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Environmental Setting of the Willamette Basin, Oregon

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Environmental Setting of the Willamette Basin, Oregon Environmental Setting of the Willamette Basin, Oregon Investigations Report 97-4082-A NATIONAL WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM science for a changing world Top: Convict ship, Suc­ cess, docked along the west bank of the Wil- lamette River between about Yamhill and Salmon Streets, date unknown. (Photograph courtesy of Oregon Historical Society; negative number 43989.) Right: Downtown Portland along the west bank of the Willamette River between about Yamhill and Salmon Streets, October 1999. (Photograph by Dennis A. Wentz, U.S. Geological Survey.) Front cover photograph: Willamette Valley farm nestled in the shadow of Mt. Hood, Oregon. Back cover photographs (clockwise from top): Hay, hops, wheat, and nursery stock are just a few of the crops contributing to the agricultural diversity of Oregon's Willamette Valley. (Photographs by Dennis A. Wentz, U.S. Geological Survey.) Environmental Setting of the Willamette Basin, Oregon By MARK A. UHRICH and DENNIS A. WENTZ U.S, Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97 4082-A Portland, Oregon 1999 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. GROAT, Director The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information Copies of this report can write to: be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey, WRD Branch of Information Services 10615 S.E. Cherry Blossom Drive Box 25286 Portland, Oregon 97216 Denver Federal Center e-mail: [email protected] Denver, Colorado 80225-0286 e-mail: [email protected] Information regarding the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program is available on the Internet via the World Wide Web. You may connect to the NAWQA Home Page at the Universal Resource Locator (URL): <http://wwwrvares.er.usgs.gov/nawqa/nawqa_home.html> Information regarding the Willamette NAWQA is available on the Internet by connecting to the Willamette NAWQA Home Page at: <http://oregon.usgs.gov/projs_dir/pn366/nawqa.html> Information regarding Oregon District Activities is available on the Internet by connecting to the Oregon District Home Page at: <http://oregon.usgs.gov/> FOREWORD Improve understanding of the primary natural and human factors that affect water quality conditions. The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey This information will help support the development (USGS) is to assess the quantity and quality of the and evaluation of management, regulatory, and moni­ earth resources of the Nation and to provide informa­ toring decisions by other Federal, State, and local tion that will assist resource managers and policymak- agencies to protect, use, and enhance water resources. ers at Federal, State, and local levels in making sound decisions. Assessment of water-quality conditions and The goals of the NAWQA Program are being trends is an important part of this overall mission. achieved through ongoing and proposed investiga­ tions of about 60 of the Nation's most important river One of the greatest challenges faced by water basins and aquifer systems, which are referred to as resources scientists is acquiring reliable information study units. These study units are distributed through­ that will guide the use and protection of the Nation's out the Nation and cover a diversity of hydrogeologic water resources. That challenge is being addressed by settings. More than two-thirds of the Nation's fresh­ Federal, State, interstate, and local water resource water use occurs within the study units and more than agencies and by many academic institutions. These two-thirds of the people served by public water supply organizations are collecting water quality data for a systems live within their boundaries. host of purposes that include: compliance with per­ mits and water supply standards; development of National synthesis of data analysis, based on remediation plans for a specific contamination prob­ aggregation of comparable information obtained from lem; operational decisions on industrial, wastewater, the study units, is a major component of the program. or water supply facilities; and research on factors that This effort focuses on selected water quality topics affect water quality. An additional need for water using nationally consistent information. Comparative quality information is to provide a basis on which studies will explain differences and similarities in regional and national level policy decisions can be observed water quality conditions among study areas based. Wise decisions must be based on sound infor­ and will identify changes and trends and their causes. mation. As a society we need to know whether certain The first topics addressed by the national synthesis are types of water quality problems are isolated or ubiqui­ pesticides, nutrients, volatile organic compounds, and tous, whether there are significant differences in con­ aquatic biology. Discussions on these and other water ditions among regions, whether the conditions are quality topics will be published in periodic summaries changing over time, and why these conditions change of the quality of the Nation's ground and surface from place to place and over time. The information water as the information becomes available. can be used to help determine the efficacy of existing This report is an element of the comprehensive water quality policies and to help analysts determine body of information developed as part of the NAWQA the need for and likely consequences of new policies. Program. The program depends heavily on the advice, To address these needs, the Congress appropri­ cooperation, and information from many Federal, ated funds in 1986 for the USGS to begin a pilot pro­ State, interstate, Tribal, and local agencies and the gram in seven project areas to develop and refine the public. The assistance and suggestions of all are National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Pro­ greatly appreciated. gram. In 1991, the USGS began full implementation of the program. The NAWQA Program builds upon an existing base of water quality studies of the USGS, as well as those of other Federal, State, and local agen­ cies. The objectives of the NAWQA Program are to: Describe current water quality conditions for a large part of the Nation's freshwater streams, rivers, and aquifers. Describe how water quality is changing over Robert M. Hirsch time. Chief Hydrologist iii CONTENTS Foreword....................................................................................................................................................................^^ iii Abstract...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction..........................................................................................._^ Purpose and Scope...........................................................................................................................................................! Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................................................ 1 Basin History.................................................................................................................................................................^ Settlement..........................................................._^ Agricultural Development................................................................................................................................................3 Timber Production ...........................................................................................................................................................4 Mining..............................................................................................................................................................................4 Population Growth ...........................................................................................................................................................5 Physical Setting .........................................................................................................................................................................5 Ecoregions........................................................................................................................................................................6 Hydrogeology....................................................................................................................................................^ Climate and Hydrology ....................................................................................................................................................7 Hydrologic Conditions during 1993-95...........................................................................................................................9 Land Use and Land Cover .........................................................................................................................................................9 1970s Land Use..............................................................................................................................................................10 1990s Land Cover....................................................................................................................................................^
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