ISSN-01 25 1759 AR CSER Vol. lJ, No . 4, October 1987 JOURNAL OF FERROCEMEN:r

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l ~ I International Fer rocement Information Center ISSN 0125 - 1-759

~ JOURNAL OF ~ FERROCEMENT

Abstracted in: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts; USSRs Referativ11i Zh11mal; AC/ Concrete Abstracts; Engineered Materials Abstracts; lmemational Cfril E11gineeri11g Abstracts. Reviewed in: Applied Mechanics Review

EDITORI AL ST AFF

EDITOR-IN-CHJ EF EDITOR EXECUTIVE EDITOR Ricardo P. Pama Lilia Robles-Austriaco H. Arthur Vespry Professor, Structural Engineering Senior Information Scientist Director, IFIC/Library and and Construction Division IFIC Regional Documentation Center Vice-Presid ent fo r Development AIT AIT EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Ariston G. Trinidad Shah Mustaque Parvez Information Scientist Information Scientist IFIC IFIC

EDITORIAL BOARD

Mr. D.J. Alexander Alexander and Associates, Consulting Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand. Professor A.R. Cusens Head, Department of Civ il Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England, U.K. Mr. J. Fyson Fishery Industry Officer (Vessels), Fish Production and Marketing Service, UN-FAO, Rome, Italy. Mr. M.E. lorns Ferrocement International Co .. 1512 Lakewood Drive, West Sacramento, CA 95691, U.S.A. Professor S. L. Lee Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge Campus, Singapore 5. Professor A.E. Naaman Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Michigan, 304 West Engineering Building, Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-1092, U.S.A. Professor J.P. Romualdi Professor of Civil Engineering, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Professor S. P. Shah Department of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, Evans­ ton Il linois, 60201, U.S.A. Professor B.R. Walkus Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Czesto­ chowa Malchowski ego 80, 90-159 Lodz, Poland.

CORRESPONDENTS

Mr. D. P. Barnard Director, New Zealand Concrete Research Association, Private Bag, Porirua, New Zealand. Dr. G.L. Bowen P.O. Box 2311, Sitka, Alaska 99835, U.S.A. Dr. M.D. Daulat Hussain Associate Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Mr. Lawrence Mahan 737 Race Lane, R.F.D. No. 1, Marstons Mills, Mass. 02648, U.S.A. Mr. Prem Chandra Sharma Scientist, Structural Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Roorkee, U. P., India . Dr. B.V. Subrahmanya m Chief Executive, Dr. BVS Consultants, 76 Third Cross Street Raghava Reddy Colony, Madras 600 095 India. Mr. S.A. Qadeer Managing Director. Safety Sealers (Eastern) Ltd., P.O. Box No. 8048, Karachi, 29 Pakistan. JOURNAL OF FERROCEMENT ' Volume 17, No. 4, October 1987

CONTENTS

ABOUTIF1C II

EDITORIAL 1ll

PAPER ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Finite Element Analysis of Ferrocement Plates 313 K. V.G. Prakhya and S.R. Adidam

PAPERS ON APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES

Durability of Natural Fibres in Cement-Based Roofing Sheets 321 H.E. Gram and P. Nimityongskul Efficiency of Mesh Overlaps of Ferrocement Elements 329 S.K. Kaushik, V.K. Gupta and M.K. Rahman Fiji Smokeless Stove 337 G.T. Cigolotti Mekong Ferrocement Survey Launch 341 A. Kateouychai and S. Watcharakorn

Bibliographic List 347 News and Notes 355 · Fast Lookup 376 Call for Papers 377 IFIC Con~ultants 378 IFIC Reference Centers 388 Authors' Profile 393 Abs'tratts 396 . International Meetings 398 Announcements 401 . Contents List (Vol. 17) 403 Index (Vol. 17) 407 IFIC Publications 410 Advertising Rates and Fees for IFIC Services 415 Advertisements 416 Distu.ssion of the technical material published in this issue is open until January 1, 1988 for publication in the Journal. ' · The tditors and the Publishers are not responsible for any statement made or any opinion expressed by the authors in the Journal. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. All correspondences related to manuscript submission, discussions, permission to reprint, advertising, subscriptions or change ofaddress should be sent to: The Editor, Journal of Ferrocement, IFIC/AIT, G.P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand.

The International Ferrocement Information Center (IFIC) was founded in October 1976 at the Asian Institute of Technology under the joint sponsorship of the Institute's Division of Structural Engineering and Construction and the Library and Regional Documentation Center. IFIC was established as a result of the recommendations made in 1972 by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences' Advisory Committee on Technological Innovation (ACTI). IFIC receives financial support from the Government of Australia, Canadian International Develop­ ment Agency (CIDA), Government of France, Government of New Zealand, and the Interna­ tional Development Research Center (IDRC) of Canada. Basically, IFIC serves as a clearing house for information on ferrocement and related materials. In cooperation with national societies, universities, libraries, information centers, government agencies, research organizations, engineering and consulting firms all over the world, IFIC attempts to collect information on all forms of ferrocement applications either published or unpublished. This information is identified and sorted before it is repackaged and disseminated as widely as possible through IFIC's publications, reference and reprographic services and technology transfer activities. All information collected by IFIC are entered into a computerized data base using ISIS system. These info:r:mation are available on request. In addition, IFIC offers referral services. A quarterly publication, the Journal of Ferrocement, is the main disseminating tool of IFIC. IFIC has also published the monograph Ferrocement, Do It Yourself Booklets, Slide Presentation Series, State-of-the-Art Reviews, bibliographies and reports. FOCUS, the mformat10n brochure of IFIC, is published in 16 languages as part of IFIC's attempt to reach out to the rural areas of the developing countries. IFIC is compiling a directory of consultants and ferrocement experts. The first volume, International Direciory of Ferrocement Organizations and Experts 1982-1984, is now available. To transfer ferrocement technology to the rural areas of developing countries, IFIC organizes training programs, seminars, study-tours, conferences and symposia. For these activities, IFIC acts as an initiator; identifying needs, soliciting funding, identifying experts, and bringing people together. So far, IFIC has successfully undertaken training programs for Indonesia and Malaysia; a regional symposium and training course in India; a seminar to introduce ferrocement 'in Malaysia; another seminar to introduce ferrocement to African~; study-tour in Thailand and Indonesia for African officials; the Second International Sympo­ sium on Ferrocement and a Short Course on Design and Construction of Ferrocement Structures. Currently, IFIC is involved in establishing the National Research and Trafoing Center in Malaysia, National Centre of Ferrocement at the University of Roorkee in India and a Ferrocement Information Network in Asia and Africa. IFIC is now organizing the Ferrocement Corrosion : An International Correspondence Symposium.

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IFIC believes that the worldwide use of ferrocement depends upon engineering and architecture students. The applications of the technology tomorrow will be subject largely to what engineering and architecture education achieves today. The industry, government and economy will have their influence. Nevertheless, the height of technological development and extent of its use must rest fundamentally upon individual connections, individual attitudes, individual intellectual power; and these qualities are largely molded in college. If the technology is to be brought to the level of the people's needs, and is to receive the recognition which it deserves, the educators must bring it there.

Recognizing these facts, IFIC has undertaken the curricu­ lum campaign. This ongoing campaign encourages universities to include ferrocement technology in the course qn construction materials (or its equivalent). IFIC offers the university two copies of "Ferrocement" as reference and four computerized bibliographic searches from IFIC database. We encourage faculty teaching construction materials course to contact IFIC.

The Editor

iii

Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 313

Finite Element Analysis of Ferrocement Plates

K.V.G. Prakhya* and S.R. Adidam+

A finite element code for the analysis of.ferrocement plates has been developed using con­ ventional 'layered technique'. The main.features of the algorithm are anisotropy, geometrical and material nonlinearities. The computer program incorporates degenerated shell element with heterosis shape.functions. The input variables.for the program are the properties ofthe constituent materials. A comparison of the predicted load-deflection response with the test data available shows excellent agreement.

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Hardening parameter n Number of nodes per element Flow factor a, Em Tension stiffening parameters Material matrix before mortar s Total strain

cracking. s0 Total strain at .r; Proportionality constant BP Plastic strain component

Fictitious elasticity modulus a0 Equivalent effective stress Initial elasticity modulus aij• 'tu = Effective stress components in Uniaxial ultimate strength of mortar mortar cr, Stress normal to the middle plane Mortar tensile strength of plate Element shape functions 1;, IJ, ~ = Curvilinear coordinates

INTRODUCTION

Extensive experimental and analytical studies have been undertaken for the last two decades to establish the fundamental mechanical properties of ferrocement [l]. In case of flexure ultimate strength niodels had been proposed [2-4] using conventional theory of reinforced concrete. Many experiments were conducted to study the behaviour offerrocement panels in flexure [5-8], however, there is a need for further study on the analytical modelling of these composite plates. The traditional methods of analysis and design of ferrocement plates result in safe design but they do not reflect a clear and complete understanding of the actual composite action of the material. They contain inherent inconsistencies in modelling constituent materials. Mortar cracking, tension stiffening [9], nonlinear material properties and complex interface behaviour were previously ignored and treated approximately in the classical method~ of analysis. With the advent of sophisticated tools of analysis like the finite element method (FEM), it became possible to model the complex behaviour of ferrocement plates with appropriate constitutive relationships. As ferrocement is used mostly in the form of a plate or a shell with varieties of mesh reinforcement, the numerical model must be capable of analyzing ortho- *Doctoral Student, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 IPZ, U.K. +professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India 208016. 314 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

tropic behaviour. Being thin sections, these plates could be subjected to large deflections. Hence the model must incorporate geometrical as well as material nonlinearities. The application of FEM to long span roofs of ferrocement was first tried by Tatsa et al. [10] and unsatisfactory results were reported because of improper modelling. In this investigation an attempt was made to model the ferrocement plates using layered technique in which anisotropy, geometrical and material nonlinearities were included.

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF MORTAR

Compressive Behaviour Yield condition, flow rule and hardening rule are considered in establishing the nonlinear stress-strain relations of mortar based on the flow theory of plasticity.

Yield Condition The yield surface F( cr), neglecting the stress normal to the middle plane of the plate ( crz), can be written from the test results of Kupfer et al. [11] as:

F(cr) = {l.355[(cr; + cr;- crxcry) + 3('r;y + -r;z + -r;z)] + 0.355cro ( cr x + cry) rs = r:Jo ...... (I)

where cr0 is the equivalent effective stress and cru, tu are effective stress components in mortar. The uniaxial stress-strain response of mortar is shown in Fig. I and the two dimen­ sional repr:sentation. of mortar con~ti~~tive .model is giv_en in Fig. 2. It is assume~ thr,t in case of stram hardenmg model, the m1trnl yield surface 1s reached when the effective stress 1 .attains 30 %of uniaxial ultimate strength (fc ), the later being the input for the program.

Compression 6'1- 0),

Yield surface

Crushing - Work hardening - Perfect plastic model Perfect plastic model ---- Tension stiffening

Compression -.2 ...... _ Strain Tension 1' Tension I / .2

Fig. l. One dimensional representation of mortar Fig. 2. Two dimensional space representation of constitutive model. mortar constitutive model.

Flow Rule The plastic strain increment is given by:

...... (2) Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 315 where di.. is a proportionality constant which determines the plastic strain increment. The flow vector is defined as iJF aer ...... (3)

Hardening Rule The relation between effective stress and effective plastic strain is extrapolated from uniaxial stress-strain relationship, and is given as

...... (4)

where E0 is the initial elasticity modulus, E the total strain and E0 the total strain at /c'. The hardening parameter is defined as:

A = 8cr (5) asp where EP is plastic strain component. The material matrix after cracking is

[D] _ [DJ [D] {a} {aY ...... (6) A + {aY[D] {a} where [D] is the material matrix before mortar cracking.

Crushing Conditi~n

Crushing condition in mortar is a strain controlled phenemenon. Because of lack of experimental data on this, the crushing condition is derived from Eq. (1) in terms of total strains. Thus we get

(7)

When E" reaches the value specified as the ultimate strain in the program input, the material is assumed to lose completely its rigidity and strength.

Tensile Behaviour and Tension Stiffening

The tensile type of fracture is governed by the maximum tensile stress criterion. In the program the cracks are assumed to form in planes perpendicular to the direction of maximum 1 principal tensile stress as soon as this reaches the specified mortar tensile strength f, • After cracking the elasticity modulus and Poisson's ratio are zero in a direction perpendicular to the cracked plane and a reduced shear modulus which is dependent on current tensile strain [12] is employed in the analysis. The cra~ks are effectively smeared out in a continuous fashion in order to avoid further complexities and in view of economizing the computer time. 316 Joumal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, . October 1987

A gradual release of the mortar stress component normal to the crack (Fig. 3) is adopted in the program which is due to Owen et al. [13]. Unloading and reloading of cracked concrete is assumed to follow the linear behaviour with fictitious modulus E; which is given as

E; = aJ;'(l -~) E1 :::;; E;:::;; Em ··············· ...... (8) E; E111 where a and Em are tension stiffening parameters.

Tension

Compression Em Strain

Fig. 3. Tension stiffening model.

Steel Reinforcement The reinforcing bars and wire mesh are considered as steel layers of equivalent thickness. Each layer has a uniaxial behaviour. The bending rigidity of these layers is neglected. A bilinear idealization of the stress-strain curve is adopted. The equivalent thickness in both the directions of principal material axis of each layer is given as input for the program.

Finite Element Fig. 4 shows the quadratic degenerate shell element with the element geometry given by

Z (w)

r , Y(v)

Lx(ul

Fig. 4. Nine noded shell element. Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 317

...... (9) where i 1 - 3, n is the number of nodes per element, Nk = Nk(~, IJ) are element shape functions, and ~' IJ and ~ are curvilinear coordinates.

Top and bottom coordinates of each node of the element are specified to calculate the above geometry. The normals to the middle surface are assumed to remain straight after deformation. Five degrees of freedom are specified at each nodal point. Heterosis element shape functions are employed to define Nk> as the element is proved to be one of the most efficient and correct ranking plate bending elements for linear as well as nonlinear analysis [14, 15]. The standard finite element equations for geometrical and material nonlinearities are not presented here [16,17]. Total Lagrangian approach is used in dealing with the geometrical nonlinearity. Selective reduced integration scheme is used in the program in order to avoid over estimation of shear stiffness. Modified Newton-Raphson method with the displacement criterion is used for the solution process of the algorithm.

Experimental Programme Experiments were carried out on six specimens of ferrocement panels, in the structural engineering laboratory of IIT, Kanpur. All the specimens were 1000 mm x 1000 mm x 50 mm and had four layers of woven hexagonal mesh arranged on both sides of skeletal steel rods as represented in Fig. 5(a). Three of the specimens had circular voids of 20 mm dia­ meter in the cross section at 100 mm center to center, which run in one direction (Fig. 6). All slabs were supported on rollers on four sides and subjected to centrally placed uniformly distributed load over an area of 500 mm x 500 mm. The load was applied through a · hydraulic jack system using I kN increments. The lifting of the corners was not prevented and the deflection at quarter points along two longitudinal sections and at the center were measured using dial gauges. No measurement of crack widths was taken during the testing.

Materials and Mix Proportions Locally available ordinary Portland cement and Yamuna river sand passing through IS sieve 240 were used in making the mortar. The mix proportion of mortar was l :3 cement­ sand by weight. The water-cement ratio was varied from 0.35 to 0.45. Control specimens were also cast along with the slabs to find cube strength and tensile strength of mortar. The skeletal steel rod as well as mesh wire were tested on Instron testing roaching to find the yield stress. Mild steel rods of 2.7 mm diameter with yield stress of 250 MPa and modulus of 2.0x I 05 MP a with 150 mm spacing in both directions were used for making the skeleton. The corresponding values for the hexagonal wire mesh were 0.6 mm, 320 MPa and 80 000 MPa respectively. The cube strengths were found to be 18 MPa, 26 MPa. and 32 MPa for water­ cement ratios of0.35, 0.40 and 0.45 respectively. The total volume fraction of wire mesh reinforcement in each layer 'is 0.1552 % which is computed from the average size of an irregular hexagon shown in Fig. 5(b).

Results and Discussion The load-deflection response obtained from the experiments is idealized as trilinear (Figs. 7-10). The elastic range is found to increase with water-cement ratio up to a value of 318 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

T Chicken wire mesh. 50 ll.__ ~~~~~~~~~~~~- Skeletal steel

Fig. 5a. Cross section of ferrocement panels tested.

AB: DE : 9.515 mm AF : CD : 9.i'625mm BC 1 FE • 6.525 mm

Fig. Sb. Wire mesh geometry.

---1000 $'-~:,~~-'--­ ~~~/ I _L£.-.-1 , ,/ I . ,/ 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 f

(a) SFP1, SFP2, SFPJ (b) HFP1, HFP2, HFP3

Fig. 6. Slabs and loading. Journal of Ferrocemenr: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 319

SFP1 SFP J 40 W/C =0.'5 W/C = 0.35 20 -- ...... ------SFP 2. WJC i:O,LO

20 10 o Compul11d Computed -Id~tized ------Idcioliud

12 16 20 ,, 16 20 CENTRAL DEFLECTION (~) CENTRAL DEFLECTION {mm I

Fig. 7. Load vs central deflection. Fig. 8. Load vs central deflection.

36~------o-.

HFP 3

19.2~------~

W/C•Q. .t.0 HFP 2

~ 16 W/C '0.45 .... ------·O --- HFP 1 ..J o Computed W/C:0.35 -- Idealized 9.6

,' ,, • Compu11d ---- Id11oliud

12 16 20 3 6 CENTRAL DEFLECTION (mm) CENTRAL DEFLECTION (mm l

Fig. 9. Load vs central deflection. Fig. I 0. Load vs central deflection.

0.45. This is due to the fact that the percentage of gel volume increases with water-cement ratio, and for rich mixes as in the present case the hydration of cement is not complete. The increasing trend of membrane stretching for some of the slabs can be observed from the graphs. Ultimate load of the slabs without voids is greater than that with voids. The stiffness reduction after the first cracking load was about 10% to 15 % for most of the slabs tested. The contribution of mortar, even after cracking, was significant due to tension stiffening effect. This effect is pronounced in case of over reinforced slabs where the steel stress does not reach the yield stress. If this effect is neglected one underestimates the deflections by about 100 %. The orthotropy of the mesh plays a significant role after the initial cracking stage. The percentage volume fraction of woven wire mesh in the transverse direction is 48.9 % of that in the longitudinal direction for the types of mesh under study. Hence, one needs to be cautious in computing these figures as the stiffness after cracking is much dependent on the reinforcement charactli!ristics. In the numerical modelling, six layers were used to analyse these slabs. The strength properties of mortar and reinforce­ ment are inputs for the program as explained in th~ appropriate sections. The computed 320 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

values of deflections are shown in the Figs. 7-10 for all these slabs. The convergence of the 'numerical model after the cracking was slow as it took more number of iterations. It can be seen that a very good agreement is obtained between the test data and the com­ puted values.

REFERENCES

I. ACI Committee 549. 1982. State-of-the-art report on ferrocement. Concrete Interna­ tional, Design and Construction 4(8) : 13-38. 2. Logan, D., and Shah, S.P. 1973. Moment capacity and cracking behaviour offerrocement in flexure. Journal of American Concrete Institute 70(12) : 799-804. 3. Johnston, C.D., and Mowat, D.N. 1974. Ferrocement: Material behaviour in flexure. Journal of Structural Division, ASCE lOO(STlO) : 2053-2069. 4. Huq, S., and Pama, R. P. 1978. Ferrocement in flexure: Analysis and design. Journal of Ferrocement 8(3) : 169-193. 5. Austriaco, N., and Pama, R.P. 1975. Inelastic behaviour of ferrocement slabs in bending. Magazine o.f Concrete Research 27(93) : 193-209. 6. Trikha, D.N.; Kaushik, S.K.; and Kotdawala, R.R. 1981. Limit analysis offerrocement thin slabs. Journal o,f Ferrocement 11 (2) : 111-126. 7. Prawel, S.P., and Reinhorn, A. 1982. Properties in flexure of under reinforced ferroce­ ment panel in two-way bending. Journal of Ferrocement 12(3) : 237-249. 8. Raisinghani, M., and Sai, A.S.R. 1985. Experimental yield criterion for ferrocement slabs. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ferrocement, 179-194. Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center. 9. Somayaji, S., and Naaman, A.E. 1981. Stress-strain response and cracking of ferro­ cement in tension. Journal of Ferrocement 11(2) : 127-142. 10. Tatsa, E.Z.; Prawel, S.P.; and Reinhorn, A. 1981. Long span composite roof systems of ferrocement and frame components. Journal of Ferrocement 11(1) : 55-66_. 11. Kupfer, H.; Hilsdorf, H.K.; and Rusch, H. 1969. Behaviour of concrete under biaxial stresses. Journal of American Concrete Institute 66(8) : 656-666. 12. Lin,- C.S., and Scordelis, A.C. 1975. Nonlinear analysis of RC shells of general form. Journal of Structural Division ASCE 101(3) : 523-538. 13. Owen, D.R.J.; Figueiras, J .A.; and Damjanic, F. 1983. Finite element analysis of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures including thermal loading. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 41 :· 323-366. 14. Prakhya, K.V.G., and Adidam, S.R. 1986. A relook into plate bending elements. Inter­ national Journal of Structures 6(3) : 127-139. 15. Hughes, J.R., and Cohen, M. 1978. The heterosis finite element for plate bending. Composites and Structures 9 : 445-450. 16. Zienkiewicz, O.C. 1977. The Finite Element Method. London: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 17. Bathe, K.J. 1982. Finite Element Procedure in Engineering Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall. Joumal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 321

Durability of Natural Fibres in Cement-based Roofing Sheetstt

H.E. Gramt and P. Nimityongskul*

Natura/fibres such as sisal,jute, ramie and coir can be used as reinforcement in cement-based roofing sheets. Natural fibre concrete is a /ow-cost material. With time the natural fibres decompose producing a brittle composite. Studies reported here shows that this embrittlement can be prevented by replacing a part of the ordinary Portland cement by highly active pozzo/anic materials, like si/icafume or rice husk ash.

INTRODUCTION

Roofing in developing countries is a major problem for the great majority of the popula­ tion. Traditional materials such as palm leaves and straw are commonly used but they have serious drawbacks as far as durability, insect infestation and fire resistance are concerned. Some countries use clay tiles but their production consumes high amount of energy, and their use in buildings requires an expensive timber substructure. Asbestos cement sheets and corrugated iron sheets are used at an increasing scale, but they normally require imported materials and therefore foreign currency. The need for a cheap locally produced and durable· roofing material is thus obvious. During the 1970s, corrugated roofing sheets made of sand, cement, water and natural fibres (sisal or coir) were developed arid used in some 20 countries in the third world. The first enthusiasm vanished after a few years when the sheets were - reported to crack and leak during the rain. The durability of the fibres was studied in Sweden and it could be concluded that the natural fibres are chemically decomposed in the cement matrix. The resulting brittle composite has a reduced capacity of controlled cracking. One way to stop fibre degradation is to lower the alkalinity of the cement matrix. This can be achieved by replacing a part of the ordinary Portland cement with a highly active pozzolanic material [l l. Since 1984 the Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute (CBI) and the Division of Structural Engineering and Construction at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in Thailand have collaborated in studying the effect of rice husk ash (RHA) on the durability of natural fibres such as sisal, manila hemp, ramie and coir in a cement-pozzolana matrix. The results obtained so far are presented in this paper.

PROPERTIES OF RHA

The ash obtained when rice husks are burnt contains silica, which may have pozzolanic properties, i.e., it can react with lime and form cementitious products. The burning process of the husk influences both the pozzolanic activity and the grindability of the ash. A reactive silica is mainly amorphous; it is formed at burning temperatures below 600°C under oxidizing ttReprinted with permission of the publisher. Published in Building Materials for Low-income Housing, E. & F.N. Spon Ltd., 1987, pp. 328-334. t Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Sweden. * Associate Professor, Divi~ion of Structural Engineering and Construction, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand. 322 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, Octobe1: 1987 conditions. At higher burning temperatures, the amorphous silica is gradually transformed to crystalline silica. This transformation is governed by both burning ttmperature and time. The crystalline silica has much lower reactivity than amorphous silica. The composition of RHA from USA and Thailand (AIT) used in the project is shown in Table I.

Table 1 Chemical Composition of RHA from USA and Thailand.

RHA-USA RHA-Thailand weight weight (%) (%) Cao 0.59 0.75

Si02 78.86 94.86 Al20 3 0.03 0.)2 Fe20 3 0 0.50 K 20 1.21 1.97 MgO 0.39 0.28

S03 0 0.06 Na20 0 0 Loss on ignition 22.67 4.75 Density (kg/m3) 2270 2330

The use of RHA in concrete was already mentioned in the 1920s, but research and develop­ ment in the 1970s first led to applications. Metha [2] in the United States has had a big influence on the commercial utilization of RHA. Research and development work in RHA has been undertaken for more than 15 years at AIT [3], in India [4] and other countries. When high amounts of cement is replaced by RHA, the alkalinity of the cement matrix is lowered and the carbonation process may go faster because of lower content of free lime. The availability of RHA as a cement subsitute is still low, depending, among other things, on the lack of suitable processing units, efficient transports and the use of the ash for other purposes, e.g., for soil improvement (manure). Silica can be found in other plants and their ashes are, or may also be, pozzolanic (Table 2).

Table 2 Ash and silica content of plants [5]. Ash Silica Plant Part of plant (%) (%) Rice husk 22.1 93.0 Wheat Leaf sheath 10.5 90.5 Sorghum Leaf sheath epidermis 12.5 88.7 Rice straw 14,6 82.0 Breadfruit tree Stem 8.6 81.8 Bagasse 14.7 73.0 Corn Leaf blade ' 12.1 64.3 Bamboo Nodes (inner portion) 1.5 57A Sunflower Leaf and stem 11.5 25.3 Lantana Leaf and stem 11.2 23.3 Joumal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 323

Current research also concentrates on the possibilities of extracting silica from plants by chemical methods instead of burning. This would keep the silica in the amorphous state.

PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIB.RE CONCRETE

Natural fibres can be added to cement mortar in different ways: as cut short fibres in the mix or as long fibres in between layers of mortar. The fibres enhance the cohesion of the fresh concrete and allows complex products to be moulded simply. In the hardened state, the fibres may improve the impact, flexural and tensile strength (Fig. 1).

en en ....Cl) (/)-

Short sisal fibres

Unreinforced

Strain

Fig. I. Typical stress-strain curves for natural fibre concrete.

If the composite is subjected to moisture and temperature changes, the natural fibre will be decomposed and it loses its reinforcing capacity. The mechanical properties of the compo­ site will gradually change to the unreinforced state and the natural fibre concrete will become brittle.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

Specimens measuring 280 mm x 390 mm x 8 mm was prepared from a mortar composed of binder, aggregate (0 mm to 2 mm) and water with the proportion, l :2 :0.5 by weight. The share by volume of embedded fibre was 2 %. Two layers of220 mm long fibres uniformly distributed and aligned parallel to the edge of the mould (280 mm) were worked into thin layers of mortar 'so that each' individual fibre was surrounded by mortar. The specimens were moist cured for one week ( + 20°C) and kept in laboratory conditions (50 %RH, + 20°C) for another 3 weeks before they were used. Specimens prepared at AIT in December 1984 are presented in Table 3. Specimens prepared at CBI in February 1985 are presented in Table 4. The specimens prepared .at AIT were stored outdoors on a roof at the Division of Structu­ ral Engineering and Constrti~tion. Specimens prepared at CBI were subjected to accelerated ageing according to a method described by Gram [l]. The specimens were placed in a climate 324 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

cubicle, and cooled ( + 10°C) and moistened by spraying with water and then at a temperature of + 105°C (one cycle in 6 hours).

The behaviour of 55 small b~ measuring 60 mm x 280 mm x 6 mm to 10 mm with \ a load span of 200 mm, was studied on non-age'<;! and aged specimens during bending. The parameter

Table 3 Specimens prepared at AIT.

Binder Fibre

OPC from Thailand Sisal OPC from Sweden Sisal 60 % OPC from Thailand and 40 % silica fume Sisal 60 % OPC from Sweden and 40 % RHA from AIT Sisal 60 % OPC from Thailand and 40 % RHA from AIT Sisal OPC from Thailand Ramie 50 % OPC from Thailand and 50 % RHA from AIT Ramie 60% OPC from Thailand and 40% RHA from AIT Ramie OPC from Thailand Jute 60 % OPC from Thailand and 40 % RHA from AIT Jute OPC from Thailand Coir 60 % OPC from Thailand and 40 % RHA from AIT Coir

Table 4 Specimens prepared at CBI.

Binder Fibre

OPC from Thailand Sisal OPC from Sweden Sisal 60 % OPC from Thailand and 40 % silica fume Sisal 60 % OPC from Sweden and 40 % silica fume Sisal 60 % OPC from Thailand and 40 % RHA from AIT Sisal 60 % OPC from Sweden and 40 % RHA from AIT Sisal 60 % OPC from Sweden and 40 % RHA from USA Sisal OPC from Sweden Ramie 60 % OPC from Sweden and 40 % RHA from AIT Ramie OPC from Sweden Jute 60 % OPC from Sweden and 40 % RHA from AIT Jute OPC from Sweden Coir 75 % OPC from Sweden and 25 % RHA from AIT Coir OPC from Sweden Manila hemp 60 % OPC from Sweden and 40 % RHA from AIT Manila hemp Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 325

B in Fig. 2 was used as a criterion on the toughness and ductility of the composite. The parameter B is defined as the post-cracking stress at either maximum stress after, passing the limit of proportionality (modulus of rupture) or the stress at 1 % strain depending on the shape of the stress-strain curve.

B

UI UI C1) ..... (/)

0.5 1.0 Strain (%)

Fig. 2. Definition of the parameter B.

Values ofthe post-cracking strength represented by the parameter Bare reported (Table 5) for specimens aged outdoors in Thailand and in Table 6 for specimens age'd in the climate cubicle at CBI.

Table 5 Results from the test specimens stored outdoors in Thailand.

Age (days) and Binder Fibre parameter B (N/mm2) 0 360 540

OPC-Thai Sisal 10.5 0.5 0.7 OPC-Swed Sisal 19.l 0.5 0.5

60% OPC-Thai and 40% Si02 Sisal 24.4 14.4 17.9 60% OPC-Swed and 40% RHA-Thai Sisal 19.5 21.1 5.3 60% OPC-Thai and 40% RHA-Thai Sisal 22.7 12.4 8.3 OPC-Thai Ramie 6.8 0.5 0.5 50% OPC-Thai and 50% RHA-Thai Ramie 7.6 12.2 2.7 OPC-Thai Jute 15.3 0.5 NA 60% OPC-Thai and 40% RHA-Thai Jute 14.4 4.8 NA OPC-Thai Coir 10.4 0.5 0.7 60% OPC-Thai and 40% RHA-Thai Coir 7.2 3.7 1.3 326 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Tables 5 and· 6 show that silica fume (Si02) and RHA improves the durability of the composite. Specimens without pozzolanic admixtures are more brittle after ageing.

Table 6 Results from the tests of specimens aged in a climate cubicle at CBI.

Number of cycles and Binder Fibre parameter B (N/mm2) 0 12 24 120

OPC-Thai Sisal 20.3 1.0 0 0.4 OPC-Swed Sisal 20.9 1.7 3.5 0.3

60% OPC-Thai and 40% Si02 Sisal 26.8 20.5 15. l 10.2

60 % OPC-Swed and 40 % Si02 Sisal 36.4 23.0 23.1 16.8 60% OPC-Thai and 40% RHA-Thai Sisal 30.8 8.5 1.2 1.4 60% OPC-Swed and 40% RHA-Thai Sisal 26.6 11.4 7.2 1.6 60% OPC-Swed and 40·% RHA-USA Sisal 27.5 6.6 1.2 2.0 OPC-Swed Ramie 15.0 3.6 0.9 0.9 60% OPC-Swed and 40% RHA-Thai Ramie 13.5 7.3 3.2 0.9 OPC-Swed Jute 14.4 NA NA 0.2 60 % OPC-Swed and 40 % RHA-Thai Jute 19.4 NA NA 2.9 OPC-Swed Coir 7.3 1.3 0.7 0.6 60 % OPC-Swed and 40 % RHA-Thai Coir 6.5 3.2 2.3 1.5 OPC-Swed Manila 14.6 1.0 0.3 1.0 hemp 60% OPC-Swed and 40% RHA-Thai Manila 14.9 10.5 6.6 2.3 hemp

CONCLUSION

The durability of natural fibres such as sisal, ramie, jute and coir in a cement matrix is improved when a part of the ordinary Portland cement is substituted by RHA or silica fume.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study has been funded by the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC) and by the Division of Structural Engineering and Con­ struction at AIT. Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 327

REFERENCES

I. Gram, H.E. 1983. Durability of Natural Fibres in Concretes. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Research Fo. 1 (83): 1-255. 2. Metha, P. 1975. Rice hull ash cement - high quality acid-resisting. A Cl Journal (May) : 235-236. 3. Nimityongskul, P. and We, A.B. 1983. Appropriate technology for the production of reactive rice husk ash. In ADAB-AIT Seminars in China, 1-23 to 1-28. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology. 4. Dass, A. 1983. Pozzolanicity of rice husk ash. Building Materials and Components Vol. 4, The 9th CIB Congress CIB83, 85-96. 5. Cook, D.J. 1985. Rice Husk Ash Cements: Their Development and Applications. Vienna: UNIDO.

Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 329

Efficiency of Mesh Overlaps of Ferrocement Elementstt

S.K. Kaushik+, V.K. Gupta* and M.K. Rahman*

The results obtained by varying the length of overlap in square woven meshes with different wire diameters and mesh openings are reported. The number ofmesh layers has also been varied and tested under flexure. Cement-sand mortar mixes of I : 1.5 and I :·2 have been investigated. Based on the experimental and analytical investigation, a relation is proposed to determine the minimum overlap length which should be provided to achieve continuity and perfect structural performance.

LIST OF SYMBOLS

A Area of fibres in the mesh resisting crba Allowable bond stress between tension mortar and fibres d Diameter of wire crcu 28-day cube strength of 100 mm K Coefficient obtained from analysis mortar cube~ of results Allowable tensile stress in the L Overlap length of mesh crfa fibre 11 Number of wires Lo Sum of perimeters of all fibres crfy Yield strength of wire resisting tension crmr Modulus of rupture of mortar

INTRODUCTION

Several investigations have been -reported regarding the behaviour of ferrocement in flexure. But one important aspect offerrocement which has eluded scientific investigation so far is the question of mesh overlaps. Except for some accounts in the literature [l-8], no proper guidelines have been proposed or reported regarding the overlap to be provided under a given loading or stress condition. The necessity of a detailed investigation of mesh overlaps to develop adequate strength is based on the following aspects: (a) Wire meshes are manufactured and marketed in standard widths of 920 mm to 1200 mm. Thus in actual ferrocement structures, usually the meshes have to be overlapped to cover the full area. (b) In circular ferrocement structures such as pressure pipes, cylindrical tanks, etc., the mesh overlap is unavoidable. (c) Standard-sized prefabricated ferrocement components are joined by in-situ joints using overlapping meshes projecting from adjacent units. ttReprinted with permission of the publisher. Published in Building Materials for Low-income Housing, E. & F.N. Spon Ltd., 1987, pp. 11-18. . + Department of Civil Engineering, University of Roorkee, India. * Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College, India. 330 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

ANALYSIS

The mesh overlap must be sufficient to develop full strength by bond around the surface so that there is no slippage while taking the stress alotted to it.

If overlap is sufficient the following relation must be satisfied:

(la)

crra-1Td2n ...... (1 b) 4

CJfad ...... (le) 4aba where ab,, should be established from experimental studies.

When a flexural state of stress exists, the following values may be assumed:

0.60 (jfy (2a) and K ( 0.7 Vacu) ····················· (2b) finally giving the lap length, LP, which is

0.6 (jfy d 0.2143 (3) 4K(O. 7V

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

In order to investigate the effect of different mesh overlaps under flexure, 350 test speci­ mens measuring 400 mm x 200 mm were cast. All the specimens had a cover of 5 mm on the four sides. The mortar mix was obtained using a water-cement ratio of 0.4 and cement and graded sand proportions of 1 : 2 and 1 : 1.5 by weight. To ensure full penetration of mortar and complete compaction of the specimens, a vibrating table was used. The specimens were demoulded after 24 hours, water-cured for 28 days and air-dried before testing. The details of the specimens are given in Table 1. Specimens with continuous mesh reinforcement were used as control specimens.

The specimens were tested under central point loading on a simply supported span of 300 mm. The first crack load and the failure load for the specimens are given in Table 2. Typical load-deflection curves for B series are shown in Fig. 1. These curves represent the average of three consistent values. The values in Table 2 are also the average of the three most consistent values within each group. Jour,nal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 331

Table 1 Details of flexural test specimens using square woven mesh.

Series Subseries Mesh parameter Mesh No. of Mix Mortar No. of Wire Mesh Overlap layers propor- . strength speci- diameter opening ti on mens (mm) (mm) (mm) (N/mm2)

SA 12

SA1 50 12 A SA2 0.889 7 75 1 1 :2 26.5 12 SA3 100 12 SA4 125 12

SB 12

SB 1 50 12 B SB 2 0.889 7 75 1 :1.5 33.0 12 SB3 100 12 SB 4 125 12

SC IO

SC1 120 10 c SC2 0.889 12.5 130 1 1 :2 26.5 10 SC3 . 140 IO

SD IO

SD1 120 10 D SD2 0.889 12.5 130 1 1 :1.5 33.0 10 SD3 140 IO

SE 10

SE1 110 IO E SE2 0.889 14 120 1 1 :1.5 33.0 IO SE3 130 10

SF 10

SF1 130 10 F SF2 1.07 12.5 140 1 1 :2 26.5 IO SF3 150 IO

SG IO

SG1 125 10 G SG2 1.07 12.5 135 1 1 :1.5 33.0 10 SG3 145 10

SH 10 H SH1 0.72 5 90 1 :1.5 33.0 10 SH2 lIO 10 332 Journal of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 ·

Table 2 Experimental loads of flexural tests.

Series Subseries Overlap* Cracking Failure per Pu Position of 1 SL(mm- ) load, load, pcontrol pcontrol cracks** Yr (mm) Pc,(N) Pu(N) SA 670 1426 MS

A SA1 50 500 966 0.746 0.677 EO 0.02 SA2 75 600 1173 0.896 0.823 EO 0.00444 SA3 100 630 1367 0.940 0.959 AMS SA 4 125 665 1411 0.993 0.990 "MS SB 740 1511 MS

B SB 1 50 530 1154 0.716 0.764 EO 0.02 SB 2 75 670 1280 0.905 0.847 EO 0.00444 SB 3 100 720 1492 0.973 0.987 MS SB 4 125 750 1586 0.013 1.048 EO SC 320 843.4 MS

c sc1 120 230 684 0.719 0.820 EO 0.0112 SC2 130 280 740.4 0.875 0.887 EO 0.00248 SC3 140 310 815.6 0.969 0.977 MS SD 430 994.2 MS D SD1 120 370 872 0.86 0.877 EO 0.0112 SD2 130 430 984.8 1.00 0.990 EO 0.00248 SD3 140 470 1078 1.093 1.084 MS SE 420 966 MS

E SE1 110 220 684 0.524 0.708 EO 0.001 SE2 120 260 778 0.619 0.805 EO 0.00222 SE3 140 420 1002 1.000 1.035 MS SF 430 970 MS

F SF1 130 305 680 0.709 0.701 EO 0.0134 SF2 140 365 875 0.850 0.902 EO 0.0036 SF3 150 425 960 0.989 1.990 MS SG 540 1155 MS G SG1 125 460 1060 0.852 0.918 EO SG2 135 530 1135 0.982 0.984 MS SG3 145 560 1240 1.037 1.075 MS SH 830 1560 MS H SH1 90 580 1148 0.699 0.734 EO SH2 110 800 1470 0.964 0.942 MS

* (-)indicates a continuous mesh **MS = mid span EO = edge of overlap AMS = away from midspan Joumal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 333

DISCUSSION

Based on the results given in Fig. 1 and Table 2 the following observations are made. The load-deflection curve in Fig. 1 clearly shows that ferrocement exhibits three distinct zones. The behaviour is almost linear upto first crack indicating an elastic behaviour. There­ after, the deformations increase rapidly with little increase in load, indicating formation of cracks and elongation of reinforcement .. In the third range the deflections increase at a dimi­ nished rate as the load increases, indicating the fully plastic zone where the reserve strength comes into action before collapse. Venkata Krishna and Rangarajan [9] have also reported a similar behaviour. · These results also show that when the mesh overlap is sufficient to develop the requisite bond strength, the load deflection curves almost coincide with that of the control specimen for the same steel content. The failure/crack patterns are also almost the same.

10xl60

150 2 140 Ofy = 470N/mm

130 i.200--1 l. . t ~-20 50, 350 ,50 T 120 I• •I• •t• •I

110

100

90 z 80 'O a 0 70 _J 60 SB~ 50 SB -o--o- 1 SB2 II II 40 SB 3 SB -«·--1t·- 4 20

o.__~~~~~---'~~~-"-~~-'-~~~.__~~~~~~~~~...._~~~ 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 Average deflection (mm)

Fig. I. Loa.ct versus deflection curves for Series B (experimental). 334 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

When the mesh overlap is insufficient, slippage was observed to occur with development of cracks at the edge of the overlaps at a much lower load. Reserve strength too comes into action but final collapse occurs at a much lower load. However, when the mesh overlap is more than the observed minimum required the first crack and collapse loads are higher than that of the control specimens for the same steel content. The overlap length of the mesh to be provided depends on the following factors: strength· of mortar, diameter of wires in mesh, and mesh opening size. For higher strength mortar, smaller wire diameter and small mesh opening overlap length may be reduced (Fig. 2). 800

Control specimen

700 Control specimen z

"O c 0 600 .x u c._ u iii._ LL

The values of constant K, a coefficient to determine the length of mesh overlap, is deter­ mined from Eq. (3) by substituting known values of LP, d, cr1a and crmr· These values of K are given in Table 3.

Table 3 Values of K for different wire diameters of square woven mesh.

Mesh K for wire diameter d (mm) opening (mm) 0.889 1.07 0.72

5 0.1416 0.1642 0.1196 7 0.1392 0.1614 0.1176 12.5 0.1199 0.1391 0.1013 14 0. I 1 I 3 0.1291 0.0940 25* 0.0779 0.0903 0.9658 * Extrapolated value. Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 335

CONCLUSIONS

Within the range of variables investigated, the following conclusions may be drawn for square woven meshes:

(a) The mortar strength, diameter of reinforcing wire and mesh opening influence the overlap length. Higher mortar strength, smaller wire diameter and smaller inesh opening require shorter overlap length. (b) The first crack and ultimate loads approach the value corresponding to a continuous mesh when the mesh overlap is sufficient to develop the requisite strength through bond, for the same amount of steel content.

(c) Bond failure occurs due to slippage at overlap when length of mesh overlap is insuffi­ cient. The cracking load in this case .is much lower than that of a continuous mesh reinforce­ ment.

(d) Even ifthe stress in the fibre is small, it is desirable that a minimum overlap of 100 mm be provided. To cover shortcomings in quality control at sites, it is recommended that the value given by the relation be increased by 25 %.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The work reported in the paper was sponsored by the University Grants Commission, New Delhi and carried out at _the Structural Engineering Laboratory, University of Roorkee, Roorkee, India. The financial and technical support provided is gratefully acknowledged.

REFERENCES

l. Balaguru, P.N.; Naaman, A.E.; and Shah, S.P. 1977. Analysis and behaviour offerroce­ ment in flexure. Journal of Structural Division. ASCE STIO(l03): 1937-1951. 2. Huq, S., and Pama, R.P. 1978. Ferrocement in flexure: analysis and design. Journal of Ferrocement 8(3) : 169-194. 3. Kaushik, S.K.; Trikha, D.N.; Kotdawala, R.R. ; and Sharma, P.C. 1984. Prefabricated ferrocmeent ribbed elements for low-cost housing. Journ~l of Ferrocement 14(4): 347-36. 4. Logan, D., and Shah, S.P. 1973. Analysis and behaviour of ferroce:inent in flexure. AC/ Journal, Proc. 707: 99-804. 5. Paul, B.K., and Pama, R.P. 1978. Ferrocement. Bangkok: International Fertoceinent Information Center. ' 6. Surya Kumar, G.V., and Sharma, P .. C. 1976. An investjgation of the ultixnate and first crack strengths of ferrocement in fle:icure. Indian Concrete Journal 50(11): J3>340. 336 Journal of Ferroceme/lf: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

7. Trikha, D.N.; Kaushik, S.K.; Gupta, V.K.; and Mini, S. 1985. Behaviour offerrocement cored slabs, In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ferrocement (ed. L. Robles-Austriaco et al.), Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center, 135-143. 8. Walkus, B.R. 1975. Behaviour offerrocement in bending. Journal ofStructural Engineer­ ing, India 3(3): 113-125.

/ 9. Venkata Krishna, H.V., and Rangarajan, R. 1983. An experimental investigation into the flexural behaviour of ferrocement V-shaped roof elements. Journal of Ferrocement 13(3) : 249-255. Journal of Ferroceme11t: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 337

Fiji Smokeless Stove

G.T. Cigolotti+

In FUi, a cheap and easy to construct. wood burning stove was developed. This smokeless stove reduces eye and respiratory irritation; and secondary infection. Heat can be controlled by choice of hole and by the amount of wood used. The detailed construction procedure is presented.

INTRODUCTION

This wood burning stove (Fig. 1) is cheap and easy to make. The modular construction approach allows longer service life as worn out parts can be easily replaced. When properly made, it should last at least five years. The smoke in the cooking area is eliminated reducing eye and respiratory irritation and secondary infection. This stove uses very little fuel-wood or other dry organic material such as coconut husks or shells and the firebox need not be overfilled. Heat can be controlled by proper choice of hole and by the amount of wood used. The wood stove may be used for other purposes: as an oven, by placing a piece of metal over one or more holes and covering with a metal box; for heating iron to iron clothes, by placing the iron on top of the metal; and for providing a constant supply of hot water, by keeping a large pot on the largest hole.

CONSTRUCTION

The casting and assembly work of the wood stove are very simple. Molds (Figs. 2-3) can be easily made from wood and are reusable. The use of hasps and staples (H & S) is advantageous in joining molds and releasing them. Molds need to be oiled before use. The materials used are concrete and chicken wire. A lean concrete proportion of 1 :4 :4 (cement:light gravel:sand) gives good results. The water used in mixing should be as little as possible. If volcanic ash or pumice is available, 20 %can be substituted for cement. Chicken wire is used as reinforcement as well as binder. It is kept at the center of the element and the ends should be at least 30 mm from the hot edges of the concrete burner holes. There are other considerations that should be noted before casting. The cooking hole inserts should be bevelled for easier removal. If available, 50 mm thick porcelain plates can be bolted to the form to cast the top element and be removed for casting the base. Prior to casting the hole covers, a piece of coathanger wire hook is anchored to allow easy lifting of the covers. The wire cut outs from the top element are used in the covers. The flue (smoke pipe) hole can be cast using an old tin can, which is a little smaller than the flue pipe used (70 mm to 100 mm). The pipe thus sits on the stove top and the joint is sealed with cement. The flue should have a minimum length of 2.5 m (8 ft) and should extend 1 m (3 ft) above the roof. No part of the pipe should be within 150 mm from any flammable material, e.g., thatch roof. The top should be capped to prevent entry of rainwater.

+Environmental Health Analyst, 9 Oceanview Drive, Halifax Nova Scotia, Canada, BJP 2 H 4. 338 Journal of Ferroceme11t: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

~. ~..

Fig. I. Smokeless wood burning stove. . I . • . . •' ;' '... !· J The modules (base, top, two-element wall) are. cast and wet-cured ~ot a min~:r:nu~ of two weeks prior to removal. The curing, which is the critical part of the constructioft ptocess, can be ~one by placing the cast stove in shady/dark place and covered with wet p6taJ.O's#ic The more lev~l and smooth the parts are, the easier it is for the stove to be sealed, assemfiled and maintained. The stove is assembled using c~ment-water paste, and in the following o~det: (a) base (b) walls (c) ca'st bevelled floor (d) top element and (e) flue. Elevated stove may be supported by wood or stones. The support should be strong, large enough and stable to carry the stove, cooking utensils and food. For efficient stove, floor grades for flue box and firebox must be maintained (Fig. 4). Journal of Ferrocement: · Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 339

119 116 8 9 ,,,-- - ...... , ,,--- ...... , /'" --- ... , I \ .. I ' 8 I \ I \ , ... 8 I 18 \ 8 I 20 · \ 16 I \ 8 I 18 1 \ I \ I I I \ I \ I ~' \ I ' I , __ ' ...... _-- , ' - ,." / 63 60 - ' 8 9 30 ... - .... 84 I , ' \ 8.5 I 15 I 18 l( 18 20 x20 20x 20 21.5 l( 21.5 \,..._,,' 24 10 32

Top view

1 mm =1 cm Chicken wire

Side view

Fig. 2. Top/base mold.

8 Thin insert

8 8 'HSS Chicken wire (Hasp and staples) ~ 101~ Top view Cement

Side view

Fig. 3. Wall mold. 340 Jo11r11a/ of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

D D Firebox 0- 2.5 cm

Flue box 2.5-5 cm

Fig._ 4. Floor grades.

Prior to. full use, the stove must be treated by lighting small fires daily for· one week. Water or sand should be stored near the stove, to be used in case of fire. Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 341

Mekong Ferrocement Survey Launch

A. Kateouychai+ and S. Watcharakorn+

The construction of a flat bottom hull type, inboard engine installation with propeller tunnel portable canopy is presented. The .ferrocement survey launch, constrµctedfor US $9,600.00, has been in service for more than ten years without structural problems.

INTRODUCTION

The Mekong river flows about 6240 km from the mountains of southwestern China to its delta in Vietnam. The source is the melting snows in the Tibetan plateau 5000 m above mean sea level. It flows through China, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. The lower Mekong river basin covers an area of 795 000 km2 comprising almost the whole of Laos and Kampuchea, a third of Thailand and a fifth of Vietnam. About two-fifths of the total population of the reparian countries live in the basin. The river is an exceptionally interesting case from the point of view of decision-making because each of the reparian coun­ tries has different interests. The National Energy Administration (NEA) of Thailand undertakes hydrographic survey in the Mekong River under the Mekong River Development Project. For this project NEA commissioned the Nong Khai Boatbuilding Training Centre to build a survey launch. The Mekong· survey launch was built of ferroct-ment

CONSTRUCTION OF THE LAUNCH

A flat bottom hull type, inboard engine installation with propeller tunnel portable canopy was adopted. The dimensions are: length=7.92m; depth=l.07m; width=3.05mand draft of 25.4 mm to 76.2 mm. The design was lofted to full size. Reinforcing rod, 12. 7 mm diameter pipes, were bent to the shape of the general frame (Fig. I) and web frame (Figs. 2 and 3). The whole frame of the

II .; 11 ' ,'f 1•' ' ,,: -····Pipe GS 1/2" 1: 11 1, : ·····GS 1/4 @n" I ,, II I I II ,-·····-:, ·:.---3-Chicken wire mesh 112" •• ··~-f ,, ~\ '"' .// , -.:-.::__ ,,; v "=''--"~....,.,,,.,,"""w"=,,,.,,.....,....,.,,,...... - -- -,.,.,..,....,,...i·, - - - _,. ······Light Channel 2" x 4 11

Fig. 1. General frame (1 in.= 25.4 mm). Nong Khai Industrial and Boatbuilding Training Centre., Nong Khai, Thailand. 342 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

',,, 11.-. 11:-:·

1 ':.::; Ir,.. .•• ~ :~. ·..;.

····-Light Channel 2 11 x 4"

Fig. 2. Web frame (I in. = 25.4 mm).

1 Mesh 1/2 -'.._ 11 11 : I!! 1/4 @ 6 ·.:.::i.·:. ',: ·:..-" ·: .· .. ·.:- :. ·. .-.... : . ··~···.·· :.·:... ~ ~ _:;-: ·: ._.: .: ...:-_.:.·. :~·:".:-: ::: ·.-:··. ·.C::. ·._-. ':· :>:::'::'.:''-."'I I~ ... : . .... ,...------1 •.. '·, .. ··." II I II .-._.. · ~-'::;.·····QI 1/4 @I - 0 11 .:.°·~-< 11 4 ': .. ·." ·--1- ~ 1/4-···-··...... •. . ~~ .· "" <··· .l/811x2 11 Weld) , __ ./ I· -I

Fig. 3. Section of web frame(! in. = 25.4 mm). launch was set up and the horizontal reinforcing rod and longitudinal stiffener, both 6.35 mm diameter, were welded in place (Figs. 4-7). The keel for the launch consisted of light channel, 51mmx102 mm.

1 I lnJ l. wire me&h ·.. .U11hl Channel 2 11.4 1 JJ1Qil IJJJll '·.~·3-Chicken j J1/2~ l J IJJ 2 4 7 9 10 Wob Wob Wob Wob Wob" " "

Fig. 4. Side hull (1 ft. = 0.3048 m; 1 in. = 25.4 mm).

Three layers of chicken wire mesh was stretched tightly on each side of the frame with I 02 mm mesh overlap. The wire mesh was carefully checked with battens for fairness. The mesh, galvanized hexagonal woven wire mesh gage No. 25, were tied on the frame with tie wires. Journal of Ferroceme11t: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 343

·/ 3- Chicken wire mesh

-_ - -_ - -_ -: -:=: -- -_-_ :_-_- -~

11 1 Scale : \/2 : 1 ( lft"' 0.3048 m, I in.so 25.4 mm )

Fig. 5. Bottom plan (I ft. = 0.3048 m; 1 in. 25.4 mm).

11 1 3 - Chicken wire mesh 1/2 -\ Pipe II 1/2 :~

Fig. 6. Detail of bow (I in. 25.4 mm).

, , I I , , I I ~ ' , , "-.:~)\,_ -- - --....I'.'/ --=------="

Fig. 7. Detail of transom (I in. = 25.4 mm).

The completed hull armature was then plastered with cement mortar. The cement was Portland cement "Flephant brand" and the sand was naturally fine sand from the Mekong River. A chemical additive was used as water-reducing agent to improve the workability of 344 Jozvnal of Ferrocemenr: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 the mortar mix. · Plastering was done first at the keel. When the hull was finished, the final coating of plaster was troweled carefully. Proper curing of ferrocement is important to develop the strength of the mortar and

20 1/8"

/Bolt S Nu! • 3/4"

Section of Engine Seat 11 1 11 1 1 Hard wood 4 x1 -2 !. Scale 1 : 1 .------_- -·f'--~.-~if_ 9-;.,-;.,~ -H~I; ~ 3/4~-~ ------I' - I a" -1 / -.+-. :+: ·t: :¥ :+: ·-+ '

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13

Elev. Engine Seat Scale 112": 11

Fig. 8. Detail of engine seat (I in= 25.4 mm).

11 1 1 Hole for lifting··-·· .. I _..__ 1- "." r-- ' I r----- ® I I I I I 8 I ~-6 mm. I I I I I I I -4.5 mm. I I 1 11 1 I 1- 8 1-6 II e 1 11 -i------·Hole" 1/2 I I p· 11 • ,------1pe I 2 I I ~ I I I ____ .JI I ,·6mm. ,, I- _j _ .J

~ 3/4"so?)~ s" 1,_ 6 ·;._o" :;~ 3/4"Solid . + r) \ ! ,-·"4.5mm. / ·\JzssP>)( tJ%h?5$5>0 2/z4 ,'f/ Pipe" 2·~) :,_6 mm. ·i..Hole for lifting

Fig. 9. Detail of rudder (I in. = 25.4 mm). Journal of Ferrocemenf: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 345 prevent cracking. Sacks were placed over the entire hull and were kept constantly wet for three weeks. The deck line and guidelines for attached structures were marked for rigging out the hull. The launch is equipped (Figs. 8-12) with one marine diesel engine, 6 cylinders with 99 H.P., two batteries 12V and 175 A/H and 0.51 m diameter propeller.

Bronze bearing······· ...... _., ~ .•• '.':>:?':".',:'.''> ; .. : : ... ~ -~<'·--·ll""9mm. R= 1'-2 3/4" 11 ·-··3-Pipe Ef 1 :./P ,..Hard wood bearing I, ,'o 11 ,.-···Shaft 2 1Hard wo,ld/ bearing \ ,' ,' 7" -=::s.~a-i,· ,' :'

II 1/2 11

,,1,' I 6 1/2"

Fig. 10. Propeller shaft and rudder tube details (1 in. = 25.4 mm).

._----·--Pipe, d I II x I I - 0 II

.. ...- Companion Flange 11 11 ...1J;i::;;;;~~-/ 1 x 3 Hard wood

. II II .... -2- 3/4 x 3 Hard wood

·: 11.·· ••• 1 1.:.C------.. Hull ·. ·1 1 ".' • ·1 I:· ·.·11 .. . ·11.'- ".l 1:·.

Fig. 11. Gunwale details (1 in. = 25.4 mm). 346 Joumal of Ferroceme111 : Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Fig. 12. Frame II stern tube outlet centerline ( I in. = 25.4 mm).

CONCLUSION

The launch (Figs. 13-14) built for 240,000 Babt (US S 9,600.00), has been in service for more than ten years and no serious problems have been encountered.

Fig. 13. Completed ferrocement launch. Fig. 14. Close up of the equipments. Journal of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 347

I rnrn:rn1TI®®IBillrPrnTI@ L1TI~!P

This list includes a partial bibliography, with keywords, on ferrocement and related topics. IFIC has these articles and books. Reprints and reproductions, where copyright laws permit, are available at a nominal cost (see page 415). Earlier parts of the biblio­ graphy have been published in the past issues of the Journal and are also available in the first volume of "Ferrocement and its Applications-A Bibliography" which contains 736 references compiled from the list. Copies of this IFIC publication can be ordered at US$2.00 per copy (surface postage included). For air mail postage, add an additional amount of US$2.00.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Material Properties

Khaidukov, G.K. 1981. Theory and. practice of ferrocement structures. Bulletin of' the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures XXII-3(77) : 41-49.

applications / crack propagation / ferrocement / mechanical properties / strength

Mansur, M.A., and Paramasivam, P. 1985. Ferrocement under combined bending and axial loads. The International Journal o,/'Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 7(3) : 151-158. axial load~ / bending / combined stresses/ failure / ferrocement / structural analysis / ultimate strength Singapore

Nakayama, M., and Beaudoin, J.J. 1987. A novel technique for determining bond strength development between cement paste and steel. Cement and Concrete Research 17(3) : 478-488. bond strength / cement paste / interfaces / steels Canada

Gonzales, A.D.C. 1987. Fracture Properties of Ferrocement. M. Eng. Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok (105 pp). beams (supports) /ferrocement /fracture mechanics/ I-integral Thailand 348 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

General Amersfoort, T. U. 1987. Use of ferrocement. AT Source 15(2) : 48-62. construction methods / ferrocement / roofing / silos / water tanks / mesh

CONSTITUENT MATERIALS

Substitute Materials for Mortar Preparation

Chindaprasirt, P. 1983. Low Cost Cement for Rural Areas. (I 05 pp). Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University. cements/ incinerators/ low cost/ mortars (material) /rice husk ash/ rural areas Thailand

Wire Mesh and Other Reinforcing Fibers

Al-Rifaie, W.A., and Trikha, D.N. 1987. Experimental investigation of secondary strength of ferrocement reinforced with hexagonal mesh. Journal of Ferrocement 17(3) : 215-222. ferrocement /first crack/ flexure/ hexagonal wire mesh/ modulus of elasticity/ strength/ tension tests Iraq

Admixtures

. Chatterji, S., and Fordos, Z. 1985. Effect of flyash addition on alkali-silica expansion. In Nordic Concrete Research, Publication No. 4. 36-44. Oslo: Nordic Concrete Federation. additives/ alkali silica reactions/ cement pastes/ cements /.fiY ash/ long term effects/ mortars (material) Denmark Yan Jeou-Rong. I987. Temperature Control in Mass Concrete Using Pozzolanic Materials. M.Eng. Thesis. Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok (I 14 pp). cement pastes/ fly ash /mass concretes/ pozzolana /rice husk ash/ setting time /temperature Thailand

Chandra, S., and Aavik, J. 1987. Influence of proteins on some properties of Portland cement mortar. The International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 9 (2) : 91-94. admixtures / air entrainment / bonding/ compressive strength/ construction materials/ flexural strength /mortars (material) /proteins/ setting time / water absorption Sweden

General

Tuutti, K. 1982. Analysis of pore solution squeezed out of cement paste and mortar. In Nordic Concrete Research Publication No. 1. 25.1-25.16. Oslo: The Nordic Concrete Federation. Journal of Ferroceme11t: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 349 cement pastes / cements / chlorides / diffusion / mortars (material)

Baum, H.; Soroka, I.; and Bentur, A. 1985. Properties and structure of oil shale ash pastes I: Composition and physical features. In The Building Research Station, Publications 1985. 7-18.(ed. M. Paciuk). Technion : Israel Institute of Technology. cement pastes / mechanical properties / oil shale ash /porosity Israel

Baum, H.; Bentur, A.; and Soroka, I. 1985. Properties and structure of oil shale ash pastes II: Mechanical properties and structure. In The Building Research Station, Publications 1985. 19-28. (ed. M. Paciuk). Technion: Israel Institute of Technology. cement pastes / compressive strength / oil shale ash Israel

Bentur, A.; Ben-Bassat, M.; and Schneider, D. 1985. Durability of glass-fiber-reinforced· cements with d_ifferent alkali-resistant glass fibers. In The Building Research Station, Publica­ tions 1985. 29-34. (ed. M. Paciuk). Technion : Israel Institute of Technology. durability /fiber reinforced cement / glass fibers / hydration / mechanical properties

General

Ferraris, A.F., and Wittmann, F.H. 1987. Shrinkage mechanisms of hardened cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research 17(3) : 453-464. cement pastes / shrinkage Switzerland

Jawed, I.; Childs, G.; Ritter, A.; Winzer, S.; Johnson, T.; and Barker, D. 1987. High-strain­ rate behavior of hydrated cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research 17(3) : 433-440. · cement pastes / hydration I porosity U.S.A.

Papayianni, J. 1987. An investigation of the pozzolanicity and hydraulic reactivity ofa high­ Jime fly ash. Magazine o.f Concrete Research 39(138) : 19-28. fly ash / properties / strength / Portland cements Greece

Rahman, M.A. I 987. Properties of clay-sand-rice husk ash mixed bricks. The International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 9(2) : 105-108. bricks I clays / compressive strength J construi::tion materials / density / rice husk ash / sands J shrinkage / walls / water absorption Nigeria 350 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

MARINE APPLICATIONS

Construction and Testing

UNIDO. 1972. Boats From Ferrocement. (134) pp. Vienna : UNIDO. boats/ constituent materials / construction methods/ design criteria / ferrocement / histories hulls / material properties/ specifications

Morgan, R. 1982. Construction in ferrocement, Jn Workboats (ed. K.D. Troup). 139-154, London : Heyden & Sons Ltd. boats / construction / durability / ferrocement / molds /plastering

Iorns, M.E.1983. Ferroc~ment and concrete versus steel. Concrete International 5(11) : 45-50. bond/ construction / construction costs / ferrocement /.floating docks/ offshore structures / pontoons/ precast concrete/ ships/ shotcrete

Hyman, E.L. 1987. Th~ comparative merits offerrocement as a substitute for wood in fishing boats. Materials and Society 11(2) : 239-254. boats /construction methods / costs / ferrocement /fisheries / wood Malawi

Feasibility Studies, Rules and Classification

Hyman, E.L. 1986. Ferrocement Fishing Boats: Their Potential for Small-to-Medium Scale Fishing in Lake Malawi. (70 pp). Washington D.C: Appropriate Technology International. boats / cost analysis / ferrocement /fisheries Malawi

General

Trinidad, A.G., and Robles-Austriaco, L. 1987. Ferrocement for marine structures. In Proc. of the Conference on Improving Performance of Concrete in Marine Environments, Paper 4, Hong Kong : Institute of International Research.

boats / ferrocement / marine structures/ state-of-the~art reviews

TERRESTRIAL APP LICA TIO NS

Housing and Building

Martinelli, D.A.O.; Lima, R.L.R.; and de Hanai, J.B.I. 1983. Two pyramidal designs of ferrocement. Col]crete International 5(1 I) : 27-31. ferrocement /folded plates / loads (forces) / roofs / tests / welded wire fabric / mesh Brazil Journal ofFerrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 351

Espiritu, E. 1987. An Interactive Microcomputer Program for the Design of Prestressed Ferrocement Cylindrical Sheel Roofs. M.Eng. Thesis. Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok (98 pp). computer aided design/ computer programs/ cylindrical shells/ design/ ferrocement / prestressing /roofs

Water Resources Structures

Lin Jan-shone. 1984. Micro-computer aided design offerrocement cylindrical tanks. M.Eng. Thesis. Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok (92 pp). computer aided design (computer programs/ cylindrical tanks/ ferrocement /structural analysis

Chindaprasirt, P.; Hovichitr, I.; and Wirojanagud. 1987. A low cost rainwater tank. In Proc. of Third International Conference on Rain Water Cistern Systems, E2-l to E2-17. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University. · construc~ion methods/ mortars (material) /reinforcement/ water tanks/ wire Thailand

Srivastava, J.C. 1987. Technologies for preventing seepage and maintaining potability of rainwater in rural ponds and cisterns in India. In Proc. of Third International Conference on Rain Water Cistern Systems, E4-l to E4-22. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University. costs / ferrocement / linings / rural areas / seepage / water tanks India

Marjoram, T. 1987. Rural water supply in the South Pacific. In Proc. o,(Third International Conference on Rain Water Cistern Systems, E3-l to E3-l 1. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen Univer­ sity. ferrocement I maintenance / rural areas / water supply / water tanks Cook Islands/ Fiji/ Kiribati/ Nauru/ Niue / Solomon Islands/ Tokelau/ Tonga/ Tuvalu/ Vanuatu/ Western Samoa

McPeak, M. 1987. A 50 m3 ferrocement water reservoir in Cafiar, Ecuador. Journal of Ferrocement 17(3) : 223-229. construction methods / .ferrocement / water storage / water supply / water tanks Ecuador .

Dobruskin, K., and Dobruskin-Nydegger, E. 198 ?. Precast ferrocement water tanks in Hawaii. 11 pp . .ferrocement / lamination / prec~sting /production methods / water tanks Hawaii ·

Miscellaneous Structures

Romualdi, J. 1985. Pool relining with ferrocement. Concrete International 7(10) : 19-22. ferrocement /linings/ renovating/ swimming pools/ tanks (containers) /tunnels 352 Journal of Ferrocement: -Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Reinhorn, A.M., and Prawel, S.P. 1986. Ferrocement in a large shaking table. Journal of Structural Engineering 112(2) : 401-416. applications / ferrocemei1t /plates / shaking tables U.S.A.

FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES

Steel Fiber Composites

Bentur, A., and Diamond, S. 1985. Cracking processes in steel fiber reinforced cement paste. In The Building Research Station, Publications, 1985, 43-55, (ed. M. Paciuk). Technion: Israel Institute of Technology. cement pasies / cracking (fracturing) /fiber reinforced cements /fracture / microstructure / steel fibers

Bentur, A., and Diamond, S. 1985. Crack patterns in steel fiber reinforced cement paste. In Building Research Station, Publications, 1985. 35-42. (ed. M. Paciuk). Technion : Israel Institute of Technology. cracks /.fiber reinforced cements /fracture / steel fibers

Bentur, A.; Diamond, S.; and Mindess, S. 1985. The microstructure of the steel fiber-cement interface. In The Building Research Station, Publications, 1985. 55-65, (ed. M. Paciuk). Technion: Israel Institute of Technology. cracks /.fiber reinforced cements / microstructure / steel fibers

Bentur, A.; Mindess, S.; and Diamond, S. 1985. Pull-out processes in steel fiber reinforced cement. In The Building Research Station, Publications, 1985, 66-47, (ed. M. Paciuk). Tech­ nion: Israel Institute of Technology. cracks/ fiber reinforced cements /pullout tests /steel fibers

Gopalaratnam, V.S., and Shah S.P. 1987. Tensile failure of steel fiber-reinforced mortar. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 113(5) : 635-652. failure/ fiber reinforced concrete /fractures (materials)/ pullout tests/ steel.fibers/ tension tests U.S.A.

Misa, J.S. 1987. Fracture Behaviour of Cementitious Materials with Randomly Oriented Short Steel Fibers, M.Eng. Thesis. Asian Inetitute of Technology, Bangkok (130 pp). beams (supports) /fiber reinforced mortars /fracture mechanics/ steel fibers/ J-integral Thailand

Narayanan, R., and Darwish, I.Y.S. 1987. Punching shear tests on steel-fiber-reinforced micro-concrete slabs. Magazine of Concrete Research 39(138) : 42-50. fiber reinforced concrete / shear strength / slabs / steel fibers Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 353

Natural and Organic Fiber Composites

Indian Standards Institution (New Delhi, India). 1983. Specification for Corrugated Coir, Woodwool, Cement Roofing Sheets. 12 pp. New Delhi: Indian Standards Institution. cements / corrugated roofing /plant fibers / spec!fications / wood India

Shafiq, N. 1987. Durability of Natural Fibers in Mortar Containing Rice Husk Ash, M. Eng. Thesis. Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok (121 pp). durability/ fiber reinforced mortars/ mortars (material) /naturalfibers/ pozzolans /rice husk ash Thailand

Coutts, R.S.P., and Warden, P.G. 1987. Air-cured abaca reinforced cement composites. The International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 9(2) : 69-73. abacafiber I composite materials/ density/ fiber reinforced cement/ flexural strength/ fracture properties/ natural fibers J porosity /water absorption Australia

Simatupang, M.H., and Lange, H. 1987. Lignocellulosic and plastic fibers for manufacturing of fiber cement boards. The Internatinnal Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 9(2) : 109-112. accelerated tests I durability/ elastic modulus/ fiber boards/ fiber reinforced cements/ flexural strength J mechanical properties/ plant fibers/ polypropylene fibers / weathering Federal Republic of Germany

Polymer Composites

Chandra, S., and Arwidson, M. 1982. Influence of polymer dispersions on cement mortars. In Nordic Concrete Research, Publication No. 1, 3.1-3.1~. Oslo: The Nordic Concrete Federation. air entrainment / cements / mechanical properties / mortars (material) /physical properties / polymers Sweden

General Avery, W.B., and Herakovich, C.T. 1986. Effect of fiber anisotropy on thermal stresses in fibrous composites. Journal of Applied Mechanics 53(751). analysis / composite materials /fiber / stress distribution / thermal loading U.S.A. Li, V.C., and Leung, C.K.Y. 1987. Experimental determination of the tension-softening relations for cementitious composites. Cement and Concrete Research 17(3) : 441-452. cements / composite materials /fiber reinforced cements /fracture I mortars (material) / I-integral U.S.A. 354 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Singh, B., and Majumdar, A.J. 1987. The effect of sand addition on the properties of GRC T.he International Journal of Cement Composites and Lighiweight Concrete 9(2) : 75-79. density / drying shrinkage / elastic modulus /fiber reinforced cements / glass fibers / impact strength /strains / stresses / tensile strength / weathering U.K.

GENERAL

Technology Transfer

Layton, S. 1987. Business -A way of transferring technology. In Proc. o.fThird International Conference on Rain Water Cistern Systems, El-1 to El-12. K.hon Kaen : Khon Kaen Universi­ ty. ferrocement / glass fibers / molds / technology transfer / water tanks Papua New Guinea Journal of Ferroame11r : Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 355

IFIC NEWS

AIT Gold Medal Award

His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej receiving the AlT Gold Medal Award from AIT President Alastair North.

His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand was awarded the first AIT Gold Medal Award on July 21, 1987. The award was in recognition of His Majesty's outstanding leadership in rural development. The award consisted of a gold medal, depicting a rural scene of His Majesty with his subjects, and a monetary donation to be used for His Majesty's rural development projects. In association with the donation the institute offered its assistance to selected projects of His Majesty through provision of expertise and facilities. 356 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

The AIT Gold Medal Award.

The Institute hopes to offer the award in the future to other persons who have shown outstanding leadership, and personal dedication in rural development. The award would not be made annually, but occasionally and only to persons of such stature and achievement as could fittingly be listed after His Majesty.

During the visit of His Majesty on July 21 , 1987. lFIC set up an exhibit oo ferrocement technology and IFIC activities.

Award in Science and Technology in Asia

The Asian Institute of Technology (AlT) bas been selected by the US Government's National Research Council and Agency for Tnternational Development (USAJD) for an award in recognition of its significant and sustained contributions to science and teclf:" nology for international development. The award was presented at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington DC on June 22. Seven other institutions based in the United Professor Alastair North receiving the award. States and in developing countries were awarded. The awards are non-monetary. applications of knowledge, development of AIT President, Prof. Alastair North, received human resources in science and technology, the citation on behalf of the Institute. and other contributions to seek ways by which The award-winning institutions are being science and technology can help improve the cited for their important efforts in research, lives of people in the developing countries. Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 357

I•••' n.~1 ~ 1.'fJ'),.__ . 1."lu1•· .. 1.1•1

The Certificate.

international and non-profit making edu­ 'Iii Jic/l\sian Institute f 'TCch11ol1~lY. cational institution. (AITJ, located in f8a113kok; T1iadand, mr From an initial batch of 18 Thai, Pakistani examplt.ef a'lhird Worf.J regional and Filipino students enrolled in hydraulic engineering, AIT has, as of April 1987, cmttref e~cellence, in pof&raduato produced 3,991 graduates from 31 countries its in Asia,. Africa, and the Pacific. An AIT education. which, tfinm_glz trai11i1~q alummi tracer study conducted last year ef sc.itntilfs and en.3 inursjvm 'ltsi1m indicates that all but a few (3.5 per cent) of AIT ·graduates have ignored the pull of th~ countries, has effoct;vtly trnneflrrcd West and have stayed within Asia to becom~\ induibial teclmolo!Jy and ski! ls to urgently needed technocrats. tfit dc.vdJ'i'!J rworlL Higher education at AIT is balanced bet­ ween classical engineering and management fields, and an inter-disciplinary approach to The Citation. solving current and emerging technological problems. The US award to AIT reflects the Institute's continuing growth ·and success since its Science Fair establishment in 1959. By special legislation of the Royal Thai Government, the Institute His Majesty the King accompanied by was chartered in 1967 as an independent, Their Royal Highnesses Princess Galyani 358 Jo11rnal of Ferrocement: Vol: 17, No. 4, Oc1oher 1987

Vadhana and Princess Maha Chakri Sirind­ science fair i!> lo introduce new technology to horn opened a science progress exhibition at the public. the King Mongkut Tn stilule of Technology at More than 300 local and foreign items were Lad Krabang Campus. The objective of the on display al the exhibition held 16-22 June 1987. LFIC poster exhibit on ferrocement attracted many visitors. The main attractions were a model house and the ferrocement canoes.

IFIC poster exhibits attracted many visitors.

A ferrocemcnt low-cost house.

ACI Award

The Chapter Activities Award of the American Concrete Institute has been presented to Dr. George C. Hoff, senior associate e ngineer, Mobile Research and Development Corporation, Dallas, Texas. He was cited for outstanding service as The students explain the construction procedure of a ferroccment canoe. chairman of the Chapter Activities Com­ mittee. contributing significantly to chapter growth worldwide, and his strong leadership and communication efforts in local chapters.

Dr. HotT served as chairman of the Activ­ ities Committee of ACI for five years. The institute currently has 72 local chapters worldwide.

George C. Hoff is J FlC consultant and resource speaker.

Shah Named NA TO Senior Fellow

Surendra P. Shah, professor of civil en­ The vi~itors were treated to a ferrocement canoe ride. gineering and director of the Center for Joumaf of Ferror:e111e111 : Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 359

G.::omalerials in the Technological Institute of Northwestern University, Evanston, 11- li nois, received a NATO senior guest fellow­ ship that enabled him to travel to France to lecture and conduct research. Professor Shah left December3and returned in early January. He collaborated with three research institu­ tions in France: Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris; Laboratoire de Mechanique et Technologie, Cachan: and the Institute National des Sciences Appliquees. Toulouse. The Students looking at the exhibit.

The Students at the Ferrocement Par!..

Professor Surendra Snah. REFER ENCE CENTER NEWS Professor Shah, a specialist in building materials technology, is the author of nume­ T he Nong Khai Industrial and Boat­ rous papers on ferrocement. Currenlty he building T raining Centre. lFIC Reference is a member of the Editorial Board of the Center, has announced senior management Journal of Ferrocement promotion. Mr. Songsawat Tiphyakongka formerly I FlC VISITORS deputy director of Khon Kaen Technical College has been appointed as director. He Forty-seven final year civil engineering succeeds Mr. Jaded Paosopa who is now students and faculty of the RoyaJ Thai Air director of Taloung Technical College, Sara­ Force Academy led by Group Captain Prasit buri. Mr. Tiphyakongka has a B.Ed. in Pongprudhanon visited IFIC last 13 May Industrial Engineering. major in mechanical 1987. The students were given a lecture on engineering. fe rrocement and its applications. and a de­ monstration on the construction of a ferro­ Mr. Fissanu Chongpaiboonsawat succeeds cement canoe. They visited also the I FlC Mr. Surasak Arporntewan as assistant posters and publications exhibit and the director. Mr. Arporntewan is now deputy Ferrocement Park. director of Yasothorn Technical College. 360 Journal of Ferroceme111 . Vol. 17. No. 4, October 1987

The construction was at La Choltierc in the Vendee area of western France, where a large water catchment programme has been under­ taken. A central feature was to be the reser­ vior at La Cholitiere. The technique finally agreed for this installation was to build the reservoir as a huge water tower. to hold 5000 m3 of waler in a trough-shaped vat on a 50 m high tower some 6.5 min diameter. The work was entrusted to the Enterprise of Public Works of the West (ETPO) who sug­ Mr. Songsawat Tiphyakongka. gested having a prestressed concrete structure utilising the techniques developed by Frey­ ssinet International. To have built the huge tower with its trough container in the final position of SO m high, would have entailed costly scaffolding, difficult concrete pouring and much complicated site management. f-RANCE lt was therefore decided to build the trough at the tower base and lift the 2400 tonne Raising a Water Tower structure into its final position. To maintain To avoid the construction complications the horizontal plane of the trough during of building a huge water trough reservoir hoisting, three TV monitors were used in the high above ground, a French project built control system. Several precautions had to be the 2400 tonne trough near ground level. It taken prior to the lift, including load tests on was then raised by crane and hydraulic jacks the suspension cables of 1.5 times the load up its central shaft into its final position calculated for the actual lifting. After the lift, 50 m above ground. which was carried out in three stages. the

The three phase lifting process. Jouma/ of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 361 interior ring of the trough was fixed and sealed converge at district level (an administrative to the exterior of the tower. area in India). All schemes are therefore implemented by only one agency i.e., the (Building Research and Practice: The Journal District RuralDevelopmentAgency(DRDA). of CIB Vol. 14, No. 2. March-April 1987). This also involves training of local youth (TRYCEM) to work on retainers basis for advancement and servicing of technology INDIA and for providing feedback to the managers ofrural development and to the generators of Technology Integration with Rural Develop­ technology. Keeping in view the importance ment Schemes of above linkages, guidelines for integrated . Drinking water supply in rural areas forms planning, implementation and coordination one of the important components of the Rural of all these programmes with rainwater har­ Development programme oflndia. It aims at vesting ·for drinking purposes have been covering I 00 % "problem" villages under drawn. These guidelines also include in­ drinking water supply by the year 1990 and stitutional, financial and management support preventing water scarcity conditions in other required and the scope of involvement of villages. The ongoing Rural Development voluntary agencies. The integration of rain­ Schemes covering various aspects of drinking water harvesting programme with rural water supply in Tndia include the following: development is also essential particularly to low income group (rural poor). To this end, • Minimum Needs Programme (MNP); efforts are made first to generate resources • Accelerated Rural Water Supply Pro­ and increase the income level of the beneficia­ gramme (ARP); ries to help them use this income to install/ • Desert Area Development Programme adopt one of the available drinking water (DADP); technologies. • Drought Prone Area Programme Water has no substitute. There is, there­ (OPAP); fore, need to harness all possible resources especially for those staying in drought prone • Rural Landless Employment Guarantee areas, hilltops and arid and semi-arid Programme (RLEGP); regions. Harvesting rainwater for drinking • Development of Women and Children purposes is one such avenue, practised in in Rural Areas (DWCRA); and some of the "problem" villages in India . • Training of Rural Youth for Self-Em­ ployment (TRYCEM). ~Lldreinforcedwithlwochlclr.en Gravel or sandy : : mesh layer and 3 mm diarrieter GI

~~i:,,~.,~~~~dct~~d -+; .- ~Goornm-t--_~:~~~mouth of jar ( 600 mm) The schemes cover resource generation, BOmm-l , , - employment/work opportunity and earning potential, supply of inputs, technology trans­ fer, training for operation and maintenance, Plastic film (LOPE) water testing and water/health education. B mm thick I: 6 cement : sand mortar plaster done over moist All these activities broadly form the part of an Qroundsurfoce integrated rural development approach. The Cut in Desire T~o layer& of 26oouoe1\ wtre mesh , profile-Preferably 3 mm diameter 300 mm. ';') input of different government departments in shape of ~3 boll( hemisphere) or a port of it, centre , ,, viz, Health, Education, Science & Technofogy. ,, , Engineering, Ground Water Board, Tribal Ferrocement rainwater jar of 1000 liter capacity, Development and Rural Development. etc., cost US$82 in 1985 including unskilled labour cost. 362 Journal of Ferroce1111111t: Vol. 17, No. 4, Ocroher 1987

This, however, required application of im­ (CSC)/UNCHS (Habitat) Workshop the year proved techniques and new technologies for before had also stressed the need for concerted prevention of seepage losses and maintenance efforts to tackle the lack of standards for of quality of water stored in village ponds indigenous building materials. and cisterns. The lining of pond-basin with low density polyethelene film, and the cistern It is against this background that the same with ferroemcent and the use of ferrocement two bodies together with the African Regional water tanks or jars have been found tech­ Organization for Standardization (ARSO), nically feasible, economically viable, socially and the United Nations Industrial Develop­ acceptable and environmentally sound. Such ment Organization (UNIDO), held a Work­ applications also generated employment shop on Standards and Specifications for opportunities locally. Use of chlorine tablets/ Local Building Materials, from 16 to 20 ampoules for disinfection and installation of March 1987 in Nairobi, Kenya. This colla­ hand pumps for drawing water to avoid borative effort will assist countries in the external contamination to the stored water African region of the Commonwealth to supplemented the efforts to water sanitation. review the current situation in order to Waterproofing of thatch roofs and energy identify constraints, to provide guidelines plantation are some other complimentary for formulating standards, and to establish technologies. While these inputs bridged the a network among participating agencies so structural and water treatment inadequacies, that they might continue to collaborate in these require extensive demonstration and standards formulation. education to the beneficiaries especially the The participants discussed country expe­ womenfolk. The exhortation and participa­ riences of constraints to formulating stan­ tion do not work especially if these are aimed dards, reviewed case studies of approaches at people who live on the margin of subsist­ to the task, and discussed field experiences ence. They need to be helped to come up in terms of motivation, institutional arrange­ the poverty line and be capable of adopting ments, methodology adopted, promotion of new techniques. wide-scale use of the standards, and ·lessons to be learned. In addition to recommenda­ (Srivastara, J.N. 1987. Technologies for tions, the workshop produced a technical preventing seepage and maintaining potability report on approaches and methodologies to of rainwater in rural ponds and cisterns in. the formulation of standards and specifica­ India. In Proceedings of the Third Inter­ tions for certain local building materials, plus national Conference on Rainwater Cistern a volume on standards and specifications for Systems. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen Unii'ersity). the network of government agencies dealing with indigenous building materials produc­ KENYA tion.

Workshop on Standards and Specifications for (UNCHS Habitat News, December 1986). Local Building Materials Earth Construction Technologies in Developing At the ninth session of the Commission on Countries Human Settlements, delegates discussed the small-scale production of building materials, The UNCHS stressed the importance of emphasizing the need to formulate standards soil analysis in construction technology, and in order to promote local building materials. various technologies for the production of A joint Commonwealth Science Council clay-based building materials: rammed earth, Jo11n/{// o(Ff!rfl/<'Nlli'llf' V11/ . 17, :Vu . -1 , ()c1oh<'r /IJX7 36.1 adobe and compressed blocks. The surface Cement Products: Economil:al and Sa fe for protection of earth walls is essential to avo id National Development.,. tyrical defects in earth dwellings: here con­ The meetings. which artracted over 500 ventional renderings and soil as a rendering people in seven Malaysian cities, were material were considered. A number of launched in Kuala Lumpur. the capital, by actions need to be taken for the wide-scale Minister of Science. Technology and the adoption of earth construction technology. Environment. Datuk Amar Stephen Yong. These include technology transfer. the for­ mulation of standards--and refonnulation ( Asbl'stos. l'ol. 2 No. I ). of regul atory i nstru men rs such as regulations and codes. granting of access to credit, Extension Work capital ttnd raw materials. and institutional The ferroctment tank v. ith a capacity of support for such promotion . 1800 liters was built in Sembeling. Sg. Petani, Kedah last February I 987. The tank was ( UNCHS Hahiwt News. Di•cember 1986) . built under the supervision of Dr. Zakaria Amin of the University Sains Malaysia. MALAYS IA

Asbestos-Cement Asb(!stos-cement is an important national . To this end some Slates like Pa hang have even developed incentive programs aimed at attrac­ ting both domestic and foreign investors. Dr. Zakaria explains the advantages offerroccment tank co the vi llagers. Moreover. the Malaysian Government has l:Slablished a major program for building a ( !11jormatio11 and photographji'om Dr.Zakaria large number of low-cost housing units in Amin. University Sains Malaysia J. the coming years. Asbestos-cement. particu­ larly corrugated plates used for roofing, is a NETHERLANDS preferred material for the type of construction planned. Drop on a Hot Plate In 1985, the last year fo r which statistics '' Drop on a hot plate" is the Dutch trans­ arc available, Malaysia imported nearly larion for the saying ''a drop in the ocean". 20,000 tonnes of asbestos fibres for its Th is sculpture piece is made of ferrocement processing plants. and measures 5 m high, 4 m long and 3 m II was in this context that the Malaysian wide. It is partially covered with painted Section of tbe South Pacific Asbestos Associ­ corten-steel plates. Except being a piece of ation recently organized a series of meetings art. the body can be used as children's play und seminars around the theme: "Asbestos- room. The body is accessible by three steel 364 Journal of Ferroceme11t: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

doors. It has different levels inside and a mon Province reached an estimated 1.80 units. number of stairs, also made of ferrocement. Although this output is small given the need The body is constructed without moulds. for this type of product and the employment created by its production, the output of the Six layers of wire netting and two layers of skeletal steel formed 13 main rafters. The VIRTU programme has to be viewed in rafters could be removed without disturbing relationship to the overall production of the form of the wire netting. The armature ferrocement tanks in Papua New Guinea. No was plastered with cement, and cured for other programme is producing ferrocement ,. one month. After a drying period of three tanks on the same scale as the North Solo­ months, it was painted with epoxy. mons programme. Although at this time no annual figures are available on the total The sculpture was constructed in a neigh­ number of ferrocement tanks constructed bourhood park with the assistance of 45 in Papua New Guinea, it is likely that, for unemployed volunteers from the same neigh­ this type of tank, the VIRTU programme bourhood. The title of the sculpture is a accounts for 40 % to 50 % of the total num­ reference to the recent time of worldwide ber produced. This figure is significant decay. given that the North Solomons is only one of the 20 provinces in Papua New Guinea. (lnformationfrom F.C. Haan, PB 2263 En­ schede, Netherlands). If real and meaningful rural development is to take place, that development has not only to be identified by rural people; it also has to SOUTH PACIFIC be implemented by them. Many so-called development programmes identify a rural Business - Way of Transferring Technology problem and design a project to respond to The VIRTU (Village Industry Research that problem. In many cases this response and Training Unit) ferrocement tank making means additional work for rural families who process and equipment "package" was deve­ already have a full workload. loped to a stage were, it was possible to create viable small-scale businesses around The VIRTU programme has illustrated that this technology. The package was offered to by using rural based small-scale industries would-be entrepreneurs on the basis that and well designed products it is possible to training in the skills needed to construct tanks create employment and to contribute to the would be provided by the VIR TU government overall development process by supplying supported programme. But the cost of all basic commodities to rural families. The the equipment and materials would have to be success of the VIRTU programme has also met by the interested entrepreneurs. In many meant that other products are now being cases it was possible for these entrepreneurs reviewed with the aim of looking into the to utilize government and non-government possibilities of their commercial production rural development support schemes to assist by small-scale rural industries. in the share capital requirements needed to start such a business. But even in such cases (Layton, S. 1987. Business - A way of trans­ around 50 % of the share capital would be ferring technology. In Proceedings of the increased by the rural entrepreneurs. Third International Cotiference :on Rainwater In 1985 the production of the VIRTU Cistern Systems. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen designed ferrocement tank in the North Solo- University). Joumal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 365

Water Supply Projects which are transported or cast on-site and then mortared and abutted together around their Water supply projects run by government, rims. non-governmental and international organi­ zations exist in almost every country in the Another "conventional" type of ferroce­ South Pacific. Ferrocement tank was ment water tank was chosen as part of the selected as an alternative to the previous Technology Programme of the Institute of inefficient collection systems. Ferrocements Rural Development (IRD). Potential prob­ tanks are now being constructed in most lems with the provision and/or transportation islands, usually as part of non-governmental and use of the formwork with which such , projects. tanks are typically constructed prompted the examination of alternative ways of con­ The ferrocement tanks found in the South structing a vertical cylinder ferrocement Pacific fall into two categories: those con­ tank. Based on typical household sizes and structed as a vertical cylinder around form­ drought conditions across the South Pacific, work in a more-or-less "conventional" a tank volume of 6000 litres was chosen, manner, and those assembled from sections with approximate dimensions of 2 m dia­ cast in more elaborate moulds. Most of the tanks built by small businesses are of meter and 2 m wall height. Three innova­ the first type, together with about half of tions were adapted for this type. those built as part of water supply projects. The first innovation was then used in The other category consists of different types plastering the tank. Rather than have the of tanks built along modular lines. operators inside and outside the tank using The basic or "conventional" type of water trowels (fl.oats) to apply the mortar, working tank is usually built with capacities ranging opposite each other, a piece of fl.at but easily bendable galvanised sheet steel of around 600 from 5000 to 15 000 litres. This type of tank I has been built for many years around the mm x 000 mm, with two handles affixed world, particularly in New Zealand, and has to one side, was used as movable formwork. Two operators stand inside the tank and hold generally been found to be durable and eco­ the sheet, whilst two other operators stand nomical. The only problem that has been outside, and plaster onto the mesh· and wire, experienced in the South Pacific has arisen with the sheet behind. When one area is from poor quality control and ill-advised plastered, the sheet is gently slid around and economy such as the reduction of cost by the up the tank walls for further plastering. This use of mortars that are too weak (in cement approach makes plastering easier - onto a content), leading to unsound tanks that have larger area - and requires only the application subsequently cracked. of mortar from outside the tank. One modular type, propagated by the The second innovation then concerns the World Health Organization (WHO) in the structure of the tank roof. Rather than South Pacific, is a cubic tank of 5000 litres, fixing the roofreinforcement of weldmesh and assembled from square panels approximately chicken wire again onto the roof, thereby 20 mm thick and reinforcement using a necessitating the use of internal formwork to lattice of wire and 15 mm steel pins. The tank plaster, the roof is partly finished off the tank. is manufactured at a central location and then The weldmesh is cut into a square qf correct transported to site, where the edges ar~ wired size. A radial cut is then made into the centre, together and plastered. Another type consists and the mesh pulled over itself and wired of two similar deep bowl-shaped modules together, thereby forming a cone, which is 366 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 the shape of the roof. A hole is cut out for the tanks are best suited to the South Pacific. tank filling port/inspection hatch and the The tanks are environmentally durable, cost­ whole area is covered inside and out with effective, relatively easy to construct using chicken wire, and trimmed into a circle of basic hand tools and available materials, and" sufficient size to slightly overlap the tank. require little if any maintenance. If repair does become neces·sary, it is usually fairly A third innovation consists of a· mound of sand or soil which is then formed to the straightforward and readily accomplished. exact shape of the conical roof. This mound The importance of good extension work is covered with polythene sheet and the cannot be underrated in any rural develop­ roof is placed on it. Using this makeshift ment activities, particularly in isolated, "formwork" the roof is then plastered with sealocked areas such as the South Pacific. a single coat of mortar. When the mortar Good extension services are essential to is dry the roof is removed and a finishing identify areas of need, and then to organise coat of mortar is applied to the inside of the and implement water supply and tank roof. ;When dry, the roof is then affixed to installation projects. Good extension work the tank, trimmed, and the edge joints given therefore includes the choice of best techno­ three coats of plaster, as elsewhere. The logy, given local conditions of isolation, roof hole is cleanly finished and the roof is transportation difficulties and limited local given ·a final coat of plaster. A hole cover materials and skills. Frequently, however, is cast, consisting of a ring to overlap the these considerations are given inadequate attention, and this is a reason why water Table 1 Cost Comparison in 1986. supply projects have encountered problems. Training in the construction offerrocement . Material Volume M ater1a 1 . tanks is relatively straightforward, as has Tank (litre) cost (US$) cost per umt volume (US$) been shown by the training-of-trainers work­ shops held in Tonga, where over fifty women Conven- 6800 147 0.0216 rural development workers from the South tional (nominal) Pacific have been trained in tank making. The underlying rationale in these training WHO 5000 117 0.0235 programmes has been the placing of skills (actual) and techniques in the hands of end-users, or IRD 6300 160 0.0254 the trainers of end-users, as it has been found (actual) that technology training can be of limited use in the wrong hands. The end-users of most water in island villages are women and roof hole, with central hole incorporating women are mainly responsible for water a plastic filter screen. collection. Women are also generally the extension workers to, or trainers of, other Material costs include overhead but ex­ cludes equipment cost and labour cost. women. Labour costs are US$ 67 for the conventional (Marjoram, T. 1987. Rural Water Supply in tank and US$54 for the IRD tank. No data the South Pacific. In Proceedings of the Third is available for the WHO tank. International Conference on Rainwater Cistern It has been found that ferrocement water Systems. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen Universily). Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 367

SRI LANKA Input fr6m Government staff is therefore reduced to the initial technical advice and a Housing Information Services series of short visits during the construction The National Housing Development Au­ process. thority (NHDA) with the help of a UNCHS Another part of the same programme (Habitat) consultant, established a commu­ consists of community workshops to formu­ nity-based information system, whereby in­ late community building guidelines. These formation would be produced in the field in workshops bring together the community partnership with the communities to meet development councils from the area and directly the problems encountered. The first NHDA staff, who discuss issues of interest issue tackled was that of house construction, identified by residents. Norms and procedures in order to help householders to plan their covering, e.g. the permissible use of plots, spending, make savings possible, and reduce relationship with neighbours, or management costly building errors. of common spaces, are established and then Consequently a "householder file" was disseminated to each householder file by produced and distributed to each family in means of a simple stencil duplicating machine selected project areas. The file, contained in a operated on site. The enforcement of proce­ strong plastic bag to allow for safe storage, dures and norms is then entrusted to the addresses a series of issues which were communities. identified as having primary importance in This system is to be extended in the near an initial series of community workshops : fut:ure to 10,000 households; its effectiveness how to use the plot space, house design and both in terms of ensuring affordable house services construction materials, building in· construction and community management in stages and organization and procurement of applying acceptable building guidelines will materials. The first step is to help families in be assessed before broader application is the preparation of a basic bill of quantities, undertaken. in relation to the proposed house design. The value of the experience, if successful, This is done by filling-in a set of forms contained in the file, with the help ofan NHDA is the demonstration of ,the potential of officer who uses a schedule of building rates to project support communication techniques in calculate expenditures. (These rates will be achieving a direct role for communities in the revised and updated regularly.) Expenditures consolidation and management of shelter, in are calculated according to the four loan reducing Government intervention and in. installments, which are linked to stages of helping fulfill the ambitious targets of large­ house construction (foundation, walls, roof, scale programmes .. floor). (UNCHS Habitat News, December 1986). This simple operation undertaken at the time of issuing the loan is expected to provide the basis for a sound and cost-effective THAILAND construction process. Other forms in the file are to be regularly filled-in by the householder Chulabhorn Ferrocement Pleasure Boat to record the stages of procurement, The Nongkhai Boatbuilding Training expenditure and progress in construction. Center was commissioned by the Electricit 368 Journal of Ferroceme111 : Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Generating Authodty of Thailand to build a deck. The two hulls were fastened by 76.2 mm 52-seat saloon pleasure boat to be used in x 152.4 mm channel bars at J .0 ru on centers. Nam Prom Dam, Chaiya Phume Province. The Chulabhom ferrocement pleasure The catamaran type of boat was adapted boat is equipped with two truck-type diesel with ferrocement hull. engines with 6 cylinders and 90 HP ; four batteries of 12 V and 175 A/ H; 52 gallons drinking water, 104 gallons fresh water, 2 hand wenches and 50 kg anchor. The boat has a water closet in the lower deck and a wheel house on the sun deck.

The cost of Chulabhom ferrocement pleasure boat is about 1,200,000 baht (USS 48,000.00).

Ferrocemeot for Car Repairs A 30 year old car was repaired using fer- The two ferrocement hulls supporting the wooden rocement. The owner is very much satisfied superstructure.

The ferrocement catamaran bull with round bilge bas the following dimensions : overall length = 14.00 m, breadth = 6.80 m, depth = 1.20 m and draft = 0.80 m. The hull under the deck is divided into four parts by transverse watertight bulkhead and the following are the ferocement elements of the boat : 152.4 mm x 101.6 mm keel; 44.45 mm bulkhead; 133.4mm x 50.8 mm deck beam; 63.5 mmx 76.2 mm frame; 44.45 mm shell and 38. I m One view of the repair work.

The 52 seat saloon is equipped with water closet in lower deck and a wheel house on sun deck. A close-up of the repair. Joumal of Ferroctment: Vol. 17, No. 4, Ocrober 1987 369 with his innovative application of fcrro­ The technology used for this rural demon­ cement. stration house is simple, labour- but not capital intensive, relatively low-cost and high ( Information and photographs from Dr. R. standard. The production and application Glandinn. Associate Director, Library and of three "new" building components were Regional Documemion Center, Asian Institute introduced. of Technology) . /111erlocki11g Soil Cement Block Rural Demonstration House The interlocking soil cement block used in A rural demonstration bouse was built last this project is derived from the previously May in Chumpuang District, Nakhon Rat­ developed Lok Brik (originally developed by chasima Province. The house was built on Dr. B. Etherington, AIT). The blocks are public land in Village 6 ofChumpuang Land produced by means of a manually operated Reform Area, 370 km from the capitaJ, machine I hrough compression of lateritic Bangkok. The area, which covers mainly soil mixed with cement and water. The blocks arid highland with lateritic soil conditions, are used in the construction of load bearing has severe problems of water supply. poor walls eliminating conventional mortar bed infrastructure and limited social facilities. construction techniques in favour of a more Most people are farmers growing cassava simple assembly process by mechanical jnter­ having an average net income of 3,000.00 lock. baht per year. The main aim oft he project was to demon­ strate alternatives in terms of design and building technology at affordable costs, while stimulating mutual aid and self-help capa­ bilities. At the same time, this project is also integrating some of the national policy goals with regard to rural development. A low­ cost solution is being proposed lo ease pro­ blems of sanitation and water supply. People are also being trained to produce building materials under cooperative management so that they can generate additionaJ income. The overall project management including organization of training activities and institutional set-up of the project, the house design and the site supervision were under­ taken by Mr. Paul Jacobus and Ms. Marleen lterbeke, staff of Post Graduate Centre Human Settlements of the University of Leuven, Belgium (PGCHS-KULeuven) in collaboration with the Human Settlements Development Division of AIT (HSD-AIT) in cooperation with other housing institutions Villagers were trained to construct safe, economical in Thailand. foundations to support the load bearing walls. 370 Journal of Ferroceme111 : Vol. 17, No. 4. October 1987

111terlocki11g Concrete Door/ Window Frame (Lok Dor/Lok Windo)

Interlocking, pre hung and reinforced con­ crete frames were applied to avoid problems or correct installation and modular coordina­ tion. The frame is cast integrally with door or window so that a pre hung and qukk assembly is possible. The cost of~ concrete frame can be up to three times less than that of a wooden frame.

No special construction skill is needed lo assemble the interlocking soil cement blocks.

Prefabricated Concrete Joists (Lok Flor)

Light prefabricated concrete joists with very economical dimensions were used in­ stead of the conventional. more expensive and less durable wooden joists.

On site prefabricated concrete joists were used Villagers given intensive training with the new instead of the more expensive and less durable building components such as interlocking wooden joists. concrete window fiames.

On the joists, a 60 mm concrete ftoor can The rural demonstration house was de­ be cast with the use of light, re-useable signed in accordance with contemporary Thai wooden formwork eliminating the need for rural lifestyle in the project area. The two­ scaffolding. The cost of this floor construc­ storey structure wih a 42.5 m2 net surface tion system may be two to three times area provides two bedrooms, a multifunc­ cheaper compared with conventional timber tional living room, a bathroom and an open flooring. kitchen. Journal of Ferroceme11t: Vol. 17. No. 4. Ortober 1987 371

The overall cost or the house, excluding U.K. labour, is 24,600.00 baht (approx. USS 950.00). In case the self-help component or Cathodic Protection the production and construction process is Site trials and research projects are currently replaced by hired labour, the cost is estimated underway in North America and Europe to at 35,000.00 baht. (approx. USS 1352.00). test the effectiveness of cathodic protection in stopping corrosion of steel rei nforccment. The process has attracted growing attention over the last two years as owners of concrete buildings and structures have sought an urgent solution to the burgeoning legacy of chloride attack. Many approaches have sprung up ranging from concrete paints to buried electrodes conducting a low, continuous current. Bridge decks and columns, ·retaining walls and car­ parks are being examined though many people remain suspicious of the technique and the Rear view of the house. complex electrochemistry involved. One major investigation is being carried out in Europe, funded jointly by the Eu ropean Community and by contractors and manu­ facturers of cathodic protection systems.

Studies are being coordinated by Dr. Bernt Isaeka of West Germany's Federal Institute for Materials Research & Testing. The pro­ gramme started about a year ago and has three more years to run. The aim is to develop standard methods and criteria for evaluating cathodic protection. l saeka also wants to Front view of the demonstration house. determine how the technique is affected by different types of concrete, levels of electrical conductivity and currents. The investment costs including mainly the purchase of the block-making machine. the l saeka's team has been evaluating cathodic door, window and joist moulds as well as the protection of a diaphragm wall in West Ber­ formwork do not exceed 50,000.00 baht lin where concrete was seriously damaged by (approx. USS 1931.00). Furthermore, no deicing salts. Over the past year the treated specialised equipment or tools are needed for structure appears to have been performing the construction or the house. well with no shrinkage cracks. Around 200 bridge decks in the United For more information, please contact : States have had cathodic protection installed Ms. Marleen ltcrbeke/Mr. Paul Jacobus and a further 100 are expected to be treated AIT/ HSD, G.P.0. Box 2754 over the next 12 months. Trials are currently Bangkok 10501 , Thailand underway in the UK to apply the process to 372 Joumal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

vertical structures such as the columns of then applying a mortar lining followed by a viaducts arid bridges. Test sites include the hand trowelled finish. Tay bridge in Scotland, the Tyne tunnel and the troubled Midland Links motorway inter­ Each panel is made up of twice folded change. mesh with a layer of chicken wire in between Plastic spacers are incorporated to maintain Chlorides tend to occur in concrete through a minimum gap between wall and steel of IO the use of deicing salts, chloride contaminated mm, and the nails serve merely to hold the aggregate or the now discontinued practice of panels in place for grouting, having no adding calcium chloride during construction. structural role as such.

The presence of chloride ions in concrete Comprising of river bed pebbles in a encourages the iron in reinforcing steel to cement matrix, the original crown material oxidise forming rust. :Puring this process simply crumbles to the touch. The aggregate the steel is acting as an anode, or electron is badly graded, in places exceeding 100 mm donator. The basis of cathodic protection in diameter, and preventing a fixing in the is to reverse the situation and force the rein­ crown. Large stones were merely left at forcing bars to perform as cathodes or right angles in the masonry nails. electron acceptors. The solution was to make the planks longer, so that the ends could be sprung Available techniques span a wide range of against the edge of the concrete segments used costs, speed of application and working for the invert lining. The mesh is then wired lifetimes. on to the planks, and the spacers added to Much of the research is currently focused prevent contact between mesh and wall. The on systems employing an electrical current : resulting framework is stiff and ready for these are seen as likely to provide the longest grouting. lasting solution to concrete which is already In the 1960s a segmental ring brick lined decaying. sewer was built parallel to the older one, and is conveniently carrying flow diverted during (Searle, D. 1987. Current work gains chloride the repair. Current repairs with Ruswroe credibility. Construction Today. June: 37). can be finished within six weeks with min­ imum disruption. Crown Relining Ruswroe is certainly fast. It is also some In a corner of Bexley Wood in south east 30 % less expensive than conventional tech­ London, much used by people walking dogs niques. Alphacrete's contract for the crown and children on bicycles, a sewer built in the relining is worth around £ 26, 000 which puts 1870s is being relined. And the only signs of the cost at less than £ 125 per linear metre. any work being carried out are a fenced off manhole and an enclosure tucked away (Civil Engineering, April 1987). between the trees, filled with wire mesh.

Ruswroe was first used in the repair of a New Code for Efficiency in Housing · major London sewer, and has since featured Essential guidance for all those involved in in a number of projects such as the Lark­ the provision and use of housing-architects beare culvert in Exeter, Devon. Essentially and builders and their clients, and the occu­ it involves fixing steel ribs and wire mesh pants-is provided by the proposed Code of panels to the sewer wall with masonry nails, Practice on energy efficiency in housing, Journal of Ferrocemelll: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 373 recently issued for public comment by the chapter of the American Society of Civil BSI. The Code sets out the principles of Engineers (ASCE). They began construction achieving energy efficiency in the design and last October, meeting every Friday afternoon construction of new homes and in renova­ in the Towne basement lab to work on the tion work, and in the use of dwellings by the canoe. They first model the framework from householder. It is complemented by an Ap­ ordinary wire mesh, using last year's canoe plications Guide, which gives practical advice as a mold. They then coat the mesh with a on the use of the Standard. thin layer of the lightweight cement, with styrofoam at either end of the craft to help in The Code identifies the factors that affeet flotation. The students plan to complete the energy use and provides a calculation method canoe for the annual Philadelphia area ASCE for estimating the energy consumption and concrete canoe races. Their goal is to equal the environmental conditions which takes or even top last year's impressive perform­ account of them. The method is based on ance at the races. BRED EM, the BRE Domestic Energy Model. The model used is BREDEM-8, a significant The total cost of Penn's racer is only a improvement on earlier versions, which spe­ suprising $30. You never know, with today's cifies a monthly calculation basis and thus prices and transportation costs, it may not be gives a more accurate assessment of solar long before concrete ships become a ccmmon gain. form of transport up and down the Delaware River. (BRE News of Construction, October 1986) ( Austriaco, N.R. Jr. 1987. Champion Con­ U.S.A. crete Canoe. The Penn Triangle, 72(3): 10-ll). Penn's Concrete Canoe Rainwater Information Centre When a student hears about a concrete canoe, he disbelievingly first asks if it will The Water and Sanitation for Health float. As the 20 plaques on the wall of the (WASH) Project has established an infor­ civil engineering laboratory confirm, the mation centre for rainwater roof catchment answer is yes-and very well too. Located in systems and is setting up a network of inter­ the basement of the Towne Building, the lab ested people and organizations. The goal is has enabled Penn undergrads to build con­ to facilitate the exchange of information. crete canoes and compete in regional races The initial activities of this new centre for the last 12 years with consistent improve­ included the development of a specialized ments every year. However, as Mr. Frank thesaurus, establishment of a special library Brown, the supervisor of the project, proudly collection and a computerized bibliographic points out, "our best canoe was built last data base called RAINCOLL. year" when they won first place in the men's women's, mixed and faculty races including The information centre started only a few the distinguished prize for 'Best Constructed months ago. WASH informed 50,000 readers Canoe'. in 120 countries of their interest via a ques­ tionnaire. Those not yet aware of this initia­ Penn's concrete canoe is 4.88 m long and tive and have information on this subject can 0.76 m at its widest point. This year it is be­ contact WASH, 1611 N. Kent Street, Arling­ ing built by 10 members of the University's ton, Virginia, 22209 U.S.A. 374 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Center of Excellence in Cement Composite ITN has already produced a comprehensive Materials collection of training and information mater­ ials on low-cost technologies and approaches The U.S. Air Force recently awarded the based on studies at the World Bank and other University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign development agencies. In collaboration with a grant to establish a Center of Excellence in the Bank's Publications Department, the Cement Composite Materials. The grant, Unit has completed the production of 45 which is p_art of the DOD-URI program, is slide sound shows, 3 films, and selected for $ l, 120,000 for the first two years, with training and information materials. These $ 650,000 for a third year. The grant is ad­ are available for sale through Johns Hopkins ministered through the Air Force Office of University Press and the distributors of Scientific Research through the Directorate of World Bank publications world-wide. The Electronic and Materials Science. The Center complete set of materials is being sold for will be directed by J. Francis Young and US $ 2,500 and is described in detail in a 36-page catalogue available in English and Richard L. Berger, who hold appointments soon in French and Spanish. as Professor of Civil Engineering and Ceramic Engineering. For further information, con­ (World Bank: News from the International tact Prof. J. Francis Young, Director, Center Training Network for Water and Waste Ma­ for Cement Composites Materials, Univer­ nagement). sity of Illinois, 105 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801. Water Decade Coverage Figures The most recent official figures for global WORLD NEWS urban and rural coverage for 1980 and 1983 on which estimates for 1985 and 1990 are Training Network based, are presented in the table below. The International Training Network for Water and Waste Management (ITN) is a Global Coverage joint initiative of the interational community. It aims to promote needed improvements in 1980 1983 1985 1990 the effectiveness of sector investments and (estimates) the extension of service coverage to low­ Water supply income populations in developing countries urban 72% 76% 77% 79% through training, information dissemination, rural 32% 33% 36% 41 % and research activities on low-cost tech­ nologies and innovative multidisciplinary Sanitation approaches in project planning and imple­ urban 54% 58% 60% 62% mentation. Ultimately, the Network will rural 14% 15% 16% 18% consist of at least I 5 institutions, each hosting a national or regional Network Center which The figure below shows changes in coverage will plan and carry out the objectives of the of water supply and sanitation in ·the ten Network on low-cost appropriate water sup­ years preceding the Decade (1970-1980) and ply and sanitation techniques. Its current its first five years ( 1981-1985). Population priority is in establishing Network Centers is given in millions for developing countries in existing educational institutions. excluding China. Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 375

Urban water supply Page For Read

310 4 70 117, Notatior f bd 6 1970 99 1980 -~~ti;- 6721 870 served 118, Notation t2 1985 ~ unserved 118, Notation wa Urban sanitation 119, Second line at a at a 140 470 distance 11 distance 1 m~ "i' .,, 1 W,JJ· 119, Eq (6) (~J Rural water supply 121, Eq (12) Mer M 160 1210 1490 124, 19th line 0.262 0.626 "]16!0 I 127, 13th line W'a Wa' Wmac' Wma' Rural sanitation 129, 14th line [8-9] [8- !Oj 140 1210 1970 ~:-1 ______._ __14_90.... 129, Table 5 Logan and Logan and 55 1980 ~ 116!0 Shah [7] Shah [8] 1905 I Balaguru Bala guru (!RC Newsletter, No. 163, September 1986). et al [8] et al [9]

ERRATA Balaguru [9] Balaguru [10]

Desayi, P. and Ganesan, N. 1987. Pre­ diction of spacing and maximum width of Apologies are due to the authors for tbese cracks in ferrocement built-up I-joists. typographical errors and to the readers for Journal of Ferrocement 17 ( 2) : 117 -130 any confusion caused. 376 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

FAST LOOKUP INFC and IFIC Databases

The INFC and IFIC databases will save your time and effort in finding current information on ferrocement and related construction materials. These databases are created and maintained by the International Ferrocement Information Center (IFIC), Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand using UNESCO's Computerized Documentation Service/Integrated Set of Information Systems (CDS/ISIS). The higly specialized construction materials included in the databases are directed to answer the needs of the low-income people in the developing countries. They cover ferrocement, the form ofreinforced concrete which uses hydraulic cement mortar, and closely spaced layers of continuous and relatively small diameter wire mesh reinforcements; and related construction materials, such as steel fiber composites, bamboo fiber composites, natural and organic fiber composites, and polymer co:qiposites. IFIC regularly reviews over 100 journals, magazines, newsletters, digests and bulletins, in addition to numerous monographs, reports, conference proceedings, theses, and materials supplied directly by ferrocement builders and researchers. From these publications, articles on ferrocement and related construction materials are identified, abstracted, indexed, and entered into the bibliographic databases. Each record contains primary information: author, title, source, abstract and keywords; and secondary information: availability, date, language and type of publication. · INFC and IFIC databases contain over 3,500 records and these are expanding at the rate of 300 records per year. From these records, IFIC provides computerized bibliographic search services for requests on particular aspects of ferrocement technology and related materials at the following rates: Subscriber: US $40.00 per contact hour US $10.00 upto 50 references US $00.07 for each additional reference above 50 Non-Subscriber: US $60.00 per contact hour US $15.00 upto 50 references US $00.10 for each additional reference above 50 Precise description must accompany requests for search service so as to minimize costs. Requests (particularly for letter and telex requests) must include the following: (a) brief but clear summar·y of the research topic; (b) list of keywords and synonyms; (c) expected number of references; ( d) cost limitations; (e) output specifications (date and language restrictions); and (f) degree of urgency of the request. The search print out contains a list of references, which may include abstracts ifrequested. Materials listed in the bibliographic search print out are available from IFIC, but subject to copyright restrictions. By quoting the accession number given at the top of each reference, photocopies and/or micr.ofiches of any document can be ordered at the. rates given in page 415. Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 377

CALL FOR PAPERS

Special Issue on Fiber Reinforced Cement Structures Journal of Ferrocement 1988 July Issue

The gradual depletion of natural materials resources and the continuing advance of ma­ terials science and technology have generated many remarkable materials. Perhaps the most startling development has been in the synthesis of two or more components to produce ma­ terials having certain desired characteristics unobtainable in the individual components. The products of such synthesis are known as composites. Familiar composites are ferrocement, fiber reinforced concrete, glass reinforced polyester, etc. IFIC aims to provide the opportunity for international dissemination of development in this field through the Journal of Ferrocement Special Issue on Fiber Reinforced Cement Structures.

SUGGESTED TOPICS REQUIREMENTS

• Innovative applications. Papers should pertain to fiber reinforced cement both using organic and inorganic • Innovative material: mechanical prop­ fibers. erties and performance. • Papers should be original. • Detailed construction information. • Research and developments.

DEADLINES

Submission of title and abstracts I October 1987 Notification of preliminary acceptance 15 November 1987 Submission of completed manuscript I February 1988 Notification of final acceptance 1 March 1988

For further information write to: The Editor IFIC/AIT G.P.0. Box 2754 Bangkok 10501 Thailand 378 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

ITLrIT@ @®~~Wrfu1Pill~1P~

IFIC Consultants are individuals who are willing to entertain referral letters from IFIC on their field of expertise.

RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT and DESIGN

Mr. Abang Abdullah Abang Ali Dr. Perumalsamy N. Balaguru Dean Department of Civil Engineering · Faculty of Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Universiti Pertanian Maiaysia Box 909, Piscataway, NJ 08854 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. U.S.A.

Mr. Madhu Sudan Acharya Mr. Vittorio Barberio Assistant Professor Via Ombrone 12 Agricultural Engineering 00198 Roma ' Directorate of Extension Education Italy University.of Udaipur, Udaipur (Raj), India. Dr. B.S. Basavarajaiah Professor and Head Dr. H. Achyutha Department of Civil Engineering · Structural Engineering Laboratory Karnataka Regional Engineering College Department of Civil Engineering Surathkul, P.O. Srinivasnagar 574 157 Indian Institute of Technology India Madras 600 036, India Dr. Islem Ahmed Basunbul Mr. E. Abdul Karim Chairman Structural Engineering Research Centre Civil Engineering Department Thara~ani P.O. UPM No. 1895, University of Petroleum and Madras 600113 Minerals India Dharan 31261, Saudi Arabia

Dr. Ghazi J. Al-Sulaimani Dr. Edwin Bayer Civil Engineering Department c/o Bauberatung Zement Wiesbaden University of Petroleum and Minerals Friedrich-Berguis-Str. 7 Box 617, Dhahran 31261 D-6200 Wiesbaden 12 Saudi Arabia Germany Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 379

Dr. E.W. Bennett Dr. Luis Alberto de Melo Carvalho Department Civil Engineering Rua Antonio Augusto The University of Leeds 949 Fortaleza-Ceara, CEP: 60,000, Leeds LS2 9JT Brazil England

Mr. Shiv Shanker Bhargara Dr. Prakash Desayi 9D-A/8 Banghambari Gaddi Professor of Civil Engineering Allahabad, U.P. Indian Institute of Science India Bangalore 560012 India Mr. Bhartendu Bhushan F/178 Naroji Nagar Mr. Alexandre Dolio Vieira Diogenes New Delhi 110029 Rua Monsenhor Bruno India 810 CEP: 60,000, Fortaleza-Ceara, Brazil Mr. A.J.K. Bisbrown Storage Department Mr. Anshori Djausal Tropical Products Institute DTC-ITB, P.O. Box 276 London Road, Slough, Berks, England Bandung, Indonesia

Dr. F. Bljuger Mr. Alain Armane Dupuis Building Research Station Co-manager Technion City SARL Chantier Naval de St. Jean D'Angle Haifa 32000 17620 Saint Agnant Israel France Mr. Chris J.A. Hakkaart Simonsstraat 88, 2628 TJ Dr. Ripley D. Fox Delft, The Netherlands La Roquette 34190 St. Bauzille de Potois Mr. Walter Caiaffa Hehl France Rua Alagoas, 515/146 01242 Sao Paulo Mr. Mahmood A. Futehally Brazil Marin Limited . Dr. Febrizio Cortelazzi Dada Chambers Manager M.A. Jinnah Road Cantiere Navale IDSEA P.O. Box 4145 Via Ponzerone 5-16037 Karachi-2, Pakistan · Riva Trigoso (GE) Italy Mr. Michael Edward Freddie The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Mr. V. Debeuckelaere The School of Architecture Product Manager, Institute of Building Science Building Products Koagens Nytorv I N.V. BeKaert, B8550 Zwevegen DK 1050 Copenhagen K Belgium Denmark 380 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Mr. Angus D. Galbraith Mr. Hans Hofman Box 518, Lake Cowichan, British Columbia !WACO International Water Supply Canada VOR 260 Consultants P.O. Box 183 3000 AD Rotterdam Mr. S. Gopalakrishnan The Netherlands Scientist Structural Engineering Research Centre Mr. Steven Iddings DSIR Complex 5825 Horsehoe Bend Road Madras 600 113 Ludlow Falls, Ohio 45339 India U.S.A.

Dr. Jan Grabowski Mr. Alex Jacob Stupecka 7m. 35 . 130 Kalashetra Colony 02-309 Warszawa Besant Nagar Poland Madras 600 090 India Mr. Antonio Jose Guerra Calle Jose D. Valverde 53 Professor S.C. Jain Santo Domingo Professor Dominican Republic Institute of Engineering and Rural Develop­ West Indies ment Allahabad, India Mr. Zhao Guofan Dalian Institute of Technology Dr. Colin Deane Johnston Dalian, China Professor of Civil Engineering University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta Mr. Man Bahadur Gurung Canada T2N IN4 Assistant Engineer (Civil) 1 c/o Chief Engineer Power Department Mr. Brian Malcolm Jones Gangtok, Sikkim, India Bar Fab Reinforcements Alma street, Smethwick Dr. Jaao Bento Hanai Warley, West Midlands Av. das Azaleas, 456 B 662 RR uh England 13560 Sao Carlos-SP Brazil Mr. Juharibin Husin Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Mr. Kazi Ata-ul Haque University of Agriculture Malaysia Housing & Building Research Institute Mengabang Talipot, Darus-Salam, Mirpur K. Trengganu, Dhaka, Bangladesh Trengganu, Malaysia

Mr. D. Hariharan Dr. Nilyardi Kahar Chief Techno Economic Officer Research Scientist and Assistant Director Centre for Rural Department for Scientific Affaris 117-Madras Lembaga Fisika Nasional-LIP! Madras 600 036, India Bandung, Indonesia Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 381

Dr. Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai Mr. Steve Layton Associate Professor Project Manager Division of Structural Engineering and Con- VIRTU, Box 378 struction ARAWA Asian Institute of Technology North Solomons P.O. Box 2754 Papua New Guinea Bangkok, Thailand Mr. Michael Henry Leach Dr. Surendra Kumar Kaushik Partner-East African Practice of Consulting Civil Engineering Department Engineers University of Roorkee MBEGA MELVIN Consulting Engineers Roorkee 277 672 ·P.O. Box 425, Anisha India Tanzania, East Africa Mr. Leewis Dr. Makoto Kawakami P.O. Box 3231 1-1 Tegatagakuen-cho 5203 De's Hertogenbosch Akita-Shi, 010 Japan The Netherlands

Mr. Ron Van Kerkvoorden Mr. Rene Lepee Water Supply Engineer Co-manager DHV Consulting Engineers SARL Chantier Naval de St. Jean D'Angle Rural Water Supply Projects 17620 Saint Agnant West Java (Indonesia) France P.O. Box 59, Bandung Mr. Franco Levi Indonesia Instituto di Scienza delle Costruzioni Politecnico, Corzo Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Mr. Muhammad Misbahuddin Khan 10129 Torino, Italy Housing & Building Research Institute Darus-Salam, Mirpur Mr. Hui-Xiang Li Dhaka, Bangladesh Research Institute of Cement Products Soochow, China Mr. Yuki Kobayashi 6-38-1 Shinkawa, Mitaka Mr. Cipriano Londono Tokyo 181, Japan A.A. 52814, Medellin Colombia, South America

Ms. Kersting Kohler Dr. Andrzej MacKicwicz Architect/Designer BonifratersKa 10 B/54 John Ericssonsgatan 4 00213 Warzawa 112 22 Stockholm Poland Sweden Dr. A.G. Madhava Rao Mr. Ramesh Ranchhodlal Kotdawala Assistant Director Civil Engineering D~artment Structural Engineering Research Centre University of Roorkee CSIR Campus, Madras 600 113 Roorkee, India India 382 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Dr. A.A. Makange Dr.·Pichai Nimityongskul Tanzania Portland Cement Co. Ltd. Associate Professor P.O. Box 1950 Division of Structural Engineering and Con- Dar-Es-Salaam struction Tanzania Asian Institute of Technology P.O. Box 2754 Bangkok, Thailand Dr. Dante A.O. Martinelli Escola de Engenharia de Sao Carlos VSP Avenida Carlos Betelito 1465 Dr. Yoshihiko Obama 13.560 Sao Carlos, Brazil Professor College of Engineering Nihon University Mr. M.F. Marikkar Koriyama, Fukushima 54 Davidson Road Japan Bampalapitiya Colombo4 Sri Lanka Dr. P. Paramasivam Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering Dr. John Lindsay Meek National University ofSingapore Reader, Civil Engineering Department Kent Ridge University of Queensland Singapore 6511 Australia Mr. Peck Cees Dr. Jan Michaylowski Breukelen, Orttswarande 22 Promins Kiego 29/43 3621 P, Holland 93-281 Lodz, Poland Mr. Caspar L.P. M. Pompe Dr. Adam Michel Rural Water Supply West Java 9 rue La Perouse Project OTA 33/E-7 75784 Paris Cedex 16 Tromol Pos 59 France Bandung, Indonesia

Dr. S.P. Prawel Jr. Dr. Antoine E. Naaman Department of Civil Engineering Professor, Department of Civil Engineering R-8 Engineering West University of Michigan Ann Arbor, State University of New York at Buffalo . Michigan 48109 U.S.A. Amherst, N.Y. 14260 U,S.A. Mr. Charles Nakau Research Engineer Mr. N.P. Rajamane Appropriate Technology Development In- Structural Engineering Research Centre situte (SERC) P.O. Box 793, Lae CSIR, Tharamani Morobe Province Madras 600113 Papua New Guinea India Journal of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 383

Mr. Bigaya Gopal Rajbhandari Dr. Gajanan M. Sabnis P.O. Box 187, UNICEF 13721 Town Line Road Kathmandu, Silver Spring Md. 20906 Nepal U.S.A.

Mr. N.V. Raman Mr. Suddhisakdi Samprejprasong Deputy Director Thailand Institute of Scientific and Techno­ Structural Engineering Research Centre logical Research (TISTR) CSIR Campus, Madras 600 113 196 Phahonyothin Road India Bangkok, Thailand

Dr. Michal Sandowicz Mr. Guruvayur Subramaniam Ramaswamy Ferrocement Research Laboratory Visiting Professor of Civil Engineering WasrKiego 25, 02-645 University of Arizona Warsaw, Poland Tuczon, AZ 85721, U.S.A. Mr. Theo Schilderman Dr. K. Ravindran P.P.C.T., B.P., 31 Fishing Craft Materials Ruhengeri, Rwanda Central Insititue of Fisheries Technology Cochin 682029 Mr. Jan S'cibior India 02-726 Warsiawa. ul. Warchalowskiego 11 m 34, Poland Dr. Zvi Reichverger Ha'halutz, Str 31/2 Mr. Raj Dass Shrestha Kfar-Sava, Israel Associate Research Officer Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST) Dr. Andrei Reinhorn Tribhuvan University Department of Civil Engineering Kirtipur, Nepal State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo, NY 14260 Mr. Hari Siswoyo Aji U.S.A. Rural Water Supply West Java Project OTA 33/E-7 Dr. Hugo Wainshtok Rivas Tromol Pos 59 Call 202, No. 23504e/ Bandung, Indonesia 235 y 239, Fontanar Mcpv, Rancho Boyeros Mr. Jean Paul Sterck Ciudad de la Habana Project Manager, Division New Product Cuba 14, Ruitersolreef · B-8550 Zwevegem Mr. Derek Vincent Russel Belgium Sales Director Alphacrete Construction Linings (U.K.) Ltd. Dr. Piet Stroeven I 38A Park Road H. Casimirstraat 154 Timperley NR Altrincham Vlaardingen Cheshire, England The Netherlands 384 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Dr. Grzegorz Strzelecki Dr. Eli~ha Z. Tatsa Olimpijska 3m 48 Faculty of Civil Engineering 94-043 Lodz Technion, Haifa 32000 Poland Israel Dr. B.V. Subrahmanyarri Chief Executive Dr. Tassios Theodossius Dr. BVS Consultants National Technical University of Athens Chair of Reinforced Concerete 76 Third Cross Street 42 Patission St., Raghava Reddy Colony Athens, Greece Madras 600 095 lndia Mr. Narong Sukapaddnadhi Mr. Jack Thomas Thailand Institute of Scientific and Techno­ 11 Addison St., Moonee Ponds logical Research (TISTR) Victoria 3039 196 Phahonyothin Road Australia Bangkok, Thailand Mr; Hiroshi Tokuda Mr. Hans D. Sulzer 1-1, Tegatagakuen-cho Institut HBT Akita-shi 010 Swiss Institute of Technology Japan 3093 Zurich, Switzerland Mr. Rodolfo T. Tolosa Mr. G.V. Surya Kumar Tolosa Builders Inc. Structural Engineering Research Centre Las Pal:qias Subdivision CSIR Campus, Tharamani Jaro, Iloilo City Madras 600113, India Philippines

Dr. Ramnath Narayan Swamy Mr. H.V. Venkata Krisha 293 Abbey Land Karnataka Regional Engineering College Sheffield SS ODA (S' Yorks) Surathkal (D.K.) Srinivasager 575 157 England Karnataka, India Mr. A.K.M. Syeed-ul-Haque Housing & Building Research Insitute Dr. Bernarad Ryszard Walkus Darus-Salam, Mirpur, Malachowskiego 80 Dhaka, Bangladesh 90-159 Lodz Poland Mr. Fausto C. Tarran P.O. Box 20901 Mr. Kai Ming Wang 0100 Sao Paulo Sian Research Institute of Brick- Tile S.P. Brazil Ministry of Building Materials Industry Sian, The People's Republic of China Dr. Michael A. Taylor Civil Engineering Department Mr. David James Wells University of California at Davis P.O. Box410 Davis, california 95616 Jayapura, Irian Jaya U.S.A. Indonesia Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 385

Mr. Robert John Wheen Mr. Winarto School of Civil and Mining Engineering Scientist The University of Sydney 2006 Yayasan Dian Desa Appropriate Technology Australia Groups P.O. Box 19, Bulaksumar Dr.. Charles Bryan Wilby Yogyakarta, Indonesia School of Civil and Structural Engineering University of Bradford Dr. Ronald F. Zollo Bradford BD7 lDR Department of Civil. Engineering U.K. University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida 33124 U.S.A.

MARINE APPLICATIONS

Mr. Douglas Alexander Mr. Peter Finch Principal, Alexander and Associates. 437 a Pode Rd. Consulting Engineers Branksome 12-14 Manukau Road, Epsom Poole, Dorset Auckland 3, New Zealand England

Mr. Russell J. Bartell Mr. John Forbes Fyson Rt. l, Box 1.53 Fisheries Technology Service Fernandina Beach Fishery Industries Division Fl. 32034 PAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla U.S.A. Rome, Italy· Mr. Colin Brookes Hartley & Brookes Boat Design Ltd. Mr. John. R. Gusler Heybrideg Basin Principal, John R. Gusler & Associates Malson, Essex 6893 S Sectionline Rd. England Delaware, Ohio 43015 U.S.A. Mr. Jim Dielenberg Middle Park 3206 Mr. Hajime Inoue Victoria, Australia Ship Structure Division Ship Research Institule Mr. Brian William Donovan Ministry of Transport, 6-38-1 Shinkawa c/o Tepapapa Mitakashi Tokyo, Japan Auckland, New Zealand

Mr. Peter E. Ellen Mr. Martin E. Iorns Director, Peter Ellen and Associates Ltd. 1512 Lakewood Drive 20/F, 167-169 Hennessy Road West Sacramento Hong Kong CA. 95691, U.S.A. 386 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Mr. Robert Gowan MacAlister Mr. Stevie Smith Managing Director 500 Channel Ave., MacAlister Elliott & Partners Ltd. Richmond CA 94804 56 High Street U.S.A. Lymington, Rants S04 9GB England Dr. John Chow Ang Tang Managing Director . Mr. Gerald James Neuburger Structural Concrete Sdn. Bhd. P.O. Box 240 No. 44 Jalan Radin Anum 2 Santo, Vanuatu Sri Petaling, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Southwest Pacific Mr. Jeremy Martin Morrison Turner Mr. John Micha~l Pemberton 36 Adler Hill Lamas Manor Grove, Leeds 72 PT Norwich, NRlO 5JQ United Kingdom England

Mr. Everard Ralph Sayer Mr. Graeme John Tilly P.O. Box 3082 32 Hayaes Terrace Onerahi, Whangarei Mosman Park New Zealand WA 6012 Australia

HOUSING APPLICATIONS

Mr. Denis Backhouse Mr. John R. Gusler Griffith University Nathan 4111 Principal, John R. Gusler & Associates Queensland, Australia 6893 S Sectionline Rd. Delaware, Ohio 43015 Mr. James Douglas Couston U.S.A. 21.Brighton Avenue Toronto, NSW Mr. Ashok Kumar Jain Australia 2283 314/69 Mirza Mandi Chowk, Lucknow 226003 Mr. Horacio Berretta India Iqualdad 3600 Villa Siburu, 5000 Mr. Patrick Jennings Cordoba, Argentina NCL Consulting Engineers 192-198 Vauxhall Bridge Road Mr. V.G. Gokhale London SWIV IDX Chief Executive Officer England Bombay Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. CASTONE-Precast Concrete Division Mr. Alfonso Cardoso Medina 129 Mahatma Gandhi Road Apartado Postal 2325-B Bombay 400 023 Durango, DGO.C.P. 34000 India Mexico Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 387

Mr. S. W. Norton Mr. Edred Hiter Robinson III P.O. Box 168 6055 Flamingo Drive Halfway House 1685 514 Roanoke, Virginia South Africa U.S.A.

Mr. Paul Tuts Ellestraat 44 Mr. Jens Overgaard B8550 Swevegem Belgium BAO, United Nations, Human Settlements Economic and Social Commission for Asia Mr. Simchll Yorn Tov and the Pacific (ESCAP) Kibutz Dalia 18920 Bangkok 2, Thailand Israel 388 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

ITl!IT@ illl]j lJI]jilll]l~@l]l @l]l~!f I]]IB~

Ferrocement basic reference collection is available in the following IFIC Reference Centers. Each Center has a resource person who will entertain queries on ferrocement.

ARGENTINA BRAZIL Universidad Nacional del Sur Universidade Catolica de Pelotas Civil Engineering Department (Concrete Laboratory of Material Resistance/Con- Area) struction Materials Avda. Alem 1253 Rua Felix de Cunha, 423 (8000) Bahia Blanca Caixa Postal 402 Argentina Pelotas RS, Brazil Resource Person: Prof Ing. Rodolfo Ernesto Serralunga Resource Person: Mr. Sergio Lund Azevedo

AUSTRALIA CHILE Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Australia Ferro-cement Marine Association Departamento de Ingenieria de Construcc- IO Stanley Gve. ion Canterbury, 3126 Escuela de lngenieria Victoria Vicuna Mackenna # 4860 Australia Casilla 6177, Santiago Resource Person: Mr. Kevin Duff Chile Resource Person : Mr. Carlos Videla C. BANGLADESH Universidad Federico Santa Maria Bangladesh Institute of Technology (B.1.T.) Main Library Department of Civil Engineering) Casilla 110-V, Valparaiso Khulna, Bangladesh Chile Resource Person: Mr. A.K.M. Akhtaruzza­ Resource Person : Professor Pablo Jorquera man Bangladesh University of Engineering & CHINA Technology Dalian Institute of Techonlolgy Civil Engineering Department Library Structural Laboratory Dhaka Dalian, 116024 Bangladesh China Resource Person: Dr. A.M.M.T. Anwar Resource Person : Professor Zhao Guofan Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 389

Research Institute of Building Materials GUATEMALA and Concrete Centro de Estudios Mesoamericano sobre Guanzhuang, Chaoyang District, Beijing Technologia Apropriada (CEMAT) China Cemat Documentation Center Resource Person : Mr. Lu Huitang 4a Ave. 2-28 Zona 1 Suzhou Concrete and Cement Products Guatemala City Research Institute Guatemala Information Research Department Resource Person : Mr. Edgardo Caceres State Administration of Building Materials Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Industry Central Library Architecture Suzhou, Jiangsu Province Facultad de Arquitectura China Ciudad Universitaria, Zona 12 Resource Person: Mr. Xu Ruyuan Guatemala City Guatemala COLOMBIA Resource Person: Lie. Raquel P. de Recinos Universidad del Cauca Facultad de Ingeniera Civil HUNGARY Popayan, Colombia Central Library of the Technical University Resource Person : Prof Rodrigo Cajiao V. of Budapest H-111 Budapest ECUADOR Budafoki Ut. 4 Hungary Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador Facultad de Ingenieria . Resource Person : Dr. Eng. Imre. Lebovits Apartado 2184, 12 de Octuhre y Carrion Quito, Ecuador INDIA Resource Person: Sr. Valentino Carlder6n V. Indian Institute of Technology Departmental Library EL SALVADOR Building Technology Division Universidad de El Salvador Building Science Block Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Civil Engineering Department Library Madras 600 036 Facultad de Ingenieria y Arquitectura India San Salvador Resource Person: Dr. T.P. Ganesan El Salvador Calicut Regional Engineering College Resource Person: Ing. Roberto O.Salazar M. P.O. Calicut Regional Engineering College Calicut 673601, Kevala ETHIOPIA India Resource Person : Dr. K. Subramania Iyer University of Addis Ababa Faculty of Technology, Southern campus Malaviya Regional Engineering College P.O. Box 518, Addis Ababa Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan Ethiopia India Resource Person: Dr. Zawde Berhane Resource Person : Dr. M. Raisinghani 390 Journal of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

INDONESIA University of Ilorin Department of Civil Engineering Hasanuddin University P.M.B. 1518 Heavy Laboratory Building Ilorin Faculty of Engineering Nigeria JI. Mesjid Raya 55 Ujung Pandang Resource Person Dr. O.A. Adetifa Indonesia Resource Persons Ir. J.B. Manga PAKISTAN Ir. M. Amin Hayat Universtiy of Engineering and Technology Petra Christian University Faculty of Civil Engineering Jalan Siwalankerto 121-131 Department of Civil Engineering Tromolpos 5304 Lahore 31 Surabaya Pakistan Indonesia Resource Person : Professor Ziauddin Main Resource Person : Mr. Hurijanto Koentjoro PERU MALAYSIA Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Laboratorio de Resistencia de Materiales Faculty of Engineering Dpto. de Ingenieria Serdang, Selangor Apartado 12534, Lima Malaysia Peru Resource Person : Ing. Juan Harman Resource Person Dr. Abang Abdullah Infantes Abang Ali

PHILIPPINES MEXICO Central Philippine University Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon College of Engineering Civil Engineering Institute Jaro, Iloilo City 590 I Civil Engineering Faculty Philippines Apdo. Postal 17 Resource Person : Engr. Francisco M. San Nicolas de los Garza Franco Nuevo Leon Mexico Mindanao State University Resource Person : Professor Dr. Raymundo Regional Adaptive Technology Center Rivera Villareal Marawi City Philippines Resource Person: Dr. Cosain Derico NIGERIA Philippine Business for Social Progress University of Ibadan Center for Rural Technology Development Department of Civil- Engineering San Isidro, Calauan Ibadan Laguna, Philippines Nigeria Resource Person : Mr. Jaime Aristotle B. Resource Person : Dr. G.A. Acade A lip Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 391

Philippine Council for Industry & Energy SRI LANKA Research & Development Rm. 513, 5th Floor Ortigas Building National Building Research Organization Ortigas Avenue, Pasig. Ministry of local Government, Housing Metro Manila, Philippines and Construction Resource Person Mr. Romua/do A. 99/1 Jawatte Road Chavez Jr. Colombo, Sri Lanka Resource Person : Mr. J.S. Pathirana University of Nueva Caceres College of Engineering Naga City, Philippines THAILAND Resource Person : Engr. Andrie P. Frue/ King Mongkut's Institute and Technology University of the Philippines Thonburi College of Engineering KMIT Library Diliman, Quezon City 91 Suksawasdi 4 Road Metro Manila 3004 Bangkok 10140 Philippines Thailand Resource Person : Professor Jose Ma. de Resource Person : Dr. Kraiwood Kiattiko- Castro mol Prince of Songkla University PUERTO RICO Department of Civil Engineering University of Puerto Rico P.O. Box 2 Korhong Hatyai Materials Laboratory Songkla 90112 Faculty of Engineering Thailand Mayaguez 00709 Resource Person Dr. Vachara Thong- Puerto Rico charoen Resource Person : Professor Roberto Huyke

TRINIDAD, WEST INDIES REPUBLICA DOMINICANA University of the West Indies Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra Department of Civil Engineering Civil Engineering Department St. Augustine Santiago de los Cabaleros Republica D9minicana Trinidad, W.I. Resource Person : Professor Ing. Orlando Resource Person: Mr. Robin Osborne Franco TURKEY ROMANIA Cukurova University Institutul Politechnic Civil Engineering Department (Reading Laboratorul de Beton Armat Room) Str. G. Baritiu nr. 25 Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Cluj Napoca Adana Romania Turkey Resource Person : lng. Ladislau Szigeti Resource Person : Dr. Tefaruk Haktanir 392 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Dokuz Eylul Universitesi ZIMBABWE Muhendislik-Mimarlik Facultesi University of Zimbabwe Insaat Muhendisligi Bolumu Department of Civil Engineering Born ova-Izmir P.O. Box MP 167 Mount Pleasant, Harate Tutkey Zimbabwe Resource Person : Dr. Bulent Baradan Resource Person : Dr. A.G. Mponde Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 393

illW1fill®IB ~ \) 1FIB®U1TIL1~

G. Thomas CIGOLOTTl V.K. GUPTA

Mr. Cigolotti has a Mr. Gupta, reader in Bachelor of Science in civil engineering, Univer. sity of Roorkee, Roorkee, Biology/Geology and a (India) has been teaching Diploma in Public Health courses in structural me- Jnspection. Prior to work­ chanics, concrete and steel .L ing in Vanuatu as an En­ design, codes, contracts and valuation. He vironmental Health Coordinator ( 1984-1986), received bis B. Tech degree from the Indian he served as a Public Health Inspector in Institute of Technology, K.haragpur in 1969 and M.E. (structural engineering) from Nova Scotia for six years. University of Roorkee in I 971. He has published several research papers in journals in India and abroad. He is a fellow and member of several professional bodies like Hans-Erik GRAM Institution of Engineers (I), Institution of Structural Engineers (I), Indian Roads Con­ gress, Indian Society of Desert Technology Dr. Gram received his etc. He received the Jai Krishna award in MSc. degree in Civil Engi- I 978 and Khosla Research Prize in l 985. 11eering at the Royal In­ He has been actively involved in several stitute of Technology. consultancy and research projects in the field Stockholm in 1977. In the of concrete and ferrocement structures. same year he took up con­ sultancy and research work at the Swedish Amnouy KATEOUYCH.Al Cement and Concrete Research Institute. Hi s research work on the durability of Mr. Kateouycbai bas a natural fibres in concrete led to a DSc. certificate in Ship and Boatbuilding from Eng­ degree in 1983. He is now project leader for a land. He is currently research project titled "Concrete - New affiliated with the Nong Material Combinations''. He is a member of Khai Industrial and Boat­ FIPCommission on Concrete. building Training Centre. 394 Jquma/ of Ferrocement : Vol. 17, No, 4, October 1987

S.K. KAUSHIK technology, construction materials and struc­ tural mechanics, Dr. Pichai has contributed over 40 publications in referred journals, Dr. Kaushik is professor monographs, conference proceedings and of civil engineering at the technical reports. His field of specialization University of Roorkee, involves the use of low-cost const ruction Roorkee,lndia. He receiv­ materials and appropriate technology. ed his B. Tech. and Ph.D. degrees from the Indian Dr. Pichai is a member of the Engineering­ Institute of Technology, Kbaragpur. His lnstitute of Thailand, International Associa­ research activities include study and devel­ tion for Housing Science, and the prestigious opment of new concrete and composite ma­ Sigma Xi- the Scientifi c Research Society. He terials, reinforced and prestressed concrete is also serving as advisor to the Minister and applications of ferrocement to housing. attached to the Office of the Prime Minister. He has teaching, research and design experienee of over 17 years. He is a member of the Executive Committees of the Indian Co ncrete Institute, Indian Society of Earth­ K.V.G. PRAKYA quake Technology and a coopted member of the Executive Committee of the Roorkee Mr.Pra kya has obtained Local Centre of the Institution of Engineers his B. Tech (civil engineer­ ( [ndia). He is a member of the Institution ing) from the Regional of Structural Engineers (India), lndian Geo­ Engineering College, Wa­ technical Society and the Indian Society of ra ngal in J 983 and his M. Technical Education. He has authored over Tech, (structural engi­ 40 technical papers at home and abroad. neering) from the Indian Institute of' Technology, Kanpur in 1986. Currently, he is registered for Ph.D. in Cambridge Uni­ Pichai N IMTTYONGSKUL versity, U.K. under the Cambridge-Nehro Scholarship. His research interest is on nonlinear finite element analysis of plates Dr. Pichai is currently using element-by-element techniques and associate pro.fessor of structural engineering in ferrocement. the Division of Structural Engineering and Con­ struction, Asian Institute M.K. RAHMAN of Technology. He obtained his Bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Chula­ longkorn University in 1967. his M.Eng. Mr. Rahman is cur­ and D.Eng. degrees in structural engineer­ rently a lecturer in civil ing from the Asian Institute of Technology engineering at Jorhat En­ in 1969 and 1974 respectively. gineering College, Jorhat, Apart from teaching courses in the field of India. He obtained his prestressed and reinforced concrete, concrete B.E. (civil engineering) •• Journal of Ftrrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 395

from Dibrugarh University and M.E. Sirimas WATCHARAKORN (structural engineering) with honours from University of Roorkee. He has teaching and design experience of over 5 years. He Ms. Watcbarakorn is a is a member of the Indian Society of teacher at the Nong Khai Technical Education and the Institution Industrial and Boatbuil- I ' of Engineers (India). ding Training Centre. ~ , 396 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Abstracts

"I I II I Jr 1111111 Ill !!Ir: 1:. '11111111111111r1111II11II111111111j111111111r1 111II11r11!IaI11IJ11111: r11111111111r11111111111rIJ111111111: 11111111111111rIIJ111IJr1111111111!'1111111IIIJr1111 II Irr I Ill~ !! JFP 89 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FERROCEMENT PLATES E KEYWORDS: Compressive Behavior, Ferrocement Plates, Finite Element Analysis, Uniaxial Load, Yield ABSTRACT: A finite element code for the analysis of ferrocement plates has been developed using conventional 'layered technique'. The main features of the algo­ rithm are anisotropy, and geometrical and material non-linearities. The computer program incorporates degenerated shell element with heterosis shape functions. The input variables for the program are the properties of the constituent materials. ~ A comparison of the predicted load-deflection response with the test data available ~ with full details shows an excellent agreement. !! REFERENCE: Prakya, K.V.G. and Adidam, S.R. 1987. Finite element analysis of i ferro cement plates. Journal of Ferrocement 17( 4): 313-320. ~ ~ ~ !!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ !! ~ JFP 90 DURABILITY OF NATURAL FIBRES IN CEMENT-BASED ROOFING - • SHEETS ~ ~ ~ ~ KEYWORDS: Cement Composite, Natural Fibre, Roofing, Rice Husk Ash, Silica ~ !! Fume, Strength, Flexure ~ ~ ~ ~ ABSTRACT: Natural fibres such as sisal, jute, ramie and coir can be used as rein- ~ forcement in cement-based roofing sheets. Natural fibre concrete is a low-cost ~ material. With time the natural fibres decompose producing a brittle composite. ~ Studies reported here shows that this embrittlement can be prevented by replacing a part of the ordinary Portland cement by highly active pozzolanic materials. like silica fume or rice husk ash. REFERENCE: Gram, H.E. and Nimityongskul, P. 1987. Durability of natural fibres in cement-based roofing sheets. Journal of Ferrocement 17( 4) : 321-327. ~

JFP 91 EFFICIENCY OF MESH OVERLAPS OF FERROCEMENT ELEMENTS KEYWORDS: Ferrocement, Joint, Flexure, Overlap, Mechanical Property ABSTRACT: The results obtained by varying the length of overlap in square !! !! woven meshes with different wire diameters and mesh openings are reported. The ~ number of mesh layers has also been varied and tested under flexure. Cement-sand !! !! mortar mixes of 1 : 1.5 and 1: 2 have been investigated. Based on the experimental !! and analytical investigation, a relation is proposed to determine the minimum overlap ~ !! length which should be provided to achieve continuity and perfect structural per­ !! !! formance. !! !! !! REFERENCE: Kaushik, S.K., Gupta, V.K. and Rahman, M.K. 1987. Efficiency !! !! of mesh overlaps of ferrocement elements. Journal of Ferrocement 17(4) : 329-336. !! !! ;; ~ IJ 11tI1J11111111rIIJ11111r11111r1111111J11:: I 1i I Jll 1!11111r11IIrl1111J11111III!i1111111111IJ11111111111r11111111111111111111rnJ11I11111111J11IJ111111111I!11111111ir111 ~I! I II 1111111 !111 rI Ii I :i I iT· Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 397

l,11I1111111111111llIIIIIJ1111111111111111!I11111111l:II!1111111111111111111J11111111111111111111111111111III111111 111!'1111111111111111111; 111111! I ti I!' !11111111111111111!J11111111111111! I I I 1!l11111111~ ~ ~ ~ . !'! ;;; JFP 92 FIJI SMOKELESS STOVE ;;; ;;; ;;; KEYWORDS: Ferrocement, Molds, Wood Stove ~ ABSTRACT: In Fiji, a cheap and easy to construct wood burning stove was developed. This smokeless stove reduces eye and respiratory irritation; and secon­ dary infection. Heat can be controlled by choice of hole and by the amount of wood used. The detailed construction procedure is presented. REFERENCE: Cigolotti, G.T. 1987. Fiji smokeless stove. Journal of Ferrocement 17(4): 337-340.

JFP 93 MEKONG FERROCEMENT SURVEY LAUNCH KEYWORDS: Construction, Ferrocement, Launch

;;; ABSTRACT: The construction of a flat bottom hull type, inboard engine instal­ ;;;;;; lation with propeller tunnel portable canopy is presented. The ferrocement survey ;;; launch, constructed for US$ 9,600.00, has been in service for more than ten years ~ without structural problems. ~ ~ ~ ;;; REFERENCE: Kateouychai, A. and Watcharakorn, S. 1987. Mekong ferrocement ~ ;;;~ survey launch. Journal of Ferrocement 17(4): 341-346. - ~ ~ ~ .~lll/11II1111111111I1111111111tiI1111111111111111111111111 ll II El 111:111111 II II 1111111111fl11!111111IJ11111: II 1111111iiIJ11JIIll1111111111!11111111111111111111111111111111111: i I J t I! 11;t111111111111 rr. 398 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

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November 4-6, 1987: Fourth International chai, CABRIDGE Secretariat, Asian In­ Conference on Durability of Building Materials stitute of Technology, G.P.O. Box 2754, & Components, Singapore. Contact : Prof. Bangkok 10501, Thailand. Seng Lip Lee, Head, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Singapore, December 3-4, 1987 : Polymers fQr Com­ Singapore. posites Library Theatre, Solihull, Birming­ ham, U.K. Contact : The Plastics and November 8-13, 1987 : Seminar on Cold Rubber Institute, 11 Hobart Place, London, Weather Concreting Developments, Seattle, swrw OHL, U.K. Washington, U.S.A. Contact : Bruce A. Suprenant, Department of Civil Engineering December 8-10, 1987: International Con­ and Mechanics, University of South Florida, ference on Design and Construction of Non­ Tampa, Florida, 33620, U.S.A. conventional Structures, London, U.K. Con­ tact : Civil-Comp Ltd., 10 Saxe-Coburg November 8-13,1987: International Symposium Place, Edinburgh, EH3 5BR, U.K. on Concrete and Concrete Construction, (dur­ ing ACI Fall Meeting), Seattle, Washington, December 16-19, 1987: International Sym­ U.S.A. Contact: Prof. G.T. Halvorsen, West posium on Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Madras, Virginia University, P.O. Box 6101, Morgan­ India. Contact : V. S. Parameswaran, Secre­ town, Virginia, 26506-6101, U.S.A. tary, Organising Ccmmittee, ISFRC-87, Structural Engineering Research Centre, November 9-13, 1987: International Con­ CSIR Campus, Taramani, Madras-600 113, ference on the Science of Hard Materials, India. Nasau, The Bahamas. Contact : Dr. Vi nod Sarin, GTE Laboratories, 40 Sylvan Road, January 3-6, 1988 : Second International Col­ Waltham, MA 02254, U.S.A. loquium on Concrete in Developing Countries, Bombay, India. Contact : R.N. Raikar, November 16-20, 1987 : First International Structural Designers and Consultants, Pvt. Conference on Training on Computer-Aided Ltd., 1008/9 Raheja Center, Nariman Point, Design (CAD) in Engineering Schools, Tbilisi, Bombay 400021, India. U.S.S.R. Contact : Division of Technologi­ cal Research and Higher Education, 7 Place January 6-9, 1988 : International Conference Fontenoy, 75700 Paris, France. on Composite Materials and Structures, Madras, India. Contact : Prof. K.A.V. November 18-20, 1987 : International Con­ Panqalai, Fiber Reinforced Plastics Research ference on Cable-Stayed Bridges, Bangkok, Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Thailand. Contact : Dr. W. Kanok-Nukul- Madras, India. Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 399

February 1-3, 1988: Symposium on Hydro­ ference on Breakwaters, London. U.K. Con­ logy and Water Resources, Canberra,Australia. tact : Conference Office, The Institution of Contact : The Conference Manager, The Civil Engineers, I-7 Great George Street, Institution of Engineers Australia, I I Nation­ London SWIP 3AA, England, U.K. al Circuit, Barton Act 2600, Australia. May 22-25, 1988: 6th International Chimney February 17-19, 1988: International Con­ Congress, Brighton, U.K. Contact : Mr. ference on Technology Management, Miami, Peter J. Mitchell, Secretary, CICND, 136, FL, U.S.A. Contact : Dr. T.M. Khalil, North Street, Brighton BNI IRG, U.K. Chairman, Department of Industrial Engi­ neering, University of. Miami, P.O. Box June 1988: International Conference: Design- 248294, Coral Cables, FL, 33124, U.S.A. 88. Contact : Dr. M.C. Forde, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Edinburgh, February 21-26, 1988: Bicentennial Engineer­ The Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edin­ ing Conference, Sydney, Australia. Contact : burgh EH9 3JL Scotland. Conference Chairman, Institution of Engi­ neers, Australia, P.O. Box 138, Milson's June 4-10, 1988: 1988 SEM Conference on Point, NSW 2061, Australia. Experimental Mechanics, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. Contac~ : Kathy Ramsay, Society for April-May 1988 : Concrete Failure, Cause Experimental Mechanics, 7 School Street, and Cure, South Africa. Contact : Mr. H.L. Bethel, CT06801, U.S.A. Haesloop, Keeve Steyn Inc. 10th Floor, United Building, 291 Smith Street, Durban June 6-8 1988 : International Symposium of 4001, South Africa. Structural Failure, MIT, Cambridge, Mas­ sachusetts, U.S.A. Contact : Prof. T. Wierz­ April 11-14, 1988: Deformation, Yield and bicke, Dapartment of Ocean Engineering, Fracture of Polymers, Churchill College Room 5-218, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, Cambridge. U.K. Contact : The Plastics and U.S.A. Rubber Institute, I I Hobart Place, London, SWIWOHL, U.K. June 14-16, 1988 : Conference on Polymers in April 13-15, 1988: International Conference Offshore Engineering, Gleneagles Hotel, Scot­ on Computer Aided Design and Composite land. Contact : Ms. Carole Franks, Con­ Materials Technology, Southampton Univer­ ference Officer, The Plastics and Rubber sity, U.K. Contact : Ms Liz Newman, Com­ Institute, I I Hobart Place, London SWI W putational Mechanics Institute, 52 Henstead OHL, England. Road, Southampton SOI 2DD, U.K. June 21-24, 1988 : Fifth Conference on Be­ April-May 1988 : Fourth International Con­ haviour of Offshore Structures, Norwegian ference on Tall Buildings, Hongkong. Con­ Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway. tact : Mr. P.K.K. Lee, Conference Secretary, Contact : Astrid Bye, BOSS'88, Continuing Fourth International Conference on Tall Education Administration, N7034 Tronheim Buildings, c/o Department of Civil and Struc­ NTH, Norway. tural Engineering, University of Hongkong, Hongkong. July 18-22, 1988 : Third International Con­ ference on Recent Advances in Structural May-June 1988 : Third International Con- Dynamics. Contact: DR. M. Petyt, ISVR, 400 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

The University of Southampton, S09 5NH, U.S.A. England. November 21-25, 1988: International Sym­ August 2-9, 1988 : Ninth World Conference on posium on Innovative Application of Shells Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo and Kyoto, and Spatial Structures, Bangalore, India. Con­ Japan. Contact : 9WCEE, Steering Com­ tact : Mr. R. Sundaram, Chairman, IASS mittee, c/o Japan Convention Services, Inc., Oganising Committee, Annapurna, 384, 13th Nippon Press Center Building, 2-1, 2 Chome, Main Road, Rajamahal Vilas, Extension, Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Bangalore 560080, India. Japan. June 19-26, 1989 : Third International Con­ September 4-9 1988 : FIP Symposium, Jeru­ ference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, salem, Israel. Contact : Tom Kirkbridge, Slags and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, The Concrete Society (England), Devon Trondheim. Norway. Contact : Dr V.M. House, 12-15 Darmouth Street, London, Malhotra, CANMET, 405 Rochester Street, SWIH 9BL, England. Ottawa, Ontario, KIA OGI, Canada.

September 19-22, 1988 : International Con­ February 10-15, 1991 : International Sym­ ference on Timber Engineering, Seattle, Wash­ posium on Polymer Materials Preparation ington, U.S.A. Contact : Dr. Rafik Y. Itani, Characterization and Properties, Melbourne, Conference Chairman, Department of Civil Australia. Contact : RACI Polymer Divis­ and Environmental Engineering, Washington ion, P.O.Box 224, Belmont Victoria 3216, State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2914 Australia. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON "INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS OF SHELLS & SPATIAL FORMS" NOVEMBER 21-25, 1988 BANGALORE. INDIA

FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT AND CALL FOR PAPERS

ORGANISED BY: SUPPORTED BY: • International Association for Shell & • Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok Spatial Structures • Space Structures Research Centre, and University of Surrey, U.K. • Builders Association of India • Indian Concrete Institute • Structural Engineering Research Centre • The Indian Institute oi Architects

SYMPOSIUM THEME AND ACTIVITIES: The Symposium will dwell on the proposed theme "Innovative Applications of Shells & Spatial Forms". The main object of selecting this topic is to encourge large scale usage of shells and spatial forms, and for this it is essential new frontiers must be explored. It is important to recognise the inherent economy and aesthetic appeal of shell structures, especially for mass housing programmes, shopping centres, factories etc. Innovations may take several forms such as: a) Exploring new areas of applications : Examples : Shel Is for foundations and rafts; she I Is for intermediate floors; she I Is for blast-resistant structures etc. b) Use of new materials Examples : Ferrocement, plastics and composites etc. c) Use of new shapes Examples : Optimum forms for multiple loading conditions, cable stayed and membrane structures. d) Use of new techniques of construction: Examples : Inflatable forms. Each of the above mentioned subjects can be studied either from engineering or architectural aspects from the following points of view: (1) Analysis and design; (2) Theoretical and experimental work; (3) Theory and practice involving innovative methods in construction technology, fabrication and construction; and ( 4) Case histories of completed projects. In addition to the usual technical sessions, there will also be special sessions like - Visual session by means of video tapes and films. CALL FOR PAPERS: Papers are invited on the topics outlined above. Abstracts of one typed page and of no more than 300 words should be submitted to the Chairman, Organising Committee. Abstracts should also have title of paper and author's name, affiliation and address on the same page. TIME SCHEDU!-E: Submit reply form As soon as possible Preliminary acceptance 30th Nov.1987, Submit abstract (300 words) 30th Sept. 1987 Submit paper 31st March 1988.

FEES: Before January 31, 1988. After January 31, 1988. The symposium fees are as follows: Indian Nationals Indian Nationals Members of JASS S250 Rs. 1250 $300 Rs.1500 Non members S350 Rs.1500 S400 Rs.1750 Accompanying persons S100 Rs. 500 $150 Rs. 750 For banquet $40 Rs. 100 S40 Rs.100 The amount shown above covers the Registration fee, one set of the symposium proceedings, the opening reception including dinner and the technical tour during the symposium. It.also includes coffee, lunch, and airport transfer at Bangalore. Payment should be made by bank draft in favour of IASS Organizing Comittee, Bangalore, ll)dia. CORRESPONDENCE: Al I correspondance should be addressed to: Mr. R. Sundaram, Chairman, JASS Organising Committee, "Annapurna", 384, 13th Main Road, Rajamahal Vilas Extension, Bangalore - 560 080. ndia, Telephone: 362355 402 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

CABRIDGE Secretariat: c/o W. Kanok-Nukulchai • Asian Institute of Technology, G.P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, THAI LAND Tel. 5290100-13 •Telex: 84276TH •Cable: AIT-BANGKOK

OCCASION INTRODUCTION

To coincide with the grand opening of the world's longest single­ The new Chao Phya River Crossing in Bangkok under construction plane cable-stayed bridge and as an event. to celebrate the sixtieth as part of the Dao Khanong - Port Expressway is a single-plane fan· birthday anniversary of His Majesty the King. type cable-stayed road bridge, with a main span of 450 meters. When the bridge is complete in November 1987, it will be the longest span cable-sta"yed bridge of this type in the world. The grand opening of the bridge has been scheduled as one of the main national events CO-ORGANIZERS in 1987, to celebrate the sixtieth birthday anniversary of His Majesty the King. Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand (ETA) Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) To coincide with the grand opening of this celebrated bridge, the ·Chulalongkorn University (CU) Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand (ETA). Asian Engineering Institute of Thailand under H.M. the King's Patronage Institute or Technology (AIT), Chulalongkorn University (CU), and (E!T) the Engineering Institute of Thailand (EIT) will jointly organize the Jnternalional Conference on Cable Stayed Bridges during November 18 - 20, 1987.

International noted authorities, and professionals with experience in AUSPICES* all aspects of cable-stayed bridges: planning, analysis, design, cons­ truction, operation and maintenance, will gather in this memorable International Association for Bridge and Struct!-llal Engineering event, not only to pay tribute to the progress of cable-stayed bridges, (IABSE) but also to evaluate past experiences and to give their projections American Society of Civil Eilgineers (ASCE) for the next generation or long-span bridges. Participants will have Japanese Society of Civil Engirieers (JSCE) the opportunity to hear presentation of state-of-the-art developments American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) and or the ramifications ror the future design and consuuction of The Consulting Engineers Association of Thailand (CEA n long-span bridges all over the world. An international exhibition of Thai Contractors Associati~n (TCA) · the latest technology and services will also serve to highlight the Conference. '

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE* CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE P. Karasudhi - EIT (Olairman) E.R.A. de Arantes e Oliveira (Portugal) D.M. Bratton (UK) W. Kanok-Nukulchai - AIT (Secretary) A. Davenport (Canada) P. Dowling (UK) S. Attasaeranewong - AIT L. Finzi (Italy) N. Gimsin~ (Denmark) P. Lukkunaprasit - CU A. Hasegawa (Japan) H. Hornberg (Germany) V. Vacharindr - ETA H.M. Irvine (USA) M. Ito (Japan) R. Kanjanavanit (Thailand) S.L. Lee (Singapore) T. Attajarusit - ETA (Vice Chairman) P. Pirotesak - ETA (Asst. Secretary) T.Y. Lin (USA) A. Oh-hoshi (Japan) E. Limsuwan - CU A. Pauser (Austria) E.H. Phillips (UK) J. Schlaich (Germany) J. Tajima (Japan) S. Sirisinha - TCPA P.R. Taylor (Canada) CONFERENCE CALENDAR

September l - First Annoucement (Call for Papers) CONFERENCE BOARD* January 31, 1987 - Deadline for abstracts February 28 - Notification of preliminary paper acceptance Mr. Charan Burapharat, ETA Governor (Chairman) May 31 - Deadline for final manuscripts and speakers' Pror. Alastair M. North, President of AIT registration Prof. Kasem Suwanagul, Rector or Chulalongkorn University June 15 - Second Announcement Dr. Sirilak Chandrangsu, President of the Engineering Institute July 31 - Confirmation of final acceptance or papers of Thailand October 31 - Deadline for advanced registration for Mr. Pricha Sritongsuk, ETA Deputy Governor for Administration delegates Mr. Siva Charoenpong, ETA Deputy Governor for Operation October 31 - Technical program issued Prof. Fumio Nishina, Vice President for Academic Affairs, AIT Pror. Tawee Lertpanyavit, Dean of Engineering Faculty, CU. Prof. Pisidhi Karasudhi, Chairman er the Civil Engineering Chapter. DR KANOK-NUKULCHA! E!T . CORRESPONDENCE: W. CABRIDGE SECRETARIAT Dr. Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai, AIT Asian Institute of Technology Dr. Ekasit Limsuwan, Representative, CU GPO Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Dr. Theerapong Attajarusit, ETA (Secretary) THAILAND Clble A!T-BANGKOK, Telex 84276TH • 10 be confirmed. Tel. 5290100-13 Ext. 50, 2608 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 403

CONTENTS LIST

Volume 17 contains four issues and this partial list of contents includes all technical articles including papers on research and development, papers on applications and tech­ niques, tips for amateur builders and news and notes published in the Journal of Ferrocement during 1987.

Number 1, January 1987

PAPER ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT A Study of Flexure Cracking and Bond-slip in Pretensioned Ferrocement Elements D. Toan and R.P. Pama

PAPERS ON APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES Skinning Boats with Ferrocement 33 M acAlister Elliott and Partners Compound Catchment Ferro cement Water Tanks 37 UNICEF Technology Support Section

SPECIAL FOCUS 1986 Ferrocement Inter-University Canoe Race 49 L. Robles-Austriaco

TIPS FOR AMATEUR BUILDERS Chainplates for Ferrocement Hull 55 P. Finch

NEWS AND NOTES Ferrocement Model House and Office 68 Ferrocement Park 70 Ferrocement Folded Arched Culverts 70 Water Decontamination with Potash Alum 72 Ferrocement Projects 72 Symposium for the Exchange of Technology 73 Boat-Building 73 New Projects from SERC 74 Pulp Cement Board 75 Ferrocement Water Tanks 75 Appropriate Technology for Seip-Help Village 76 Save Water, Save Lives in Thailand 76 Storage Domes 77 Concrete Repair After Rebar Corrosion 77 404 Journal of Ferrocemellf.' Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Number 2, April 1987

PAPERS ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Finite Element Analysis of Steel Fibre Reinforced Cement Composites 107 P. Paramasil>am Prediction of Spacing and Maximum Width of Cracks in Ferrocement Built-Up I-Joists 117 P. Desayi and N. Ganesan

PAPERS ON APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES Alternative Methods of Construction 131 D.Scott Pit Latrine 141 L.H. Belz

TIPS FOR AMATEUR BillLDERS

Stern Tubes for Ferrocement Hull 149 A. Lucas and P. Finch

NEWS AND NOTES Trainer's Training on Ferrocement Technology 161 Feedback 163 Superplasticized Fly Ash Concrete 164 Recent Activities on Marine Applications 168 Twenty Years and More 169 Sanitary Device 169 Ferrocement Chamber 170 Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composites 170 Transportable Ferrocement Water Tank 173 Capiz Ferrocement Projects 173 First Cement Jar Racing 175 Interlocking Soil-Cement blocks 176 Cracks in Concrete 177 Experience of Fires in Concrete Structures 178 Present Trends on the Use of Admixture 178 ACI Publications Catalog Released 180 Durability Problem 180 Recycled Concrete as Aggregate 181 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 405

Number 3, July 1987

PAPER ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Experimental Investigation of Secondary Strength of Ferrocement Reinforced with 215 Hexagonal Mesh W.N. Al-Rifaie and D.N. Trikha

PAPERS ON APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES A 50 m3 Ferrocement Water Reservoir in Caiiar, Ecuador 223 M. McPeak Natural Fibre Reinforced Concretes in Low-Cost Hou8ing Construction 231 M.A'. Aziz, P. Paramasivam and S.L. Lee Thermal Capability of Ferrocement Panels 241 L. Robles-Austriaco, N.C. Sun and R.P. Pama

TIPS FOR AMATEUR BUILDERS Ferrocement Boats and Cold Weather 253 G.L. Bowen

NEWS AND NOTES Extension Programs 265 Cement Handling 266 World Directory of Cement and Concrete Organizations 267 Demonstration of SERC Techniques 267 Drinking Water· Mission 268 Rainwater Collection Tank System 268 IRPD - A Retrieval Service 268 Ultradurable Concrete 269 More Tanks for Potable Water Supply 269 Water Disinfectant for Rural Areas 269 Rural Piped Water Supply 270 Approtech Asia Information System on Water and Sanitation 270 Ferrocement Acoustic Reflectors: Fulton Award Winner 271 Valley Trust Projects 273 FAS-Fibre Concrete Roofing Advisory Services 273 Clean Water Program 274 BRIX Database Used Worldwide 274 Computerizing Quality Control of Concrete 275 Pore Solution Chemistry of Concrete 275 Ferrocement Lining System Renovates Fluid Containment Structures 276 I - i

406 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 I

Number 4, October 1987

PAPER ON RESERCH AND DEVELOPMENT Finite Element Analysis of Ferrocement Plates 313 K. V.G. Prakhya and S.R. Adidam

PAPERS ON APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES Durability of Natural Fibres in Cement-Based Roofing Sheets 321 H.E. Gram and P. Nimityongskul Efficiency of Mesh Overlaps of Ferrocement Elements 329 S.K. Kaushik, V.K. Gupta and M.K. Rahman Fiji Smokeless Stove 337 G. T. Cigolotti Mekong Ferrocement Survey Launch 341 A. Kateouychai and S. Watcharakorn

NEWS AND NOTES AIT Gold Medal Award 355 Award in Science and Technology in Asia 356 Science Fair 357 ACI Award 358 Shah Named NATO Senior Fellow 358 IFIC Visitors 359 Nong Khai Industrial and Boatbuilding Training Centre 359 Raising a Water Tower 360 Technology Integration with Rural Development Schemes 361 Workshop on Standards and Specifications for Local Building Materials 362 Earth Construction Technologies in Developing Countries 362 Asbestos Cement 363 Extension Work 363 Drop on a Hot Plate 363 Business-Way of Transferring Technology 364 Water Supply Projects 365 Housing Information Services 367 Chulabhorn Ferrocement Pleasure Boat 368 Ferrocement for Car Repairs 368 Rural Demonstration House 369 Cathodic Protection 371 Crown Relining 372 New Code for Efficiency in Housing 372 Penn's Concrete Canoe 373 Rainwater Information Centre 373 Center of Excellence in Cement Composite Materials 374 Training Network 374 Water Decade Coverage Figures 374 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 407

Volume 17, January/April/July/October 1987

Contributions to the Journal of Ferrocemellf are indexed in three categories : • Author Index • Title Index • Subject Index Volume 17 contains four issues namely No. 1 January 1987 1-106 No. 2 April 1987 107-214 No. 3 July 1987 215-312 No. 4 October 1987 313-417

AUTHOR INDEX Gram, H.E. • Durability of Natural Fibres in Cement- based Roofing Sheets 321 Adidam, S.R. • Finite Element Analysis of Ferrocement Gupta, V.K. Plates 313 • Efficiency of Mesh Overleps of Ferroce- ment Elements 329 Al-Rifaie, W.N. Kaushik, S.K. • Experimental Investigation of Secondary Strength of Ferrocement Reinforced • Efficiency of Mesh Overlaps of Ferroce- with Hexagonal Mesh 215 ment Elements 329 Aziz, M.A. Kateouychai, A. • Natural Fibre Reinforced Concretes in • Mekong Ferrocement Survey Launch 341 Low-cost Housing Construction 231 Lee, S.L. Belz, L.H. • Natural Fiber Reinforced Concretes in • Pit Latrine 141 Low-cost Housing Construction 231 Bowen, G.L. Lucas, A. • Stern Tubes for Ferrocement Hull 149 • Ferrocement Boats and Cold Weather 253 MacAlister Elliott and Partners .. -- Cigolotti, G.T. • Skinning BoaX~ - With Ferrocement 33 • Fiji Smokeless Stove 337 McPeak,M. Desayi, P. • A 50 m3 Ferrocement Water Reservoir in • Prediction of Spacing and Maximum Cafiar, Ecuador 223 Width of Cracks in Ferrocement Built-up I-Joists 117 Nimityongskul, P. • Durability of Natural Fibres in CemeIJt- Finch, P. based Roofing Sheets 321 • Chainplates for Ferrocement Hull 55 • Stern Tubes for Ferrocement Hull 149 Pama,R.P.. • Thermal Capability of Ferrocement G~nesan, N. Panels 241 • Prediction of Spacing and Maximum • A Study of Flexure Cracking and Width of Cracks in Ferrocement Built-up Bond-slip in Pretensioned Ferrocement I-Joists 117 Elements 408 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987

Paramasivam, P . Crack • Finite Element Analysis of Steel Fibre • ,.., spacing 10, 117 Reinforced Cement Composites 107 • ,.., width 12, 117, 122 • Natural Fibre Reinforced Concretes in • first ,.., 8, 114, 333 Low-cost Housing Construction 231 • secondary first ,.., stress 220 • maximum ,.., width 127 Prakhya, K.V.G. • Finite Element Analysis of Ferrocement Chainplates 55 Plates 313 Cement composites 107 Rahman, M.K. Construction • Effi:iency of Mesh Overlaps of Ferroce- 145, 337 ment Elements 329 • ,.., of l:.unch 341 • ,.., procedure Robles-Austriaco, L. 224 • methods of ,.., 131 • 1986 Ferrocement Inter-University Canoe Race 49 Design 223 • Thermal Capability of Ferrocement Durability Panels 241 237, 321 Flexure Scott, D. • ,.., cracking I • Alternative Methods of Construction 131 • ,.., tests 18 Sun, N.C. Ferrocement • Thermal Capability of Ferrocement • ,.., built-up I-joists 117 Panels 241 • ,.., canoe race 49 Toan, D. • ,.., hull 55 • ,.., panels 241 • A Study of Flexure Cracking and • ,.., plates 341 Bond-slip in Pretensioned Ferrocement • ,.., prefabricated housing 243 Elements • ,.., precasting ,.., elements 143 Trikha, D.N. • ,.., skin 33 ,.., slab 248 Experimental Investigation of Secondary • ,.., survey launch 341 Strength of Ferrocement Reinforced • overlaps of ,.., elements 329 with Hexagonal Mesh 215 • ,.., water tank 37 UNICEF Technology Support Section • pretensioned ,.., elements I • Compound Catchment Ferrocement Fabrication Water Tanks 37 56 Finite element analysis 107, 313 Watcharakorn, S. • Mekong Ferrocement Survey Launch 341 Hull . ,.., 55, 149, 341 • timber,.., 33 SUBJECT INDEX Housing • application in ,.., 238 • low cost ,.., construction 231 Analysis • prefabricated ,.., system 243 • composite ,.., 108 • finite element ,.., 107, 313 Labor intensive methods 131 Bond Latrine 141 ,.., failure 335 • ,.., slip 1 Modular ratio 24 • ,.., stress distribution 119 Modulus of rupture 24 Boat 253 Mesh • Skinning ,.., 33 • chicken wire E2 • Wooden ,.., 33 • ,.., orientation 215 • hexagonal ,.., 215 Compressive behavior 314 • ,.., overlaps 329 • square woven 331 Constituent materials 17 • woven wire 319 Cracking Natural fiber ·• flexure ,.., I 321 • moment,.., 22 • ,.., reinforced concrete 231 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1987 409

Overlaps 329 Durability of Natural Fibres in Cement-Based Roofing Sheets 321 Plastering 40, 226 • H.E. Gram and P. Nimityongskul Production technology 232 Efficiency of Mesh Overlaps of Ferrocement Quality control 47 Elements 329 • S.K. Kaushik, V.K. Gupta and Rice husk ash 321 M.K. Rahman Roof 47, 321 Experimental Investigation of Secondary Strength Silica fume 326 of Ferrocement Reinforced with Hexagonal Mesh 215 Stove 337 • W.N. Al-Rifaie and D.N. Trikha Stresses 9 Ferrocement Boats and Co.Id Weather 253 Slip modulus 23 • G.L. Bowen Strength Fiji Smokeless Stove 337 • secondary ,..., 215 • G.T. Cigo/otti • ultimate ,..., 114 Finite Element Analysis of Ferrocement Plates 313 Steel fiber • K. V.G. Prakhya and S.R ..Adidam • ,..., reinforced cement composites 107 A 50 m3 Ferrocement Water Reservoir in Canar, Stern tubes 149 Ecuador 223 • M. McPeak Tests • flexure ,..., 18, 216 Finite Element Analysis of Steel Fibre Reinforced Cement Composites 107 Timber hulls 33 • P. Paramasivan Tension Natural Fibre Rienforced Concretes in Low-cost • secondary direct ,..., 221 Housing Construction 231 • ,..., stiffening 315 • M.A. Aziz, P. Paramasivam and S.L. Lee Thermal capability 241 1986 Ferrocement Inter-University Canoe Race 49 Water • L. Robles-Austriaco • ,..., reservoir 223 Mekong Ferrocement Survey Launch 341 • ""tank 37 • A. Kateouychai and S. Watcharakorn Wall Pit Latrine 141 • pit latrine ,..., elements • redbrick,..., 249 • L.H. Belz Weather Prediction of Spacing and Maximum Width of Cracks in Ferrocement Built-up I-Joists 117 • ferrocement boats and cold ,..., 253 • P. Desayi and N. Ganesan Skinning Boats With Ferrocement 33 • Mac/I.lister Elliot and Partners TITLE INDEX Stern Tubes for Ferrocement Hull 149 • A. Lucas and P. Finch Alternative Methods of Construction 131 • D. Scott A Study of Flexure Cracking and Bond-slip in Pretensioned Ferrocement Elements Chainplates for Ferrocement Hull 55 • D. Toan and R.P. Pama • P. Finch Thermal Capability of Ferrocement Panels 241 Compound Catchment Ferrocement Water Tanks 37 • L. Robles-Austriaco, N.C. S Sun and • UNICEF Technology Support Section R.P.Pama PUBLICRTIOD5

001 FERROCEMENT 004 FERROCEMENT AND ITS APPLICA­ TIONS - A BIBLIOGRAPHY, B.K. Paul and R.P. Pama Volume 1 This publication discusses every aspect of ferroce­ ment technology: historical background, constituent It presents a comprehensive list of references cover­ materials, construction procedures, mechanical pro­ ing al[ asP,ects of ferrocement technology and its ap­ perties and potential applications. The flexicover plications. This first volume lists 736 references classi­ edition includes over 75 literature references on the fied according to subject and author indices. All listed subject. 149 pp., 74 illus. references are available at IFIC which can provide photocopies on request at nominal cost. Ideal for Surface mail Air mail researchers and amateur builders. 56 pp. Subscribers USS12.00 USS14.00 Non-subscribers USS15.00 USS17.00 Surface mail USS2.00 Airmail USS4.00 002 THE POTENTIALS OF FERROCEMENT AND RELATED MATERIALS FOR RURAL INDONESIA- A FEASIBILITY STUDY 005 DO IT YOURSELF SERIES

R.P. Pama and Opas Phromratanapongse To accelerate transfer of ferrocement technology to developing countries, IFIC has published the The report recommends seven potential applica­ following six Booklets in the Do it yourself series: tions of ferrocement and related materials fuund par­ Ferrocement Grain Storage Bin Booklet No. 1 ticularly suitable for rural Indonesia. Good reference Ferrocement Water Tank Booklet No. 2 for volunteer groups and government officers involved Ferrocement Biagas Holder Booklet No. 3 with rural development .. Ferrocem"ent Canoe Booklet No ..4 Surface mail USS2.00 Air mail USS4.00 The descriptive text in each booklet is in a non­ technical language. Material specifications, material 003 FERROCEMENT,A VERSATILE CON­ estimations, construction and post-construction opera­ STRUCTION MATERIAL: IT'S INCREASING tion of each utility structure are well discussed. USE IN ASIA Construction drawings and construction guidelines to ensure better workmanship and finished structures are presented. Also included are additional readings and Edited by R.P. Pama, Seng-Lip Lee and sample calculations. Noel D. Vietmeyer Cost per Booklet This report is the product of the workshop "Intro­ Surface mail USS2.00 duction of Technologies in Asia - Ferrocement, A Case Air mail USS4.00 Study", jointly sponsored by the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) and the U.S. National Academy of 006 FOCUS Sciences (NAS). Thirteen case studies on the 'State­ This pamphlet introduces ferrocement as a highly of-the-Art' of ferrocement technology and applications versatile form of reinforced concrete used for con­ in nine countries in Asia and Australia are presented. struction with a minimum of skilled labour. Published 106 pp., 59 illus. in Bengali, Burmese, Chinese, English, French, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Nepalese, Pilipino, Portu" Surface mail USS2.00 guese, Singhalese, Spanish, Swahili. Tamil, Thai, Air mail USS4.00 Urdu. These pamphlets could be obtained FREE of charge. 007 SLIDE PRESENTATION SERIES 008 FERROCEMENT APPLICATIONS: STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEWS Construction of Ferrocement Series No. 1 Water Tank Volume 1 An Introduction to Ferrocement Series No. 2 Ferrocement - A Technology Series No. 3 This volume is the compilation of the State-of-the-Art for Housing Reviews published in the Journal of Ferrocement. A Historical Development of Series No. 4 . valuable source volume that summarizes published Ferrocement information before January 1982. Each set contains 30 color slides with a description of each slide on an accompanying booklet. Additional Surface mail US$ 8.00 background information are included where appro­ Airmail US$10.00 priate. The slide sets listed are i'ntended for use in schools, colleges, training centers and will be equally useful for organizations-involved in rural development. Cost per Series Air mail Developing countries US$15.00 Developed countries US$20.00

009 JOURNAL OF FERROCEMENT Cost per issue* Special Issues Individual Institutional Developing countries US$3.75 US$ 7.50 • Marine Applications (Vol. 10, No. 3, July 1980) • Housing Applications (Vol. 11, No. 1,January 1981) Developed countries US$6.00 US$12.50 • Water Decade (Vol. 11, No. 3, July 1981) Vol. 12 (No. 2, No. 3, No. 4) Cost per issue Vol. 13 (No. 2, No. 3, No. 4) Surface mail Air mail Vol. 14 (No. 2, No. 3, No. 4) Vol. 15 (all issues) Individual US$ 6.00 US$ 8.00 Institutional US$12.50 US$14.50 Cost per issue* Individual Institutional • Agricultural Applications (Vol. 12, No. 1, January Developing countries US$4.50 US$ 9.00 1982) e Prefabricated Ferrocement Housing (Vol. 13, No. 1, Developed countries US$7.50 US$15.00 January 1983) • Water Resources Structures (Vol.14, No. 1,January Vol. 16 (No. 2, No. 3, No. 4) 1984) • Prefabrication & Industrial Applications (Vol. 16, Cost per issue No. 3, 1986) Individual Institutional Developing countries US$5.50 US$10.00 Cost per issue Developed countries US$9.00 US$17.50 Surface mail Air mail Individual US$ 7 .50 US$ 9.50 Vol. 7, Nos. 1 and 2 are out of print. Photocopies Institutional US$15.00 US$17.00 of individual articles from these issues could be ordered at US$0.15 per page for developing countries and Regular Issues US$0.20 per page for developed countries. Cost in­ clusive of surface postage. Vol. 8 (all issues) Vol. 10 (No. 1, No. 2, No. 4) *Inclusive of surface ma ii postage Vol. 9 (all issues) Vol. 11 (No. 2, No. 4) Add US$2.00 per issue for air mail postage SUBSCRIPTION RATES (effective 1 January 1986) The annual subscription rates in US$ for the Journal ofFerrocement (inclusive of postage by surface mail) are as follows: Region Status Rate t A. North America, Europe, Australia, Individual 36.00 New Zealand Middle East and Japan Institutional 70.00 B. Countries other than those listed in Individual 22.00 Region A. Institutional 40.00 t Inclusive of postage by surface mail Multi-year Subscription Discounts AIT Alumni Others l to 2 years: 15% 3 years: 10% 3 to 5 years: 20% 4 to 5 years: 15% We encourage subscription to the Journal of Ferrocement through air mail, in which case the following extra charges in US$ are to be added t,o the annual subscription rates as specified above:

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+ Please inform IF IC of payment made to these institutions for prompt service. 010 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF 014 INTERNATIONAL DIRECTORY OF FERROCEMENT FERROCEMENT ORGANIZATIONS Slide Presentation Series No. 4 AND EXPERTS 1982-1984

The Hjstorial Development of Ferrocement will The 1982-1984 IFIC's INTERNATIONAL DIREC­ enable you to understand and appreciate the latest TORY OF FERROCEMENT ORGANIZATIONS technological advances in ferrocement by giving you AND EXPERTS is your indispensable source for deci­ detailed description of its historical background, tech­ sion making when you need to select firms/experts for nology transfer development and present applications. ferrocement related design, construction and engineer­ It covers the period 1848 to the present. The 30 ing services. selected slides will give you a comprehensive picture of 226 firms and experts present their capabilities and the past and present of ferrocement. experience. In addition, they are indexed by types of services performed and by geographic location of their Published December 1985 offices. List price US$15.00 Developing countries, air mail This directory belongs on your desk. Don't delay. US$20.00 Developed countries, air mail Send your order today.

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Published December 1985 List price US$2.00 Surface mail 015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND IN­ US$4.00 Air mail TERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FER­ ROCEMENT 012 FERROCEMENT BIOGAS DIGESTER Do It Yourself Booklet No. 6 The proceedings provide an opportunity to review and update the existing knowledge and further under­ stand the latest developments and progress made in W. Kanok-Nukulchai and L. Robles-Austriaco ferrocement technology, This booklet, the sixth in the Do-It-Yourself Series, explains the construction of the ferrocement biogas Edited by: L. Robles-Austriaco, R.P. Pama, K. Sashi digester developed at the Asian Institute of Technolo­ Kumar and E.G. Mehta. gy. The construction procedure has been presented in Published January 1985, hard bound, 788 pages. List price: US$60.00 (surface postage included). easy to follow format. Introduction to biogas, design guidelines, operation and maintenance of the plant are Air mail postage Asia US$ 5.00 also discussed. Others 12.00 Published October 1985, flexicover edition, 41 pages. List price US$4.00 surface mail US$6.00 air mail 016 LECTURE NOTES SHORT COURSE ON DESIGN AND 013 FERROCEMENT ROOFING ELEMENT CONSTRUCTION OF FERROCEMENT Do It Yourself Booklet No. 5 STRUCTURES

K. Sashi Kumar, P.C. Sharma and P. Nimityongskul This is a compilation of the lecture notes of the Short Course on Design and Construction of Ferroce­ This is the fifth booklet in the Do-It-Yourself series ment Structures held at the Asian Institute of Tech­ published since 1979. A new format has been adapted nology, Bangkok, Thailand, 8-12 January 1985. This in the presentation of the text. The construction publication contains every aspect of ferrocement from procedure has been detailed in a simple step-by-step its historical background and constituent materials to manner. The descriptive text is accompanied by cor­ the construction procedures. An important feature of responding figures thus enabling a clearer perception the lecture notes is the design criteria for ferrocement of the construction process. Also included are erec­ including examples of analysis problems based from tion and installation procedure, post-construction the "ACI Design Guide for Ferrocement." operations, precautions to be taken and additional reading. Compiled January 1985, plastic binding, 341 pages. List price: US$45.00 (surface postage included) .. Published June 1985, flexicover edition, 47 pages. List price US$4.00 surface mail Air mail postage Asia US$ 5.00 US$6.00 air mail Others 12.00 PLEASE POST SUBSCRIPTION FORM TO : The Director International Ferrocement Information Center Asian Institute of Technology ( (' (~J P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok, Thailand m~m: --

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I Improve your expertise Learn more about management of specialized information centres/services Gain rapid promotion AIT/LRDC invites you to attend COURSE ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTERIZED LIBRARY SERVICES· This three-month course will provide an un­ For details contact: derstanding of the major theories and princi­ Director ples for today's library and automated infor­ Library and Regional Documentation Center mation services, giving librarians and subject Asian Institute of Technology specialists an opportunity to upgrade their P.O. Box 2754 knowledge and experience with modem·com­ Bangkok 10501, Thailand puterized information management technolo­ Tel. 5290100-13 gy. Telex: 84276 TH NICMAR

JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT A quarterly journal devoted to the study and practice of management in construction industry. The journal focuses on the management aspects of civil works. Its areas of interest include: • Energy • Infrastructure • Safety • Transportation • Habitat • Social Services • Buildings • Communications • Irrigation • Rural Development • Environment Subscription Rate Indian : Rs. 160 per annum Foreign : US$ 60 per annum (including postage and bookpost airmail abroad) For subscriptions and advertisements, please write to: Publication Officer, Documentation Centre, National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Walchand Centre, Tardeo Road, BOMBAY 400 034, India.

EPUl/07 Published by the International Ferrocement lriformation Center Asian Institute of Technology G.P.O. Box 27 54 Bangkok 10501, Thailand No. 60;87, October 1987

PRINTED BY THAI WATANA PANICH PRESS CO,, LTD,, 891 RAMA I ROAD, BANGKOK, MR, THIRA T. SUWAN, PRINTER, B,E. 2530