An Investigation Into the Relationship Between Human Activities and Environmental Degradation in Kajjansi Town Council

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN KAJJANSI TOWN COUNCIL.

CASE STUDY KAJJANSI TOWN.

NSANGI SUSAN

14/U/24906

A DISSERTATION TO BE SUBMITED TO THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART AND TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

FEBRUARY 2018

Declaration.

Approval.

Abstract.

Kajjansi Town Council is in the first steps of the town Council, it’s a well zoned area and also protecting the environmentally sensitive areas, however due to many developments that are coming up and those that have been already established to gain from the benefits associated with this upgrade to Town Council status. This research seeks to investigate the relationship between human activities and environment degradation. With the objectives of the study being; to find out the human activities that have influenced environment degradation in Kajjansi town Council, to find out the factors which have contributed to environmental degradation in Kajjansi town council and to assess the impacts of environmental degradation caused by human activities in Kajjansi town council. The scope considered parishes of Bulwanyi, Bweya, Kitende, Nakawuka, Namuland, Nankonge, Ngongolo, Nsaggu, Sissa and Wamala though it considered Namulanda, Kitende and Sissa. The significance of the study was to help policy makers to recognize the impact of specific human activities in a developing city.

Literature review, this section aimed to understand the nature and management of environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council, here we defined human activities as something that people do or cause to happen, and landuse was defined as the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlement. Causes of environmental degradation include industrialization, overpopulation deforestation, agricultural development, urbanization, water pollution, transport. The impacts of environmental degradation caused by human activities include loss of biodiversity, soil erosion. Possible strategies that can reduce environmental degradation included direct controls and regulation

Section three: Research Methodology, focused on the description of the procedures that were employed in the study. The targeted population was Kajjansi Town Council local leaders, technocrats like planners. Multi-stage sampling was used and 55 households were chosen, political leaders 3 and technocrats 3. Data collection instruments are interview method, oral interview method, focus group discussion, photography. The research design used a descriptive survey design whereby both qualitative and quantitative data was collected.

The research findings showed that men were interviewed than female, 90% of the people in Kajjansi town council could at least explain a bit of what they understood of environmental degradation. The main human activities in Kajjansi town council are agriculture, brick laying,

iii transport and so on. It was noticed that agriculture was the main culprit for environmental degradation. Factors which contributed to environmental degradation overpopulation had over 31%.

Section five is all about drawing sense, of the findings, and explaining why data was coming out that way.

Lastly Section six drew conclusions and clearly explained the relationship between human activities and environmental degradation.

Acknowledgment

With great affection I would like to specifically thank Mr. Nyakwebara Charles who helped me in doing this Research Report and my beloved mother for the financial support that she has provided me with.

Not forgetting the almighty God, who has provided me with Strength, courage and wisdom to do this report, I Praise You, and Worship you Lord. Thank you.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration...... i Approval...... ii Abstract...... iii Acknowledgment ...... v List of figures...... ix List of tables...... x Section One ...... 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.0 Introduction ...... 1 1.2 Background of the study...... 1 1.3 Problem statement ...... 3 1.4 Objectives of the study...... 3 1.5 Research questions...... 4 1.6 Scope of the study...... 4 1.7 Significance of the study ...... 4 1.8 Justification of the study...... 5 Section Two...... 6 Literature Review ...... 6 2.0 Introduction ...... 6 2.1 Definitions of terms ...... 6 2.2 Causes of environmental degradation ...... 7 2.3 Impacts of environmental degradation caused by human activities ...... 11 2.4 Possible development strategies that can reduce environmental degradation ...... 12 Section Three ...... 16 Research Methodology ...... 16 3.0 Introduction ...... 16 3.1 Procedure of Data Collection ...... 16 3.2 Research design ...... 16 3.3 Target population ...... 16 3.4 Sample size ...... 17 3.5 Multi-stage sampling...... 17 3.6 Sampling Technique ...... 19

3.6.1 Purposive sampling technique ...... 19 3.6.2 Snowball sampling ...... 19 3.7 Source of Data ...... 20 3.7.1 Primary Sources: ...... 20 3.7.2 Secondary Sources: ...... 20 3.8 Data collection methods...... 20 3.8.1 Introduction ...... 20 3.8.2 Interview method...... 20 3.8.3 Oral interview schedule ...... 20 3.9 Focus group discussion ...... 21 3.10 Observation ...... 21 3.10.1 Photography: ...... 21 3.12 Study area rapid appraisals:...... 21 3.13 Survey tools ...... 21 3.14 Reliability and validity ...... 22 3.14.1 Reliability ...... 22 3.14.2 Validity ...... 22 3.15 Data processing and Analysis ...... 22 3.15.1 Editing ...... 22 3.15.2 Tabulation...... 22 3.15.3 Analysis ...... 23 3.16 Data Presentation...... 23 Section Four ...... 24 Research Findings ...... 24 4.0 Introduction ...... 24 4.1 Profile of the respondents ...... 24 4.1.1 Gender of respondents ...... 24 4.1.2 Age range of respondents in years ...... 25 4.1.3 Marital status ...... 26 4.1.2 Duration of occupation ...... 26 4.2 Human Activities that have influenced environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council ...... 27 4.2.1 Knowledge about environmental degradation...... 27

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4.2.1 Human activities are practiced in Kajjansi Town Council? ...... 28 4.3 Factors which have contributed to environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council 30 4.4.1 Impacts of environmental degradation in your area? ...... 31 4.4.2 Cells are more affected by environmental degradation? ...... 32 4.5 Possible and affordable development strategies and solutions on environmental degradation at Kajjansi Town Council ...... 33 Chapter five ...... 34 Discussion of research results ...... 34 5.0 Introduction ...... 34 5.1 Human activities that have influenced environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council ...... 34 5.1.1 Human activities practiced in Kajjansi Town Council ...... 34 5.1.3 Human activities which contribute to environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council...... 35 5.3 Factors which have contributed to environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council. 39 5.4 Impacts of environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council ...... 40 5.4.1 Reasons why impacts of environmental degradation still experienced in area? ...... 40 5.5 Possible and affordable development strategies and solutions on environmental degradation at Kajjansi Town Council ...... 41 Section Six ...... 42 Conclusion and recommendations ...... 42 6.0 Introduction ...... 42 6.1 Conclusion ...... 42 6.2 Limitations of the study...... 42 6.3 Recommendations to avert environmental degradation ...... 43 6.3.1 To Kajjansi Town Council ...... 43 6.3.2 To Government ...... 43 6.3.3 To Makerere University ...... 43 6.3.4 To the people ...... 44 REFERENCE ...... 45 APPENDICES ...... 47 APPENDIX I ...... 47 APPENDIX II ...... 50 APPENDIX III ...... 54

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List of figures.

Figure 5: source: Effects of attitudinal and sociodemographic factors on pro-environmental behaviour in urban China ...... 26

Figure 1 human activities that cause environmental degradation ...... 28

Figure 2: The factors which have contributed to environmental degradation ...... 30

Figure 3: The impacts of environmental degradation ...... 31

Figure 4: Cells mostly affected by environmental degradation ...... 32

Figure 6: Gallery erosion caused by surface runoffs from Nakigalala Tea State ...... 36

Figure 7: Rubbish littered around Kajjansi and also human settlements which have reclaimed most parts of the swamp causing unsafe/dirty water ...... 36

Figure 8: brick laying at Kajjansi Muchanga ...... 37

Figure 9: Southern bypass reclaimed much of the lake ...... 38

Figure 10: water pools formed after excavation of clay for pottery in Kajjansi Mukyanga ...... 38

List of tables.

Table 1 random sample data from excel ...... 18

Table 2 Gender of respondents ...... 24

Table 3 Age of respondents ...... 25

Table 4 Marital status of respondents ...... 26

Table 5 Number of years of people have been in Kajjansi ...... 26

Table 6 Number of people who have heard of environmental degradation ...... 27

Table 7 human activities that encourage environmental degradation ...... 29

Table 8 The factors causing environmental degradation ...... 30

Table 9: The impacts of environmental degradation ...... 31

Table 10: Cells mostly affected by environmental degradation ...... 32

Section One

Introduction

1.0 Introduction This research is about the relationship between human activities and environmental degradation in Kajjansi town council. Environmental degradation is evidenced by cutting of trees and brick making at Kajjansi town council. Subsequently, this has caused continuous floods along the fly over of Entebbe express high way at Kajjansi. This has affected the community in a way that, there is death of people and animals due to the pits dug to get clay and are not covered. This study seeks to investigate the relation between human activities and environmental degradation. The study will be carried out using the qualitative method of data collection which include; Observation, interviewing, literature review.

Similarly, interview and literature review methods of data collection are to be used to get information about the causes of environmental degradation said but other scholars. The researcher expects to find information about the different human activities that cause environmental degradation at Kajjansi town council. This research is to help the policy makers to recognize the impact of specific human activities at Kajjansi Town Council on the environment. This will further guide them to plan, formulate development plans for the cities which encourage the positive impact of human activities and minimize the negative impacts of land use activities

1.2 Background of the study. Kajjansi town council is a council without planning considerations that has been done so far especially in terms of coming up with the structure and detailed plan, this has contributed to environmental degradation in the way that there are no standards people are using to establish developments thus contributing to swamp reclamation evidenced by the construction of the Southern by pass.

In addition to that, Kajjansi town council has various land uses which include, agriculture, human settlements, industrialization and transportation which all have contributed to environmental degradation.

Focusing on the national level, according to Economic Information Bulletin No. 14, 2006. The course of land use in history as it that, humans have had a changeable relationship to the land. Early humans are believed to have used the land with little modification for shelter, food gathering, and defensive aims. It wasn't until the domestication of plants and animals approximately 10,000 years ago that land use involved extensive changes in the landscape. With domestication came large-scale clearing for both settlement and agriculture. Growing populations built structures on the land (or out of the land) for shelter, defense and worship, and altered the existing land cover and the course of waterways for food, power, and transportation.

In many instances, the biological and physical make-up of the land contributes to how it is used; lands with rich soils are most suitable for farming while lands prone to flooding are less suitable for settlement. Large cities, for example, are often located adjacent to an ocean or river, providing essential water, and access for food, sewer, industrial, and economic purposes. As food, power, transportation, and communication technologies transformed over the last few centuries in order to meet the needs of a rapidly expanding population, there have been major changes in the patterns of land use worldwide. USDA, (2006).

Several policies and statutes have been developed, such as), National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources which is mandated to “promote the protection of Uganda's wetlands in order to sustain their ecological and socioeconomic functions ‘’ National wetland policy( 1995), however this has been done to the small extent for example conservation of Nabajjuzi swamp in Masaka, conversely, some have been encroached on for example lubigi wetland with various developments which has led to its loss of biodiversity for example construction of sewerage waste plant, power station that runs to Kawanda and Mutundwe and establishment of a market by a group of traders under Uganda Patriotic Voluntary Organisation (UPAVO), this has contributed to the ineffectiveness of this policy, the Environmental Impact Assessment Resolutions (1998) which requires the planner and other stakeholder to know the diverse effect of a project proposed by the developer to the environment, the National Land Use Policy which guides on issues of agriculture, urbanization and human settlement, industrialization and infrastructure development, environmental management and conservation , and the National Land Policy.

However, despite the existence of these policies and implementing organs, the research presented here shows that resources are continuously being encroached upon, depleted, drained and converted for example construction of the Northern and southern at an alarming rate. We therefore also reviewed the existing policy regime and examined how it is being applied in response to the problem of blatant encroachment and subsequent depletion of environmental resources.

Subsequently, if we are to leave no one behind as Uganda strives to develop, it is imperative for each of us to do everything we can to save wetlands wherever they are. Well managed wetlands ensure that communities are resilient and can bounce back from disasters faster. We must help conserve and promote sustainable use of wetlands as we support industrialization and development.

1.3 Problem statement Kajjansi town council being in the first step of the town council, it is a well zoned area and also protecting the environmentally sensitive areas, however due to very many developments that are coming up and those that have been already established are expanding to gain from the benefits associated with this upgrade for example; increased number of people which generates already market. In addition to that, Kajjansi town council is being opened up for economic activities and settlements, this has led to ill use of land contributing to environmental degradation through swamp reclamation and encroachment of environmentally sensitive area which are leading to flooding and loss of biodiversity. Regrettably, NEMA efforts to reduce environmental degradation failed due to people resilience. Therefore this study has concentrated on finding the relationship between the different human activities that are coming up in new town council of Kajjansi and environmental degradation.

1.4 Objectives of the study. 1. To find out the human activities that have influenced environmental degradation in Kajjansi town council. 2. To find out the factors which have contributed to environmental degradation in Kajjansi town council. 3. To assess the impacts of environmental degradation caused by human activities in Kajjansi town council.

4. To suggest possible development strategies that can reduce environmental degradation in Kajjansi town council.

1.5 Research questions. 1. What are the human activities that have influenced environmental degradation in Kajjansi town council? 2. What are the factors which have influenced human activities and environmental degradation in Kajjansi town council? 3. What are the impacts of environmental degradation caused by human activities in Kajjansi town council? 4. What are the possible development strategies that can reduce environmental degradation in Kajjansi town council?

1.6 Scope of the study. Kajjansi town council consists of parishes which include, Bulwanyi, Bweya, Kitende, Nakawuka, Namulanda, Nankonge, Ngongolo, Nsaggu, Sissa and wamala.

However, the study has covered only two parishes which include Namulanda, Kitende and Sissa because these Wards have a lot of human activities like industries, agriculture, transport system and settlements which have contributed to environmental degradation.

The study has confined to human activities in Kajjansi Town which include, transportation, human settlement, agriculture, and industrialization. The study has focused on the relationship between above land uses and their effect to the environment in Kajjansi Town Council. The study covers a period from 2013 to date, during this period, Kajjansi was elevated to town council status, thereby leading to an increased in human activities.

1.7 Significance of the study The study will help the policy makers to recognize the impact of specific human activities in a developing city like Kajjansi Town Council on the environment. This will further guide them to plan cities, formulate development plans for the cities which encourage the positive impact of human activities and minimize the negative impacts of land use activities.

To students and other scholars who intend to widen their knowledge in the study of the environmental degradation, this study shall be a basis of reference since it focuses on the causes

of environmental degradation and how planning of city is instrumental in maintaining the environment.

The study will further highlight recommendations to mitigate the existing problems created out of human activities on the environmental. It will give other stakeholders first hand and accurate field data on how specific human activities are worsening the problem of environmental degradation.

1.8 Justification of the study. Despite the presence of available research studies which highlight the relationship between human activities and environmental degradation much of these research studies have been in major cities, less research has been done on small emerging cities like Kajjansi Town Council. This has created a gap whereby much of information gained is irrelevant or is not applicable small cities because they face different challenges of environmental degradation. This research seeks to cover that gap.

Also research seeks to provide solutions to existing environmental degradation problems faced in KTC so that they don't become major problems when KTC becomes a major city

Section Two

Literature Review

2.0 Introduction This section is a review of literature aimed to understand the nature and management of environmental degradation. It was guided by objectives of the research, subsequently the aspects that were to be reviewed which include causes of environmental degradation, impacts of environmental degradation, factors contributing to environmental degradation and possible solutions to environmental degradation. The study viewed selected case studies from other parts of the world as discussed below.

2.1 Definitions of terms Land use involves the economic and cultural activities practiced at a given location that lead to alterations in the surrounding landscapes, that is to say agricultural, residential, industrial, among others. In general, land use changes occur constantly and on many scales and can have specific and cumulative effects on the air and water quality, watershed functions, waste generation, extent and quality of the wildlife habitat, climate, and human health. (USEPA, 2013) USEPA’s definition only speaks of economic and cultural activities which is very good to the research because he talked of the alternation in the surrounding landscapes, but doesn’t speak of political activities which when practiced at a given location can lead to alteration in the surrounding landscape for example, launch of missiles in a location, wars which greatly alter the surrounding landscape

Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and managed woods. It also has been defined as "the total of arrangements, activities, and inputs that people undertake in a certain land cover type (Erie Elis, 2007). In the definition, it only speaks of built environment, yet there is also modification of natural

Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of

wildlife; and pollution. It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable (Johnson D.L., 1997)

2.2 Causes of environmental degradation The major causes of the environmental degradation are modern urbanization, industrialization, over-population growth, deforestation etc. Environmental pollution refers to the degradation of quality and quantity of natural resources. Different kinds of the human activities are the main reasons of environmental degradation. These have led to environment changes that have become harmful to all living beings. The smoke emitted by the vehicles and factories increases the amount of poisonous gases in the air. The waste products, smoke emitted by vehicles and industries are the main causes of pollution. Unplanned urbanization and industrialization have caused water, air and sound pollution. Urbanization and industrialization help to increase pollution of the sources of water. Similarly, the smoke emitted by vehicles and industries like Chlorofluorocarbon, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and other dust particles pollute air. Poverty still remains a problem at the root of several environmental problems. (Rajiv Chopra, 2016)

Agricultural Development:

Agricultural development is so important for a country like India. But this has been affecting the environment adversely. Various kinds of farming activities especially directed towards increasing agricultural production have a direct impact on environment. These activities have been contributing to soil erosion, land salination, alkalization and loss of nutrients. As we have been experiencing in India, the green revolution has led to over exploitation of land and water resources. Extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides has been a major source of contamination of water bodies and land degradation. (Rakesh Kumar Singh, 2015).

Rakesh Kumar Singh, in tracing that extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides has been a major source of contamination of water bodies and land degradation but he didn’t specify the exact type of fertilizers which cause contamination of water bodies because there are two types of fertilizers/pesticides these include Natural fertilizers example, compost Manure, and artificial fertilizers Ammonium Phosphate, Superphosphate. In addition to that, he didn’t highlight how water bodies and land are contaminated and during which time period (time frame) will land be degraded

Urbanization:

You may have observed a large number of poor people from villages moving to towns, cities and mega cities to earn their livelihood. This has led to unplanned and rapid expansion of cities, creating enormous pressure on the infrastructural facilities. If you live in a city, you may be experiencing these pressures on housing, water and electric supply and sewage. You would be aware of the growing slums. Urban slums are major sources of pollution and suffer from the worst kind of unhygienic conditions. The fast pace of urbanization has also been responsible for the depletion of forests. (Rakesh Kumar Singh, 2015).

Rakesh Kumar Singh considered fast pace of urbanization is responsible for the depletion of forests, but he neglected other resources which are degraded as a result of urbanization. For example, Swamps, lakes, air among others.

Changing Life Style:

There has been a remarkable change in the style of living of people. This change is visible not only among the people living in cities and towns but also among those who live in villages. The changing life style of people has enormously increased their level of consumption. It has also resulted in the increase of human activities that are causing serious damage to environment in many ways. It has contributed to air, water, sound, vehicular and industrial pollution. (Rakesh Kumar Singh, 2015)

Rakesh Kumar Singh yes, looked at the consequences of changing life styles, he only concentrated on air, water, sound, vehicular and industrial pollution but neglected loss of biodiversity, due to excavations in the construction of the buildings in order to satisfy the changing life style.

Pollution: Pollution, in whatever form, whether it is air, water, land or noise is harmful for the environment.

Air pollution

Air pollution is unfortunately the common causes of environmental degradation. Pollution introduces contaminants into the environment that can maim or even kill plant and animal species. Industry and automobiles are the primary and secondary contributors to air pollution worldwide. A reduction of air pollution is expected to reduce the global burden of disease from respiratory

infections, heart disease, and lung cancer(…)For every gallon of gasoline manufactured, distributed, and then burned in a vehicle, 25 pounds of carbon dioxide are produced, along with carbon monoxides, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen-dioxide, and particulate matter; these emissions contribute to increased global warming. In the United States, there is one car for every two people, in Mexico one for every eight, and in China one for every 100. The global auto population is expected to double in the next 25–50 years (Neelam Garg, 2014)

Neelam Garg talks about a gallon of gasoline burned in a vehicle, 25 pounds of carbon dioxide are produced, along with carbonmonoxide, sulfurdioxide, nitrogen oxide and particulate matter, but he does not indicate under which levels of gases in the atmosphere do they become dangerous to the environment including humans. He only talks about the problems that will occur but does not show the required percentages when the atmosphere is safe, and at what percentages it is dangerous to the environment.

Water pollution

Water and air pollution are unfortunately the common causes of environmental degradation. Pollution introduces contaminants into the environment that can maim or even kill plant and animal species. The two often go hand in hand. (Rajiv Chopra, 2016) Acid Rain

Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide from coal plant emissions combines with moisture present in the air. A chemical reaction creates this acid precipitation. Acid rain can acidify and pollute lakes and stream. (…) if enough acid rain falls in a given environment, it can acidify the water or soil to a point where no life can be sustained. Plants die off. The animals that depend upon them disappear. The condition of the environment deteriorates. (Rajiv Chopra, 2016)

(Rajiv Chopra, 2016) when he only talks about Acid Rain which is caused when sulfur dioxide from coal plant emissions combine with moisture present in the air then water becomes contaminated, he leaves out the possibility of industries, humans directly throwing dangerous chemicals like Ammonium phosphate in water bodies.

Landfills: according to Rinkesh, 2009, Landfills pollute the environment and destroy the beauty of the city. Landfills come within the city due the large amount of waste that gets generated by

households, industries, factories and hospitals. Landfills pose a great risk to the health of the environment and the people who live there.

Rinkesh when he identifies landfills as a major cause of environmental degradation because they pollute the environment and destroy the beauty of the city he leaves us to wonder how landfills destroy the environment. What is in the landfills that is responsible for destroying the environment

Deforestation

Deforestation is the cutting down of trees to make way for more homes and industries. Rapid growth in population and urban sprawl are two of the major causes of deforestation. Apart from that, use of forest land for agriculture, animal grazing, harvest for fuel wood and logging are some of the other causes of deforestation. Deforestation contributes to global warming as decreased forest size puts carbon back into the environment. (Rinkesh, 2009)

When Rinkesh only forwards global warming as a problem of deforestation, he forgets other forms of problems caused as a result of deforestation for example reduced rainfall, soil erosion, uncontrollable winds which further destroy the environment.

Overpopulation:

Rapid population growth puts strain on natural resources which results in degradation of our environment. Mortality rate has gone due to better medical facilities which has resulted in increased lifespan. More population simple means more demand for food, clothes and shelter. You need more space to grow food and provide homes to millions of people. This results in deforestation which is another factor of environmental degradation. (Rinkesh, 2009)

Rinkesh when he traces the rapid population increase in an area only based his explanation on the Mortality rate going down due to better medical facilities, he does not provide the other reasons as to why we are having over population in an area, like migration of people, also Rinkesh forgets to include salinization which is caused as a result of increased demand for food

Transport:

Michael (1996), transport activities have a wide variety of effects on the environment such as air pollution, noise from road traffic and oil spills from marine shipping. Transport infrastructure in India has expanded considerably in terms of network and services. Thus, road transport accounts

for a major share of air pollution load in cities such as Delhi. Port and harbor projects mainly impact on sensitive coastal eco systems. Their construction affects hydrology, surface water quality, fisheries, coral reefs and mangroves to varying degrees.

Michael talks about the effects caused by transport but he did not explain how transport itself is causing these environmental problems like Air pollution, noise from road traffic and oil spills from marine shipping.

2.3 Impacts of environmental degradation caused by human activities Environmental degradation is a result of socio-economical, technological and institutional activities. Degradation occurs when earth's natural resources are depleted. The resources which are affected include water, air and soil. The degradation also impacts our wildlife, plants, animals and micro-organisms. (Neelam Garg, 2014)

According to (Neelam Garg, 2014) our land, water and soil are compromised when people exhaust resources or release harmful chemicals into the air. However, deforestation, wasting resources, and pollution all add to the demise of an environmentally-sound and safe planet.

When factories produce harmful chemicals and toxic waste into bodies of water, humans suffer. Pesticides and fertilizers can also get into a region's water system and pollute it. (Neelam Garg, 2014) Drinking water is contaminated. People are highly affected by the degradation of our planet and these unhealthy practices cause the illnesses, death in children and adults.

Neelam Garg when he says that factories produce harmful chemicals and toxic waste into bodies of water, humans suffers, it seems as if he does not consider other living creatures like animals, plants who also depend on these water bodies, this is because they equally suffer which causes illness, death in these living creatures.

Loss of biodiversity:

Loss of biodiversity is a reduction in the variety of plant and animal species. In areas where environmental degradation has occurred there is often a loss of biodiversity as a result of the disruption to the ecosystem. However the loss of biodiversity itself can be considered a form of environmental degradation. The range of genetic make-up (plant and animal varieties) in a particular area can be considered to be a natural resource and is important in maintaining a healthy

environment. Sometimes there is a direct reduction in the number of a particular species which itself if being threatened, but more often it is as a result of a disruption in the ecosystem and food chain, which causes a domino effect, affecting a greater number of organisms. (Fannetta (2009),

Fanetta only talks about the reduction of the variety of plants and animals that are likely to be destroyed, but he does not tell us or give us examples of these plants or animals. Fanetta also says that some in tenses there is a direct reduction in the number of a particular species but he does highlight which species and under what type of environmental degradation is it going to be heavily affected such that their number dwindles.

Soil erosion, decline of productivity and extreme poverty:

Salehyan, (2008), even when the rains come, they have been of shorter duration. They have also been erratic, sporadic, and torrential, causing massive soil erosion. While topsoil is said to be Ethiopia's largest export, all the other countries in the region face serious erosion problems. A combination of droughts when the rains fail and massive soil erosion when they come has, thus, subjected the inhabitants of the region to declining agricultural productivity and quality of pastures and has made their way of life increasingly more precarious.

Salehyan that rains that have come have been of shorter duration but, he neglects that heavy rains falling is also a cause of environmental degradation, these rains heavily increase soil erosion

2.4 Possible development strategies that can reduce environmental degradation

According to (Katar Singh, 2009) institutional provisions like Constitutional provisions, creation of new institutions, modification of existing institutions, changes in existing systems of property rights, enacting new laws, imposing new taxes, and provision of newly introduced subsidies belong in the category of institutional changes. They are generally good for solving long-term structural problems. For example, the present legislative framework for environment management in India is broadly contained in the umbrella Environment Protection Act 1986, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Katar, Singh, 2009)

Katar Singh when he illustrates that institutional provisions help in the long term structural problem but he is silent on what are those long term structural problems that are to be solved, also these provisions when enacted can also provide solutions to short term problems.

Direct Controls and Regulation

Katar Singh (2009) states that direct controls include quantity quotas, seasonal restrictions, safe minimum standards, price controls, prohibition of certain socially undesirable practices by government and courts, and so on. They are powerful tools of environment management, can take effect quickly, and can be selective. They belong in the category of ‘preventive measures’. They are good for use in dealing with short-term environmental problems but less effective in resolving long-term or structural problems.

Katar Singh states that direct control and regulations can be used as prohibition of certain undesirable practices by government and courts, but he is silent about the methods in which these direct controls can be used.

Emission standards

Katar Singh (2009), further states that standards could be revised to become more rigorous, as a country develops, and has greater access to technologies and financial resources for environment management. Environmental standards also need to relate to other measures for risk mitigation in the country, so that a given societal commitment of resources for achieving the overall risk reduction yields the maximum aggregate reduction in risk. It is now well understood that environmental standards cannot be universal, and each country should set the standards taking into account its national priorities, policy objectives, and resources available.

Kata Singh encourages environmental standards should be revised to be more stringent as a country develop but he does not show how the modal in which these stringent standards are going to be enforced.

Education

Here Katar Singh states that instrument seeks to change the perceptions and priorities of users of environmental resources and services by internalising environmental awareness and responsibility into individual decision making. Besides education and persuasion, this instrument could also take the form of provision of information and training as well as forms of ‘moral suasion’ such as social pressure and negotiation. They can complement the economic and regulatory instruments and

assist in their successful implementation. Education belongs to the category of ‘preventive measures’.

Katar Singh when he speaks about education to change the perceptions and priorities of users of environmental resources, first of all he does not show the content that is going to be provided, who will be willing to teach that content, also he is silent about under which educational learning is it going to be included, is it that of community education or the normal style of education from young hood.

Eitzen and Leedham (2001) says that,

“Creating common environmental goals and reaching international agreements will be help along greatly as more leaders of various countries begin to take our worldwide environmental problems seriously. This will not be easy for many leaders of nations; to remain popular and get reelected, these leaders will focus more on their nations’ immediate problems, such as their nations’ economies. Problems of internal political unrest will greatly distract leaders from focusing on the environment. Also, wars and conflicts with other countries will deter leaders from focusing on the environment. Moreover, it will not be easy to get leaders of nations to focus on something that seems to be distant and therefore does not seem so urgent. But the mounting evidence of environmental degradation will increasingly present national leaders with the harsh reality that something must be done”.

Eitzen & Leedham encouraging creating common environmental goals and reaching international agreements, but he is silent on which international agreements should be their main center of cooperation, are these of environmental degradation or any other laws.

Policies aimed at combating environmental degradation in uganda

Several policies and statutes have been developed, such as),

National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources which is mandated to “promote the protection of Uganda's wetlands in order to sustain their ecological and socioeconomic functions.

But National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources is silent about the willingness of state actors in enforcing the policy.

National wetland policy (1995), which aims at ensuring no drainage occurs unless more important environment management requirements supersede, ensuring that only non-destructive uses are carried out in and around wetlands, ensuring that wetland developments are subject to environmental impact assessment and audit, maintaining an optimum diversity of uses and users and consideration for other stakeholders when using a wetland.

The national wetland policy of 1995, which aims at ensuring no drainage occurs unless more important environment management requirement supersede, it is silent on who is supposed to enforce this aim.

Section Three

Research Methodology

3.0 Introduction This section described the methodologies that were employed in conducting the study. This chapter has focused on the description of the procedures that has been employed in the study. Mugenda and Mugenda, (1999) state that “this section should specify the research design, the study population or the area in which the study is conducted, the sampling design, the sample size, data sources, data collection instruments and the validity and reliability of the data collection instruments’’.

3.1 Procedure of Data Collection This process involved getting an introduction letters from both the university and Local Council heads in order to carry out this research. Asking for permission from the people intended to interview

Data collection involved a self-administered questionnaire. The researcher gives the respondent a questionnaire to fill, then guide him/her where he/she does not understand. Each questionnaire covered only one person even if the researcher is the one who has helped an illiterate to fill in.

3.2 Research design The study had use a descriptive survey design whereby both qualitative and quantitative data collected using primary sources and tools such as interview guide, observation questionnaire, and photography.

3.3 Target population The study targeted political heads of Kajjansi town Council like local leaders, technocrats like planners, environmental officers and others at the committee and household heads in the study area where they provided information about the major activities that contribute to environmental degradation which include, Brick laying, Agriculture.

3.4 Sample size According to C.R KOTHARI (1990) sample size refers to the number of items to be selected from the universe to constitute a sample. From a population of 7530 people using simple random sampling a sample size of 61 respondents from all over Kajjansi Town was selected using C.R Kothari (1990)

3.5 Multi-stage sampling. Multi-stage sampling is the taking of samples in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage. This technique was used frequently when a complete list of all members of the population was inappropriate.

Multi-stage sampling was a complex form of cluster sampling because it is a type of sampling which involves dividing the population into groups (or clusters). Then, one or more clusters are chosen at random and everyone within the chosen cluster is sampled.

Using all the sample elements in all the selected clusters may be prohibitively expensive or unnecessary. Under these circumstances, multistage cluster sampling becomes useful. Instead of using all the elements contained in the selected clusters, the researcher randomly selected elements from each cluster.

Stage 1

Constructing the clusters is the first stage, basing on the research, Kajjansi town council has 11 wards which express more less the same challenges, and this is where the researcher used the parameters of the human activities which agriculture, transportation, human settlement and industrialization that lead to environmental degradation.

Using this parameter, only three wards that is Kitende, Namulanda and Ssisa wards were chosen.

Stage 2 These three wards have various cells, Kitende ward has 14 cells, Namulanda has 11 cells and Ssisa has 6 cells. Sampling these cells is reasonably ambiguous, the called to use the criteria which were realistic and reliable that is random selection- this entails two methods that is, picking elements without replacement and pick elements with replacement or with use of the excel programme to sample.

Using excel program to sample

It involves the following steps;

1. Add a new column within the spreadsheet and name it random, number. 2. In the first cell underneath your heading row, type “=RAND()” 3. Press the “Enter” and a random number will appear in the cell 4. Copy and paste the first cells into the other cells in this column 5. Once each row contains a random number, sort the records by Random number Column. 6. Choose the first required numbers out of all the number. This is illustrated below Random Sample Kitovu =RAND() Namulanda C Kajjansi

Table 1 random sample data from excel

Cell Random sample Namulanda A 0.406263907 Premis Flower 0.825036112 Namulanda C 0.687343657 Nakigalala 0.189275211 Mugoba 0.104075755 Kitovu 0.639470697 Namulanda A 0.420046988 Kajjansi 0.699709005 Bweya 0.346335327 Kitende 0.899047289

The researcher used picking with replacement because every cell is given equal opportunity (chances) and the following were selected 2 cells from Namulanda and 2 cells from Kitende and 1 from Ssisa.

Stage 3

This led to selecting house hold from the cells, done by applying percentages of between 3-7%

From a population of 1844 from the above households using the 3%, the researcher got approximately 55 households to interview and from the political and technical leaders with the total number of 70 people using the 7%, the researcher got 6 people to interview which gave the total population of 61questionaires to interview.

Number of respondents that were sampled.

Category of respondents Number of respondents. Household heads 55 Political leaders 3 Technocrats 3 Total 61

3.6 Sampling Technique According to Sekaran (2003), “the study should use both purposive sampling and snowball sampling.’’ This was done to choose among the target population who should be interviewed as discussed below.

3.6.1 Purposive sampling technique Using purposive identification of the respondents, the researcher purposively chose who in her opinion, are thought to be relevant to the research topic for example when IT came to get data concerning environmental degradation, the environmental officer was interviewed, were he said that, “The major factors that have contributed to environmental degradation are unemployment and inadequate sensitization.”

3.6.2 Snowball sampling Snowball sampling method was used because it involved asking the key informant to identify the other people to be contacted for information as regards the issue under study. Here the leaders, chose from the population who to be contacted to provide information about the study, the Kajjansi chairman directed the researcher to the head of brick making company, where he provided information about the way they dig clay from the ground using a circle shape to avoid sinking of the soil and when clay is completed in a particular area, they leave that place open and they wait for another clay to grow.

3.7 Source of Data Two sources were utilized to collect the data contain in this research: Primary source and Secondary source

3.7.1 Primary Sources: Primary data, this data was obtained from the field during the study tours, research process, respondents from the areas of interests like wards through active and non-active discussions with the local authority of Kajjansi Town Council and also from the field.

3.7.2 Secondary Sources: Data was gathered from multiple data sources like books and magazine articles. Both published and unpublished sources were utilized, for example, Newspapers like Daily Monitor publications, National Land use Policy book by Ministry of Lands, Housing, and Urban Development, newspaper articles about human activities in Kajjansi, their data was collected. This was used to get information about corruption which was obtained from Daily Monitor news of January, 22 2018. In addition to that, information about how the single and married relate to environmental protection (who are more willing to respond) was got from Dayong Honga and Jianguo Lui (2011)

3.8 Data collection methods. 3.8.1 Introduction Case study was the main method within include; interviews, focus group discussions, observations and content analysis was utilized in the context of the study as explained below.

3.8.2 Interview method In this study, interview method was employed. The interviews were guided by an oral schedule as discussed below.

3.8.3 Oral interview schedule The researcher asked questions or made comments intended to lead the respondents towards giving data to meet the objectives. This was applied when the interviewer was asking respondents who cannot read and write in English. This was mostly applied to Namulanda which enabled the researcher to get information about activities and found out that it was horticulture the major activity in that area.

3.9 Focus group discussion Focus group discussion was used in situations where more than one respondents were found in the same place. It was used by giving participants a topic or series to discuss. The researcher was listened and moderated the discussion by probing and prompting views from the participants.

3.10 Observation The researcher used this method especially to learn about things that the respondents cannot be aware of or not willing to discuss. For example, where the respondent dumps human waste because most of them are unwilling to share this kind of information, this was also accompanied by photography.

3.10.1 Photography: This method was mainly help in capturing still conditions and effects that are visible like state of buildings, garbage management system, people’s activities in space, the nature of developments coming up, areas of concentration of certain activities, Environmentally degraded areas, transportation status and many more physically oriented aspect of the environment like road conditions.

3.12 Study area rapid appraisals: This method was used to enable the researcher get acquainted with the study area by getting the real glimpse of the real life situation of the study area and also used by the researcher to introduce the topic of study to the local authorities. The introduction and making the local authorities aware of the researcher’s intention of carrying out the study in their area of jurisdiction enabled and enhanced the researcher’s security when carrying out the research and even to avail the relevant information from the local authorities.

3.13 Survey tools i) Questionnaires:

This tool contained sets of well formulated questions and were addressed to; the local authorities, community members, the planning committee in the area. This tool was directly applied by the researcher.

3.14 Reliability and validity 3.14.1 Reliability The researcher was aware of the random errors which are in each method she used that could make the data unreliable, so she used a test retest method to establish reliability. This was done by asking the technocrats and community about activities that bring environmental degradation and they all answered that, “they were brick making, agriculture, which included consists of horticulture nad Nakigalala tea estate.”

3.14.2 Validity Data collected through different techniques was triangulated to build coherent justification for various themes. The researchers compared notes at the end of every data collection to ensure that what was recorded was not subject to personal bias. Furthermore recordings were used in order to carry the exact information provided by the respondents. This helped to clarify that corruption is one of the factors that cause environmental degradation.

3.15 Data processing and Analysis The collected data was analyzed using quantitative analysis which majorly involves six major activities namely, counting, grouping, and relating, predicting and statistical testing. Analysis involved all forms of synthesis and interpretation that were necessary for preparing data for further processing for example coding, categorizing answers to open-ended questions, editing and checking as well as preparation of tables; grouping and presentation involved ordering of similar items into groups and this resulted into distribution of data presented in the form of tables and graphs; Subsequently, relating involved cross-tabulation and statistical tests to explain the occurrence and strength of relationships; predicting is a process of extrapolating trends identified in the study into the future and this statistical method helped the researcher complete this task .

3.15.1 Editing This was detected and eliminated errors that occurred. Only relevant, correct, and crucial information was identified and used to draw conclusions.

3.15.2 Tabulation Some data was presented in tables, pie charts especially data that got from social economic surveys to enable analysis and identification of relationship between variables.

3.15.3 Analysis The analysis of data collected was differed but not greatly between the primary and secondary data. Primary data especially questionnaires were analyzed with the help of statistical packages for social science (SPSS) and Ms. Excel and then later transferred to frequency tables, relational tables, graphs and also percentages. This type of data therefore was required from a quantitative approach to obtain information from the field and the processing to be able to guide presentation and production of the required information to make the study a success.

Secondary data on the hand was processed qualitatively through comparisons and extraction of only information deemed as important to the study. However, the production of the study was also greatly based on the relation between the two data sources in order for presentation of authentic and well founded facts that were in position to present the real situation on ground.

3.16 Data Presentation Data was presented in tables, charts, pie charts and among other using computer programs like, SPSS, Excel to analyze the data got from the field.

Section Four

Research Findings

4.0 Introduction The study examined “an investigation into the relationship between human activities and environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council. This chapters lays out the analysis of the research findings as per the formulated objectives of the research. This was done with the aid of computer packages Ms. Word and Ms. Excel. This chapter presentation commend with the background information of respondents in the area to know

4.1 Profile of the respondents In order to enrich the quality of the report in analysis, the background information of respondents was taken note of and variables such as; gender, age, marital status, period of occupancy in the area were considered in the study as looked at below

4.1.1 Gender of respondents More males were interviewed than female, this is attributed to the fact that males were more willing to give information.

Table 2 Gender of respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 33 54

Female 28 46

Total 61 100

More Males were interviewed than females, this is attributed by 54% men and 46% women. This is due to the fact that most offices had male personnel. Here only one respondent was woman personnel, the other two were men and all the leaders interviewed were male, these included, Chairmen of Namulanda A, Kajjansi and Kitovu. But from Kajjansi community had 27 women, and 27 men respondents. This is further shown in (UNDP, 2012, p.11) which showed only 1

woman out of 22 people held a position of Mayor of Town Council in Uganda in 2012. Because of this we had less women to interact with at the technocrat level.

4.1.2 Age range of respondents in years The study also explored the age ranges of respondents and five age arranges were identified as presented in the table

Table 3 Age of respondents

Age range (in years) Frequency Percentage

18-28 21 34

29-38 12 20

39-48 15 25

49-58 7 11

59 + 6 10

Total 61 100

In this research it was important to know the opinion of both the young and old. This was to show if the age of people mattered. In fact the willingness of the younger generation between 18 to 48 were more than adults, they were not only willing to respond to question but also had information about environmental degradation. This is as compared to the adults where we had 5 out of the six knew nothing about environmental degradation. The age range of respondents in years was important in Whitehead, (1991); Carlsson and Johnsson-Stenman, (2000) since older people will not live to enjoy the long term benefit of preserving the resources their willingness to conserve the environment is most down. In Howell and Laska shows that younger are concerned about environmental problems than older people. The research showed over 34% of respondents were the youngest between 18 to 28 as the ages went up less people were willing to answer questions.

4.1.3 Marital status Table 4 Marital status of respondents

MARITAL STATUS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Single 21 34 Married 24 39 Divorced 7 12 Widowed 9 15 Total 61 100

Respondents in Kajjansi Town Council were mainly young people, who in most cases are not divorced or widowed. This explains the 39% (24) among the married and 34% (21) among the single respondents. The widowed were only 15% (9) and 12% (7) for the divorced.

The high numbers of married people who were willing to engage in a discussion more than the single married ones contrasts with the findings in XIAODONG CHEN1 (2011) which showed a slightly higher interest environmental talk whose results are shown in a figure below.

Figure 1: source: Effects of attitudinal and sociodemographic factors on pro-environmental behaviour in urban China 4.1.2 Duration of occupation Table 5 Number of years of people have been in Kajjansi

Years Frequency Percentage 1-10 34 56 11-20 9 15

21-30 6 10 31+ 12 19 Total 61 100

Mostly the population of Kajjansi Town council is of a young population, people who have just moved to this area to settle, this explains why people who had stayed in Kajjansi Town Council in a period of 1 – 10 years was the biggest with 56% of the respondents.

4.2 Human Activities that have influenced environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council 4.2.1 Knowledge about environmental degradation Table 6 Number of people who have heard of environmental degradation

Frequency Percentage Yes 55 90 No 6 10 Total 61 100

People in Kajjansi knew what Environmental degradation was, this was showcased by the over 90% of respondents knowing what environmental degradation meant. However it was defined using activities that were existing in their areas of jurisdiction that lead to environmental degradation. Conversely from the research findings, a substantial number though small (10%) didn’t know anything about environmental degradation. In addition to that the people aged above 49 years and above did not know about environmental degradation and they were not having any information about it (less concerned).

Basing on the above findings, this shows that the future of environmental protection and awareness will increase if other limiting factors are eliminated or worked, those that push people into destroying the environment like Poverty, unemployment, corruption and so on.

4.2.1 Human activities are practiced in Kajjansi Town Council?  Agriculture  Urbanization  Brick laying  Stone quarrying  Transport  Sand mining  Pottery

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Figure 2 human activities that cause environmental degradation Human Settlement was said to be causing swamp reclamation in most parts of Kajjansi town.

Due to use of chemicals in agriculture it was leading to massive death of insects for example wasps, bees where entire colonies of bees have reportedly been seen dead in Namulanda B. it is also leading to clearing of tree space to carryout agriculture especially in Kitende

Brick laying is causing deaths of people and animals in Kajjansi – Muchanga.

Stone quarrying was causi Multi-stage sampling is the taking of samples in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage.ng instabilities in soil especially in Kitovu

Transport was being blamed of the dangerous fumes that come out of cars, dangerous liquids dripping on the ground in garages, and also transport routes had reclaimed much of kajjansi swamp.

Because of the use of clay soils, many swamps areas have been mined of clay leaving bear water and also destroying the filtering of water by swamps in Kajjansi – Muchanga

Table 7 human activities that encourage environmental degradation

FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Agriculture 19 35 Urbanization 8 15 Brick laying 9 16 Stone quarrying 4 7 Transport 12 22 Sand mining 2 4 Industry 5 9 Pottery 2 4 TOTAL 55 100

4.3 Factors which have contributed to environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council

7% 15%

22%

25%

31%

Poverty unemployment overpopulation Corruption low sensitization

Figure 3: The factors which have contributed to environmental degradation Table 8 The factors causing environmental degradation

Poverty 8 Corruption 12 Unemployment 14 Overpopulation 17 Low sensitization/education 4

Overpopulation was cited as the most damaging factor to the environment mostly in areas of Kajjansi, Namulanda. This was forcing people to find areas to settle, they were facing the after effects of urbanization like unsafe/dirty water consumption. Especially in Kajjansi the drainage systems were littered with polythene bags, also human waste.

Unemployment in areas of Sisa, Kajjansi Muchanga, Kajjansi significantly have caused people to resort to other forms of employment which are dangerous to the environment like Brick making, pottery. These activities have left much of the open pools of water, because soil has been dugout.

4.4 Section 4: impacts of environmental degradation in Kajjansi town Council

4.4.1 Impacts of environmental degradation in your area? Table 9: The impacts of environmental degradation

Impact Frequency Percentage Loss of aquatic life 10 18 Increased floods in the areas 14 25 Too much dust 3 6 Increasing temperatures 10 18 Prolonged dry seasons 5 9 Dirty/unsafe water 3 6 Loss of biodiversity 9 16 Unstable earth surfaces 1 2 Total 55 100

loss of aquatic life increased floods in the area too much dust increasing temperatures prolonged dry seasons dirt water loss of biodiversity unstable earth surface

1, 2% 9, 16% 10, 18%

3, 6%

5, 9% 14, 25%

10, 18% 3, 6%

Figure 4: The impacts of environmental degradation Increased floods is the immediate impact of environmental degradation that was identified mostly in areas of Kajjansi, Kajjansi Muchanga with a percentage of 250 since these areas are low lying.

Loss of aquatic life, increase in temperatures, loss of biodiversity , these account for 10%, 10% and 9% respectively because are caused by almost the same problem which is sand mining, brick making and among others.

Prolonged dry seasons

This is accounting 5% to the effects of environmental degradation, the explanation of this accounted for the destruction of the forest in Sissa which led in to wetland thus giving to the claim for the prolonged dry season.

Dirty/ unsafe water

This is accounting for 3 % to the effects of environmental degradation, this cause by the surface run off from the Nakigalala tea plantation, premise flowers which contain a lot of chemicals they use to spray the plantation thus causing unsafe water in the area.

4.4.2 Cells are more affected by environmental degradation? Of the 55 respondents, the graph below shows the areas that are most affected according to respondents.

Kajjansi 5%2% Namulanda A 13% 39% Mugoba 5% 9% Prima Rose 9% Kitovu 18% kitende Bweya Kawuku

Figure 5: Cells mostly affected by environmental degradation Table 10: Cells mostly affected by environmental degradation

Cell Frequency Percentage Kajjansi 22 39 Namulanda A 10 18

Mugoba 5 9 Prima rose 5 9 Kitovu 3 5 Kitende 7 13 Bweya 3 5 Kawuku 1 2 Total 55 100

The unsafe water, floods, and the littering of rubbish, which were highly present in Kajjansi made Kajjansi to be the most affected area in Kajjansi town council. Also Namulanda A has the adverse effects

Why are the impacts of environmental degradation still experienced in your area?

Low sensitization of the masses on environmental degradation

No projects put in place to avert the problem of environmental degradation

Unemployment of people is leading people to find alternatives to make a living for example, many are turning to charcoal burning.

The exploding population in the area is increasingly putting more pressure on the environment. This is through looking for settlements.

4.5 Possible and affordable development strategies and solutions on environmental degradation at Kajjansi Town Council What solutions would you suggest to manage environmental degradation in your area?  Sensitization of masses on Environment  Formulation of stricter laws  Creation of job opportunities to youths (project)  Reducing on living expenditure (electricity, gas)  Dismissal of corrupt officials  Increasing on the planning unit for supervision  Increasing law enforcement officers.

Chapter five

Discussion of research results

5.0 Introduction Kajjansi town council being in the first step of the town council, it is a well zoned area and also protecting the environmentally sensitive areas.

This chapter discusses the research findings, giving clearer analysis and meaning to the research findings.

The discussions are based on the following objectives

1. To find out the human activities that have influenced environmental degradation in Kajjansi town council. 2. To find out the factors which have contributed to environmental degradation in Kajjansi town council. 3. To assess the impacts of environmental degradation caused by human activities in Kajjansi town council. 4. To suggest possible development strategies that can reduce environmental degradation in Kajjansi town council.

5.1 Human activities that have influenced environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council 5.1.1 Human activities practiced in Kajjansi Town Council A number of human activities being practiced include the following; agriculture this includes Nakigalala tea plantation in Nakigalala A, primes flowers in Namulanda, and fish ponds

Urbanization, this is heavily pronounced in Kajjansi, Namulanda and Kitende along Entebbe Road.

Brick laying was seen in Kajjansi-Muchanga where they produce stoves made of clay.

Stone Quarrying it was seen in Kitovu and Bweya,

Transport, it constituted all parts of Kajjansi Town Council

Sand mining in Bweya.

Industry these were found in Kajjansi.

Pottery was concentrated in Kajjansi – Muchanga

From the information obtained, this shows that if there is no quick response about these activities more of environmental degradation is likely to occur because almost every activity included has adverse effect on the environment.

5.1.3 Human activities which contribute to environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council. From the research findings, it was indicated that people of Kajjansi Town Council do more of agriculture as the main culprit for environmental degradation. This was shown by the fact that it took the lion share of complaints of 35% from the residents of Kajjansi Town Council. This is because it is believed the use of dangerous chemicals while spraying are responsible for killing specific insects for example, bees, and wasps. This claim was pinpointed to floriculture farms in Namulanda and also tea plantations in Nakigalala. Also Massive cutting down of trees has been at Kitende preparing the land for agriculture. Also in Namulanda, Floriculture has been blamed for pollution of soil and also water wells in the surrounding area. As noted in (Irish Aid, pg. 3) Pollution of Soil and surface water, aquifers and coastal wetlands through excessive or inappropriate use of pesticides and fertilizers. In addition to that, Nakigalala tea estate is the leading cause of potholes in the road and gulley, this because it is on the hill and has no grass in them to avoid erosion thus increase in surface run off in the area.

Figure 6: Galley erosion caused by surface runoffs from Nakigalala Tea State Due to the rising number of people in Kajjansi Town Council, Urbanization (is increasing in the area, increased construction of human settlements in Kajjansi, and Namulanda, this not only led to land fragmentation which has contributed to Kajjansi town council being a grey area but also poor management of rubbish in the area- since it is a trading center , a lot of polygene bags are very popular with both retailers as well as consumers because they are cheap, strong, lightweight, functional, as well as a hygienic means of carrying food as well as other goods. Conversely, polythene bags that avoid water to penetrate in the soil, thus loss of soil fertility, bio diversity.

Figure 7: Rubbish littered around Kajjansi and also human settlements which have reclaimed most parts of the swamp causing unsafe/dirty water Brick laying, this cause environmental degradation in the way that, people who work there say that when they dig and get clay in a particular place, they believe that it will grow again, one the workers the researcher interacted with said that brick making has been by almost done by his grand

fathers and it is still there that means it grows, however this has caused death of people and animals by the pits are not covered. Pits of stagnant water are left behind which over time are occupied with water. These become death traps for the existing wild life. Also in the process of curing of bricks, a lot of trees are cut to burn the bricks leading to deforestation and also pushing for air pollution because of the smoke coming out

Figure 8: intense burning of bricks has led to deforestation since wood is used while burning at Kajjansi Muchanga Stone quarrying, this cause environmental degradation in the way that, companies like CCCC and J.B investment company used to cause noise pollution to people in the way that they use bombs to crush stones, this caused a lot of death to people especially women who were pregnant and also collapse of the building including All saint church of Uganda.

Following these incidents and complain of people they resorted to dig deep in the ground and grind stone from there, this has resulted into loss of bio-diversity.

Transport, this caused environmental degradation in the way that, its construction led the clearance Kajjansi Lake which was created by Uganda clays during the extraction of clay to produce their products. The major problem is when it rains the area near the fly over gets flooded.

Source: Primary Source

Figure 9: Southern bypass reclaimed much of Kajjansi lake thus causing floods Sand mining, this leads to the flooding of the road in Kitovu and Bweya cause the places from the extraction of sand are not closed.

Industries, these include Uganda clays Kajjansi, this cause air pollution because residents in the area complained that they release their fumes that the night hours which leads to people’s life in danger. Also, the areas where they dug their clay from and got finished they planted eucalyptus, believing that the clay will grow. (Myth)

Pottery; this was concentrated in Kajjansi-Mukyanga, with the extraction of clay from the ground it has caused large waters of dirty water. When Clay is massively removed it creates loss of soil quality and also deep water collecting areas are created.

Figure 10: water pools formed after excavation of clay for pottery in Kajjansi Mukyanga which causes a lot of floods in the rainy season

5.3 Factors which have contributed to environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council. Over population is one of the major contributor of environmental degradation with the 31%, led to a lot of urbanization in the way of constructing tenants –but the construction of these they do not provides facilities like were garbage is collected, the trucks that collect rubbish are private which charge money and people have a negative attitude towards this which leads to littering and dumping of wastes anyhow.in addition to that, the construction of tenants leads to land fragmentations due to less land and increase of people , so land lord construct houses no following the physical planning standards but to meet the standards of people. The Over population has also created the demand for bricks to construct houses where we saw a 15% of people of Kajjansi town saying brick laying is the biggest culprit for environmental degradation.

Unemployment.

This is one of the factors that contribute to environmental degradation accounting 25%, this is because when people lack jobs they are forced to do those that contribute to environmental degradation however much they know that they contribute to environmental degradation. Since they are the only jobs that can provide them livelihood.

Corruption.

This accounts for 22% for the cause of environmental degradation, this is where some of the officials own some companies that greatly contribute to environmental degradation this was said by Mr. Waswa Samuel who did want to pinpoint the officials who engage in this activities.

On 22nd January, 2018, in the Daily Monitor, it was reported that two National forestry officials were briefly detained and had to write statements at Wandegeya Police Station for fraudulently selling off of Kajjansi forest.

In addition to that, when eviction takes places, these officials go behind the council and ask money from the works so that they continue working.

Poverty.

This accounts for 15% cause of poverty, people being poor will engage in any activity however, it is risky for their lives and aware that cause environmental degradation they will do it. That is why poverty is one of contributor of environmental degradation.

Low sensitization.

This accounts for 7% cause of environmental degradation, this is mainly found in the people which are aged 49 and above because they are less concerned and believe some people live because of those jobs, so if they are not those jobs people will be nowhere and mark you they would have been abolished before they are circulated among people.

5.4 Impacts of environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council The major effect of environmental degradation increased floods accounting 14% this because the area was affected by the construction of the road and also leaving un covered pits of clay and sand which gets full in the rainy season and thus leading to floods.

Prolonged dry seasons

Dirty/ unsafe water.

5.4.1 Reasons why impacts of environmental degradation still experienced in area? Low sensitization of the masses on environmental degradation, some of the people are un aware of environmental degradation that is why they engage in such activities like brick making.

No projects put in put in place to avert the problems of environmental degradation.

Unemployment of people is leading people to find alternatives to make a living for example, many are returning to charcoal burning

5.5 Possible and affordable development strategies and solutions on environmental degradation at Kajjansi Town Council  Sensitization of masses on Environment  Formulation of stricter laws  Creation of job opportunities to youths (project)  Reducing on living expenditure (electricity, gas)  Dismissal of corrupt officials  Increasing on the planning unit for supervision

Section Six

Conclusion and recommendations

6.0 Introduction This chapter gives the conclusions and recommendations derived from the critical discussion of the objectives and winds up with major recommendations that aim at suggesting what should be done basing on the conclusions.

6.1 Conclusion Indeed it is true that human activities have led to environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council. Agriculture has been singled out as the most devastative in causing environmental degradation as it is leading to loss of biodiversity due to the use of Chemicals while spraying which kills entire colonies of insects like bees, there is a spillover of these chemicals or fertilisers which have been sighted entering swamp areas like Nakigalala swamp. Also urbanization has overtime gained momentum in destroying the environment as buildings are further and further being constructed in swamps, reclaiming the swamps that help filter our water. But most of these are as a result of unemployment, poverty, low sensitization of masses and corruption.

The resulting/impacts of environmental degradation are detrimental not only to the animals, insects, but also to us the humans, these have come as prolonged droughts, Dirty/unsafe water, loss of aquatic life but these impacts of environmental degradation are still experienced in Kajjansi Town council because there is low sensitization of the masses on environmental degradation, little or no effort by government or NGOs to make projects that are designed to avert the problems of environmental degradation, and lastly the high unemployment rate among the youth has skyrocketed the problem as they are eager to work to earn a living, so without work they resort to the environment

6.2 Limitations of the study People were not ready to provide information because they were engaging in these activities that cause environmental degradation like brick making, pottery and floriculture.

Unwillingness of the Kajjansi town officials to provide assistance, this was evidenced by their delay to provide the introduction letter to the community, thus time and costs consuming in terms of transport.

People’s ignorance about environmental degradation, that is to say 2% of the population are aware of the topic thus time consuming.

Limited resources and funds to carryout research.

6.3 Recommendations to avert environmental degradation 6.3.1 To Kajjansi Town Council Kajjansi Town Council should strive to make supervision and monitoring of human activities in the area number one priority. This is to prohibit wrongdoers from carrying out illegal activities like cutting down trees.

Kajjansi Town Council should provide the staff with more funds, its staff is underfunded which is causing large numbers of its employees to get bribes, or also participate in worsening environmental degradation

6.3.2 To Government The government should use its role of enacting laws which protect the environment. These laws should be strict, enforceable and also understandable by all parties be it the law enforcement officers, but also the households.

It’s time government provided quotas, or pollution permits to industries. This is to force companies to adopt better and environmentally friendly technologies to use.

Dismissal of corrupt officials with hefty punishments like disgracing the corrupt through letting people know what that person has done

6.3.3 To Makerere University Makerere University being an institution of higher learning, research on environmental degradation should be encouraged. In this research, it is possible to alter the problem which we have been having of environmental degradation.

Also it should push for environmental studies in all courses at University. In doing so, each person must understand how through his career is supposed to support the environment.

6.3.4 To the people People should start to report to officials individuals who are engaging in human activities which are destroying the environment.

People must start to isolate individuals who support or carryout environmental degradation. These people can be government officials or ordinary people who seek to destroy the environment must be isolated.

REFERENCE

1. Carlsson, F. and Johansson-Stenman, O., 2000. Willingness to pay for improved air quality in Sweden. Applied Economics, 32: 661-669.

2. Eitzen & Leedham, 2001, How Can We Solve the World’s Environmental Problem 3. Environmental Impact Assessment Resolutions (1998) 4. Erie Elis, 2007, Land-use and land-cover change, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC)

5. Howell, S.E. and Laska, L.B., 1992. The changing face of the environmental coalition: a research note, Environment and Behavior, 24, 134-144.

6. Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N. Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson. 1997. Meanings of environmental terms. 7. Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N. Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson. 1997. Meanings of environmental terms. The national wetland policy of 1995 8. Katar Singh, 2009, Environmental Degradation and Measures for Its Mitigation with Special Reference to India’s Agricultural Sector, Indian Journal Of Agricultural Economics, India 9. Kidane Mengisteab, 2013, Environmental Degradation in the Greater Horn of Africa retrieved from net on 20 December, 2017 10. Kothari C.R. (1990) Research Methodology Methods and Technique (2nd Revised Edition), New Age International Publishers New Delhi, India 11. Mugenda, (1999), Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative approaches: Olive M Publications Nairobi, Kenya Uma 12. Rajiv Chopra, 2016 Environmental Degradation in India: Causes and Consequences, Research India Publications, New Delhi, India 13. Rakesh Kumar Singh, 2015, Environment protection: factors and affecting actions, Banasthali Vidhyapith University, India

14. Rinkesh, 2009, what is Environmental Degradation, retrieved from https://www.conserve- energy-future.com/causes-and-effects-of-environmental-degradation.php on 20 December, 2017 15. Sekaran, (2003), Research Methods: A Skill Building Approach, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons 16. Swati Tyagi, Neelam Garg, Rajan Paudel, 2014, Environmental Degradation: Causes and Consequences, European Researcher Publications, Moscow, Russia 17. Twesigye Morrison Rwakakamba, 2009, How effective are Uganda’s environmental policies: a case study of water resources in four districts with recommendations to do better, Fountain Publishers, Kampala, Uganda.

18. UNDP, 2012 Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Public Administration, Uganda Case study

19. USEPA. (2013). Land use. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency

20. Whitehead, J.C., 1991. Environmental interest group behaviour and self-selection bias in contingent valuation mail surveys. Growth and Change, 22: 10-21. 21. Xiaodong Chen, M. Nils Peterson, Vanessa Hull1, Chuntian Lu, Graise D. Lee, Dayong Hong And Jianguo Liu, (2011) Effects of attitudinal and socio demographic factors on pro- environmental behavior in urban China, Foundation for Environmental Conservation

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE HOUSEHOLDS

This questionnaire is for the purpose of helping Miss. Nsangi Susan a student of Bachelor of Urban and Regional Planning of Makerere University, Kampala to obtain information that will assist her to write a dissertation that is a partial requirement for this course. It is NOT meant for any other purpose and information provided in here will be kept with utmost confidentially. You are therefore kindly requested to cooperate in answering the questions honestly to provide the required information. The topic of study is an investigation in to the relationship between human activities and environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council. Thank you

SECTION 1: PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS

1.1 Sex:

Female Male

1.2 Age a) 18-28 (b) 28-38 c) 38-48 (d) 48- 58

e) 58+

1.3 Marital status:

Single Married Divorced Widowed

How long have you been here?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.4 Occupation. (Mention it):

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Section 2: Human Activities that have influenced environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council

2 Have you heard of Environmental Degradation?

Yes. No.

If yes, what does Environmental Degradation mean to you?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3 Which Human Activities are practiced in Kajjansi Town Council?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5 Of these mentioned above which ones contribute to environmental degradation problems and why?

......

Section 3: factors which have contributed to environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council

6 What are the different factors which have contributed to environmental degradation in your area?

Section 4: The impacts of environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council

10 What are the impacts of environmental degradation in your area?

11 Which parishes are more affected by environmental degradation?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………

12 Why are the impacts of environmental degradation still experienced in your area?

Section 5: possible and affordable development strategies and solutions on environmental degradation at Kajjansi Town Council.

18 What solutions would you suggest to manage environmental degradation in your area?

What are the planning strategies that can be employed to curb Environmental Degradation?

Thanks for your cooperation

APPENDIX II QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL LEADERS.

SECTION 1: PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS

1.1 Sex:

Female Male

1.2 Age a) 18-28 (b) 28-38 c) 38-48 (d) 48- 58

e) 58+

1.3 Marital status:

Single Married Divorced Widowed

How long have you been here?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.4 Occupation. (Mention it):

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Section 2: Human Activities that have influenced environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council

Have you heard of Environmental Degradation?

Yes. No.

4 If yes, what does Environmental Degradation mean to you?

5 Which Human Activities are practiced in Kajjansi Town Council?

5 Of these mentioned above which ones contribute to environmental degradation problems and why?

......

Section 3: Factors which have contributed to environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council

7 What are the different factors which have contributed to environmental degradation in your area?

Section 4: the impacts of environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council

8. What are the impacts of environmental degradation in your area?

9. Which parishes are more affected by environmental degradation?

10 Why are the impacts of environmental degradation still experienced in your area?

11. What are some of the challenges faced by the physical planning team in controlling environmental degradation?

Section 5: possible and affordable development strategies and solutions on environmental degradation at Kajjansi Town Council.

12. Is there any solution that you have come up to control environmental degradation?

Yes. No.

If, yes what are those solutions to manage environmental degradation in the area?

13 How has the adoption of some of the strategies helped to reduce environmental degradation in Kajjansi Town Council?

If no, why?

14. What are the planning strategies that can be employed to curb Environmental Degradation in the area?

15 Can these planning strategies be implemented?

Yes. No.

If yes, how can they be implemented to control Environmental Degradation in the area?

If no, what are some of the reasons that could control their implementation in the area?

Thanks for your cooperation

APPENDIX III Data that was used to determine the sample size especially at the Household level