nicely wrapped and gaudily decorated. A Macedonia has dropped another 22 places in the Report- completely new level of manipulation. Oh, right, the Champi- ers without Borders report on freedom of the media, and in on of Peace for this year is Jeremy Gilley from Peace One Day. 2013 it occupied position 116. During his acceptance speech he said he could not believe he There were no significant developments in the field of in- received the prize. I can't believe it, either. I can't wait to see ter-ethnic relations. The general policy - each to (rule) his own which company will be organising peace festivals for us next - continues. Ethnic homogenisation and physical segregation year. Coca Cola, perhaps? continue with intermittent disruptions holing up the trend. In Boro Kitanoski my opinion, this is the worst course for Macedonia since, in

Continuity of Endless Disaster

(Serbia)

Following the signing of the Brussels Agreement two tions with Kosovo, in June 2013, Serbia received assurances months earlier, with which it took on the obligation to abolish that negotiations on accession to the European Union would parallel structures in the north of Kosovo and regulate rela- begin in January 2014. The response was less than EUphoric.

77 Unsurprisingly, since it is quite unclear (at least to the pub- stranka - DS) and the arrival of the Serbian Progressive Party lic) what this Europe should mean1. In the discourse of the (Srpska napredna stranka - SNS) brought in some changes, but domestic political elite, European standards and European nothing fundamental has changed. There was no radical turn- integration mainly function as a wild cards devoid of meaning about compared to the politics of the Democratic Party. The and therefore convenient as receptacles for a wide variety of European course, reducing democracy to periodic elections meanings depending on the requirements of the occasion or every four years, employment based on party and family af- speaker. Most frequently as promises of access to the welfare filiation4, the dominance of the executive over the judicial and and social security of First World citizens or as a justification legislative branch of government, the lack of division of gov- of things "we'd rather not, but Europe says we have to". And ernment and mutual control of the various branches, paying that Europe, except perhaps superficially, is asking for less and lip-service to the sanctity of human rights without a genuine less. Apart from the implementation of the Brussels Agree- effort to uphold and/or protect them make up this continu- ment and control of asylum seekers. Nothing superficial about ity. There are some novelties, however. One is that from the that. superficial advocating of fighting corruption in political shows, The signing of the Brussels Agreement did not give rise to the media have started announcing arrests of tycoons. Miro- any major shifts in Serbia. Kosovo has long played theMcGuf - slav Mišković, the top fat cat from the 1990s, was arrested fin2 here, and the film is dragging on. Constant insecurity and under corruption charges. Part of the system that enables and fear of the pervasive violence and what the future will bring induces corruption has not been dismantled (yet?). But that's makes up the everyday lives of most of Serbia's population. By hardly important as long as the ratings are kept up. And they many indicators, Serbia is among the poorest countries in Eu- are. People like to see nothing better than a rich man in jail. rope, with more than a million unemployed, where desperate Whether he positions himself as a defender of the robbed people are increasingly driven to chopping off their fingers, and humiliated, or the man to sacrifice himself for the mod- hammering nails into their hands or self-immolation, because ernisation of Serbia, and/or the embodiment of the will of the "ordinary" hunger strikes no longer draw enough attention. people, Aleksandar Vučić is currently the most popular poli- There are no widespread protests, nor are they expected. The tician in Serbia. His popularity is reflective of a deeper con- desperation is individual, inarticulate, and solidarity goes no tinuity of desire for "someone who knows how", "someone further than isolated protests by groups of co-sufferers that who will solve things (himself?)", "someone different", shared find themselves in the same situation. Kosovo is -no excep to a greater or lesser degree by all strata of society. In that tion. Apart from a gathering of a few thousand people at the respect, ideology mostly serves a decorative purpose. At the Square of the Republic on 10 May - organised by the Serbs same time, a particular combination of "proven patriotism" from Kosovo, and memorable mostly due to the "liturgy" for and pro-European modernist rhetoric offsets criticism and -af laying to rest of the Government and Parliament led by the fords Vučić widespread support both from traditional voters Montenegrin and Littoral Metropolitan Amfilohije, and the of the (formerly) Serb Radical Party and a sizeable portion of comparison of Dačić with the assassinated Premier Đinđić those who vote for what was once known as the pro-demo- ("Dačić says he is interested in earthly, not heavenly poli- cratic block. Not only did his radical political about-face from- tics. Đinđić spoke that way, too, and how he ended up, Lord Šešelj-to-Weber leave his popularity unscathed, if anything - knows." - Bishop Atanasije3) - not much else has happened. his popularity increased. And SNS is seen as a party that keeps Harsh reaction from almost all the political parties andthe its promises5. public to what was said and the swift distancing of Patriarch On the other side is the disoriented opposition, primarily Irinej of the Serb Orthodox Church from the events served as the Democratic Party, which, following the replacement of Bo- a remainder that the Church's power in the public space is ris Tadić, deals with constantly decreasing ratings by accusing derived from the will of the political elites. "its" voters of disloyalty and/or misunderstanding and inner- The departure of the Democratic Party (Demokratska party fractioning. The previously introduced practice of hav- ing local authorities harmonise with state-level government 1 The fact that this confusion is shared to a considerable extent by is returning to the Democratic Party like a boomerang. The the member states of the European Union only makes matters worse. DS President Dragan Đilas was deposed from the position of 2 McGuffin is a term introduced by Alfred Hitchcock to describe the method of building up the plot of a film around a motif that perme- 4 According to the Policy Centre as reported by the daily Blic, the ates the story, drives characters to act and runs through the story, current government has deposed almost 3000 people in the state ad- but is essentially unimportant for the viewer. The function of this ministration, while in the last year it employed another 3000 people motif is to keep up the suspense. along party lines in public services. Source: Blic online, 2013, http:// 3 Srbin. Info - Srpske brze internet novine, 2013, http://srbin. www.blic.rs/Vesti/Politika/380172/Vlada-do-sada-smenila-3000-ljudi info/2013/05/mitropolit-amfilohije-sluzio-opelo-za-upokojenje-vlade- 5 Politika, 2013, http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Politika/SNS-sam- srbije/ na-vrhu.sr.html 78 Mayor of Belgrade and new elections will be held in the capi- was not involved in the war" has in time come closer to "What tal. Local and central government concur almost throughout war?". Leaders of the Democratic Party have contributed to the country, which once again opens up many questions. For this amnesia through their lack of political vision and/or cour- example, if power relations at the central level of the Republic age to open up the question of Serbia's responsibility for (or the level of the President) are to be replicated at other lev- these wars, the question of their consequences, but also their els of government, what exactly is the point of local elections? failure to, on behalf of the country they represented, express Or, rather, what would be the consequences of concentrating remorse without relativism and send an unambiguous mes- power in the hands of such a small number of people? Still, sage to others (in the region and in the country) that some- questions are something we've always had more than enough thing like that would not be repeated. It is then not incon- of. And these are not exactly new questions. ceivable for the regime personified by Milošević to become It is also not particularly novel to ban the Pride Parade, merely "a government that was not ideal, given that it lost the something that almost metaphorically sublimates the various elections", but "all that should be left in the past" because "if forms of continuous lack of accountability and/or cynicism of we cannot correct the past, we can influence the present and the political class in Serbia. It has been banned for the third the future" (Ivica Dačić)7. However, that past is present, issu- time for "security reasons". There is one aspect where state- ing daily warnings that it's not going anywhere. Either in the ments of politicians from ruling structures leave us no room guise of seemingly incomprehensible eruptions of violence for disagreement - namely, that this is not a defeat for the such as the multiple murder in Velika Ivanča near Mladenovac state. For the state to be defeated, it would have to stand by where a man described by his neighbours as quiet and good its Constitution and its laws and try to ensure their implemen- (otherwise a war veteran from Slavonija in 1991) killed thir- tation. Without resorting to relativism, personal dis/likes and teen people in their sleep8. Or the recent incident of primary hiding behind thugs, extreme right and hooligan groups (who school pupils beating up their teacher while he waited for his when it came to the signing of the Brussels Agreement, a po- wife and child in the park9. Or in the selective history, simpli- tentially far more risky event, were apparently all off on a fish- fied black-and-white explanations and/or discourses of self- ing holiday somewhere). That would be the core of the fre- victimisation whereby "we are, if not the only, then the great- quently used phrase "rule of law". One of the purposes of the est victims" still dominating public space in relation tothe Constitution, laws and institutions is the restriction of author- wars of the 1990s. Desperation and frustration coupled with ity, its effective control and the prevention of arbitrary rule. normalised violence make for a dangerous combination, and Max Weber, a favourite thinker of the first Vice-President of the past is never just the past. This kind of past lasts forever. the Government of the Republic of Serbia, Aleksandar Vučuć6, Swimming between the narrative of lost identity, the -be had much to say about it, and with great passion. Without it, trayal of Kosovo and nationalist ressentiment, and the (fail- we enter what Serbian Newspeak calls "political will", a grey ing) hope of a golden age (personified in the prosperity of the zone conducive to judicial processes running into obsoles- EU), the shipwrecked inhabitants of Serbia wait for a boat to cence, tycoons connected to the government robbing state- save them from floating in endless disaster. The bad news is owned and racketeering private enterprises, murders of re- that we should not expect much in the way of help from the porters remaining unsolved and milk with unacceptable levels outside, and that the people living here will have to row them- of aflatoxins being proclaimed perfectly healthy. The list could selves ashore. That's also the good news. conceivably go on forever. And much has already been seen. Marijana Stojčić Last year's change of government and the coming to pow- er of those who had had a significant role in shaping the last decade of the 20th century in this region did not bring about any sort of "return to the 1990s". The social amnesia that en- 7 Akter, 2013, http://akter.co.rs/25-politika/54434-hvala-im-to-su- shrouds the 1990s in Serbia and according to which "Serbia nas-smenili-oktobra-2000-godine.html 8 Glas Amerike, 2013, http://www.glasamerike.net/content/ma- sakr-kod-mladenovca/1637770.html 6 TV B92, 2013, http://blip.tv/b92/utisak-ned- 9 Slobodna Evropa, 2013, http://www.slobodnaevropa.org/content/ elje-10-3-2013-6548445 grupa-osnovaca-pretukla-nastavnika-u-novom-sadu/25101346.html

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