GSA TODAY • GSA Honors 50-Year Members, Fellows, P

Vol. 9, No. 11 November 1999 INSIDE • USArray Initiative, p. 8 • First GSA Field Forum, p. 16 GSA TODAY • GSA Honors 50-Year Members, Fellows, p. 27 A Publication of the Geological Society of America

A New Look at the Long-term Carbon Cycle Robert A. Berner, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The long-term carbon cycle is the cycle that Conversion of CO2 to dissolved HCO3- by Volcanic operates over millions of CO years and that involves the Ca-Mg silicate weathering 2 slow exchange of carbon between rocks and the sur- CO2 from sedimentary organic C weathering ficial system consisting of the ocean, atmosphere, biota, and soils. It is distin- CaCO 3 CO and CH from guished from the short- Burial 2 4 term carbon cycle, in Metamorphism & which carbon is rapidly Org C Deep Diagenesis exchanged only within the Burial surficial system. A new type of diagram illustrates the cause-effect relations involved in the long-term carbon cycle and how these processes affect the Subduction levels of atmospheric O2 CO2 of CaCO and CO2. The diagram also 3 includes the cycle of phos- & Organic C phorus as it affects the burial of organic matter in Figure 1. An idealized and simplified representation of the surficial aspects of the long-term carbon cycle. Note the sediments. The diagram is exchange of carbon between rocks, on the one hand, and the oceans and atmosphere, on the other; this is the distin- guishing characteristic of the long-term cycle. distinctly different from, and is here compared to, the more traditional representation of geochemical cycles in sedimentary rocks that otherwise would oxidize only very slowly terms of box models. By following paths leading from causes by weathering.) A cause-effect–type diagram, previously used in to effects, one can trace complex loops that demonstrate posi- modeling physiology (Grodins, 1963; Riggs, 1970), climate tive and negative feedback, and this allows discovery of new (Saltzman and Moritz, 1980; Saltzman and Maasch, 1991), and subcycles that deserve further study. This type of diagram ocean nutrients and oxygen (Lenton, 1998) can be used also to should be applicable in general to other geological and geo- illustrate the various kinds of feedbacks that control CO2 and O2 chemical processes. in the long-term (multimillion-year) carbon cycle.

INTRODUCTION LONG-TERM CARBON CYCLE The term “carbon cycle” means many things to many peo- Summaries of the processes that affect carbon transfer as ple. For those concerned with the present growth of CO2 in the part of the long-term carbon cycle (Fig. 1), and how they affect atmosphere, due to deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels, atmospheric CO2 and O2 can be found in a variety of sources the carbon cycle consists of those sources and sinks that (e.g., Garrels and Perry, 1974; Walker, 1977; Holland, 1978, 1984; exchange carbon with the atmosphere on a human time scale. Berner, 1989, 1998). The processes affecting CO2 can be divided This includes the biosphere, oceans, and soils, and I refer to it into two subcycles. The first, the silicate-carbonate subcycle, here as the short-term carbon cycle. This cycle is also the domi- involves the uptake of atmospheric CO2 (processed mostly by nant control on atmospheric CO2 over longer periods, including photosynthesis and respiration to form soil CO2 and organic the glacial-interglacial stages of the Quaternary. However, as one acids) during the weathering of Ca and Mg silicate minerals. A

goes back further in geologic time, one must take into account representative generalized reaction for Ca is: the exchange of carbon between rocks and the combined bio- ← 2CO + H O + CaSiO Ca++ + 2HCO - + SiO . (1) sphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere-soil system. This gives rise to the 2 2 3 3 2 ++ concept of the long-term carbon cycle, and it is this cycle that is The dissolved Ca and HCO3- are carried by rivers to the sea, the dominant influence on the levels of atmospheric oxygen and where they are precipitated (almost always by means of a biologi- carbon dioxide over millions of years (Holland, 1978). (Humans cal process) as CaCO3 in sediments: have accelerated this cycle by the burning of organic carbon in A New Look continued on p. 2 IN THIS ISSUE GSA TODAY November Vol. 9, No. 11 1999 A New Look at the Long-term GSA Foundation ...... 20 Carbon Cycle ...... 1 GSA TODAY (ISSN 1052-5173) is published monthly Memories: 1999 GeoVentures ...... 22 by The Geological Society of America, Inc., with offices at 3300 In Memoriam ...... 2 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado. Mailing address: P.O. Box Call for Nominations ...... 23 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, U.S.A. Periodicals postage paid at Boulder, Colorado, and at additional mailing offices. Dialogue ...... 3 Postmaster: Send address changes to GSA Today, Member- Book Reviews ...... 24 ship Services, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140. About People ...... 6 Wanted: Your Geological Photos ...... 26 Copyright © 1999, The Geological Society of America, Inc. 2000 GSA Annual Meeting Field Trips . . . 7 (GSA). All rights reserved. Copyright not claimed on content GSA Honors 50-Year prepared wholly by U.S. Government employees within the scope of their employment. Permission is granted to individ- USArray Initiative ...... 8 Members, Fellows ...... 27 uals to photocopy freely all items other than the science articles to further science and education. Individual scientists are Washington Report—A Turn in U.S. GSA Grants Support Student hereby granted permission, without royalties or further Ocean Policy? ...... 11 Research ...... 28 requests, to make unlimited photocopies of the science articles for use in classrooms to further education and science, and to make up to five copies for distribution to associates in Environment Matters—Managing Student Travel Grants ...... 28 the furtherance of science; permission is granted to make America’s Coastal Parks ...... 13 more than five photocopies for other noncommercial, non- GSA Offers Awards in Geomorphology profit purposes furthering science and education upon pay- Session Proposals for the and Micropalentology ...... 29 ment of a fee ($0.25 per page-copy) directly to the Copy- 2000 GSA Annual Meeting ...... 14 right Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, South-Central Section Awards MA 01923 USA, phone (978) 750-8400, http://www. copyright.com; when paying, reference GSA Today, ISSN SEG Student Research Grants ...... 15 1999 Grants ...... 29 1052-5173. Written permission is required from GSA for all other forms of capture, reproduction, and/or distribution of Age of Earth Symposium ...... 15 Bulletin and Geology Contents ...... 30 any item in this publication by any means, including posting on authors’ or organizational Web sites, except that permis- First GSA Field Forum, Classifieds ...... 31 sion is granted to authors to post the abstracts only of their Matanuska Glacier, Alaska ...... 16 science articles on their own or their organization’s Web site SAGE Remarks—Using the Method providing the posting includes this reference: “The full paper was published in the Geological Society of America’s news- Rock Stars—Edwin McKee ...... 18 of Multiple Working Hypotheses ...... 36 magazine, GSA Today [include year, month, and page number if known, where article appears or will appear].” GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not In Memoriam reflect official positions of the Society.

SUBSCRIPTIONS for 1999 calendar year: Society Thomas Arkle, Jr. George C. Hardin, Jr. James 0. Jones Members: GSA Today is provided as part of membership Morgantown, Virginia Morrisville, North Carolina San Antonio, Texas dues. Contact Membership Services at (800) 472-1988, August 22, 1998 July 20, 1999 October 3, 1999 (303) 447-2020 or [email protected] for membership information. Nonmembers & Institutions: Free Donald J. Colquhoun Charles D. Hollister Lois S. Kent with paid subscription to both GSA Bulletin and Geology, otherwise $50 for U.S., Canada, and Mexico; $60 else- Columbia, South Carolina Woods Hole, Massachusetts Champaign, Illinois where. Contact Subscription Services. Single copies may June 4, 1999 August 23, 1999 September 21, 1999 be requested from Publication Sales. Also available on an annual CD-ROM, (together with GSA Bulletin, Geology, GSA Cliffton H. Gray, Jr. Valdar Jaanusson Byron K. Thomas Data Repository, and an Electronic Retrospective Index to journal articles from 1972); $89 to GSA Members, others Riverside, California Stockholm, Sweden Plano, Texas call GSA Subscription Services for prices and details. Claims: August 1999 August 8, 1999 November 14, 1997 For nonreceipt or for damaged copies, members contact Membership Services; all others contact Subscription Ser- vices. Claims are honored for one year; please allow suffi- cient delivery time for overseas copies, up to six months. Please contact the GSA Foundation for information on contributing to the Memorial Fund. STAFF: Prepared from contributions from the GSA staff and membership. Executive Director: Sara S. Foland Science Editors: Suzanne M. Kay, Department of Geological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Molly F. Miller, Department of Geology, Box 117-B, Vanderbilt A New Look continued from p. 1 [MgCa(CO ) ] analogue. To replace the University, Nashville, TN 37235 3 2

Forum Editor: Bruce F. Molnia, U.S. Geological Survey, CO2 lost to the rock record, degassing ++ ← MS 917, National Center, Reston, VA 22092 Ca + 2HCO3- CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O. (2) occurs as a result of the thermal break- Director of Publications: Peggy S. Lehr down of carbonates at depth by volcan- Managing Editor: Faith Rogers (Mg is removed from the oceans by dolo- ism, metamorphism, or deep diagenesis. Production Manager: Jon Olsen mite formation or by exchange for Ca Production Coordinator: Gaynor Bloom This process completes the silicate- with ridge basalts, the Ca being subse- Graphics Production: Gaynor Bloom carbonate subcycle and can be represented quently precipitated as CaCO3). The net ADVERTISING: Classifieds and display: contact Ann for Ca simply by:

Crawford, (303) 447-2020; fax 303-447-1133; acrawford@ overall reaction (Ebelmen, 1845; Urey,

geosociety.org. 1952) is: CaCO3 + SiO2 ← CO2 + CaSiO3, (4) Issues of this publication are available as electronic Acrobat ← files for free download from GSA’s Web Site, http://www. CO2 + CaSiO3 CaCO3 + SiO2. (3) which is the reverse of reaction 3. geosociety.org. They can be viewed and printed on various The other carbon subcycle is that for In this way CO is removed from the personal computer operating systems: MSDOS, MSWin- 2 organic matter. This subcycle affects both dows, Macintosh, and Unix, using the appropriate Acrobat atmosphere and buried as limestone. The CO and O . The burial of organic matter reader. Readers are available, free, from Adobe Corporation: weathering of Ca and Mg carbonates, by 2 2 http://www.adobe.com/acrobat/readstep.html. in sediments represents a net excess of comparison, does not result in net loss of GSA ONLINE: www.geosociety.org photosynthesis over respiration and can CO to the rock record because the weath- This publication is included on GSA’s annual 2 be represented by the reaction normally ering reaction for carbonates is simply the CD-ROM, GSA Journals on Compact Disc. 50% Total applied to photosynthesis:

Call GSA Publication Sales for details. Recoverd Fiber reverse of reaction 2 or its dolomite 10% Postconsumer ← Printed in U.S.A. using pure soy inks. CO2 + H2OCH2O + O2. (5)

2 GSA TODAY, November 1999 Dialogue Sara Foland, CEO The Need “Ordinary mortals communicate rather freely, while for Integrated Solutions intellectuals have succeeded in erecting barriers Many of the problems we face today — between them that they don’t know how to dissolve.” climate change, global warming, ozone —Marie Curie depletion, species endangerment and habitat loss, earthquake prediction, coastal population centers, resource distribution “Crossing Divides,” the meeting emphasized © Paul Abdoo and extraction—cannot be easily solved multidisciplinary and integrative science. At Dinosaur Ridge near Morrison, Colorado. solely from the perspective of one discipline. Seven Pardee Keynote Symposia (named for Scientists, like physicians, are becoming the late Joseph Thomas Pardee) formed the society. Public policy was a critical element more specialized; yesterday’s naturalists are core of the technical presentations and cov- in sessions addressing coastal geological risk, today’s biologists, zoologists, botanists, ered a wide range of topics from climate, the need for greater predictive capability, geologists, geophysicists, meteorologists, global tectonics, and impact events, to the and creationism versus evolution in the and myriad other specialties. role geoscience plays in environmental and classroom. Earth now exists somewhere along a legal decisions. As we enter the new millennium, geo- spectrum of an experiment started more Societal impact and focus were woven science will continue to play a central role in than 4.55 billion years ago. We know nei- throughout the technical sessions, providing interpreting natural systems for society. GSA ther the input parameters nor the experi- ethical, historical, legal, and philosophical will continue to enhance its role, providing mental design. Geologists trained as the points of view. Many other sessions venues for debate and dialogue for natural- observers of clues produced from Earth’s addressed the impact of geoscience on system scientists. processes are in a unique position: as inter- preters of these natural systems, we are adept at solving complex problems using Eldridge Moores knowledge from many different scientific A Definition of Geology disciplines. A decade ago after extensive debate, the GSA Council adopted the following definition: GSA’s leadership recognized the unique Geology is used in the broad sense—the study of Earth and other planets and role that geoscientists play in interpreting planetary objects using any and all available techniques; it includes geochemistry earth systems but realized that the trend in and geophysics. earth science education, as in medicine, was toward increasing specialization. Therefore, Geology incorporates the study of rocks and their history, the internal structure and processes of the planet and their connection with the surficial rock and land form they placed a specific goal within our strate- record, as well as the development and history of life. Geology is the study of complex gic plan to emphasize the value of and need systems that involves the oceans, atmosphere, biosphere, and the solid Earth. The plane- for integration. Goal 2 of the GSA strategic tary science revolution has extended geology’s scope to include other planetary bodies in plan is: To catalyze cooperative interactions addition to Earth. among earth, life, planetary, and social scientists who investigate natural systems over vary- In keeping with this broad definition of geology, GSA’s divisions focus, among ing scales of time and space. This goal is fur- other things, on resources, geophysics, planetary geology, global geologic processes, ther divided into objectives that specifically active geologic processes, and the societal impact of geology. Similarly, associated societies represent fields such as mineralogy, geochemistry, paleontology and paleobiol- define GSA’s role in creating opportunities ogy, engineering geology, geoscience education and information, and economic geology. for cooperative interaction. This year’s Annual Meeting in Denver This diversity of interests encompassed under the GSA umbrella underscores the provided an opportunity for our members Society’s involvement in and commitment to the integrative nature of geology. to interact on key issues. With the theme

This reaction explains how organic of representation, which can be simplified because of the importance of P as a limit- matter burial results in the production of in the form of a box model diagram (see ing nutrient in the photosynthetic fixa- atmospheric O2. To complete the organic below). However, there is another way of tion of carbon. An example of an inverse subcycle, O2 is consumed and CO2 pro- looking at the long-term carbon cycle that effect is the increased oxidation of organic duced by the oxidation of organic matter does not simply show sinks, sources, and carbon to CO2 by weathering leading to a in old sediments exposed to weathering fluxes, as do cartoons like Figure 1 or box decrease in atmospheric O2. An example

on land: model diagrams. Instead of focusing on of a direct response is increased burial of ← fluxes and reservoirs, one can look at organic carbon in sediments leading to an CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O. (6) causes and effects. increase in atmospheric O2 (via reaction 5 This reaction also represents the over- above). This type of diagram should not be all process of the thermal breakdown of CAUSE-EFFECT FEEDBACK confused with similar-appearing geochemical organic matter, followed by the degassing DIAGRAM FOR THE LONG-TERM box models. (For comparison, traditional to the surface of reduced carbon-contain- CARBON CYCLE box model diagrams for the short-term ing gases (exemplified by CH in Fig. 1) and long-term carbon cycles are discussed 4 Figure 2 is another way of looking at and their rapid oxidation to CO by atmo- further below.) 2 the long-term carbon cycle as it affects the spheric O . Following arrows around a cycle, Fig- 2 levels of atmospheric CO and O . (See In sum, reactions 3–6 constitute the 2 2 ure 2 allows one to deduce whether the caption for a detailed discussion of con- long-term carbon cycle and are one way of cepts and terminology.) Some processes representing it. Figure 1 is another means involving phosphorus (P) are included A New Look continued on p. 4

GSA TODAY, November 1999 3 Figure 2. Cause-effect feedback diagram for the long- term carbon cycle. Arrows originate at causes and end at Continental effects. The arrows do not simply represent fluxes from one Climate Weathering Volc/Met/Diag reservoir to another. Arrows with small concentric circles Relief (T + pptn) L Ca-Mg Degassing represent inverse responses; e.g., as Ca-Mg silicate and Position Silicates weathering increases, CO2 decreases. Arrows without concentric circles represent direct responses; e.g., as J organic C burial goes up, O2 goes up. Letters adjacent to B G arrows designate paths followed by feedback loops. The blue regions marked O2 and CO2 refer to atmospheric Weathering K gases. Surficial processes involving carbon are in green, P phosphorus in pink, and those not directly involving CO2 Org C either C or P in yellow (T is temperature; pptn is precipi- Total P S tation). Tectonic processes (volcanic, metamorphic, dia- F N genetic degassing; continental relief and position) are in M orange boxes. Dashed lines between climate and tecton- Ocean ics or ocean circulation refer to complex combinations of Circulation Land physical processes not discussed in this paper. Nutrient O2 aqueous P is phosphorus dissolved in natural waters that D Plants A is available for uptake via photosynthesis, both continental and marine; FeP represents phosphate adsorbed on Nutrient hydrous ferric oxides. Organic C and P burial includes C Aqueous FeP E that on the continents and in marine sediments. For dia- P H Burial grammatic clarity, arrows from organic carbon burial to Organic organic weathering or degassing (i.e., recycling of carbon) are not shown (see text). There is no arrow going Q C sed. R directly from O2 to the weathering of organic carbon Burial because of evidence that changes in atmospheric O2 probably do not affect organic carbon weathering rate (see text).

A New Look continued from p. 3 increase in the level of atmospheric O2 Another negative feedback loop should lead to a more oxygen-rich ocean involving phosphorus is shown by the cycle ends up leading to positive or nega- and greater burial of hydrous ferric oxides complex path D-F-P-Q-C, which has one tive feedback. Negative feedback results in sediments. Dissolved phosphate adsorbs concentric small circle, a path advanced when an increase or decrease of a variable strongly to ferric oxides under aerobic by Lenton (1998) as a major control on results, at the end of a cycle, in a dampen- conditions, so that greater burial of ferric O . Higher O should lead to greater fre- ing of this increase or decrease. Positive 2 2 oxides should entail greater burial of quency of forest fires and a lower standing feedback results in amplification of an ini- adsorbed phosphate (designated as FeP in crop of land plants. Fewer land plants tial increase or decrease. Discerning nega- Fig. 2). For a constant flux of P to the sea, should lead, in turn, to less weathering of tive from positive feedback is the major removal of P from seawater as FeP should phosphate minerals because of the acceler- advantage of using diagrams like this. If lead to less nutrient phosphorus available ating effect of plants on weathering in during a cycle, the sum of small concen- for organic production. If it is assumed general (e.g., Lovelock and Watson, 1982; tric circles is an odd number, the cycle that the limiting nutrient for organic Berner, 1998). Less weathering of phos- leads to negative feedback. If the sum of production in the ocean is phosphate phate means less liberation of P to solu- small circles is even, including zero, the (Holland, 1978), less P availability for tion, and ultimately to less phosphate in feedback is positive. As an example, follow organic uptake should lead to a lower rate seawater. Less oceanic dissolved P, if it is a the path marked by arrows B, L, and G. of organic matter sedimentation and limiting nutrient, should lead to less burial Because only one small circle is encoun- burial and, thus, a lower production of O . of organic matter, and finally a lower pro- tered, this cycle should result in negative 2 Overall what started as an increase in O duction of O —a negative feedback. feedback. Increased atmospheric CO 2 2 2 results ultimately in a decrease—i.e., a Several feedback loops have hereto- should lead to a warmer and wetter Earth, negative feedback. This loop has been fore been neglected but should lead to via the atmospheric greenhouse effect, forcefully advocated by Holland (1994) positive feedback. Consider the simple which should lead in turn to enhanced and Van Cappellen and Ingall (1996) as a loop D-F-M, which contains two small weathering of Ca-Mg silicates and uptake major control of atmospheric O . concentric circles signifying positive feed- of CO . This negative feedback loop has 2 2 Another negative feedback loop back. Greater atmospheric O should lead been emphasized in several studies as an 2 involving phosphorus has been advanced to fewer land plants, which should lead to important control on atmospheric CO 2 by Kump (1988). Following path D-E-C we less weathering of organic matter, which over geologic time (see discussion in get negative feedback as follows: increased should lead to less O uptake and, there- Berner and Caldeira, 1997). 2 O leads to a greater frequency of fires, fore, an increase in O . Another positive The loop N-S-G (just one small con- 2 2 which reduces the standing crop of land loop is B-J-K. Higher CO should bring centric circle) represents the fertilization of 2 plants. Fewer land plants leads to less sedi- about warmer temperatures and greater plant growth by CO , which in turn accel- 2 mentary burial of terrestrial organic car- precipitation, leading to enhanced weath- erates weathering of Ca-Mg silicates and bon and, consequently, less global burial ering of organic matter and production of uptake of CO . This process has been pro- 2 of total organic matter. This then results CO . posed as a means of providing additional 2 in less oxygen production. (Phosphorus Finally, there is the complex cycle negative feedback for stabilizing atmo- not buried with terrestrial organic matter B-J-P-Q-R. This is an additional possible spheric carbon dioxide over geologic time is carried to the sea where it is deposited negative feedback mechanism for stabiliz- (Volk, 1987). The quantitative significance with marine organic matter that has a ing atmospheric CO . Higher atmospheric of this feedback remains to be seen. 2 lower C/P ratio than terrestrial organic CO should lead to: a warmer and wetter Other negative feedback loops that 2 matter, leading globally to less C burial climate, greater weathering of phosphate have been emphasized as controls on per unit of P burial.) minerals, more P delivered to the sea, atmospheric oxygen are also shown on the more organic matter burial, and, thus, diagram. Consider the loop A-H-Q-C. An

4 GSA TODAY, November 1999 enhanced removal of CO2. This possible used to fix carbon during photosynthesis, ted from Figure 2 and represented by stabilizing mechanism and the two desta- resulting ultimately in increased organic- dashed arrows. bilizing feedbacks discussed above deserve carbon burial. Ocean circulation is affected A summary of the effects of increased further study. by climate and vice versa, which leads to a elevation and relief, due to mountain Examination of Figure 2 reveals that link to the whole panoply of processes uplift, on climate (dashed arrows in Fig. 2) there is no positive arrow directly from connected with climate and the necessity is presented by Ruddiman (1997); for the atmospheric oxygen to weathering of of using a much enlarged cause-effect dia- effect on climate of changes in land size, organic matter. It is often assumed that a gram involving continental ice sheets, and position relative to latitudinal climate higher level of atmospheric oxygen would ocean temperature, solar forcing, etc., as zones (i.e., continental drift), see Otto- lead to greater oxidation of organic matter well as some of the processes shown in Bliesner (1995). In general, it is believed during weathering. However, because Figure 2 (see Saltzman and Moritz [1980] that large-scale mountain uplift results in organic matter weathers so fast, the rate- or Saltzman and Maasch [1991] for an limiting step in oxidation is likely to be example of such an expanded diagram). A New Look continued on p. 6 the exposure of organic matter in sedi- To retain clarity, these relations are omit- mentary rocks to air by erosion, and not the actual oxidation process (Holland, 1978, 1994). (Lack of direct dependence of A Long-term Carbon Cycle organic-matter oxidation on O2 does not preclude possible indirect dependence involving land plants—see path D-F, for Carbonate Organic example.) The idea of direct dependence C of organic matter weathering on O2 is not C supported by laboratory determinations of the rate of aqueous coal oxidation as a Organic C function of O2 level (Chang and Berner, Carbonate C 1999). (Coal was studied as a sulfur-free Burial Burial representative of sedimentary organic Carbonate C Organic C matter.) Results indicate that there is a Weathering Weathering low-order dependence of oxidation rate on Ocean O2 level, possibly approaching zeroth- order kinetics on long time scales, and the Atmosphere oxidation rate itself is rapid compared to rates of erosion. Biota The tectonic processes included Soils within orange squares in Figure 2—conti- Volcanic, Metamorphic, C Volcanic, Metamorphic, nental relief and position and volcanic, Diagenetic Degassing Diagenetic Degassing metamorphic, and diagenetic degassing— have been considered here as boundary effects (forcing functions), not involved in feedback loops. The actual situation is B Short-term Carbon Cycle more complicated (see Fig. 1). Organic matter and the Ca-Mg carbonates resulting Marine photosynthesis from Ca-Mg silicate weathering are eventually buried to depths where they are thermally decomposed, leading to meta- Ocean morphic (plus diagenetic) and volcanic Atmosphere Gas exchange degassing of CO2 and degassing of reduced C C carbon-containing gases (generalized in Fig. 1 as CH4) that react with atmospheric O2. Thus, there should be more arrows in Figure 2. However, because of the time lag Terrestrial Degassing for burial and thermal decomposition, photo- these longer-term processes have been synthesis Terrestrial omitted from the diagram for clarity, as respiration River has the effect of exposing previously transport deposited organic matter much later to oxidative weathering (arrow from organic burial to organic weathering). However, if Biota Soil sea-level change is rapid, this process may C Litter fall C constitute rapid recycling of carbon Root decay (Berner, 1989) and can lead to negative Calcification feedback and the stabilization of O2. Although it affects mainly the short- Marine respiration term carbon cycle, ocean circulation is also shown in Figure 2 because of its effect Figure 3. Box model diagrams for the carbon cycle. Boxes represent reservoirs, and arrows represent on the phosphorus cycle and eventually mass fluxes between reservoirs. A: The long-term carbon cycle. The sum of all input fluxes to the surficial on the carbon cycle. Greater overturn of reservoir must be very close to the sum of all output fluxes because storage of appreciable carbon in the the ocean should lead, in general, to a surficial reservoir over millions of years is impossible (see Berner and Caldeira, 1997). B: The short-term carbon cycle. Human effects are not shown; deforestation would be an acceleration of terrestrial respira- greater supply of P to surface waters tion, but fossil fuel burning is an acceleration of sedimentary organic matter weathering, a flux from the (“nutrient aqueous P”) where it can be long-term carbon cycle (see A).

GSA TODAY, November 1999 5 A New Look continued from p. 5 perturbation of the short-term cycle. Thus, grant FGO2-95ER14522. This paper is ded- both long- and short-term carbon cycles icated to my granddaughters Abigail global cooling, which has led some work- are involved in the whole problem of Berner and Kate and Sarah Wenger. ers to suggest that such cooling led in the anthropogenically altered carbon fluxes, past to increased, not decreased, weather- the present-day increase of CO in the REFERENCES CITED ing of silicates. However, this constitutes 2 atmosphere, and consequent global warm- positive feedback, because the removal of Berner, R. A., 1989, Biogeochemical cycles of carbon ing due to the atmospheric greenhouse and sulfur and their effect on atmospheric oxygen over CO during weathering results in further 2 effect. Phanerozoic time: Global and Planetary Change, v. 75, global cooling due to the atmospheric p. 97–122. greenhouse effect. If this positive feedback CONCLUSIONS Berner, R. A., 1998, The carbon cycle and CO2 over were continued for a million years or Phanerozoic time: The role of land plants: Royal Society Philosophical Transactions, ser. B, v. 353, p. 75–82. more, unreasonable drops in CO2 and run- The diagrams shown here summarize away icehouse conditions would result— present knowledge of processes involved Berner, R. A., 1999, Atmospheric oxygen over Phanero- zoic time: National Academy of Sciences Proceedings, see Berner and Caldeira (1997). in the carbon cycles that affect atmo- v. 96, p. 10,955–10,957. spheric CO2 and O2 over multimillion year Berner. R. A., and Caldeira, K., 1997, The need for mass BOX MODEL DIAGRAMS time scales. Cycles of other elements, like balance and feedback in the geochemical carbon cycle: sulfur and iron, exert an important, but Geology, v. 25, p. 955–956. The traditional geochemical box secondary, effect on the level of atmo- Berner, R. A., and Petsch, S., 1998, The sulfur cycle and models shown in Figure 3 are very useful spheric oxygen. (A summary of the geo- atmospheric oxygen: Science, v. 282, p. 1426–1427. for constructing models that quantify chemical cycles of carbon and sulfur as Chang, S., and Berner, R. A., 1999, Coal weathering fluxes and changes in sizes of various they affect O and how modeling of them and the geochemical carbon cycle: Geochimica et repositories. However, by themselves they 2 Cosmochimica Acta (in press). is done can be found in papers by Berner shed no light on the various processes Ebelmen, J. J., 1845, Sur les produits de la décomposi- and Petsch [1998] and Berner [1999].) Pro- affecting the fluxes nor can they be used tion des espèces minérales de la famille des silicates: cesses affecting methane, such as clathrate Annales des Mines, v. 7, p. 3–66. to decipher negative or positive feedback. formation and decomposition, or the In this way they are complemented by Garrels, R. M., and Perry, E. A., 1974, Cycling of carbon, methane greenhouse effect, require new sulfur, and oxygen through geologic time, in Goldberg, cause-effect diagrams like Figure 2. diagrams. (The methane shown emitting E. D., ed., The sea, Volume 5: New York, Wiley, Note that the reservoirs normally p. 303–316. to the atmosphere in Fig. 1 is assumed to considered in studies of the short-term Grodins, F. S., 1963, Control theory and biological sys- be oxidized rapidly to CO .) To investigate carbon cycle (ocean, atmosphere, biota, 2 tems: New York, Columbia University Press. the carbon cycle further, the time con- soils) are combined in the long-term cycle. Holland, H. D., 1978, The chemistry of the atmosphere stants for the various cause-effect relations This is reasonable because of the very and oceans: New York, Wiley Interscience, 351 p. must be enumerated, as has been small masses of carbon in these surficial Holland, H. D., 1984, The chemical evolution of the attempted recently for processes affecting atmosphere and oceans: Princeton, New Jersey, Prince- reservoirs (total of 50 × 1018 g C, most in O by Lenton (1998). It is possible that ton University Press, 582 p. the ocean) as compared to the carbon in 2 with the proper time constants, a combi- Holland. H. D., 1994, The phosphate-oxygen connec- carbonate rocks (60 000 × 1018 g C) and nation of negative and positive feedback tion: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), in shales and coals (15 000 × 1018 g C). v. 75, p. OS96. could result in oscillations in concentra- Because of their small size and lack of Kump, L. R., 1988, Terrestrial feedback in atmospheric tions of O or CO . Although the diagram long-term storage capacity over millions of 2 2 oxygen regulation by fire and phosphorus: Nature, v. shown in Figure 2, representing a new way 335, p. 152–154. years, the sum of all input fluxes to the of thinking about the carbon cycle, will be combined surficial reservoir in the long- Lenton, T. M., 1998, Redfield’s green ocean: A geophys- revised, it provides a simple shorthand iological model of marine nitrate, phosphate, and term carbon cycle must be very close to representation of our knowledge of the atmospheric oxygen regulation [Ph.D. thesis]: Norwich, the sum of all output fluxes (Berner and UK, University of East Anglia. long-term carbon cycle and a mechanism Caldeira, 1997). Lovelock, J. E., and Watson, A., 1982, The regulation of for illustrating and discovering negative Perturbation of the carbon cycles (Fig. carbon dioxide and climate: Planetary and Space Sci- and positive feedback loops. Application ence, v. 30, p. 795–802. 3) by humans comes from burning coal, of this diagram to other geochemical or oil, and natural gas, by cement produc- Otto-Bliesner, B., 1995, Global runoff variations during geological cycles could provide new the Phanerozoic: Estimates from climate model simula- tion, and by deforestation. Fossil-fuel insights into earth processes. tions: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, burning involves the acceleration of the p. 11,537–11,548. oxidative weathering of sedimentary Riggs, D. S., 1970, Control theory and physiological ACKNOWLEDGMENTS organic matter, which is a component of feedback mechanisms: Baltimore, Maryland, Williams and Wilkins. the long-term cycle (Fig. 3A). Cement pro- I have benefited greatly from discus- Ruddiman, W. F., 1997, Tectonic uplift and climate duction, which involves decarbonation of sions with Barry Saltzman and Robert Kay, change: New York, Plenum, 535 p. limestone and is analogous to metamor- who reviewed early versions of this Saltzman, B., and Maasch, K. A., 1991, A first-order phic degassing, also brings about an accel- manuscript. Artwork for Figure 1 was done model of late Cenozoic climate change: Climate eration of the long-term C cycle. Only by Steven Petsch. Research supported by Dynamics, v. 5, p. 201–210. deforestation, which is analogous to National Science Foundation grant Saltzman, B., and Moritz, R. E., 1980, A time-dependent excess terrestrial respiration, involves a EAR-9804781 and Department of Energy climatic feedback system involving sea-ice extent, ocean temperature, and CO2: Tellus, v. 32, p. 93–118. Urey, H. C., 1952, The planets: Their origin and development: New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press. About People Van Cappellen, P., and Ingall, E. D., 1996, Redox stabilization of the atmosphere and oceans by phosphorus- GSA Fellow Ian Carmichael, University of California, Berkeley, has been elected a limited marine productivity: Science, v. 271, Fellow of the Royal Society (London). p. 493–496. Volk, T., 1987, Feedbacks between weathering and Fellow Margaret Leinen, University of Rhode Island, has been named the atmospheric CO2 over the past 100 million years: Amer- National Science Foundation’s assistant director for geosciences, as of January 2000. ican Journal of Science, v. 287, p. 763–779. Walker, J. C. G., 1977, Evolution of the atmosphere: Fellow Richard Marston has assumed the Sun Chair of Earth System Science in New York, Macmillan. the School of Geology at Oklahoma State University. Manuscript received May 27, 1999; accepted August 30, 1999.

6 GSA TODAY, November 1999 2000 GSA Annual Meeting Field Trips

Reno is in an active tectonic zone near the boundary Evidence for a Major Right-Lateral Crustal Boundary between the Sierra Nevada Range and the Basin and Range of Cretaceous Age in Black Rock Desert Region, North- province, and it provides an outstanding opportunity for field western Nevada. Sandra Wyld, Jim Wright. trips of interest to all geoscientists. Field trips for the 2000 GSA Geomorphology and Sedimentology of the Panaca Annual Meeting will explore well-exposed and well-studied Basin, Eastern Nevada. Joel Pederson. examples of both ancient and modern tectonic systems ranging from plate-boundary to plate-interior settings, and associated Giant Sedimentary Rock–Hosted Mineral Systems of mineral deposits. Trips will cover both scenic and classic areas the Carlin Trend: Gold Quarry and Post-Betze from northern California to eastern Nevada, and some interna- Deposits, Nevada. Lane Griffith and others. tional trips are under consideration. Proposed topics include Global Ordovician Series Boundaries and Global Event crustal extensional tectonics and magmatism, Antler and Biohorizons, Monitor Range and Roberts Mountains, Sonoma orogenies, neotectonics of the Sierra Nevada–Great Nevada. Stan Finney, Ray Ethington. Basin transition zone, Paleozoic and Mesozoic magmatic arc systems, granite emplacement and crustal evolution, early Pale- Lake Tahoe Active Faults, Landslides, and Tsunamis. ozoic continental margin sedimentation and biostratigraphy, Richard A. Schweickert and others. Carlin-type, sediment-hosted gold deposits, epithermal and Late Cenozoic Crustal Extension and Magmatism in porphyry copper systems, and geomorphology. Southern Death Valley, California. James Calzia, The following list is tentative. Proposals for trips are still Tapani Ramo. coming in, and final selections have not yet been made. Fur- ther details will be given in the April issue of GSA Today. For Lower Paleozoic Stratigraphy and Structure of further information, contact the 2000 Field Trip Co-chair Paula Central Nevada: Comparisions and Contrasts Between Noble, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, the Lower and Upper Plates of the Roberts Mountains Mackay School of Mines, MS 172, Reno, NV 89557-1038, (775) Thrust. Stan Finney, Paula Noble, Kelly Cluer. 784-6211, fax 775-784-5079, [email protected]. The deadline Paleozoic and Mesozoic Arc Magmatism, Northern for proposals is December 1, 1999. Sierra Nevada, California. Richard E. Hanson and others. Carlin-Type Gold Systems in China. Steve Peters and Processes of Granite Emplacement, White-Inyo Range, others. California. Sven Morgan. Carlin-Type Gold Systems in the Getchell Trend, Reconstruction of Basin and Range Extension and North-Central Nevada. Greg Arehart, Tommy Thompson. Westward Motion of the Sierra Nevada Block. Brian Earthquakes, Surface Faulting, and Paleoseismology Wernicke. of the Central Nevada Seismic Belt: The Grand Tour. Tectonics of the Trinity Terrane, Klamath Mountains, S. John Caskey, John W. Bell, Alan R. Ramelli, D. Burton California. E. T. Wallin, R. Metcalf. Slemmons. Yerington Porphyry Cu System, Western Nevada. John Epithermal Systems of Northern Nevada. John Dilles, Marco Einaudi. McCormack and others.

GSA Field Guide 1

Edited by Colorado and Adjacent Areas David R. Lageson, Alan P. Lester, and “The way to knowledge of natural history is to go to the Bruce D. Trudgill fields, the mountains, the oceans, and observe, collect, identify, experiment, and study.”

The Reverend John Walker, who taught the first systematic course in geology at the University of Edinburgh (1781Ð1803), gave us these words. Two hundred years later, there is still much to be said for his approach. It is in this spirit that GSA has created this Field Guide series. This inaugural volume includes twelve field trips from the 1999 GSA Annual Meeting in Denver. The series may be expanded in the near future to include selected field trips from section meetings as well as special field excursions. We hope that the series will serve not only as a valuable resource for earth scientists, but also as a venue for public education and outreach. FLD001 208 pages, softcover ORDER NOW! ISBN: 0-8137-0001-9 Nonmember price: $25.00 Toll-free: 1-800-472-1988 Web: www.geosociety.org Member price: $20.00 Fax: 303-447-1133 Sales: P.O. Box 9140 Boulder, CO 80301-9140

GSA TODAY, November 1999 7 transportable array so that a range of spe- USArray Initiative cific targets can be addressed; and (3) several dozen permanent high-quality seismic Anne Meltzer (Coordinator), Lehigh University, [email protected] stations administered largely by the U.S. Roberta Rudnick, Harvard University, [email protected] Geological Survey within the context of Peter Zeitler, Lehigh University, [email protected] the national seismic network. The goal of Alan Levander, Rice University, [email protected] this layered design is to achieve imaging Gene Humphreys, University of Oregon, [email protected] capabilities that flexibly span the continu- Karl Karlstrom, University of New Mexico, [email protected] Göran Ekström, Harvard University, [email protected] ous range of scales from global, through Rick Carlson, Carnegie Institution of Washington, [email protected] lithospheric and crustal, to local. The Tim Dixon, Miami University, [email protected] infrastructure provided by USArray pre- Michael Gurnis, California Institute of Technology, [email protected] sents a platform for a multidisciplinary Peter Shearer, University of California, San Diego, [email protected] field laboratory integrating geologic, geo- Rob van der Hilst, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, [email protected] chemical, and geophysical data. The core of USArray is a transportable telemetered array of 400 broad-band seismometers designed to provide real-time Consider what our understanding of explore, map, and develop an integrated data from a regular grid with dense and North American tectonics would be like if understanding of North American geol- uniform station spacing of ~50 km and our best image of the continent’s topo- ogy. Proposed is the development of a an aperture of ~1,000 km. The array will graphy was as blurred as that in Figure 1. facility, USArray, that amounts to a record local, regional, and teleseismic First-order features like the Cordillera are “Hubble telescope for the earth sciences” earthquakes, providing resolution of barely resolved, and the characteristic (Levander et al., 1999). crustal and upper-mantle structure on the topography within provinces like the order of tens of kilometers and increased Basin and Range and Great Valley are OVERVIEW OF USARRAY resolution of structures in the lower man- obscured beyond recognition. Yet it is The USArray initiative will integrate a tle and core-mantle boundary. About 50 precisely such a fuzzy view of the litho- dramatic improvement in the resolution magnetotelluric field systems will be sphere and deeper mantle that we cur- of seismic images of the continental litho- embedded within the array to provide rently bring to the four-dimensional sphere and deeper mantle with a diversity constraints on temperature and fluid con- problem of understanding the structure, of geological data to address significant tent within the lithosphere. The trans- evolution, and dynamics of the North unresolved issues of continental structure, portable array will roll across the country, American continent. evolution, and dynamics. The USArray being deployed for 1–2 years at each site. At a workshop in Albuquerque, New facility will consist of three major seismic Multiple deployments will cover the entire Mexico, in March 1999, jointly sponsored components: (1) a transportable array of continental United States over a period of by the National Science Foundation and broad-band seismometers that will system- 8–10 years, providing unprecedented IRIS (Incorporated Research Institutions atically cover the United States one region coverage for 3-D seismic imaging. When for Seismology), seismologists and geolo- at a time; (2) about 2,400 seismometers of completed, this will amount to systematic gists discussed an ambitious plan to various types designed to augment the imaging from approximately 2,000

Figure 1. Topography of the western United States at different degrees of resolution. Left: Filtered at 500 km, a resolution similar to that of current global tomographic models. Right: At resolution of 1 km (Simpson and Anders, 1992). USArray will provide resolution of crustal and upper-mantle structure on the order of tens of kilometers.

8 GSA TODAY, November 1999 seismograph stations (Fig. 2). The initial focus of USArray is coverage within the United States; extensions of the array into neighboring countries and onto the continental margins, in collaboration with scientists from Canada, Mexico, and the ocean science community, are natural additions to the initiative (Fig. 2). The second component of USArray, an additional pool of about 2,400 instruments (broad-band, short-period, and high-frequency) that use flexible source- receiver geometries, will allow for high- density, shorter-term observations of key targets within the footprint of the larger transportable array. This component of USArray offers opportunities for a variety of focused investigations requiring high- resolution images within the context provided by the larger array. Linked with coordinated geological, geochemical, and/or geodetic studies, this part of USArray can address a wide range of problems in continental geodynamics and tectonics. Examples include imaging and study of the continental arc system in the Figure 2. Coverage provided by the transportable component of USArray after installation of Cascades from slab to edifice; examination 2,000 stations in the continental United States and Alaska. Augmented by stations in Canada, of the deep roots of the North American Mexico, and the continental margin. craton and the paleotectonics by which the craton was formed; imaging old and modern orogens and rifts to determine secular variation in continental tectonics; and sharpness of the 410 and 660 km STATUS AND ORGANIZATION and identifying the role of the mantle seismic discontinuities and their relations OF USARRAY lithosphere during orogenesis and rifting. to surface tectonics; heterogeneity, anisot- An initiative of the scope of USArray The third component of USArray, an ropy, and flow in the mantle; role of fluids requires partnerships between the aca- augmentation of the permanent seismic (magmas, partial melts, hydrothermal) in demic earth science community and such network in the United States, will provide the crust; imaging of deep mantle and organizations as the National Science fixed reference points for calibration of core structures using beam-forming meth- Foundation, the U.S. Geological Survey, the transportable array, covering the conti- ods; history of North American subduc- regional seismic networks, state geological nent with a uniform spacing of 300–350 tion and the locations of ancient slabs in surveys, IRIS, UNAVCO (University km. The permanent network also adds an the mantle; amd crustal recycling during NAVSTAR Consortium), and EMSOC important fourth dimension—time—to subduction and orogenesis. (Electro-Magnetic Studies of the Conti- the USArray facility, by providing a plat- USArray has been designed to provide nent). International partnerships and col- form for continuous long-term observa- a structured yet flexible foundation for laborations with industry will also be tions. This component of USArray, to be integrated studies of the continental litho- important as the project matures. undertaken in coordination with the sphere and deep Earth structure over a At NSF, program officers of the Divi- USGS, complements the initiative under wide range of scales. The outcome will be sion of Earth Sciences (EAR) have united way at the Survey to install an Advanced an integrated, whole-continent view of several intertwining streams of research National Seismic System. Some or all of North America and improved understand- into a single integrated effort known as the stations of the permanent component ing of the processes that have shaped and “EarthScope—A Look into Our Conti- of USArray will be equipped as expanded continue to shape the continent. As nent.” EarthScope includes USArray and geophysical observatories, with GPS USArray moves across the country, it will initiatives for a Plate Boundary Observa- receivers to provide direct real-time data be accompanied by a comprehensive tory (Silver, 1998), the San Andreas Fault on crustal deformation. Other investiga- educational and outreach program high- Observatory at Depth (SAFOD); and Inter- tions (for example, heat flow, coring, lighting both overarching and regional ferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. downhole logging) could take advantage earth science issues (hazards, structures, An appropriate source of support for of these platforms also. resources) and links between earth science the facilities component of USArray is Scientific studies that will be greatly and society. Specific initiatives will include the MRE (Major Research Equipment) enhanced by USArray include: processes coordination with local news media, account, an NSF-wide program created of continent formation and breakup; museum displays, teacher workshops, and in FY1995 to provide funding for the relationship between crustal tectonic distribution of educational materials, construction and acquisition of major provinces and upper mantle structure; including activities linked to USArray data research facilities that are beyond the rheological stratification of the lithosphere and results made available over the Inter- funding resources of any one directorate. with depth and its variation from orogenic net. Programs will be designed and tar- MRE projects advanced by a directorate belts to the cratonic interior of the conti- geted to engage communities in USArray are reviewed in an NSF-wide competition nent; nature of the Moho, and mass trans- before, during, and after passage of the and require approval by the National Sci- fer between the crust and mantle; litho- array through specific regions of the ence Board. The MRE account is funded as spheric deformation and earthquake country. hazard assessment; variations in depth USArray continued on p. 10

GSA TODAY, November 1999 9 USArray continued from p. 9 competition will extend over the next Levander, Alan, Humphreys, Eugene D., 12–15 months and because USArray will Ekström, Göran, Meltzer, Anne S., and Shearer, Peter M., 1999, Proposed project would give a separate item within the NSF budget, take 3–4 years to begin operation if unprecedented look under North America: Eos distinct from support for research pro- approved, there will be ample opportunity (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), grams; research budgets at the directorate for all those having interests in the struc- v. 80, p. 245, 250–251. or division level are augmented to facili- ture and evolution of North America to Silver, P., et al., 1998, A plate boundary observa- tate research to be carried out with these become engaged in the project. tory: IRIS Newsletter, v. 16, no. 2, p. 3, 7–9. new facilities. Other scientific disciplines USArray and our approach to solving Simpson, D., and Anders, M., 1992, Tectonics (e.g., astronomy and physics) commonly scientific problems will evolve over the and topography of the western United States— champion successful MRE proposals for 10–15 year period of its operation. Novel An application of digital mapping: GSA Today, support in the range of tens to hundreds ideas and new research targets will require v. 2, p. 117–121. of millions of dollars, but to date no such new theory, analysis techniques, and Note: More information about USArray proposal in support of earth science research tools. USArray needs enthusiastic, can be obtained from: www.iris.edu; research has been forwarded or funded. broad-based support from the earth sci- www.iris.edu/newsletter/EE.Fall98.web/ The EAR Division and GEO Directorate ence community. Scientists in other disci- usarray.html; and IRIS Newsletter, v. 16 at NSF and members of the steering com- plines regularly organize themselves to (1998), no. 2, p. 2–6. mittees of the initiatives involved have their advantage; USArray is a golden worked together to develop an EarthScope opportunity for earth scientists to do the Send comments and suggestions proposal for the MRE competition. The same. about the initiative to any of the members first phase of the EarthScope initiative, of the USArray steering committee listed which includes USArray and SAFOD, has REFERENCES CITED as authors of this article. advanced and received approval within Clowes, Ron M., Cook, Fred A., and Ludden, NSF to move forward for consideration by John N., 1998, Lithoprobe leads to new perspec- the National Science Board. tives on continental evolution: GSA Today, v. 8, p. 1–7. NEXT STEPS The challenge of developing the technical facility is only one component of USArray. There is broad interest in explor- Looking to Expand Your ing ways to leverage the resources associated with the USArray facility to catalyze Professional Horizons? establishment of a fully multidisciplinary field laboratory and to determine the Believe in Serving Society diverse data sets and measurements that should become part of an integrated Through Science? North American geoscience information system. The USArray initiative has the Ready for a potential to unite North American geologists and geophysicists into a broad coali- Unique Challenge? tion of earth scientists devoted to a decade or more of multidisciplinary studies of the continent. Like the highly successful CROSSING DIVIDES: Lithoprobe program in Canada (Clowes, Congressional Science 1998), USArray stands to expand the cul- 2000–2001 ture of shared and coordinated resources Fellowship within the earth sciences as a whole. A further goal of USArray is to develop an Be the first GSA Congressional Science Fellow of the new earth science information system includ- millennium! Put your expertise and experience to work helping to ing geophysical, geochemical, and geologi- shape science and technology policy on Capitol Hill. Work directly cal data that can be easily accessed by the with national and international leaders. earth science community, educators, and government agencies. All data from The millennial Congressional Science Fellow will be selected from USArray will be archived and available in among top competitors early in 2000. If you are an experienced earth near–real time to the community at large. scientist with a broad geologic background, experience in applying The USArray steering committee will scientific knowledge to societal challenges, and a passion for helping continue to seek community input and shape the future of the geoscience profession, GSA invites your appli- involvement. The committee is coordinating workshop reports from the meeting cation. To learn more about the Fellow experience, contact David in Albuquerque and a second one, in Verardo, 1997–1998 GSA Congressional Science Fellow, at (202) Houston, as well as a science and imple- 314-2234 or [email protected]. For application information on this mentation plan that will be submitted to year’s program, watch www.geosociety.org/science/scifello.htm or NSF as the geoscience community’s input contact Cathleen May, Director for Science & Outreach, at GSA Head- to USArray’s role in the EarthScope MRE quarters, (303) 447-2020, ext. 195, or [email protected]. The initiative. Forums at the autumn meetings of GSA and AGU provide further discus- deadline for applications is February 1, 2000. sion of the opportunities of USArray to facilitate research in continental structure, Shape Tomorrow—Today! evolution, and dynamics across the geoscience communities. Because the MRE

10 GSA TODAY, November 1999 WASHINGTON REPORT Resources, Coral Reefs, Estuaries, Marine Protected Species, Marine Protected Areas, Ocean and Coastal Bruce F. Molnia, [email protected] Habitats, Water Quality, Nonindigenous Species, and Marine Debris. Topics included in the Discov- Washington Report provides the GSA membership with a window on the activities ering the Oceans section include: Ocean Education, of the federal agencies, Congress and the legislative process, and international Ocean Observations, Ocean Research, and Ocean interactions that could impact the geoscience community. These reports present and Coastal Exploration. summaries of agency and interagency programs, track legislation, and present The Introduction is presented as a letter to the insights into Washington, D.C., geopolitics as they pertain to the geosciences. President signed by Secretary of the Navy Richard Danzig and Secretary of Commerce William M. Daley, in which they, on behalf of the Cabinet, present this report to the Administration. They state, A Turn in U.S. Ocean Policy? “Our report reflects a broad national consensus on the vital importance of the oceans to our nation’s A New Report Surfaces future.” Recommendations for each of the four sec- Last year’s Ocean Conference launched an important national dialogue on the tions were guided by a single core principle. For the future of our oceans—a resource as vital as they are vast. With this report, the 61 recommendations in Sustaining the Economic Cabinet has elevated this dialogue to the next level, and set the stage for a Benefits of the Ocean, the core principle was truly comprehensive ocean policy for the 21st century. I commend the Cabinet “Future generations deserve to inherit healthy, bountiful oceans.” Key recommendations (one per for its vital contribution, and I urge the task force to move swiftly on its topic except for Offshore Oil and Gas) include: recommendations. Marine Transportation—achieve environmental —Vice President Al Gore, September 2, 1998 protection and safety through improving local coordination, ballast water management, and design and system management of dredged chan- nels; Safe Navigation—conduct research on effec- At the National Ocean Conference last year in Monterey, tive and environmentally sensitive management of sediment, California, President Clinton directed the Cabinet to prepare a reduction of the flow of sediment into waterways, remediation of report with recommendations for a comprehensive ocean policy contaminated sediment, and disposal of dredged spoil in an envi- to guide federal efforts in the 21st century. After nearly 15 ronmentally sound manner; Coastal Tourism—collect and pro- months, the report, Turning to the Sea: America’s Ocean Future, has vide access to information on the magnitude, value, and impacts finally surfaced. The 64-page report, released on September 2, pre- of ocean and coastal recreation and tourism, including informa- sents 145 bulleted recommendations, raises 106 “ongoing con- tion on a coastal-county basis and studies on the dynamics of cerns,” and identifies 102 World Wide Web sites to visit for addi- tourism in marine and coastal areas; Coastal Communities— tional information. Prepared by a “final writing group” of 15, the examine and revise policies and programs, such as flood insur- report is focused on sustaining, strengthening, protecting, and ance subsidies, that promote unsustainable or hazardous develop- discovering America’s ocean resources. In accepting the report, ment; Domestic Fisheries—explore the scientific and Vice President Gore announced the formation of an Oceans conservation benefits of marine harvest refugia and other pro- Report Task Force. The task force, which will be co-chaired by the tected areas; International Fisheries—increase bilateral pressure to chair of the Council on Environmental Quality and the Deputy foster agreements to rebuild overfished species and to deter ille- National Security Advisor, will include high-level representatives gal, unregulated, and unreported fishing. Participate actively in of agencies with responsibility for ocean affairs. It will set priori- FAO initiatives to develop an international plan of action to ties for implementing key recommendations in the Cabinet’s address such fishing practices; Aquaculture—work with stake- report and will meet quarterly to review progress. The new report holders to develop guidelines for environmentally sound and sus- is very broad in its coverage, dealing with topics ranging from tainable aquaculture by the year 2000, and promote domestic creating new incentives to reduce overfishing; working with the and international compliance with them; Biotechnology—con- Senate to ensure that the United States joins the Law of the Sea sider establishing a federal marine environmental fund to benefit Convention; coordinating federal programs with local “smart from royalties and payments from commercial uses of federally growth” efforts in coastal communities; and expanding federal owned resources; and Offshore and Gas—increase research on support for underwater exploration. methods and technology to minimize risks to human safety and The report is organized into five sections: an Introduction to coastal and ocean environments; encourage production of nat- and treatments of Sustaining Economic Benefits of the Ocean, ural gas, as a cleaner source of energy, from areas where produc- Strengthening Global Security, Protecting Marine Resources, and tion is still permitted under the outer continental shelf morato- Discovering the Oceans. Each of the four treatments is divided ria; accelerate scientific research on marine gas hydrates as a into discussions of individual topics. The two-page discussions potential long-term energy resource. consist of introductory paragraphs, a listing of “ongoing con- For the eight recommendations in Strengthening Global cerns,” recommendations, and suggested Web sites to visit. Each Security, the core principle was “Freedom of the seas is integral to discussion contains a highlighted sidebar and numerous illustra- the strength and security of our nation.” Key recommendations tions and begins with a statement, actually an additional major include: The Law of the Sea Convention—the President, the Vice recommendation, presented at the start of the descriptive text President, and the Cabinet should continue to work with the Sen- paragraphs. ate, and particularly the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, to Topics included in the Sustaining Economic Benefits of the ensure that the United States joins the Law of the Sea Conven- Ocean section are: Marine Transportation, Safe Navigation, tion as soon as possible; Freedom of Navigation—expand the U.S. Coastal Tourism, Coastal Communities, Domestic Fisheries, Inter- freedom of navigation program using Navy, Coast Guard, and national Fisheries, Aquaculture, Biotechnology, and Offshore Oil other national assets to exercise openly the traditional freedoms and Gas. Topics included in the Strengthening Global Security of navigation and overflight in areas of unacceptable claims; and section are: The Law of the Sea Convention, Freedom of Naviga- Maritime Law Enforcement—declare a 24-nautical-mile contigu- tion, and Maritime Law Enforcement. Topics included in the Pro- tecting Marine Resources section include: Submerged Heritage Washington Report continued on p. 12

GSA TODAY, November 1999 11 Opening — January 2000 tories; ensure sensitive treatment of any human remains; and protect sovereign immune vessels and aircraft that have not been expressly abandoned; Coral Reefs—increase research efforts to One-stop shopping understand the causality behind the current worldwide decline of coral reefs and how it relates to disease, temperature change, and for all your GSA needs! pollution; assist in the design and implementation of local and regional reef management plans that integrate protected areas and fishery management with coastal zone and marine manage- NEW! ment planning efforts, and increase support for local actions; increase monitoring, protection, and sustainable use of coral reefs GSA Member worldwide by supporting international partnerships at national, regional, and global scales; Estuaries—create a national framework for estuarine research; Marine Protected Species—address Service Center key existing and emerging threats, including modification and destruction of coastal and estuarine seafloor ecosystems by fishing gear, coastal habitat destruction resulting from shoreline protection efforts, and watercraft collisions with marine mammals; Toll-free: 1-888-443-4472 (NEW!) Marine Protected Areas—evaluate the ability of existing marine protected areas to protect unique or representative examples of Web: www.geosociety.org biological, cultural, or historical resources; identify new areas of important ocean diversity and productivity; and add sites and Fax: 1-303-447-1133 capacities to address specific local, tribal, regional, national, or international issues and needs; Ocean and Coastal Habitats— develop cost-effective, environmentally acceptable regional sediment management procedures that speed remediation of contam- Register for a GSA Meeting inated sediment and increase beneficial reuse of both clean and remediated dredged material; Water Quality—increase research on the effects of water quality and ocean discharges on the Buy a GSA Publication marine environment, including on marine wildlife, and use this information to improve protection for ocean and coastal Renew/Change your GSA resources where necessary; Nonindigenous Species—develop effective monitoring, education, research, and rapid-response membership, OR capabilities to quickly identify and eliminate nonindigenous species before they become established; and Marine Debris— Get the information you need improve controls on potential sources of marine debris, including working with communities to implement and enforce anti-litter laws, improve floatable controls for local sewer systems, and employ statistical marine-debris monitoring protocols. For the 16 recommendations in Discovering the Oceans, the Contact us in 2000! core principle was “Exploring and understanding the oceans is critical to our well-being and survival.” Key recommendations include: Ocean Education—establish a nationally coordinated effort to improve and promote ocean science education; make Washington Report continued from p. 11 ocean science education materials widely available to educators and the general public; expand efforts to create discovery-driven, ous zone consistent with international law, as reflected in Article interactive Web sites for all federal ocean programs to engage 33 of the Law of the Sea Convention. children and adults in a lifetime of ocean discovery; Ocean The Administration wasted no time in implementing this Observations—expand and integrate seafloor observation capabil- recommendation. On September 2, Vice President Gore pro- ities to improve basic knowledge of Earth’s temperature, chem- nounced that effective immediately, this would be the new U.S. istry, and structure. This will support pipeline and cable-laying standard. Specifically, the Vice President announced that the operations and national security and research needs and will United States was strengthening its ability to enforce environ- improve disaster warning from seafloor disturbances; Ocean mental, customs, and immigration laws at sea by expanding a Research—emphasize an interdisciplinary approach in oceanogra- critical enforcement zone to include waters within 24 nautical phy and marine ecosystem science, linking the fields of physics, miles of the U.S. coast. A proclamation signed by President biology, chemistry, and geology, and allowing a better view of Clinton formally extended the U.S. “contiguous zone” from 12 Earth as an integrated system; our coastal and ocean research to 24 miles, doubling the distance from shore within which the infrastructure, from submersibles and research vessels to laborato- Coast Guard and other federal authorities can board foreign ries, is aging and cannot meet the technological demands of the vessels and take other actions to enforce U.S. law. 21st century; and Ocean and Coastal Exploration—support For the 60 recommendations in Protecting Marine Resources, exploratory research in geographic areas, such as the deep-sea the core principle was “Strong protection of our ocean and vent sites, and topical areas, such as undiscovered deep-sea coastal environment, using a precautionary approach and sound species; develop ways to explore the oceans remotely, including management, is no longer a choice, but a necessity.” Key recom- new observatories and sensors and innovative uses of technolo- mendations include: Submerged Heritage Resources—enact fed- gies. eral legislation that will prohibit the destruction and loss of sub- Turning to the Sea: America’s Ocean Future can be viewed on merged heritage resources; punish those who injure or destroy the Internet at www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov. Copies also can be these and associated natural resources; provide for appropriate requested by telephone, (202) 482-6090, or by fax, 202-482-3154. public access; develop a research and recovery permitting process; Printing from the Internet may be difficult, because the report is require adherence to scientific standards; provide for the conser- available only as a large PDF file. vation and deposition of recovered materials in qualified reposi-

12 GSA TODAY, November 1999 ENVIRONMENT MATTERS Managing America’s Coastal Parks

Cathleen May, Director of Science and Outreach

Dennis and Floyd: approaches to questions, explanations, each region. Later, the groups reported The Calm Between Storms information, and problem-solving, as their findings. Common themes emerged For three blustery, sodden days on the illustrated here: despite the physical, biological, and cul- heels of Hurricane Dennis and anticipat- tural diversity among park units. Not sur- ing Hurricane Floyd, 120 people gathered Basic and Applied Approaches prisingly, the most inclusive theme was on a barrier island off the coast of Mary- A continuum the impact of people, in the forms of land to talk about managing dynamic insights development, agriculture, and visitor use, coastal systems for a society that demands information on coasts and coastal processes. Beach stasis. The Geology of Coastal Ecosystems Basic Applied starvation due to engineered disruption of Workshop took place in Ocean City, Mary- Scientific Resource longshore and watershed sediment trans- land, and on Assateague Island National Research Management port surfaced again and again as an ongo- Seashore September 8–10, 1999. The work- products ing management concern. Eutrophication shop was conceived, designed, financed, byproducts due to groundwater contamination from and hosted through collaboration among Question-driven Problem-driven agriculture and development surfaced as GSA’s Institute for Earth Science and the Question-defined Problem-defined Seeks explanation Seeks solutions an increasing concern for units with estu- Environment (IEE), the Geologic Resources arine, bay, and inlet habitats to manage. Division of the National Park Service These are but two of the many anthro- (NPS), and the Coastal and Marine Geol- Coastal Parks: Complexity, pogenically induced management prob- ogy Program of the U.S. Geological Survey Variety, Commonality lems identified by the working groups. As (USGS). The NPS participants (about 60) Sixty-six national park units have significant as the impact of people on came from coastal parks as distant as coastlines. The Park Service manages an coasts proves to be, in terms of manage- Alaska and as near as the local host unit estimated 7,310 miles of marine coastline ment, the impact of natural coastal pro- at Assateague. About 40 USGS scientists distributed among 10 Alaskan coastal cesses on people can be of equal or greater and administrators, from all coastal parks, 17 Atlantic parks, eight Gulf Coast concern. Coastal hazards and the need regions as well as from the Director’s and Virgin Islands parks, 19 Pacific parks, for greater predictability of episodic and Office in Reston, participated. Academic and six Hawaiian parks. Per park unit, catastrophic change in coastal systems participants came from university pro- miles of shoreline vary from less than one appeared close to the top of the list for all grams by special invitation from GSA. at Klondike Gold Rush National Historical working groups. Finally, the need for more Park to more than 1,070 at Glacier Bay Making Connections and easier access to scientific information National Park and Preserve. Among these The stated goals of the workshop was articulated over and over throughout regions, coastal zone geology, geomor- were to make the connections among: (1) the workshop, in both formal sessions and phology, hydrology, and ecology vary sig- scientific research and resource manage- informal conversations among partici- nificantly, as does the degree and the ment, (2) geology and ecosystem manage- pants. Workshop participants sounded a impact of human development and visitor ment, and (3) National Park System units clear call for centralized sources of infor- use. During the introductory plenary ses- and external sources of expertise and mation and for rapid response to short- sion, Suzette Kimball, Regional Chief knowledge. term needs for scientific expertise. Biologist, Eastern Division, USGS, illus- The first two goals serve areas of trated this variety by describing the most Socioeconomic Demands— emphasis within IEE’s mission to promote salient attributes of each region’s coastal Geoecologic Reality the use of geoscience in addressing envi- system. Nowhere is the paradox of the ronmental challenges. The third serves Yet, it was commonality of need for Organic Act—to manage “for the enjoy- GSA Strategic Plan goals to provide oppor- scientific understanding and information ment of the people” and to manage to tunities for our member scientists. We that brought these participants together as “leave unimpaired for future genera- expect this to be the first in a periodic a forum. Opening remarks by Department tions”—more apparent than in coastal series of similar efforts in collaboration of Interior Deputy Assistant Secretary for National Park units, especially those with the National Park Service and the Water and Science Mark Shaefer stressed located on barrier islands. The defining U.S. Geological Survey. The long-term the importance of integrative approaches attribute of coastal zones is change. In the goals for such a series of collaborative to coastal system science and congratu- usually comforting constancy of waves efforts are expressed as desired outcomes: lated the group on bringing together sci- breaking on shorelines is the unrelenting geoscientists know what managers need; entists from disparate specialties to address reminder that our planet is dynamic. As managers know what geoscientists can coastal management issues. USGS Deputy much as human beings enjoy the gentle provide; geoscientists and managers know Director Tom Casadevall (now Central and continuous shoreline processes that when and how to collaborate. To achieve Region director) emphasized the value of drive us to build as close to the edge of the any of these short-term workshop goals or joint GSA-USGS efforts to bring together continent as possible, still we seek to con- long-term partnership goals, participants those who generate scientific understand- trol those processes: to stabilize dunes, to must first abandon the notion that “basic ing and information with those mandated provide quiet waters, to protect our science” and “applied science” are essen- to use science to manage lands and dwellings and businesses. When the sys- tially decoupled. There is neither a real resources. tem becomes less than gentle, when hurri- nor a usefully arbitrary demarcation After the half-day opening plenary canes blow and cut barrier islands into between the two. In my introductory session, participants worked in groups pieces, we want our shorelines “restored” remarks, I asked the participants to view organized by regions to identify the com- research and resource management along Environment Matters mon needs and issues among parks in a continuum that spans basic and applied continued on p. 14

GSA TODAY, November 1999 13 Proposal Deadline: January 10, 2000 Submit Session Proposals for the 2000 GSA Annual Meeting

You are invited to participate in the 2000 GSA Annual Meet- The goals of Summit 2000 are to: ing, in Reno, Nevada—Summit 2000! We encourage you to sub- • Emphasize the multidisciplinary nature of the chemical, mit proposals for topical sessions and Pardee Keynote Symposia physical, and biological subdisciplines of the earth sciences; that will make this meeting the meeting of the year for earth sci- • Provide a high-visibility forum to communicate both entists. Proposals are due by January 10, 2000, and must be sub- important developments in our traditional disciplines and cre- mitted electronically. As GSA enters the next millennium, we ative new approaches using promising new technologies; anticipate an increasingly vital, dynamic, and high-quality • Explore opportunities for earth science research and edu- annual meeting program. cation via the World Wide Web; and • Promote the importance of earth science and society, earth GSA in Reno, Summit 2000! science education, and balancing between resource needs and Bob Karlin, Technical Program Chair environmental preservation. We welcome proposals for Pardee Keynote Symposia and Reno, Nevada, is proud to be the site of the Geological Soci- topical sessions; they must be sent via www.geosociety.org/ ety of America’s Annual Meeting, Summit 2000, next November. meetings/2000 on or before January 10, 2000. Reno lies near the boundary between the Sierra Nevada Range and the Great Basin, affording many opportunities to view PROGRAM OPPORTUNITIES diverse geologic phenomena. Well-exposed examples of ancient and modern tectonic systems, ranging from plate boundaries to The GSA 2000 Annual Meeting program structure offers continental interiors, are within close proximity of the meeting opportunities for effective and dynamic program building and site. The Reno-Tahoe area is also an entertainment and recre- flexibility by allowing a mixture of invited and volunteered ational mecca, with a wide assortment of casinos, museums, and papers and different session formats. Joint Technical Program theatres; and a dazzling array of fine restaurants and pubs. World- Committee (JTPC) representatives play a large role in program class alpine and nordic skiing are less an hour away. Scenic attrac- decisions. Descriptions of the various program options and guide- tions such as Lake Tahoe and historic locales such as the Com- lines are available at www.geosociety.org/meetings/2000. Some stock-era mining town of Virginia City are within a 45-minute modifications have been made since last year; please read these drive. guidelines carefully before submitting a proposal. Two types of Summit 2000, our theme, acknowledges this meeting as the sessions can be proposed: largest and most important gathering of earth scientists in North Pardee Keynote Symposia. The Pardee Keynote Symposia are America; in time, near the beginning of the third millennium; made possible by a grant from the Joseph T. Pardee Memorial Fund. and in space, near the summit of the western ranges of the conti- These sessions are special events that should be of broad interest to nent. One hundred years ago, no one could have envisioned the geoscience community. Topics appropriate for these keynote what we now know about our planet, the technological advances symposia should be on the leading edge in a scientific discipline we have made in imaging Earth and planetary systems, or the or area of public policy, address broad fundamental problems, be impact of humans on Earth. Although it is even more difficult interdisciplinary, or focus on global problems. The primary crite- now to imagine the advances and challenges in the next century, rion for selection is excellence. Selection is on a competitive basis it is important to look forward, but also to reflect on the past. with only four to eight half-day, nonconcurrent (one per half day; minimum of one per day) sessions being offered. All speakers will

Environment Matters standing. Scientists can ask “what if” tive approaches to the science that sup- continued from p. 13 questions about coastal systems. Land and ports land and resource management, and resource managers are frequently trapped they share a common need for supporting to some previous state that suits our needs in a reactive mode where the only relevant science. and desires. When our shoreline develop- question is “what now?” The better The workshop organizers feel that ments fragment habitats and desirable science understands “what if,” and the we progressed toward articulating both species vacate the premises, we want them better that understanding is articulated the need for and the opportunities for “restored” to their now not-so-natural to decision-makers and problem-solvers, research in coastal national park units. habitat. How do coastal parks manage the better able they will be to deal with Evaluations from workshop participants their contradictory mandate? They are “what now.” confirm such progress. It is up to the sci- required to make trade-offs in a constant entific community to hear the need and What’s Next? balancing act between socioeconomic to respond. Please check the GSA Web site The Geology of Coastal Ecosystems demands and geoecologic realities. at www.geosociety.org in January 2000 Workshop is evidence that coastal parks for a full report on the workshop. The “What If?” vs. “What Now?” feel the need and have the desire to man- report will include transcripts of keynote In what I have observed over the age proactively. A proactive management addresses, findings of working groups, years as a characteristically optimistic paradigm requires a significantly richer conclusions and syntheses, information attitude, National Park Service managers scientific basis for decision-making than a on individual coastal parks, lists of par- continue to seek increased understanding reactive paradigm, as well as public accep- ticipants and contacts, and recommen- of the natural systems for which they are tance of managing for change rather than dations for further collaborative efforts trustees. Science—especially geoscience stasis. Coastal parks are diverse geologi- among government, academia, and the integrated with ecology and social cally, ecologically, and culturally. They are Geological Society of America. science—can contribute to that under- excellent examples of the need for integra-

14 GSA TODAY, November 1999 be invited. We are striving for a good mix of Pardee Keynote Sym- sions with invited speakers. The Pardee Keynote Symposia posia, of interest to the GSA and Associated Society memberships. expand the opportunity for high-profile sessions on significant Topical Sessions. These sessions are designed to promote scientific developments that have an impact on our science. Help the exchange of timely or state-of-the-art information with us make the GSA Annual Meeting increasingly dynamic and stim- respect to a central topic and to allow scheduling of interdisci- ulating for all GSA and Associated Society members as well as one plinary talks that bear on a specific topic. Organizers (advocates) that appeals to a wide audience. We look forward to working with may invite specific papers to ensure a successful and excellent ses- you. If you have any questions or concerns regarding these pro- sion and are encouraged to solicit volunteered contributions. A gram initiatives, please call or e-mail one of us: maximum of four invited speakers is automatically allowed, but Sharon Mosher, Annual Program Committee Chair (through an advocate may request more invitations if he or she can justify 1999), [email protected]. the larger number. Volunteered abstracts will be automatically solicited in GSA Today for all approved topical sessions. Rob Van der Voo, Annual Program chair (2000–2001), Oral and Poster General Sessions. Consisting entirely of [email protected]. volunteered papers, these sessions remain an important compo- Bob Karlin, Technical Program Chair, [email protected]. nent of the GSA Annual Meeting. The number of abstracts received determines the number of general sessions in each discipline. The rejection rate for recent GSA Annual Meetings has 2000 Schedule been much less than 5%. The goal of the Technical Program January 10 Proposals due. Firm deadline; electronic submission Committee (TPC) and JTPC representatives is to provide presen- required. ters the best possible opportunity for communicating new scientific information rather than to dictate what can or will be pre- March 1 Paper copy of 2000 abstract forms will be available sented. Poster sessions have been expanded to allow presentation from Nancy Carlson at GSA, (303) 447-8850, ext. of more papers. Poster sessions will not be scheduled concur- 161, [email protected]. A set of forms will rently with oral sessions in the same discipline, to allow for well- automatically be mailed to conveners and advo- attended, dynamic sessions. This year a combined oral and poster cates in March. session format in a technical session meeting room with poster May 1 Electronic abstract form will be on GSA home boards is offered as an option. page for active submission: www.geosociety.org. Hot Topics. These popular lunchtime forums will be continued (one each day, Monday–Thursday). If you are interested in July 25 Paper Submission Deadline. Paper copy original and organizing one of these sessions or in being a Hot Topics chair, 5 copies due at GSA. Authors should submit all contact Technical Program Chair Bob Karlin. These sessions are abstracts directly to GSA. Firm deadline. Paper different from technical sessions and are not to be talks by abstracts will not be accepted after this date—no “experts.” Most of the one-hour time is for discussion, with audi- exceptions. ence participation. A debate format is recommended, and panels August 1 Electronic Abstracts Deadline. Electronic copies are discouraged. Each session must have a moderator. Titles accepted until 12 midnight. should be catchy and provocative. We strongly encourage you to participate in the 2000 GSA August 12 Schedule finalized. Annual Meeting in Reno! The new program initiatives inaugu- September 1 All accepted abstracts will appear on the Web after rated in 1999 are designed to encourage program excellence and September 1. All speakers and titles appear on the to provide an opportunity for flexible scheduling and creativity. Web with links to these abstracts. Topical session organizers have the ability to ensure a successful, excellent program, and all members may contribute papers to ses-

SEG Foundation Offers GSA To Co-Sponsor Student Research Grants Celebrating the Age of the Earth Students of mineral resources throughout the world may A Geological Society, London, symposium, “Celebrating the apply for thesis research grants available in 2000 from the Society Age of the Earth,” co-sponsored by the Geological Society of of Economic Geologists Foundation and the Society of Economic America, intends to recreate the atmosphere of interdisciplinary Geologists. These grants are intended to provide partial support discussion that prevailed at the end of the 19th century when of master’s and doctoral thesis research for graduate students. geologists, biologists, physicists, chemists, and astronomers Grants from the Hugh E. McKinstry Fund are awarded to support gathered to hotly debate the age of Earth. The symposium, research with a substantial field component. The Hickok-Radford June 28–29, 2000, will be held in London. Cherry Lewis Fund awards grants for field projects in arctic, sub-arctic, or other ([email protected]) is the convener. challenging field areas. A third group of student research grants is Presenters from Britain, Europe, and the United States will in part funded by gifts from BHP Minerals. These provide funds discuss the concept and development of geological time up to for research in economic geology that focuses on new descriptive the end of the 19th century and the discovery of radioactivity data on ore deposits and mining districts (mainly outside of and applications of geochronology in the 20th century. The UK’s North America) and on topical subjects. Astronomer Royal, Martin Rees, will end the meeting with a pre- Individual grants range from $500 to $3000 and are sentation that places the age of Earth within its modern context intended to fund specific thesis research expenses. Application in the age of the Universe. An optional time-related field trip will forms may be obtained from: Chair, SEG Student Research take place on the following day. Grants, 5808 South Rapp St., Suite 209, Littleton, CO 80120, On-line registration begins December 1, 1999 at (303) 797-0332, fax 303-797-0417, [email protected]. Forms www.geolsoc.org.uk. are also available on the Web: http://www.segweb.org. Applications must be postmarked by February 1, 2000, and awards will be announced by April 15, 2000.

GSA TODAY, November 1999 15 FirstFirst GSAGSA FieldField ForumForum WillWill BeBe HeldHeld atat thethe MatanuskaMatanuska Glacier,Glacier, AlaskaAlaska

Stratified basal ice (black) overlain by clean, white, englacial ice (summer exposure). Photo by Edward B. Evenson. Glaciohydraulic Supercooling, Basal Freeze-on, Stratified Basal Ice, and “Deformable Till Beds”: Matanuska Glacier, Alaska

and at the “shear zone” that separates the basal ice from the Dates: March 18–22, 2000 clean ice of the glacier body. Leaders: Edward B. Evenson, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University; Daniel E. Lawson, Cold Regions Research and Itinerary Engineering Laboratory; Grahame Larson, Geological Sciences, Saturday, March 18 Michigan State University; and Richard B. Alley, Geosciences, Participants fly to Anchorage and convene at the Copper Whale Pennsylvania State University. Bed & Breakfast. Description: Recent debates concerning the nature and importance of deformable beds, ice-bed interactions and glaciohy- Sunday, March 19 draulic supercooling make a field forum focused on subglacial 8:00 a.m.—Breakfast at Copper Whale Bed & Breakfast. processes timely, especially with respect to the flow and dynamics 10:00 a.m—Drive from Anchorage to Palmer, with stops along of former ice sheets. This field forum—GSA’s first—is designed to the Glen Highway to discuss glacially streamlined topogra- investigate the entire complex of processes operating at the base phy, river icing, and frazil ice growth in open, supercooled of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska. The excellent winter exposures water of the Matanuska River. at the Matanuska Glacier will allow glacial geologists, glaciolo- gists and structural geologists to simultaneously examine the Noon–1:30 p.m.—Lunch at Goldminer Inn, Palmer. spectacular, stratified, and debris-rich basal ice facies, the deform- 2:00 p.m.—Drive from Palmer to Majestic Valley Wilderness ing till beds, and the complex ice and sediment deformation Lodge, with two stops to discuss extensive gravel deposits and occurring in the basal ice and the bed of the glacier. One of the crevasse fills in the Palmer area, and an orientation stop at the primary objectives of the forum will be to attempt to understand Matanuska Glacier. whether frazil ice and poorly laminated anchor ice evolve into the distinctly laminated “stratified basal ice,” or if it forms 5:00 p.m.—Check in at Majestic Valley Wilderness Lodge. directly from freeze-on in a subglacial, linked cavity system. 6:00 p.m.—Dinner. Another objective will be to investigate the complex shear occurring in the deforming subglacial bed, in the stratified basal ice, 8:00–10:00 p.m.—Field trip orientation.

16 GSA TODAY, November 1999 Monday, March 20 8:00 a.m.—Breakfast at Majestic Valley Wilderness Lodge. 10:00 a.m.—Depart for Matanuska Glacier. MOVING?

10:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m.—Walking tour of basal ice exposures. Don’t risk missing any of your GSA 5:00 p.m.—Return to Majestic Valley Wilderness Lodge. publications. Simply e-mail us at 6:00 p.m.—Dinner, followed by discussion of day’s observa- [email protected] with your tions and planning of next day activities. We anticipate that new address and the information participants will want to return to many of the exposures to requested here, or you can mail take samples, make measurements, and take detailed pho- this coupon along with your sub- tographs. scription mailing label (use label from this newsletter) to: GSA, Member Services, P.O. Box Tuesday, March 21 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140. Phone works, too. 8:00 a.m.—Breakfast at Majestic Valley Wilderness Lodge. Give us a call at (303) 447-2020 or (800) 472-1988. 10:00 a.m.—Depart for Matanuska Glacier. (Please report changes at least 6 weeks in advance.) 10:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m.—Investigation of basal ice–clean ice contact and shear zone; deformation and lodgment till exposures; PLEASE PRINT exploration of frazil growth in uplifted subglacial conduits; and melt-out and sublimation till formation. Name ______5:00 p.m.—Return to Majestic Valley Wilderness Lodge. Address ______6:00 p.m.—Dinner, followed by discussion of day’s activities. ______City ______Wednesday, March 22 8:00 a.m.—Breakfast at Majestic Valley Wilderness Lodge; State/ZIP ______checkout. Country ______10:00 a.m.—Depart for Matanuska Glacier. E-mail ______10:30 a.m.–1:00 p.m.—Free time to visit, sample, and photograph sites of interest; photography flight, ski landing on Work Phone ______glacier for those interested. Home Phone ______1:00–2:00 p.m.—Lunch at Long Rifle Lodge. Fax ______2:00–5:00 p.m.—Transport to Copper Whale Bed & Breakfast, Anchorage. Change my voting section to: 6:00 p.m.—Dinner at Copper Whale and wrap-up. ______

Thursday, March 23 Transport to airport.

Logistics, Participants, and Costs A maximum of 21 participants can be billeted at the Majestic Valley Bed & Breakfast, which has eight double rooms and two cabins, with a total of 21 beds. Majestic Valley will provide visit meals and pack lunches. The hiking is not strenuous, and anyone in reasonably good physical condition should be able to visit all the sites on the itinerary. Participants will need warm clothing, boots, hats, and gloves. A winterized warming hut, located 200 m from the terminus of the glacier, will serve as the US hub of activity on field days. A winter road allows vehicles and snowmobiles direct access to the snout of the glacier. Glacier @http:// Park Lodge is located 2 km from the glacier. Participants must make their own travel arrangements to and www. from Anchorage. A flat fee of U.S. $510 will be charged to cover geosociety.org all meals, transportation, lodging and access fees. Registration deadline—December 15, 1999; cancellation deadline— shop the GSA Bookstore January 15, 2000. For Registration Applications and Information on the Web! Contact Edward B. Evenson, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University, Williams Hall #31, Bethlehem, PA 18015, (610) 758-3659, fax 610-758-3677, [email protected].

GSA TODAY, November 1999 17 Grand Vision of Edwin D. McKee

Earle E. Spamer, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195

e geologists are all attached to places—our home landscape, Wthe place we did our first field work, a locality where we discovered something—but few of us devote our careers to one place and use it as a prism through which to view the world. Edwin McKee fell in love with the Grand Canyon and did just that. McKee, born in 1906 just 48 years after the first explorations of the Grand Canyon, was introduced to the canyon in Washing- ton, D.C., where he grew up. He joined Boy Scout Troop 1, whose scoutmaster was François E. Matthes, the eminent topographer, who in 1903, made the first small-scale topographic sheets of the Grand Canyon. Matthes must have told stories of his experiences, the demands of mapping the canyon, of blazing a horse trail up narrow, rocky Bright Angel Creek, of heat that dimin- ished the leveling bubbles in their instruments, and tales of scientific discovery by renowned canyon explorers like John Wesley Powell and Charles D. Walcott—stories that surely meted out adventure, technical know-how, and solid work ethics. As a young man, McKee entered the U.S. Naval Academy, but again Matthes changed McKee’s life. In 1927, Matthes arranged a summer internship for the self-assured McKee with paleontologist and educator John C. Merriam. President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Merriam was charged by the National Park Service with developing the first interpretive programs at Grand Canyon National Park. McKee arrived at the canyon on June 16, to assist paleobotanist David White and vertebrate-ichnologist Charles W. Gilmore. Enthralled by the experience, McKee enrolled in Cornell E. D. McKee on the trail from Supai, Havasupai Indian Reservation, University to study geology. Winters in Ithaca, New York, alter- Arizona, ca. 1939. Photo NAU.PH.95.48.141, McKee Collection, nated with invigorating summers in the Grand Canyon until Cline Library, Northern Arizona University. Used with permission. February 20, 1929, when tragedy changed his life. Park naturalist Glen Sturdevant drowned with ranger Fred Johnson while crossing the Colorado River, and McKee was given Sturdevant’s job River delta that her husband did such “strange things” as filling as park naturalist. When he returned permanently to the canyon, bags with sediment because “he gets paid to do that!” he courted biologist Barbara Hastings, who was working during McKee helped create the Grand Canyon Association, which summers on the canyon’s North Rim. McKee frequently hiked continues to assist interpretive programs in the park. His popular the rigorous 21 miles across the mile-deep canyon, and up the ranger talks covered regional geology, paleontology, ornithology, trail blazed by Matthes, to visit Barbara. They married on mammalogy, herpetology, entomology, botany, ethnology, December 31, 1929. archaeology, and history. In 1931 he published Ancient Landscapes Edwin and Barbara McKee’s similar interests are displayed of the Grand Canyon Region which remained in print during his throughout the park museum’s study collections, which are filled entire life, in 30 revised printings until 1985. He compiled the with ethnographic artifacts and natural history specimens. But- first checklists of the Grand Canyon’s mammals, amphibians, terfly collecting was among Edwin’s avocations (McKee, 1927). reptiles, and birds. He discovered the salmon-colored Grand The McKees ran a bird-banding station (McKee, 1934) and stud- Canyon rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis abyssus, indigenous to the ied the distributions of birds in the canyon. They befriended the canyon (McKee, 1930, 1976). But it was sedimentary cross-beds, Havasupai Indians of the canyon; their published collection of found in many of the canyon’s formations but most dramatically Havasupai basketry (McKee et al., 1975) records a critical period shown in the eolian, Permian Coconino Sandstone, that particu- of changing Havasupai culture. Barbara stopped writing when larly piqued his curiosity. He organized the Grand Canyon Cross- they began their family, but she accompanied Edwin into the Bedding Club, “a group of energetic residents who liked to hike field as often as possible. Once, in Mexico, she satisfactorily and who had some background in geology.” After he taught them explained to quizzical Yaqui Indian helpers on the Colorado precise field techniques, each Sunday they hiked into the canyon

18 GSA TODAY, November 1999 to measure cross-beds. His first significant geological paper, on technologically diverse. A color photo of a Havasupai basket from the Coconino, was published in 1933. the McKee collection respectfully acknowledges the Havasupai McKee’s ability to relate the minutiae of sediments and fos- craftswomen and friends whose family names are given to geo- sils to broad geography led him to be the first to apply practical graphic features and rock formations of the Supai Group. methods of tracing key beds from one area to another. In his1938 In the field McKee was indefatigable. His sparks of industry monograph on the Permian Kaibab and Toroweap formations, he and creativity inspired others. No McKee bibliography exists, but used these techniques in the study of sedimentary facies. These a partial listing (in Spamer, 1990) contains hundreds of titles in principles were masterfully applied in a 1945 monograph, with many fields. His geological work spanned the world, but Ari- paleontologist Charles E. Resser, on the Cambrian Tonto Group. zona’s Grand Canyon was first and never forgotten. They are his most profound interpretations of geologic processes. In 1984, McKee’s ashes were buried at Grand Canyon Ceme- Sediments and fossils in these strata show that rates of transgres- tery, beside paleobotanist David White, and John H. Maxson, a sion and regression of the sea varied and periodically reversed, geologist who traveled with McKee on the Colorado River in making problems for stratigraphic interpretation. Such well- 1937. Barbara McKee joined him in 1998. Despite remarkably exposed intertonguing of sequential formations led economic broad interests, the man who published hundreds of articles and geologists to better understand subsurface stratigraphy. McKee’s monographs on many subjects, who was an accomplished diagrams continue to be reprinted, and the principles of his work collector of butterflies, stamps, and Havasupai crafts, has just a are core materials in classes on sedimentology and stratigraphy. simple marker of water-sculpted Tapeats Sandstone from the The National Park Service did not allow a ranger to remain Grand Canyon Cambrian. A small plaque gives his occupation more than ten years at one place. In 1938, rather than move to not as geologist, but “Teacher.” His exemplary legacy and the Yosemite National Park, Edwin quit and became assistant director inspiration to be gained from his accomplishments are, indeed, for research at the Museum of Northern Arizona. His three chil- grand lessons. dren were in their early school years, and a decrease in his publications reflects the attention to family affairs and administration. References Cited Still he managed to study modern sediments as analogs of paleo- McKee, E. D., 1927, The Papilio tribe of butterflies: Grand Canyon Nature Notes, sediments, and he devised a classification of bedding structures. v. 2, no. 2, p. 1–2. Later he went to the Department of Geology at the University of McKee, E. D., 1930, The Grand Canyon rattlesnake: Grand Canyon Nature Arizona, Tucson, where he became department chair. In the late Notes, v. 4, no. 6, p. 40. 1950s, he was a research geologist for the U.S. Geological Survey, McKee, E. D., 1933, The Coconino sandstone—Its history and origin: Carnegie in Denver, where he operated a sedimentology laboratory even Institution of Washington Publication 440, p. 77–115. after his retirement. This is a remarkable ascendancy for someone McKee, E. D., 1934, Current observations on bird-banding at Grand Canyon: with just a bachelor’s degree. In 1957, Northern Arizona Univer- Grand Canyon Nature Notes, v. 9, p. 354. sity awarded him an honorary doctorate. McKee, E. D., 1938, The environment and history of the Toroweap and Kaibab Thereafter, McKee studied modern and fossil sediments on formations of northern Arizona and southern Utah: Carnegie Institution of every continent but Antarctica. He considered sedimentary and Washington Publication 492, 268 p. biologic deposits of low-gradient streams and river deltas; dune McKee, E. D., and Resser, C. E., 1945, Cambrian history of the Grand Canyon structures of the great sand seas of Africa, Asia, and Australia; region: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 563, 232 p. structures of arid-climate pediments; and carbonate sedimentary McKee, B. H., McKee, E. D., and Herold, J., 1975, Havasupai Indian baskets and processes of Pacific atolls. He carried out flume-sediment experi- their makers; 1930–1940: Flagstaff, Arizona, Northland Press, 142 p. ments, and he had interests in theoretical aspects of paleoclimate McKee, E. D., 1976, Discovery of the Grand Canyon Rattlesnake: Journal of Ari- analysis. McKee also embraced remote sensing technology and zona History, v. 17, p. 47–49. visual reports from Skylab to study surface processes of the McKee, E. D., 1983, The Supai Group of Grand Canyon: U.S. Geological Survey world’s sand seas. Professional Paper 1173, 504 p. The Supai Group of Grand Canyon is quintessential McKee, a Spamer, E. E., 1990, Bibliography of the Grand Canyon and lower Colorado model of 50 years of field work and analytical methods (McKee, River, from 1540: Grand Canyon Natural History Association Monograph 8, 398 p.; and Suppl. 1 (1993), 156 p. Completely revised and expanded edition 1983). Chapters by McKee and by others on these four largely flu- online [1999] through a link at http://www.grandcanyon.org. vio-deltaic, Pennsylvanian-Permian formations are topically and

McKee coating trilobites with ambroid, Grand Canyon, 1936. Photo NAU.PH.95.48.1107, McKee Collection, Cline Library, Northern Arizona University. Used with permission.

GSA TODAY, November 1999 19 and the

GSA Foundation…

r a

h t f o p i h s d r YEARS a pr w om te ot ul s ing thoughtf

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The 1999 GSA GeoVentures offered two programs GeoVentures encompass adult educational and unrelated to the annual or section meetings. The 51 adventure experiences of two kinds: GeoHostels and participants, ranging in age from 34 to 78, represented GeoTrips. Both are known for superior scientific a vast range of interests and backgrounds. leadership. GeoHostels are usually five-day, campus- GeoVentures serve professionals who enjoy their based programs. GeoTrips, from one to three weeks, geology and the company of other geologists in a field cover a wide variety of destinations. setting. These educational programs are a special benefit created for members, but are open to guests and friends also.

GeoTrip From Pacific Islands to Snake River Rapids: The Geology of Hells Canyon, Oregon and Idaho June 17–25, 1999; 17 participants. Leader: Tracy Vallier, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, Idaho.

“The display of geology and Tracy Vallier's exposition was excellent. I have worked on modern oceanic counterparts and found it all to be a fine example of convergent plate margin geologic processes. Tracy's understanding of both realms made it all a valuable experience." —James W. Hawkins, La Jolla, California "Tracy Vallier's knowledge and love for Hells Canyon made this a 5-star GeoTrip. Tracy clearly knows more about the canyon than anyone and he freely shared his insider's “Beachwave”—Hells Canyon. Photo by Chris Alger. knowledge and concerns about the canyon's future. This was a flexible trip with a variety of activities scheduled each day." — Janet Battista, Madison, Wisconsin GeoHostel Geology of the Lewis and Clark Expedition—The Three Forks of the Missouri River to the River of No Return, Montana and Idaho July 17–22, 1999; 34 participants. Leaders: Robert Thomas and Sheila Roberts, Western Montana College, Dillon, Montana.

“Leaders were excellent! Very good at explaining things simply, but very knowledgeably. Sign me up for Lewis & Clark, Part II!” —J. R. Ouellette, Pawtucket, Lewis & Clark Trail gang. Photo by Dale Kunitomi. Rhode Island

22 GSA TODAY, November 1999 Reminder: Call for Nominations

PENROSE MEDAL JOHN C. FRYE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AWARD To be awarded for outstanding original contributions or In cooperation with the Association of American State Geolo- achievements that mark a major advance in the science of gists (AASG), GSA makes an annual award for the best paper on geology. Scientific contributions should be considered rather environmental geology published either by GSA or by one of than contributions in teaching, administration, or service. the state geological surveys. The award is a $1000 cash prize Mid-career scientists who have already made exceptional from the endowment income of the GSA Foundation’s John C. contributions should be given full consideration for this Frye Memorial Fund. The paper must be selected from GSA or award. state geological survey publications; it must be selected from Nominations are due by February 1, 2000. those published during the preceding three full calendar years; and the nomination must include a paragraph stating the per- DAY MEDAL tinence of the paper. Nominated papers must establish an envi- To be awarded for outstanding distinction in contributing to ronmental problem or need, provide substantive information geologic knowledge through the application of physics and on the basic geology or geologic process pertinent to the prob- chemistry to the solution of geologic problems. The intent is to lem, relate the geology to the problem or need, suggest solu- recognize outstanding achievement and inspire further effort, tions or provide appropriate land-use recommendations based rather than reward a distinguished career. Scientific achieve- on the geology, present the information in a manner that is ments should be considered rather than contributions in understandable and directly usable by geologists, and address teaching, administration, and service. the environmental need or resolve the problem. It is preferred Nominations are due by February 1, 2000. that the paper be directly applicable by informed laypersons HONORARY FELLOWS (e.g., planners, engineers). To be awarded to non-North Americans who live and work Deadline for nominations for 1999 is March 31, 2000. outside of North America and have distinguished themselves OFFICERS AND COUNCILORS in geological investigations or in notable service to the Society. The GSA Committee on Nominations requests your help in Under exceptional circumstances, North Americans have been compiling a list of GSA members qualified for service as offi- named Honorary Fellows. cers and councilors of the Society. The committee requests that Nominations are due by February 1, 2000. each nomination be accompanied by basic data and a descrip- YOUNG SCIENTIST AWARD (DONATH MEDAL) tion of the qualifications of the individual for the position rec- To be awarded to a young scientist (35 or younger during the ommended (vice-president, treasurer, and councilor). year in which the award is to be presented) for outstanding Nominations are due by February 15, 2000. achievement in contributing to geologic knowledge through NATIONAL AWARDS original research that marks a major advance in the earth The deadline for the William T. Pecora Award, the National sciences. Medal of Science, the Vannevar Bush Award, and the Alan T. Nominations are due by February 1, 2000. Waterman Award is April 30, 2000. GSA PUBLIC SERVICE AWARD To be awarded for contributions that have materially enhanced the public’s understanding of the earth sciences or significantly Materials and supporting information for any of the served decision-makers in the application of scientific and nominations may be sent to GSA Administrative Offices, technical information in public affairs and public policy Geological Society of America, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, related to the earth sciences. CO 80301-9140. For more detailed information about the Nominations are due by February 1, 2000. nomination procedures, refer to the October 1999 issue DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD of GSA Today, or call headquarters at (303) 447-2020, ext. To be awarded for exceptional service to the Society. GSA 188. Members, Fellows, and Associates are eligible. Nominations are due by March 1, 2000.

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GSA TODAY, November 1999 23 BOOK REVIEWS

Innocents on the Ice; A Memoir of Antarctic Explora- Interpreting Pre-Quaternary Climate from the Geologic tion, 1957. By John C. Behrendt. University Press of Colorado, Record. By Judith Totman Parrish. Columbia University Press, New Niwot, 1998, 428 p., $29.95 hardcover, $19.95 paperbound. York, 1999, 338 p., $95. his book is really two stories in one, and both are interesting. aleoclimatology is one of the most flourishing fields of TThe title relates to individuals, some military and some civil- Presearch at present, involving both climate modeling and ian, assigned to Ellsworth research station in Antarctica during interpretation of geological climate indicators. Such research has the International Geophysical Year, 1957–1958. The 38 “inno- recently been spurred on by our need to learn how the climate cents” had virtually no experience under the rigorous conditions system works and to make predictions about future climate of the Antarctic winter. They were nearly all in their 20s, and change. We also need to know about ancient climates: what they the commander was a veteran explorer who had considerable were like and how they operated in the geological past. The focus experience in Antarctica. of literature published in the past few years on paleoclimates has The book contents are in two forms, one being excerpts from tended to be on computer models of climate, but now Judy Par- the journal that Behrendt kept in 1956–1957, and the rest his rish has redressed the balance with this book that concentrates explanation, written in the present, of some of the events on the geological evidence for past climates, such as the range of described in the journal. geological indicators used and how they can be interpreted in Behrendt describes a long traverse, in tracked vehicles, over terms of climate, particularly for pre-Quaternary time. new terrain in West Antarctica. Risks and hazards of this kind of The introduction of the book usefully describes how features work included the dangers of travel along the edge of the Filch- of our climate (e.g., atmospheric circulation patterns) work and ner-Ronne ice shelf and the invisible crevasses that the scientists some of the principles behind using geological indicators, espe- encountered frequently. The traverse yielded useful information cially oxygen and carbon isotopes. The following chapters each on the shelf thickness (seismic stations were established regu- deal with a sector of paleoclimate data sources. These include larly), snow accumulation (from pit studies), weather, and rock marine biotic indicators of paleoclimate such as foraminifera, composition (samples from the mountain ranges). At this time diatoms, and nannofossils, and marine macrofossils such as trilo- the concept of plate tectonics was still in its infancy, and the dis- bites, graptolites, corals, vertebrates, and even trace fossils. Lithic covery of rock strata correlative with parts of the Transantarctic indicators of climate discussed include oceanic sediments such as Mountains, and of Africa, were (and are) of great significance. cherts, chalks, phosphorites, clay minerals, glauconites, organic- Perhaps more interesting, to students of human nature, are rich rocks, reefs, and carbonate platforms, to name but a few. the descriptions of the way the men (no women in the field at Eolian deposits, loess, evaporites, zeolites, volcanic ash, paleosols, that time in the U.S. Antarctic Program) interacted. The dynamics coals, lake deposits, glacial indicators, and even fluvial indicators revolved around the base leader, who also doubled as station sci- are some of the topics considered in the terrestrial and freshwater entist; this arrangement was unlike the practice at other U.S. sta- lithological realm. A wide range of biotic indicators on land is tions where there was a military leader responsible for the com- discussed, including pollen, ostracodes, terrestrial vertebrates, mand of the military personnel and the support of science, and a invertebrates, and many types of fossil plants. civilian station leader responsible for coordinating the science of As is apparent from the list above, this is an almost exhaus- the civilians. tive coverage of geological data sources. Some topics, such as fos- The leader at Ellsworth, a retired U.S. Navy captain, used sil plants and paleosols, are covered in some depth whereas oth- strict means of keeping things under control, and the reaction of ers, such as zeolites and authigenic minerals, are dealt with only the men was that they were being treated unfairly. They were not briefly. However, every section contains information about the allowed to use the radio without permission or to contact other climate relevance and references to reviews or case studies to fol- stations or field parties (although they did have contact with the low up. This has resulted in an extensive and valuable reference outside world by ham radio, on a limited basis), and any mes- list. sages to be sent out were approved (or censored) by the station Computer models are not ignored; one chapter deals with leader. He also insisted on clearing all plans that related to the the nature of paleoclimate models (such as general circulation traverse. Personality differences surfaced, and some of the men models, energy balance models and Parrish’s own conceptual began to document conversations and situations. A bizarre side- models), how they are applied, and some of the problems with light to Behrendt’s journal and later commentary relates to an them. A simple discussion on how various climate models work, activity—aerial photo coverage of selected areas—that he specu- both atmospheric and oceanic, is most welcome. Case studies are lates was sponsored by the U.S. Defense Department and Central presented to show how climate interpretation from geological Intelligence Agency. data compares with simulations produced by models. The book ends with a bibliography that includes other books The strong message that comes through from Parrish is that by and about the station leader, a short glossary, and a detailed it is not suitable to rely on just one or two data sources but as index. Black-and-white photos of the station and traverse life many indicators of paleoclimate as possible should be used in supplement the text. case studies and that they should be considered in their regional This book is a good description of how science (mainly geo- or global contexts. Her final chapter illustrates this well and pre- physics) was done in the IGY under very trying field conditions, sents some important case studies, such as evidence for and and it shows how personality problems can surface in certain sit- against an early Oligocene ice sheet on Antarctica, which brings uations, developing into a kind of paranoia among all concerned. together a host of different geological indicators, such as oxygen We are fortunate that Behrendt has documented both. isotopes, plants, diatoms, glacial sediments and sea-level data, to produce a detailed and evolving story of paleoclimate. John F. Splettstoesser The figures in this book are somewhat disappointing. Black- Rockland, Maine 04841 and-white and gray-scale figures are abundant (at least one per two-page spread). The quality of the illustrations is not always good—most come from published literature and they have not been redrawn but simply scanned in from original publications. This has resulted in some rather fuzzy lines and coarse detail, which has made some figures illegible. It is a shame that there are

24 GSA TODAY, November 1999 no photographic plates or color figures; some photographs of the One of the lesser used definitions of “factor” is “one who different features of paleosols or of fossil plants would have been invests.” This book is dedicated to the five “factors” who greatly helpful. influenced Birkeland’s work. Clearly, their investments have This is the only book of its kind at present; it must have been reaped rich reward. a huge task to bring all this varied information together. It will be Arthur L. Bloom an extremely useful reference text not just for paleoclimatolo- Cornell University gists, but for many others—both researchers and students—who Ithaca, NY 14853 would like to know how their data can be used to the full. Quaternary Environments [Second Edition]. By M. Williams, Jane Francis D. Dunkerley, P. De Deckker, P. Kershaw, and J. Chappell. Arnold & University of Leeds Oxford University Press, New York, 1998, 329 p., $45, paperbound. Leeds, UK he Quaternary is the remarkable period when humans first Soils and Geomorphology [Third Edition]. By Peter W. Treached their major potential, including the ability to dramat- Birkeland, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, $45, ically degrade the planet. This book by Australian geoscientists is paperbound. an exposition on past environments, with an avowed attempt to better understand the future. Quaternary Environments joins only a t was a pleasure to review the greatly expanded and updated few other such books to provide new information on paleoclima- third edition of Birkeland’s book, the second edition (1984) of I tology, glaciations, sea-level changes, and environmental recon- which won him the 1988 Kirk Bryan Award of the GSA Quater- structions. Quaternary global change is featured in terms of cli- nary Geology and Geomorphology Division. That second edition mate and environmental fluctuation controlled ultimately by a was a 30% expansion of the first (1974) edition under a different wide variety of internal and external factors that are authorita- title, but followed a nearly identical chapter and subchapter orga- tively explained. nization. Introductory chapters on soil profiles and nomenclature Two introductory chapters review the overall context in a and on soil classification were followed by chapters on the pro- prelude to the Quaternary by introducing controls of environ- cesses and products of weathering (good, basic geomorphology) ments by tectonism, volcanic gases, growth of Antarctic ice, vege- and a more specific chapter on the processes of soil-profile devel- tation and the planetary carbon cycle, and meltwater flood opment. These five chapters are updated and modestly enlarged effects on oceanic circulation. The extent, landforms, and in the third edition. chronology of the world cryosphere are presented in a general The theme of this book is summarized in the brief chapter analysis, with special emphasis on high-resolution ice cores. Use- six, which introduces the grand concept of Five Factors of Soil ful explanation of Dansgaard-Oeschger temperature events, bun- Formation: climate, organisms (primarily vegetation—microbes are barely noted), topography, parent material, and time. In ear- Book Reviews continued on p. 26 lier editions, this chapter was followed by five more, each elabo- rating on the relationships of one of the factors to soils, with a concluding chapter on the application of soils to geomorpho- logical studies. This third edition breaks the mold. Chapter seven: “The influences of parent material on weathering and soil formation” nicely updates the earlier edition, but thereafter the other four factors are complexly blended. The factor of time, through the concept of soil chronosequences, is reviewed by climatic regions in chapter eight. More than half the references in the massive reference list of 245 entries for chapter eight postdate the second edition. Similarly, in chapter nine the factor of topography is reviewed with respect to climatic setting, and in chapter ten the factor of climate is reviewed in the context of Quaternary paleoclimates. The fifth factor, organisms (read “vegetation”) has lost its own chapter and is imbedded in time, climate, and topography. Although the tables of contents of the three editions look similar, the change in emphasis clearly records the growing integration of soils science, geomorphology, and Quaternary studies. Are all soils polygenetic, shaped by ever-changing climate, vegetation, and topography? This edition confronts such issues in a fresh, honest, and informed way. It should be studied by every- one in the numerous related fields. Any review should include quibbles, if only to prove that the reviewer has been thorough. I note the frequent use of the words “difficult,” “difficulty,” “problematic,” etc. in opening sen- tences of paragraphs. Usually the rest of the paragraphs are fully informative, but a naïve student might be subliminally influenced into believing that the entire subject is too complex to be understood. I found it amusing that three generations of Oxford Press editors failed to read the preface, with its thanks by the author to his family, “each [singular] of them ... in their [plural) own way ....” The extensive lists of references by chapters are now collected at the end of the book, and could easily have been con- solidated into a single alphabetical list that would have saved many pages of duplicate entries.

GSA TODAY, November 1999 25 Book Reviews continued from p. 25 this book interesting to many. A brief exposition of human ances- tors is related to environmental controls. Recent information on dled into sawtoothed Bond cycles, reveals slow cooling followed transitional forms of Homo, tool use, fire, and cultural develop- by rapid warming. Correlation with marine sediment-core ments is presented. Controversies over megafaunal extinctions archives shows enigmatic rapid oscillations. Flotillas of Heinrich- are related to changes in sea level, climate, fire, overkill, and com- event icebergs are well presented in relation to global oceanic cir- plex causes. Isotopic evidence (C3-C4 vegetation) of paleodiets is culation. discussed, along with the timing and types of domestication of Special attention is placed upon Milankovitch cycles as plants and animals, and the resulting first towns. explanations for Quaternary variation, but other controls are not A final chapter on atmospheric circulation should have been discounted. Sea-level changes are especially well explained, and moved forward or recombined, and an appendix on dating treatment of the oceanic record is among the best. In contrast, improved. Neither is especially useful as written; indeed, the sec- the discussion of rivers is superficial and restricted to the Ama- tion on dating is somewhat superficial and lacks some of the new zon, Nile, and Murray-Darling. Lakes are discussed with an Aus- isotopic and other techniques of considerable utility. tralian emphasis, but with inaccurate or outdated references on Overall, this book is a valuable addition to the shelf of any Lake Bonneville. Groundwater hardly belongs as part of a chapter Quaternary enthusiast, especially as it has unusual emphasis on title. Discussion of the causes and timing of cooling and desicca- parts of the Southern Hemisphere not commonly discussed else- tion in the late Cenozoic is generally good, although the explana- where. The term “Cainozoic” is used throughout the book. Oth- tion of atmospheric flow in the tropics is a bit misleading. erwise, only a few odd usages, typographical errors, and other The section on terrestrial flora and fauna has an excellent irregularities occur. The authors have done an excellent job of but little known scheme for comprehensive assessment of sedi- bringing together a wealth of older and new material on the Qua- ments that many will find valuable. Pollen analysis and interpre- ternary that can be endorsed for classroom use. The far-ranging tation are given particularly close and useful attention. In con- scope of the book will lend itself to a wide, interdisciplinary audi- trast, plant macrofossils, phytoliths, tree rings, vertebrates, and ence. beetles receive but brief mention. Fifteen pages of global synthe- John F. Shroder, Jr. sis of plant and animal distribution constitute a reasonable University of Nebraska at Omaha attempt to show possibilities. Omaha, NE 68182 In a step beyond most work on the Quaternary, the discus- [email protected] sion of human origins, innovations, and migrations will make

Call for Submissions of Your Geological Photos Be a part of the Geological Society of America’s exciting new anthology of text and photographs, Encounters with Earth (a working title), edited by Eldridge Moores, Lauret Savoy, and Don Easterbrook. GSA invites submissions of photographic images in various ORIENTATION and NAME must be clearly marked on each photographic media that examine features of Earth (from micro- slide or print (or holder/sleeve). scopic to aerial and satellite perspectives) for a new thematic, DESCRIPTIVE TEXT should be brief (two or three sen- interdisciplinary anthology. This book will illustrate some of the tences) for each image, and written in language understandable scope and range of the Earth-human experience to a broad audi- by nonscientists. The text should include the location, type of ence by interweaving literary and visual narratives. It will feature feature(s), scale, and any other important information. Please photographs (current as well as historical) of a variety of Earth provide this text in hard copy and on computer disk. On the disk subjects, in combination with complementary accompanying label, please note the computer type (Mac or PC), software text excerpts from writings from a range of fields in addition to the program and version used, document name, and your name. Be geosciences. The book will be offered to the scientific community sure to include any specific identification for each image with and to the general public. the text. Previously published as well as original writings will be Also, if you are aware of writings by authors who have consid- selected to reflect social, scientific, artistic, literary, and cultural ered in any literary form the regions or features in your pho- themes related to the Earth. They would also be selected to tographs, please include this information (author, title of work, reflect a range of perspectives, time periods, and nationalities or location of reference). (We particularly would like photographs ethnicities. The focus will be how the Earth, with its landscapes, and information on writers outside of North America.) environments, topography, and resources, has influenced human activities and perception, and how, conversely, human action has Send submissions as early as possible, but all must arrive at modified or shaped the land. GSA no later than December 15, 1999. Please send prints or duplicate transparencies along with a stamped, self-addressed SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS envelope with your submission for return of the photographs. Each photographer may submit up to 10 images. Each sub- Pack slides well to avoid damage; we recommend 8-1/2" x 11" slide mission must meet the criteria described below. sleeves. PHOTOS must be of high technical quality, preferably dupli- Send submissions to: Geological Society of America cate slides or transparencies and/or black-and-white prints; tell Encounters Photos an interesting and unique geologic story; and have unusual aes- Attn: Naomi Horii, Managing Editor thetic appeal. 3300 Penrose Place EACH IMAGE must be submitted either as (1) a black-and- P. O. Box 9140 white print (8” X 10” on smooth nonglossy paper), and/or (2) a Boulder, CO 80301-9140 clean color slide (duplicate transparency) AND a color print or For further information, contact Lauret Savoy at photocopy of that image (for review purposes). [email protected] after November 15, 1999.

26 GSA TODAY, November 1999 GSA Honors 50-Year Members, Fellows

Delos E. Flint 50-Year Members 50-Year Fellows Jane L. Forsyth Frederick A. F. Berry Frank C. Armstrong Gerald M. Friedman Lois J. Campbell George E. Becraft Robert Y. Grant Wallace R. Griffitts Arthur J. Boucot William C. Gussow Lisle T. Jory William F. Brace James E. Gwinn Carroll F. Knutson James C. Brice Richard F. Hadley James C. MacLachlan Robert D. Brown, Jr. John W. Harbaugh Ludwig Mazurczak William R. Brown Richard L. Hay Philip S. Morey James Bush Herbert E. Hendriks Robert Ramsdell Max F. Carman, Jr. S. Duncan Heron, Jr. Alfredo Rosenzweig Dwight R. Crandell William B. Heroy, Jr. Robert M. Swesnik Bruce F. Curtis Norman Herz Robert P. Thomas James W. Danser Charles G. Higgins Daniel S. Turner David B. Dill, Jr. Johnston E. Holzman G. Frederick Warn James R. Dunn Nevin D. Hoy John H. Weitz Wolfgang E. Elston John Imbrie James F. Westcott Arthur T. Fernald Russell M. Jeffords Stuart E. Jenness John H. Johnsen James R. Jones George A. Kiersch Frank E. Kottlowski Willard C. Lacy Philip E. LaMoreaux Morris W. Leighton Luna B. Leopold Ben E. Lofgren PRE-MESOZOIC ICE AGES: THEIR BEARING ON topography of Oligocene and early Miocene time to the John A. Logan UNDERSTANDING THE CLIMATE SYSTEM environment of the present basins and ranges; evidence for the by J. C. Crowell, 1999 magnitude and timing of displacement on the major strike-slip John A. Mann Ancient ice ages are revealed by distinctive stratal facies that and normal faults that have shaped Death Valley and the Thane H. McCulloh tell us much about times of coolness and how the climate surrounding region; the interrelated late Cenozoic histories of Edward McFarlan, Jr. system works. Several strong ice ages were recorded in late the Tecopa basin and the basins of central and southern Death Daniel F. Merriam Paleozoic time and during transitions from the Devonian into Valley; and analysis of gravity anomalies in detecting the John C. Mickelson the Carboniferous and from the Ordovician into the Silurian. three-dimensional geometry of the basins and the thickness of Maynard M. Miller In Precambrian time, several are documented for both the Late the unexposed parts of the basinal successions. and Early Proterozoic, but none in the Middle Proterozoic. The SPE333, 333 p., ISBN 0-8137-2333-7, $55.00, William R. Moran oldest occurred in mid-Archean time, nearly 3 b.y. ago. Member price $44.00 William J. Morris Coolness episodes correspond to tectonic plate arrangements Melville R. Mudge that influenced bathymetry and land elevations, to sea-level EVOLUTION OF THE CRETACEOUS OCEAN-CLIMATE William R. Muehlberger fluctuations, to changes in fluxes of greenhouse gases, and to SYSTEM edited by E. Barrera and C. C. Johnson, 1999 Siegfried Muessig biogeochemical changes resulting from evolution of life forms. Haydn H. Murray Orbital variations and extraterrestrial events modulate climate, The Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean Climate System is the latest Charles B. Officer, Jr. and bolide impacts drastically affect it temporarily. Climate is GSA volume focusing on an integrated systems approach to primarily the result of tectonobiogeochemical activities rooted understanding the Cretaceous greenhouse world. This state-of- Philip H. Osberg in the changing complex earth-air-ocean system, as described the-science research brings together the latest interpretations of Garald G. Parker, Sr. in this volume. data and models from both the marine and continental realms. James A. Peterson MWR192, 112 p., ISBN 0-8137-1192-4, $46.00, Syntheses and specialized papers by more than 21 contributors Weldon W. Rau Member price $36.80 highlight significant events or processes in the evolution of Cretaceous ocean-climate and biological systems, from a Joseph F. Riccio TECTONOSOMES AND OLISTOSTROMES IN THE ARGILLE regional to a global scale. In the forefront of Cretaceous J. Keith Rigby SCAGLIOSE OF THE NORTHERN APENNINES, ITALY research, the volume will stimulate ongoing vigorous debate David S. Robertson by G. A. Pini, 1999 among concerned scientists from such diverse disciplines as John L. Rosenfeld Every geologist interested in melanges and in the evolution of marine biology, sedimentology, and tectonics. Robert S. Roth orogenic belts will find this profusely illustrated volume SPE332, 446 p., ISBN 0-8137-2332-9, $87.00, Rushdi Said valuable. A summary of the geology of the northern Apennines Member price $67.20 familiarizes the reader with this classic orogen. Field and Hy Seiden laboratory studies reveal new information on the origin of the NORUMBEGA FAULT SYSTEM OF THE NORTHERN Norman J. Silberling argille scagliose — scaly clays — in their type area in the APPALACHIANS Leon T. Silver northern Apennines of Italy. These stratally disrupted rocks, edited by A. Ludman and D. P. West, Jr., 1999 James W. Skehan, SJ with prevailing block-in-matrix fabric, have been regarded for SPE331, 214 p., ISBN 0-8137-2331-0, $55.00, Member price $44.00 Leo W. Stach more than a century as gravitationally induced, chaotic Robert Harry Stewart assemblages. This 73-page volume includes a discussion of CLASSIC CORDILLERAN CONCEPTS: A VIEW FROM criteria for subdividing the argille scagliose, at both map and Frank A. Swenson CALIFORNIA Loren M. Toohey outcrop scales, into either strongly deformed stratigraphic edited by E. M. Moores, D. Sloan, and D. L. Stout, 1999 units—tectonosomes, or sedimentary bodies emplaced by mass SPE338, 504 p., indexed, CD-ROM, ISBN 0-8137-2338-8, $97.85; Frederick D. Trauger flow—olistostromes. Evidence shows that olistostromes mostly Member price $78.28 Russell B. Travis were derived from the tectonosomes. Debris flows and James W. Trow avalanches and, possibly, mud diapirism have contributed to SHOP GSA’ S BOOKSTORE ON THE WEB! Tjeerd H. van Andel the final character of the olistostromal bodies. SPE335, 73 p., ISBN 0-8137-2335-3, $25.00, www.geosociety.org Charles W. Welby Member price $20.00 James Lee Wilson Henry H. Woodard CENOZOIC BASINS OF THE DEATH VALLEY REGION 1 - 8 0 0 - 4 7 2 - 1 9 8 8 John L. Wray edited by L. A. Wright and B. W. Troxel, 1999 1 - 8 0 0 - 4 7 2 - 1 9 8 8 The first symposium on the Cenozoic basins of the Death GSA PUBLICATION SALES Gordon A. Young Valley region included 16 papers that provide a major updating P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301 Walter L. Youngquist on the structural and stratigraphic features and chronology of (303) 447-2020 or fax 303-447-1133 Paul W. Zimmer the principal basins. The 26 authors address the role of each Prepayment required. Major credit cards accepted. Homer F. Zurbrigg basin in the tectonic evoution of the Death Valley extended terrane. Featured are: the transition from broad paleo-

GSA TODAY, November 1999 27 interest. The Committee on Research GSA Grants Support Student Research Grants will select candidates from the general research grant applicants for awards Leah J. Carter, Research Grants Administrator by the Geophysics (Allan V. Cox Award), Hydrogeology, Sedimentary Geology, and Structural Geology and Tectonics Divi- sions. Grants for Graduate Students lar in Alaska, especially field-based studies The Archaeological Geology Division dealing with the structural and tectonic The purpose of the general research awards the Claude C. Albritton, Jr. Schol- development, and those that include some grants program is to provide partial sup- arships for graduate students in the earth aspect of geochronology (either Paleonto- port of master’s and doctoral thesis sciences and archaeology. Contact Reid logic or radiometric) to provide new age research in earth science for graduate stu- Ferring, Institute for Applied Sciences, Box control for significant rock units in Alaska. dents at universities in the United States, 310559, University of North Texas, Den- The Robert K. Fahnestock Memorial Canada, Mexico, and Central America. ton, TX 76203. Award is made annually to the applicant GSA strongly encourages women, minori- The Coal Geology Division awards with the best application in the field of ties, and persons with disabilities to partic- the A. L. Medlin Scholarship Award and a sediment transport or related aspects of ipate fully in this grants program. Appli- Field Research Award to students who sub- fluvial geomorphology. cants need not be members of GSA. mit the best proposals of research projects The Lipman Research Award is to pro- Funding for this program is provided by a in the field of coal geology. Guidelines are mote and support graduate research in number of sources, including GSA’s available from the division secretary. volcanology and petrology. Penrose and Pardee endowments, the The Planetary Geology Division offers The Bruce L. “Biff” Reed Award is for National Science Foundation, industry, two S. E. Dwornik Student Paper Awards graduate students pursuing studies in the individual GSA members through the in the field of planetary geology annually. tectonic and magmatic evolution of Alaska Geostar and Research Grant funds, and Contact the division secretary for infor- and also can fund other geologic research. numerous dedicated research funds that mation. The Alexander Sisson Award supports have been endowed at the GSA Founda- The Quaternary Geology and Geo- research for students pursuing studies in tion by members and families. morphology Division awards the J. Hoover Alaska and the Caribbean. Applications must be on current GSA Mackin and Arthur D. Howard Research The Harold T. Stearns Fellowship forms available in geology departments in Grants to support graduate student Award is awarded annually in support of the United States and Canada, or from the research on Quaternary geology or geo- research on one or more aspects of the Research Grants Administrator, GSA, P.O. morphology. Applications are available geology of Pacific Islands and of the cir- Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140 or from the division secretary, Alan R. Nel- cum-Pacific region. [email protected]. Application forms, son, U.S. Geological Survey, Box 25046, appraisals, and information are available MS 966, Federal Center, Denver, CO Division Grants on GSA’s Web page www.geosociety.org. 80225. The deadline for applications Evaluations from two faculty members are Nine of the 12 GSA divisions award is February 1 for grants awarded in April. required on GSA appraisal forms. Applica- grants for outstanding student research The Engineering Geology Division tions and appraisals may be downloaded within the respective division’s field of offers the Roy J. Shlemon Scholarship from the Web but will not be accepted by e-mail or facsimile. The deadline is Febru- ary 1 each year for grants awarded in April. In 1999, 468 proposals were received, 212 of them were funded. A total GSA Student Associate Member of $395,235 was awarded. TRAVEL GRANTS Specialized Grants Recipients of special named awards are selected by the Committee on The GSA Foundation has awarded $4,000 grants to each of the six GSA Research Grants from applicants to the sections. The money, when combined with equal funds from the sections, general research grants program; the same is used to assist GSA undergraduate Student Associates, as well as graduate application forms are used, and they must Student Members, traveling to GSA meetings. For information and deadlines, also be postmarked by February 1. It is not contact your section secretary. necessary for applicants to indicate that they wish to be considered for a special- Cordilleran—Bruce Blackerby, ized grant. The committee considers all (209) 278-2955, [email protected] qualified applicants when selecting recipients for special awards. Rocky Mountain—Kenneth Kolm, The Gretchen L. Blechschmidt Award (303) 273-3932, [email protected] supports research by women interested in North-Central—Robert Diffendal, Jr., achieving a Ph.D. in the geological sci- (402) 472-7546, [email protected] ences and a career in academic research, especially in the fields of biostratigraphy Northeastern—Kenneth Weaver, and/or paleoceanography, and who have (410) 554-5532, [email protected] an interest in sequence stratigraphy analysis, particularly in conjunction with South-Central—Rena Bonem, research into deep-sea sedimentology. (254) 710-6806, [email protected] The aim of the John T. Dillon Alaska Southeastern—Harold Stowell, Research Award is to support research that addresses earth science problems particu- (205) 348-5098, [email protected]

28 GSA TODAY, November 1999 Award and the Engineering Geology Divi- The North-Central Section awards sion Award to students who submit the grants to undergraduate students within South-Central Section best proposals for research projects in the the geographic boundary of the section. field of engineering geology. Contact For further information contact the sec- Awards 1999 Grants Robert A. Larson, at 6416 Woodley tion secretary. Avenue, #5, Van Nuys, CA 91406; e-mail: The Southeastern Section awards The South-Central Section has awarded [email protected]. grants for both undergraduate and gradu- grants to two graduate students who The Geoscience Education, History of ate student members of GSA who are applied to the GSA Research Grants Geology, and International Divisions do enrolled in institutions within the geo- program. The awardees are: Edward A. not currently award grants for student graphical boundaries of the section. Appli- Zarecky, Baylor University, for "The research. cation forms can be obtained from the sec- Effects of Land Use on the Spatial tion secretary, Harold H. Stowell, Distribution of Historical Overbank Section Grants for Undergraduate Department of Geology, Box 870338, Uni- Sedimentation in Mill Creek Watershed, and Graduate Students versity of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487- Blackland Prairie, Central Texas”; and 0338. The deadline is February 1 for grants Recipients for graduate research awarded in April. C. Norman Hansen, University of Texas, grants from the South-Central Section The Northeastern Section offers for "Urban ‘Karst’: The Impacts of are selected from applicants to the GSA research grants for undergraduate students Utility/Service Conduits/Ducts, and general research grants program who are who are enrolled at institutions within the Trenches on Urban Groundwater recommended by the Committee on section and are Student Associates of GSA. Systems.” Research Grants to the Management Board Contact the section secretary, Kenneth N. of the section for final selection. Eligibility Weaver, Maryland Geological Survey, is restricted to graduate students attending 2300 St. Paul St., Baltimore, MD 21218- a college or university within the geo- 5210, for application forms. Applications graphic area of the section. must be postmarked by February 7 for The South-Central Section also grants awarded in April. Shop the GSA awards grants to undergraduate students; The remaining two sections—Rocky applications are available from the section Mountain and Cordilleran—do not cur- Bookstore on secretary, Rena M. Bonem, Department of rently offer research grants. Geology, Baylor University, P.O. Box the Web! 97354, Waco, TX 76798-7354. The deadline for Fall applications is October 15, www.geosociety.org 1999 and for Spring is March 15, 2000.

GSA Offers Awards in Geomorphology and Micropaleontology Two GSA awards for support of research are a testimony to the generosity of Volcano the late W. Storrs Cole. The Gladys W. Cole Memorial Research Award provides support for the investigation of the geomorphology of semiarid and TOURS arid terrains in the United States and Mexico. It is to be given to a GSA Mem- ber or Fellow between 30 and 65 years of age who has published one or more significant papers on geomorphology. Funds cannot be used for work World Wide already accomplished, but recipients of a previous award may reapply if additional support is needed to complete their work. The amount of this award in ADVENTURE & 2000 will be $11,000. The second award, the W. Storrs Cole Memorial Research Award, was estab- EducationalEXPEDITIONS lished to support research in invertebrate micropaleontology. This award will to the world’s active volcanoes in exotic carry a stipend of $9,000 in 2000 and will be given to a GSA Member or Fel- settings, guided by Haraldur Sigurdsson low between 30 and 65 years of age who has published one or more signifi- and other expert volcanologists. cant papers on micropaleontology. Destinations for 2000 include: Additional information and application forms may be requested from the Costa Rica – January Research Grants Administrator, Geological Society of America, P.O. Box 9140, Italy – May Boulder, CO 80301, e-mail [email protected]. Applications are now available on GSA’s Web site www.geosociety.org. Applications will not be Indonesia – June accepted by e-mail or facsimile. Iceland– July & August Volcano tours All applications must be postmarked on or before February 1, 2000. Actions VOLCANO TOURS programs are a division of TR Consultants, Inc. accepted by the taken by the Committee on Research Grants will be reported to each appli- University of Rhode 655 Main Street Island for college credits. cant in April. East Greenwich, RI 02818 These are two of GSA’s most prestigious awards; all qualified applicants are TEL 401-884-3100 / FAX 401-884-0077 urged to apply. Call 800-923-7422 www.volcanotours.com

GSA TODAY, November 1999 29 NEW! 2-YEAR RATES November RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTIONS ... AVAILABLE BULLETIN and GEOLOGY DON’T RISK MISSING A SINGLE ISSUE!

Neotectonics/Active Tectonics 1665–1683 Seismotectonic range-front segmentation and mountain-belt growth in the Pamir-Alai region, Kyrgyzstan (India-Eurasia collision zone) J R. Arrowsmith and M. Strecker VOLUME 111, NUMBER 11, NOVEMBER 1999 Geomorphology/Surface Processes Geochemistry 1684–1699 Lake-gauge evidence for regional postglacial tilting in southern Manitoba 1581–1599 New plate tectonic model of the Caribbean: Implications from a Gary E.Tackman, Bruce G. Bills,Thomas S. James, and Donald R. Currey geochemical reconnaissance of Cuban Mesozoic volcanic rocks 1700–1713 Late Quaternary sediments and chronology of the northeast Labrador Andrew C. Kerr, Manuel A. Iturralde-Vinent, Andrew D. Saunders, Shelf (Karlsefni Trough, Saglek Bank): Links to glacial history Tanya L. Babbs, and John Tarney Frank R. Hall, John T.Andrews, Anne Jennings, Gustav Vilks, and Kate Moran Hydrology Petrology 1600–1616 Evidence for interbasin flow through bedrock in the southeastern 1714–1722 Triassic caldera at Tioga Pass,Yosemite National Park,California: Sierra Nevada Structural relationships and significance Geoffrey D.Thyne, Janice M. Gillespie, and James R. Ostdick Richard A. Schweickert and Mary M. Lahren Tectonics/Structure Geochronology Applied to Geologic Processes 1617–1643 Evolution of a thrust-sheet-top basin:The Tertiary Barrême basin, 1723–1738 Provenance analysis of lower Paleozoic cratonic quartz arenites of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France the North American midcontinent region: U-Pb and Sm-Nd isotope Martin J. Evans and Trevor Elliott geochemistry 1644–1664 Tertiary deformation history of southeastern and southwestern Tibet Clark M. Johnson and Bryce L.Winter during the Indo-Asian collision An Yin,T. Mark Harrison, M. A. Murphy, M. Grove, S. Nie, F. J. Ryerson, Wang Xiao Feng, and Chen Zeng Le

VOLUME 27 NO. 11 P. 961Ð1056 NOVEMBER 1999

963 Two mantle domains and the time scales of fluid transfer beneath 1015 Organic-matter source variation and the expression of a late Middle the Vanuatu arc Ordovician carbon isotope excursion Simon P. Turner, David W. Peate, Chris J. Hawkesworth, Stephen M. Eggins, Richard D. Pancost, Katherine H. Freeman, Mark E. Patzkowsky Anthony J. Crawford 1019 Recent increase in surface-water stability during warming off 967 Late glacial to middle Holocene climatic record of lacustrine California as recorded in marine sediments biogenic silica oxygen isotopes from a Southern Ocean island A. L. Weinheimer, J. P. Kennett, D. R. Cayan Gunhild C. Rosqvist, Miri Rietti-Shati, Aldo Shemesh 1023 Age mapping and dating of monazite on the electron microprobe: 971 Geochemistry of the Margi umbers, Cyprus, and the Os isotope Deconvoluting multistage tectonic histories composition of Cretaceous seawater Michael L. Williams, Michael J. Jercinovic, Michael P. Terry G. Ravizza, R. M. Sherrell, M. P. Field, E. A. Pickett 1027 Late Cretaceous hydrothermal vent communities from the Troodos 975 Climatically related millennial-scale fluctuations in strength of ophiolite, Cyprus California margin oxygen-minimum zone during the past 60 k.y. Crispin T. S. Little, Joe R. Cann, Richard J. Herrington, Michel Morisseau Kevin G. Cannariato, James P. Kennett 1031 Late Quaternary uplift and earthquake potential of the San Joaquin 979 Present-day ultrahigh-pressure conditions of coesite inclusions in Hills, southern Los Angeles basin, California zircon and garnet: Evidence from laser Raman microspectroscopy Lisa B. Grant, Karl J. Mueller, Eldon M. Gath, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, C. D. Parkinson, I. Katayama Rosalind Munro, George L. Kennedy

983 Detachment faulting at ocean core complexes 1035 SHRIMP U-Pb dating of the preeruption growth history of zircons César R. Ranero, Timothy J. Reston from the 340 ka Whakamaru Ignimbrite, New Zealand: Evidence for >250 k.y. magma residence times 987 Anomalocaris predation on nonmineralized and mineralized trilobites Stuart J. A. Brown, Ian R. Fletcher Christopher Nedin 1039 Block rotation and termination of the Hosgri strike-slip fault, 991 Extent of Azores plume influence on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north California, from three-dimensional map restoration of the hotspot Christopher C. Sorlien, Marc J. Kamerling, Drew Mayerson Jean Goslin and the Triatnord Scientific Party 1043 Preservation of pristine titanomagnetite in older ocean-floor basalts 995 Prehistoric dates of the most recent Alpine fault earthquakes, and its significance for paleointensity studies New Zealand Weiming Zhou, Rob Van der Voo, Donald R. Peacor Andrew Wells, Mark D. Yetton, Richard P. Duncan, Glenn H. Stewart 1047 Decrease in natural marine hydrocarbon seepage near Coal Oil 999 Tectonics of Nanga Parbat, western Himalaya: Synkinematic Point, California, associated with offshore oil production plutonism within the doubly vergent shear zones of a crustal-scale Derek C. Quigley, J. Scott Hornafius, Bruce P. Luyendyk, Robert D. Francis, Jordan pop-up structure Clark, Libe Washburn D. A. Schneider, M. A. Edwards, W. S. F. Kidd, M. Asif Khan, L. Seeber, P. K. Zeitler 1051 Nitrogen isotope systematics of mesothermal lode gold deposits: 1003 Anomalously rotated abyssal hills along active transforms: Metamorphic, granitic, meteoric water, or mantle origin? Distributed deformation of oceanic lithosphere Yiefei Jia, Robert Kerrich Leslie J. Sonder, Robert A. Pockalny 1055 Alkalic (ocean-island basalt type) and calc-alkalic volcanism in the 1007 2.5 b.y. of punctuated Earth history as recorded in a single rock Mexican volcanic belt: A case for plume-related magmatism and John W. Goodge, C. Mark Fanning propagating rifting at an active margin? Comment: Luca Ferrari, José Rosas-Elguera 1011 Composition and circulation of bottom water in the western Reply: Alvaro Márquez, Roberto Oyarzun, Miguel Doblas, Surendra P. Verma Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial, based on pore-water analyses from the Amazon Fan 1056 Synsedimentary deformation in the Jurassic of southeastern Utah— Stephen J. Burns, Mark A. Maslin A case of impact shaking?: Comment: Correction

30 GSA TODAY, November 1999 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

Published on the 1st of the month of issue. Ads (or can- December 1, 1999. Information about the Geological Sci- low-temperature aqueous geochemistry and environmen- cellations) must reach the GSA Advertising office one ences Group can be found on the Web at: tal biochemistry. Ph.D. required at the time of appoint- month prior. Contact Advertising Department (303) http://www.geology.iastate.edu. Iowa State University is ment. The successful candidate will be expected to 447-2020, 1-800-472-1988, fax 303-447-1133, or e-mail: an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer and develop a vigorous research program, including supervi- [email protected]. Please include complete encourages applications from women, minorities, and sion of graduate students. Teaching duties will include address, phone number, and e-mail address with all other protected groups. undergraduate and graduate courses. Preference will be correspondence. given to candidates whose expertise would lead to inter- TENURE-TRACK POSITION IN GEOMORPHOLOGY actions with existing groups in the department, especially Per line UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO those in hydrogeology, sedimentology, surficial pro- Per Line for each The Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences is accept- cesses, mineralogy, economic geology, isotope geology, for addt'l month ing applications for a tenure-track faculty position in geo- and geomicrobiology. Classification 1st month (same ad) morphology beginning in fall 2000. We anticipate hiring at Applicants should submit a resume, statement of Situations Wanted $1.75 $1.40 the assistant professor level. Applicants must have a research and teaching interests, copies of up to five pub- Positions Open $6.50 $5.50 Ph.D. by the time of the appointment, research focus in lications, and the names and addresses of at least three Consultants $6.50 $5.50 fluvial and hillslope processes, with applications to cli- references to Professor Jillian Banfield, Geochemistry Services & Supplies $6.50 $5.50 matic and/or tectonic geomorphology, demonstrable skills Search Chair, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, UW- Opportunities for Students in GIS, and a strong field emphasis. A strong record of Madison, 1215 W. Dayton, Madison, WI 53706-1692. first 25 lines $0.00 $2.35 research and publication is essential. The successful Application deadline November 15, 1999. For addi- additional lines $1.35 $2.35 candidate is expected to develop and maintain an active tional information see http://www.geology.wisc.edu. Code number: $2.75 extra research and teaching program, to advise and direct UW-Madison is an equal opportunity/affirmative action graduate student research, and is encouraged to collabo- employer and encourages applications from women and Agencies and organizations may submit purchase order or rate with other faculty in a collegial fashion in related minorities. Unless confidentiality is requested in writing, payment with copy. Individuals must send prepayment fields that include soil geomorphology, paleoclimatology, information regarding the applicants must be released with copy. To estimate cost, count 54 characters per line, hydrology, sedimentology, tectonics, and volcanology. upon request. Finalists cannot be guaranteed confiden- including all punctuation and blank spaces. Actual cost Teaching responsibilities include undergraduate- and tiality. may differ if you use capitals, centered copy, or special graduate-level courses in field-based and quantitative characters. geomorphology, including GIS, and introductory earth sci- SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGIST ence courses. The Department of Earth & Planetary Sci- THE UNIVERSITY OF AKRON ences has 20 full-time faculty and excellent laboratory The Department of Geology at The University of Akron Positions Open and computational facilities (details on our web site: invites applications for a tenure-track assistant professor epswww.umn.edu).The spectacular geologic setting of position in the general area of sedimentary geology, start- New Mexico serves to enhance both teaching and ing August 28, 2000. The preferred candidate will have a REMOTE SENSING/GIS research that takes place within the Department. strong field-orientation with a specialty in carbonate or DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY Applicants should submit a CV, graduate transcripts, clastic sedimentary petrology, sedimentology, or stratig- IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY copies of selected publications, a statement of teaching raphy. A Ph.D. in geology or a related field is required, We seek an earth scientist to fill a full-time, non-tenure- and research experience and interests, and the names and previous teaching/research experience is desirable. track Research Faculty position in Remote Sensing and and contact information of four referees to: Dr. Maya A commitment to excellence in both teaching and GIS applications. A Ph.D. and U.S. citizenship are Elrick, Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Uni- research is required. Teaching responsibilities will include required. Excellent salary provided for three years, in versity of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1116. graduate courses in his/her specialty, sedimentation and anticipation of attracting ongoing extramural funding. Applications must be received by December 17, 1999. stratigraphy, general studies courses, and participation in Research duties include active participation in the univer- The University of New Mexico is an equal opportunity/ field camp. An interest in working into the directorship of sity's Center for Integrated Environmental Analysis and affirmative action employer. field camp is desirable. The successful candidate will the establishment of strong cooperative research ties with develop an externally funded research program and scientists in the ISU Geology Department and the Idaho ASSISTANT PROFESSOR TOWSON UNIVERSITY supervise graduate student research at the M.S. level. National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. The Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Geo- Salary will be commensurate with the candidate's level Teaching duties include supervision of Geology M.S. stu- sciences at Towson University seeks to fill an entry level of experience. Startup funds available. Send letter of dents and 1Ð2 classes per year in specialty area. The tenure-track position for an Assistant Professor beginning application along with a statement of research and teach- successful candidate will have broad geologic interests fall of 2000. The successful candidate will join in the ing interests, complete vitae, and names, addresses, and demonstrated proficiency in the application of Idrisi, expansion of the Geosciences major. Expertise in fields phone numbers, and e-mail of 3 referees to: Dr. IMAGINE, or ENVI software to solving geologic problems. related to environmental geology such as aqueous geo- Annabelle Foos, Dept. of Geology, The University of See www.isu.edu for additional information. Send CV, chemistry and groundwater hydrogeology is desired. A Akron, Akron, OH 44325-4101. statements of academic philosophy and research inter- strong commitment to undergraduate teaching and The Department of Geology has 12 faculty with ests, and names of 3 referees to Search Committee, research participation is essential. diverse research interests and has excellent field and lab- Department of Geology, Idaho State University, Responsibilities include teaching introductory geology oratory equipment. Major equipment includes: an electron Pocatello, ID 83209-8072. Applications will be reviewed courses, aqueous geochemistry and groundwater hydro- microprobe, automated X-ray diffraction system, cathodo- beginning December 1, 1999. ISU is an EO/AA Employer. geology. The ability to develop other upper level courses luminoscope, ICP, AA, Giddings, soil probe, and SUN such as petrology or geophysics is a plus. This position workstation laboratory. Visit http:// www.uakron.edu/ IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY will support continued growth of the Geosciences major geology/ for additional information. The University of Stratigrapher/Sedimentologist and an interdisciplinary program in Environmental Akron is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Application The Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Science. Other courses may be developed for either deadline: January 15, 2000. invites applications for a tenure-track position in stratigra- major. A viable research program involving undergradu- phy/sedimentology at the assistant professor level that ates is expected. Teaching experience is desirable. A ASSISTANT PROFESSOR will begin in mid-August 2000. The position is to comple- Ph.D. is required at the time of appointment. Salary is QUATERNARY PROCESSES ment existing programs in environmental geology, hydro- competitive. To learn more about this position, please CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY LOS ANGELES geology, structural geology/tectonics, economic geology, visit www.towson.edu/geosciences. The Department of Geological Sciences at California geophysics, petrology, and geochemistry. Opportunities Towson University is located in suburban Baltimore. State University, Los Angeles invites applications for a exist for close interaction with other faculty on campus The community offers many intellectual and recreational full-time, tenure-track assistant professor position in the having strengths in ecology, geology, meteorology, and opportunities. Abundant opportunities for the establish- area of Quaternary processes. We are seeking an indi- soil science. ment of research collaborations exist in the vidual with applied and theoretical expertise in active fault The successful candidate will be expected to develop Baltimore/Washington metropolitan area as well. geomorphology, soil formation processes, geomorphic a vigorous research program, supervise graduate stu- Applicants should send a curriculum vitae and state- processes, coastal environmental processes, and Qua- dents, attract external funding, and participate actively in ments of teaching philosophy and research interests, as ternary dating techniques. The position will start in Fall our graduate (M.S. and Ph.D.) and undergraduate teach- well as arrange to have three letters of reference sent to: 2000 at an initial salary commensurate with qualifications ing programs. He or she will teach modern field methods Dr. Jonathan Filer, Geology Search Committee Chair, and experience. at our undergraduate field camp in Wyoming with the Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Geosciences, Applicants must have a Ph.D. in geology, demon- long-term goal that the candidate will serve as its director. Towson University, Towson, MD 21252. Review of appli- strated potential for effective teaching using a variety of Preference will be given to individuals with a strong back- cations will begin on January 14, 2000. methodologies, demonstrated ability and/or interest in ground in the application of one or more of the following Towson University is an equal opportunity/affirmative working in a multicultural environment, and potential for fields: sequence stratigraphy, basin analysis, clastic or action employer and has a strong commitment to diver- scholarly and creative activity. Duties will include teach- carbonate petrology, sedimentary tectonics, and sedi- sity. Women, minorities, persons with disabilities, and ing at the undergraduate and graduate level, directing mentology. veterans are encouraged to apply. graduate students, maintaining an active research pro- Applicants should send a letter of application, a state- gram, participating in University service, and student ment of research and teaching interests, curriculum vitae, FACULTY POSITION IN advising. transcripts, and the names, addresses, e-mail addresses, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOGEOCHEMISTRY Applicant documentation should include the following: phone and fax numbers of at least three references to: UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON letter of application describing research and teaching Search Committee Chair, Department of Geological and The Department of Geology and Geophysics, UW-Madi- interests, curriculum vitae, three letters of recommenda- Atmospheric Sciences, 253 Science I, Iowa State Univer- son, invites applications for a tenure-track faculty position tion, and transcript from institution awarding highest sity, Ames, IA 50011-3212. Applicants should hold a in the area of Environmental Geochemistry at the assis- Ph.D. in geosciences at the time of appointment. To tant professor level. We are particularly interested in indi- ensure consideration, applications should be received by viduals with expertise in environmental geochemistry, Classifieds continued on p. 32

GSA TODAY, November 1999 31 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

Classifieds continued from p. 31 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR other UNL units, and has strong collaborative associa- IN VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY tions with the State Museum, Conservation and the degree. Review of applications will begin on January 15, The Department of Geoscience at the University of Iowa Survey Division, and the School of Natural Resource 2000. Address applications, required documentation, invites applications for a full-time, tenure-track Assistant Sciences. The Department has a solid undergraduate and/or requests for information to: Dr. Kim Bishop, Professorship in vertebrate paleontology, preferably one program and approximately 40 graduate students (Mas- California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State Uni- specializing in the Late Cenozoic. The appointment will ters and Ph.D.). For further information about the Depart- versity Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8203, www. begin in August 2000. We seek an outstanding ment, see our web site at http://www.unl.edu/ calstatela.edu. researcher and teacher whose approach is both quantita- geology/geohome.html. Questions concerning the posi- Cal State LA is an equal opportunity/Title IX employer. tive and specimen-based, and who will work with other tion or the Department of Geosciences can be addressed Upon request, reasonable accommodation will be pro- faculty to improve our strong graduate program in paleon- to the Department Chair (Norman D. Smith) by telephone vided to individuals with protected disabilities. tology and quaternary geology. In addition to developing (402-472-2663) or email ([email protected]). Applicants an active, externally-funded program of research, the should send a letter of interest, current resume, and the UNIVERSITY OF IOWA successful candidate will be expected to teach three names and addresses of at least four references to: Pro- POSITION IN QUATERNARY GEOLOGY AND SOILS courses per academic year. These will include: (1) an fessor David Loope, Chair, Coffman Chair Search Com- The Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, upper-level undergraduate/ graduate course in vertebrate mittee, Dept. of Geosciences, 214 Bessey Hall, Lincoln, invites applications for a tenure-track Assistant Professor paleontology, (2) a general education course related to NE 68588-0340. in Quaternary geology and soils. We seek an outstanding fossil vertebrates, and (3) a graduate seminar in paleon- The review of applications will begin December 6, teacher and researcher who can attract external funding tology. He/she will also be expected to contribute both to 1999, and continue until the position is filled. The Univer- and who will complement ongoing research in Quaternary our Paleontology Repository as well as to new depart- sity of Nebraska-Lincoln is committed to a pluralistic cam- geology, environmental geology, surficial processes, and mental initiatives in the environmental sciences and cli- pus community through Affirmative Action and Equal other areas in the Department and in related departments mate change. Applicants should have a Ph.D. in hand by Opportunity and is responsive to the needs of dual career and programs on campus. Teaching responsibilities will August 16, 2000. Women and minorities are especially couples. We assure reasonable accommodation under involve three courses per year including a rotation in one encouraged to apply. Applicants should send a complete the Americans with Disabilities Act; contact David Loope of our general education courses (Introduction to Environ- resume (including a bibliography and statement of teach- at 402-472-2647 for assistance. mental Science). Upper-level undergraduate/graduate ing and research interests) and have at least three letters courses will include Modern and Ancient Soils, Glacial of recommendation sent to: Search Committee Chair ASSISTANT PROFESSOR / UNIVERSITY OF OREGON and Pleistocene Geology, and other appropriate subjects (Vertebrate Paleontology), Department of Geoscience, ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY depending on the candidate's expertise. All applicants University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1379 (phone: The Department of Geological Sciences and the Environ- should have the basic qualifications, which are a Ph.D. in 319/335-1818; Fax: 319/335-1821). Screening of candi- mental Studies Program invite applications for an entry- hand by August 16, 2000 and a record of teaching and dates begins December 1, 1999, and will continue until level tenure-track position to begin in Fall 2000. We seek research in Quaternary geology and soils. Additional the position is filled. The University of Iowa is an affirma- an individual who applies geochemical or isotopic tech- expertise in geoarchaeology, Quaternary geochronology, tive action Ð equal opportunity employer. niques to fundamental problems in environmental geol- quantitative methods, or other sub-fields is desirable. ogy, e.g., paleoclimate, hydrogeology, global change, or Women and minorities are encouraged to apply. Appli- PETROLOGY environmental degradation. cants should send a complete resume (including a bibli- BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY The successful candidate will be expected to develop ography and statement of teaching and research inter- The Department of Geology invites applications for a an academically-oriented research program and to con- ests) and have three letters of recommendation sent to: tenure-track position at the Assistant Professor level tribute teaching to both the Environmental Studies Pro- Dr. Richard G. Baker, Search Committee Chair, Depart- starting August 2000. We seek a petrologist with special- gram and the Department of Geological Sciences. ment of Geology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa ization in some area of economic geology, which may Founding of an analytical lab is also encouraged. 52242-1379 (Phone: 319-335-1827; fax: 319-335-1821; include ore deposits, environmental remediation, or Completion of the Ph.D. is required. Applicants should e-mail [email protected]). Screening begins industrial minerals. The successful applicant will be send a curriculum vitae, statement of research and teach- December 1, 1999. The University of Iowa is an affirma- expected to combine a commitment to excellence in ing interests, including discussion of potential contribu- tive action-equal opportunity employer. undergraduate- and graduate-teaching with a productive tions, to both Environmental Studies and Geological Sci- research program including external funding. Teaching ences, and the names, postal and email addresses, and ASSISTANT PROFESSOR duties will include field geology, petrology in a team- telephone numbers of three suitable referees to: Geo- DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY taught mineralogy/petrology/geochemistry course, intro- chemistry Search Committee, Department of Geological BALL STATE UNIVERSITY, MUNCIE, INDIANA ductory geology, and advanced courses in the candi- Sciences, 1272 University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403- Tenure-track position with interest in global environmen- date's specialty. The successful candidate will teach in 1272. We will begin reviewing completed applications tal geology, low temperature geochemistry, and/or paleo- the Summer (field geology) with a commensurate reduc- December 1, 1999, and will continue until the position is climatology available August 18, 2000. Responsibilities: tion in teaching in either the Fall or Spring semester. filled. teaching courses in geochemistry and environmental field Department facilities include AAS, XRD, CL, USGS- The University of Oregon is an equal opportunity/affir- methods or paleoclimatology along with courses in gen- type fluid inclusion stage, mineral kinetics and rock mative action institution committed to cultural diversity eral education, such as physical, environmental geology, mechanics lab, geochemistry labs, complete rock prepa- and compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. and/or oceanography; developing a program of research; ration facilities, extensive field equipment including coring advising student research at the graduate and undergrad- equipment and field vehicles, and exceptional computing TENURE TRACK FACULTY POSITION uate levels. Minimum qualifications: doctorate completed facilities including UNIX workstations. A Ph.D. is required IN GEOSCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA by August 1, 2000; college teaching and/or professional at the time of employment. Applications, including a com- The Department of Environmental Sciences at the Uni- experience with teaching interest in geochemistry. Pre- plete resume, statements of research and teaching inter- versity of Virginia invites applications for a tenure-track ferred qualifications: doctorate in geology, college teach- ests, and three current original letters of recommenda- assistant professorship in geosciences. The Department ing and/or professional experience; demonstrated teach- tion, should be sent to: Chair, Faculty Search Committee, is an interdisciplinary community of process-oriented sci- ing abilities and effective interaction with other faculty and Department of Geology, Bowling Green State University, entists representing atmospheric sciences, ecology, geo- students on individual projects and research; records Bowling Green, OH 43403. A transcript will be required at sciences and hydrology. The department offers B.A., supporting quality of teaching, research, and/or profes- the time of hire. Completed applications must be post- M.S., and Ph.D. degrees. We strongly encourage sional performance; interest in teaching several of the fol- marked by December 31, 1999. Bowling Green is an prospective candidates to review our departmental web lowing: geochemistry, environmental field methods, pale- AA/EO employer, and encourages applications from site (http://www.evsc.virginia.edu/) prior to applying. oclimatology, and general education courses such as minorities, women, veterans, and persons with disabili- We encourage applications from scientists whose physical, environmental geology, and/or oceanography; ties. The Department is responsive to the needs of dual- research and teaching strengths and interests show interest in teaching and perhaps directing the summer career couples. For more information, please visit our promise for capitalizing on the unique interdisciplinary five-week field mapping course currently taught in Mon- website at: http://www.geoserv01.bgsu.edu. nature of our department, and to build upon our existing tana and Wyoming; experience and knowledge in earth strengths in low temperature geochemistry and geomor- science education methods; research area that would UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA phology in particular. Examples include, but are not lim- enhance the department's course offerings and research. COFFMAN CHAIR IN SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY ited to, landscape-scale geomorphic processes, field-ori- Send statement of teaching and research interests, The Department of Geosciences of the University of ented coastal and estuarine sedimentary processes, including how research might be developed to include Nebraska-Lincoln invites applications for an associate or geochemical processes in soils and sediment, environ- students, especially undergraduates; vitae; names of at full professor appointment as the Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Coff- mental geochemistry and geochronology. least three references; and transcript of highest degree man Chair in Sedimentary Geology. We seek an out- The successful candidate will be expected to develop earned to: Chairperson of Search Committee, Depart- standing geoscientist with a solid record of scholarly outstanding programs in research and teaching at both ment of Geology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306. achievements who is well versed in quantitative the undergraduate and graduate levels and to participate Review of applications will begin November 15, 1999, approaches to sedimentary geology. The successful can- in teaching our undergraduate core course in Physical and will continue until the position is filled. Additional didate will be expected to conduct a vigorous program of Geology. Applicants must show demonstrated excellence information about the position may be obtained by com- research and to participate in teaching and other aca- in their research and a strong commitment to quality municating through the department website demic activities appropriate for a senior faculty member teaching. (www.bsu.edu/geology). at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Applicants should include one-page statements on Ball State University is an equal opportunity, affirma- The University of Nebraska-Lincoln is a AAU, their research and teaching interests and experience, a tive action employer and is strongly and actively commit- Research-I land-grant institution with a distinguished tra- curriculum vitae, and names and contact information of ted to diversity within its community. dition of research in all the major disciplines. It has three references. The application deadline is December approximately 23,000 students and is designated as the 15, 1999. Applications should be sent to: James N. Gal- principal research and graduate institution in the state. The Department of Geosciences currently includes 14 full-time faculty and seven part-time faculty shared with Classifieds continued on p. 34

32 GSA TODAY, November 1999 Tectonosomes and Olistostromes in the Argille Scagliose of the Northern Apennines, Italy by G. A. Pini, 1999 Every geologist interested in melanges and in the evolution of orogenic belts will find this profusely illustrated volume valuable. A summary of the geology of the northern Apennines familiarizes the reader with this classic orogen. Field and laboratory studies reveal new information on the origin of the argille scagliose — scaly clays — in their type area in the northern Apennines of Italy. These stratally disrupted rocks, with prevailing block-in- matrix fabric, have been regarded for more than a century as gravitationally induced, chaotic assemblages. This 73-page volume includes a discussion of criteria for subdividing the argille scagliose, at both map and outcrop scales, into either strongly deformed stratigraphic units— tectonosomes, or sedimentary bodies emplaced by mass flow—olistostromes. Evidence shows that olistostromes mostly were derived from the tectonosomes. Debris flows and avalanches and, possibly, mud diapirism have contributed to the final character of the olistostromal bodies. SPE335, 73 p., ISBN 0-8137-2335-3, $25.00, Member price $20.00

Cenozoic Basins of the Death Valley Region edited by L. A. Wright and B. W. Troxel, 1999 The first symposium on the Cenozoic basins of the Death Valley Toll-free: 1-800-472-1988 region included 16 papers that provide a major updating on the structural and stratigraphic features and chronology of the principal basins. The 26 authors address the role of each basin Fax: 303-447-1133 in the tectonic evolution of the Death Valley extended terrane. Featured are: the transition from broad paleotopography of Web: www.geosociety.org Oligocene and early Miocene time to the environment of the present basins and ranges; evidence for the magnitude and timing of displacement on the major strike-slip and normal faults that have shaped Death Valley and the surrounding region; the interrelated late Cenozoic histories of the Tecopa basin and the basins of central and southern Death Valley; and analysis of gravity anomalies in detecting the three-dimensional geometry of the basins and the thickness of the unexposed parts of the basinal successions. SPE333, 392 p., ISBN 0-8137-2333-7, $55.00, Member price $44.00

Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean- Climate System edited by E. Barrera and C. C. Johnson, 1999 The Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean Climate System is the latest GSA volume focusing on an integrated systems approach Sales: to understanding the Cretaceous greenhouse world. This P.O. Box 9140 state-of-the-science research brings together the latest interpretations of data and models from both the marine and Boulder, CO 80301-9140 continental realms. Syntheses and specialized papers by more than 21 contributors highlight significant events or processes in the evolution of Cretaceous ocean-climate and biological systems, from a regional to a global scale. In the forefront of Cretaceous research, the volume will stimulate ongoing vigorous debate among concerned scientists from such diverse disciplines as marine biology, sedimentology, and tectonics. SPE332, 446 p., ISBN 0-8137- 2332-9, $84.00, Member price $67.20 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

Classifieds continued from p. 32 Additional information is available through our web page hazards, neotectonics, and geology of rivers, lakes, and at http://geology.fullerton.edu/geology/. wetlands. A broad background in applying various geo- loway, Professor and Chair, Department of Environmen- To apply, please send the following: (1) a detailed cur- physical techniques to solve problems in (or to map) shal- tal Sciences, Geosciences Search Committee, University riculum vitae; (2) a letter telling us about yourself and low, unconsolidated sediments is essential. Salary com- of Virginia, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903. Tel. detailing how you meet the qualifications outlined above; mensurate with education and experience. Closing date: 804-924-0561. (3) a statement about teaching that includes a discussion 12/15/99. For application form, please contact We encourage applications from under-represented of relevant course work and/or experience in preparation [email protected] or 217-244-2401, Human groups. The University of Virginia is an Equal Opportu- for teaching, a list of courses you would feel comfortable Resources, Illinois State Geological Survey, 615 East nity/Affirmative Action Employer. teaching, and a statement of your teaching philosophy; Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820. www.isgs.uiuc. (4) a statement of your future research plans and goals; edu. AA/EEO/ADA Employer. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA and (5) the names, addresses, phone numbers, and e- The Department of Geology invites applications for a mail addresses of at least three references familiar with ASSISTANT PROFESSOR tenure-track assistant professor position in the general your teaching and research potential. SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY area of organic geochemistry to begin with the 2000- Send application to: Dr. Brady Rhodes, Chair, Search DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2001 academic year. Possible areas of specializaiton Committee, Department of Geological Sciences, Califor- The Department of Geological Sciences at Southern include: biogeochemistry, environmental geology, astrobi- nia State University, P.O. Box 6850, Fullerton, California Methodist University invites applications for a tenure- ology, paleoceanography, etc. Preference will be given to 92834-6850. Applications will be accepted until Novem- track position in surficial processes, including geomor- quantitative, process oriented scientists who will develop ber 15,1999. Applications received after this date will be phic, sedimentary, and/or neotectonic approaches. We vigorous, innovative research programs, and who have a reviewed only if the position is not filled from the original seek creative applicants with an excellent understanding strong commitment to teaching. More information on the pool of applicants. of fundamental physical principles and processes and a Department is available at web.geology.ufl.edu. Appli- California State University, Fullerton is an Affirmative demonstrated ability to apply that understanding to impor- cants should send a letter of interest, including a state- Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. All personnel policies tant problems in the earth sciences. The department has ment of research and teaching goals, a curriculum vitae, conform with the requirements of Executive Order 11246, strong programs in geology and geophysics and is look- and the names and addresses of three references by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, Title IX ing for an individual who will complement strengths in December 15, 1999 to: Dr. Paul A. Mueller, Department of the Higher Education Amendments of 1972 and other geochemistry, petrology/tectonics, planetary dynamics, of Geological Sciences, 241 Williamson Hall, Box federal regulations regarding nondiscrimination. and terrestrial paleontology. We anticipate making the 112120, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, appointment at the assistant professor level with the (352)392-2231, fax 352-392-9294 ([email protected]). ASSISTANT PROFESSOR appointment to begin in August, 2000. Applicants must The University of Florida is an equal opportunity- IN EARTH SCIENCE EDUCATION have a Ph.D. in a relevant specialization at the time of employer; qualified women and minorities are especially UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN COLORADO appointment. The successful candidate must have a firm encouraged to apply. Assistant Professor in Earth Science Education. Requires commitment to excellent teaching at all levels and must a doctorate (or ABD) and expertise in science education establish an externally funded research program in his or TWO FACULTY POSITIONS and the earth sciences. Successful K-12 teaching experi- her field of expertise. The committee will begin its review CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FULLERTON ence is highly desirable. Review of applications begins of the applications on or about December 1, 1999. To GEOPHYSICIST AND HYDROGEOLOGIST December 1, 1999. Applications after this date may be ensure full consideration, application should be post- The Department of Geological Sciences, California State accepted. Contact Dr. William Nesse, Department of marked by December 1, 1999, but the committee will University, Fullerton, invites applications for two tenure- Earth Sciences, Campus Box 100, University of Northern continue to accept applications until the position is filled. track positions that will be filled at the rank of Assistant Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, (970) 351-2830, Candidates should submit their curriculum vitae, names Professor, starting August, 2000. Applicants must have a [email protected], http://www.met.unco.edu/. and addresses of three references, and a written state- primary interest in teaching and achieving excellence in ment of teaching and research interests to: Dr. Lee teaching and a commitment to developing an externally- TENURE-TRACK FACULTY POSITION McAlester, Chair, Department of Geological Sciences, funded research program that includes undergraduate EDINBORO UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA P.O. Box 0395, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, and graduate students. Responsibilities will include lim- The Department of Geosciences at Edinboro University TX 75275-0395. Email: [email protected]. Web Site: ited involvement in professional activities, outreach, and seeks applications for a Tenure-Track Assistant Profes- http://www.geology.smu.edu. university and community service. Additionally, the suc- sor (Instructor) position for a person with expertise in The Committee will notify applicants of its employment cessful applicant will have the following credentials and soils, paleolimnology and/or Quaternary geology begin- decision after the position is filled. SMU will not discrimi- capabilities: ning August 2000. Responsibilities: Teach Stratigraphy nate on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, Geophysicist: a Ph.D in geology or geophysics and Sedimentation, introductory geology courses and sex, age, disability, or veteran status. (degree must be in-hand by August 15, 2000); expertise upper level courses in area of expertise. Qualifications: in the use of geophysical methods to solve geologic prob- Ph.D. in geology expected (ABD considered). Preference ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMIST lems; an interest and potential for developing intradepart- given to applicant who can integrate field experiences MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE mental collaborative research. and applied technology into teaching, and develop a The Department of Environmental Science and Geology Teaching responsibilities will include, but not be lim- research program involving undergraduates. Demonstra- seeks applications for a full-time, tenure-track position, at ited to, physical geology, earth's interior, applied geo- tion of teaching skills is an interview requirement. Salary the rank of Assistant Professor, to begin in the fall of the physics, earthquake seismology, and graduate courses in and benefits are competitive. 2000-2001 academic year. The Department seeks an the new faculty member's area of expertise. In accordance with the terms of the collective bargain- individual with expertise in low-temperature geochemistry Hydrogeologist: a Ph.D. in geology or hydrogeology ing agreement between the State System of Higher Edu- with special emphasis on environmental applications. (degree must be in-hand by August 15, 2000); a field- cation and APSCUF, you may be assigned to perform Research experience on marine or estaurine environ- based orientation with experience in groundwater model- work at off-campus sites and/or provide instruction ments would be considered highly desirable. The suc- ing; industrial experience and/or a potential for develop- through distance education. cessful candidate will also be expected to teach courses ing working relationships with local hydrogeology Specifiy Position #170-0872 and submit a letter of in physical, historical, and marine geology. The ability to consulting firms. application, resume, copies of transcripts and offer an introductory course in paleontology would be an Teaching responsibilities will include, but not be lim- names/addresses/telephone numbers of three current asset. A completed Ph.D. is required for this position. The ited to, physical geology, hydrogeology and field hydrol- references to Dr. Eric Randall, Dean of Science, Manage- Department strongly encourages faculty to mentor under- ogy, and graduate courses in the new faculty member's ment and Technologies, Department GSA, Edinboro Uni- graduate students who wish to engage in independent area of expertise. The successful applicant will be versity of PA, Edinboro, PA 16444. Application Deadline: research projects. expected to teach our summer hydrology field camp at January 15, 2000. Visit our home page at http://www. Applicants should send a one-page letter of applica- Mammoth Lakes, California. In addition, the department edinboro.edu/cwis/geosci/htdocs/geohome.html. tion, statements of teaching and research interests, is interested in someone with experience in G.I.S. and/or AA/EOE/M/F/V/D. detailed c.v., undergraduate and graduate transcripts, remote sensing. and the names and addresses of three references to Salary and benefits for both positions will be competi- GEOPHYSICIST Office of Human Resources, Chair of the Search Commit- tive and commensurate with the appointee's qualifica- ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY tee, Department of Environmental Science and Geology, tions. The Illinois State Geological Survey seeks an associate Mary Washington College, Box 615, Fredericksburg, VA CSU Fullerton is a large university dedicated to the scientist with a minimum of 4 years experience following 22401-5358. Deadline for receipt of applications is preeminence of learning. Located 22 miles southeast of a master's degree or a new Ph.D. in geophysics, geology, December 15, 1999 by 5:00 p.m. Postmarks will not be metropolitan Los Angeles, Fullerton is a full-service city or related field. Master's degree with 10 years related honored. Visit the department web page at renowned for its unique mix of residential, commercial experience or a Ph.D. with 8 years is preferred. This sci- http://www.departments.mwc.edu/eesg/www/. Mary and industrial, educational, and cultural environments entist will provide geophysical expertise (especially shal- Washington College is a member of the council of Public which provide residents with an outstanding quality of life. low, land-based seismic reflection data acquisition, pro- Liberal Arts Colleges (COPLAC), a national alliance of The Department has seven full-time faculty with expertise cessing, and interpretation) to a three-dimensional leading liberal arts colleges in the public sector. Mary in stratigraphy, volcanology, igneous petrology, Quater- geologic mapping program in glacial terrain of the Great Washington College is deeply committed to affirmative nary geology, structural geology, engineering geology, Lakes states. A significant component of this position action and encourages minorities and women to apply. and earth science education. The nearby Los Angeles includes working with an interdisciplinary team of geosci- Basin, Peninsular and Transverse Ranges, Mojave entists in mapping 1:24,000-scale quadrangles. Previous MINERALOGIST / GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION Desert, Sierra Nevada, and Basin and Range geological experience in acquiring and interpreting geophysical data UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSINÐMILWAUKEE provinces provide abundant opportunities for field-based to characterize glacial sediments and writing scientific The Department of Geosciences at the University of Wis- research. We have about 50 undergraduate majors and reports on research conducted is required. The success- consin-Milwaukee anticipates opening a position in Min- will be implementing a masters degree program soon. ful candidate will also be expected to participate in other eralogy/Geoscience Education at the level of tenure-track Survey research and service programs including, for Assistant Professor or tenured Associate Professor. example, groundwater and engineering geology, geologic Applicants must hold a Ph.D. in geology, and have

34 GSA TODAY, November 1999 demonstrated research experience in mineralogy and/or Women's Studies. Candidates who can contribute to the ASSISTANT PROFESSOR geoscience education. Post-doctoral experience is desir- diversity of the Colorado College curriculum and commu- PETROLOGY OR THERMOCHRONOLOGY able. The successful candidate is expected to conduct an nity are particularly encouraged to apply and to indicate UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS active research program, and teach undergraduate how they might make such contributions. The Department of Geology at the University of Kansas courses in mineralogy, (on an interim basis) introductory Applicants must be committed to high-quality innova- invites applications for a tenure-track position of Assistant petrology, and related subject areas. Information is avail- tive undergraduate teaching, including field-oriented Professor in the field of petrology or thermochronology. able on-line regarding the Department at courses. The Block System of education at Colorado Col- The appointment will begin on August 18, 2000, with a http://www.uwm.edu/dept/geosciences/. lege, in which professors teach, and students take, only later starting date possible. We are seeking an individual To be considered, a curriculum vitae with a research one course at a time for 3-1/2 weeks. lends itself to field- with expertise in tectonic applications of geochemistry, plan, an outline of teaching philosophy, and three letters and project-based teaching. The Department has five thermochronology, or geochronology. Duties include of recommendation must be mailed to Mark Harris, Chair, tenure-track faculty and four staff positions, a large group teaching at the undergraduate and graduate levels, Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Mil- of dedicated majors, and excellent field, laboratory, and developing and maintaining an active program of waukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201 (fax: 414- computer facilities for teaching and research. research, working with other faculty members to develop 229-5452; E-mail: [email protected]), postmarked by Send curriculum vitae and a statement of teaching a stronger program in tectonics, and providing profes- November 15, 1999. The University of Wisconsin-Milwau- and research interests, and have three letters of refer- sional service to the Department, the University, and the kee is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. ence sent, to: Eric Leonard, Chair, Department of Geol- profession. ogy, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903. Applicants must have a completed Ph.D. degree by FACULTY AND STAFF POSITIONS Closing date for applications is December 21, 1999. the starting date. Candidates may be required to demon- MONTCLAIR STATE UNIVERSITY NJ The Colorado College welcomes members of all strate eligibility to work in the U.S. A letter of application, The Earth and Environmental Studies Department invites groups, and reaffirms it commitment not to discriminate a complete resume, graduate-school transcripts, and applications for a tenure-track, Assistant or Associate on the basis of race, color, age, religion, sex, national ori- names and contact information of at least three persons Professor position starting September 2000 and a full- gin, disability, or sexual orientation in its educational pro- who can be contacted for letters of reference, should be time Laboratory Specialist position starting as early as grams, activities, and employment policies. Equal Oppor- sent to J. Douglas Walker, Search Committee Chairman, December 1999. tunity Employer. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, 120 Lind- Faculty position requires research and teaching exper- ley Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2124 (tel: 785-864- tise in one or more of the following areas: environmental FACULTY POSITION 2735; fax: 785-864-5276; e-mail [email protected]). geology (other than hydrogeology), coastal and estuarine DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS Upon receipt of a letter of inquiry, we will send a detailed environmental management, waste and pollution man- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY description of the position. Review of completed applica- agement and/or environmental remediation. Excellence in The Department of Geology & Geophysics invites appli- tions will begin January 15, 2000, and will continue until teaching, the pursuit of a funded research program, and cations for a tenure-track professorship, effective July 1, the position has been filled. EO/AA employer. The Uni- contribution to the development of an interdisciplinary 2000. Areas of interest identified by the department versity is committed to increasing the ethnic and gender environmental management doctoral program is include: petrology and volcanic processes; aqueous and diversity of its faculty, and we strongly encourage women expected. Candidates should have completed a doctorate environmental geochemistry; sedimentary environments and minority candidates to apply. This position is contin- in an appropriate field prior to September, 2000. A well- and processes; biogeochemistry and geomicrobiology. gent on budgetary approval. established record of research and teaching will be Other fields of specialization will also be considered. required for appointment at the associate rank. We anticipate filling this position at the Assistant Profes- DEPARTMENT CHAIRMAN Laboratory Specialist duties include coordinating use sor level, but appointment at higher levels may be consid- GEOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSICS and maintenance of: department laboratories (including ered for exceptional candidates. Applicants should send UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE AT MARTIN GIS teaching and research laboratories); field and labora- their curriculum vitae, statements of research and teach- The Department of Geology, Geography and Physics tory equipment; collections and supplies. Duties also ing interests, reprints or preprints of up to three publica- invites applications for a tenure-track position at the rank include training and supervision of student assistants. A tions, and contact information (including e-mail of Associate or Full Professor to serve as Chair of the bachelor's or master's degree with 2Ð5 years of relevant addresses) for at least three references to: Search Com- department beginning July 1, 2000. The Department is a experience and knowledge of ArcView and ArcInfo GIS mittee, Department of Geology & Geophysics, University multi-discipline unit with ten faculty members supporting software are required. of California at Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, service courses and a Geosciences major with concentra- The department of 12 full-time faculty offers geo- California 94720-4767, no later than January 11, 2000. tions leading to degrees in Geology, in Geography, and in science, geography and environmental studies in gradu- The University of California at Berkeley is an Equal Travel/Tourism (approximately 40 majors). The Depart- ate and undergraduate degrees and is well-equipped for Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer. ment also offers a minor in Physics. The Department applied field research with digital seismic, ground pene- invites candidates for the position of Department Chair trating radar, resistivity, GPS surveying, and tide/current ASSISTANT PROFESSOR from any of the disciplines represented in the Department. monitoring equipment. Separate teaching and research DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY The Department Chair will be expected to teach half-time. computer labs support GIS, remote sensing and ground- UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS A background to teach introductory geology courses and water modeling software. Other labs support X-ray Full-time, tenure-track, academic year appointment upper division courses of mineralogy and igneous/ meta- diffraction, analytical geochemistry, hydrologic modeling, beginning August 18, 2000. The Department of Geology morphic petrology is preferred (other courses will depend rock and sediment preparation and SEM. Further infor- seeks a hydrogeologist who can interact with the strong on expertise and demand). The successful candidate will mation about the department and positions can be physical and chemical hydrogeology activities at the Uni- be expected to provide evidence of teaching and adminis- obtained on our Web page at http://www.csam.mont- versity of Kansas and build strength in the microbial trative experience with a strong commitment to undergrad- clair.edu/earth/eesweb. hydrogeology area. Duties include: Teaching hydrogeol- uate education. Administrative duties include: budget Applicants for either position should send cover letter, ogy and general geology courses; developing an active development and oversight, personnel evaluation for fac- curriculum vitae and three letters of recommendation. research program; advising graduate students; and pro- ulty and staff, curriculum management and communicat- Faculty applicants should also include a statement of providing service to the Department, the University, and the ing administration policies and decisions. Other expecta- fessional goals, research interests and teaching philoso- profession. Required qualifications: Ph.D. degree in geol- tions associated with the university mission include phy. Apply to: Faculty Search Committee (V#21) or Staff ogy or closely related field with emphasis in hydrogeol- assignments such as: research (involving undergraduate Search Committee (V#045), c/o Dr. Jonathon M. Lincoln, ogy; ability to establish a research program in microbial students where possible), advising departmental majors Chair, Earth and Environmental Studies Dept., Montclair hydrogeology; ability to teach introductory geology and pre-professional students, serving on committees and State University, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043. Screening courses, hydrogeology, and contaminant transport; effec- public service. The Search Committee will begin review of begins immediately and continues until the positions are tive communication skills; eligibility to work permanently applications on December 3, 1999, and the search will filled. Montclair State University is an equal in the U.S. Preferred qualifications: research experience continue until the position is filled. Application should opportunity/affirmative action employer. Women and in contaminant transport and microbial hydrogeology; evi- include a letter of application, curriculum vitae, copies of minorities are encouraged to apply. Subject to available dence of research beyond the Ph.D.; demonstrated ability transcripts and a list of references. Mail application to: funding. and competence in teaching. Application materials Professor W. T. McCutchen, Chair of Search Committee, include: a letter of application outlining research and Department of Geology, Geography, and Physics, Univer- LOW TEMPERATURE / AQUEOUS GEOCHEMIST teaching interests; a complete resume; names, sity of Tennessee at Martin, Martin, TN 38238 (E-mail: THE COLORADO COLLEGE addresses, and telephone numbers of at least three per- [email protected], Telephone 901-587-7437). UTM is The Department of Geology announces a tenure-track sons who can be contacted for letters of reference, and an EEO/AA/Title VI/ Title IX/ Section 504/ADA/ADEA position for a low temperature/aqueous geochemist. transcripts of graduate work. Review of completed appli- Employer. We are particularly interested in receiving nom- Appointment will be at the assistant professor level to cations will begin January 17, 2000 and will continue until inations from women and minority candidates. begin August 2000. Ph.D. is required. the position is filled. EO/AA employer. For a complete A primary responsibility will be to design an innovative position announcement, or application contact: Carl D. FACULTY POSITIONS IN ATMOSPHERE, OCEAN, 2nd-year course in Geochemistry/Mineralogy that McElwee, Department of Geology, University of Kansas, CLIMATE DYNAMICS AT YALE UNIVERSITY includes components of crystal chemistry and silicate 120 Lindley Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2124, 785- The Department of Geology and Geophysics at Yale Uni- structures, an introduction to optics, and water-rock inter- 864-2728, E-mail: [email protected]. For additional versity announces a search for several ladder faculty posi- actions. Teaching responsibilities will also include LT or information about the Department of Geology and the tions in the general area of atmosphere, ocean, and cli- Aqueous Geochemistry, Introductory Geology, and University of Kansas, visit our web site at mate dynamics. We seek both junior and senior applicants Hydrogeology. Other courses will depend on candidate's www.geo.ukans.edu. This position is contingent on bud- with records of creative research in subject areas that areas of expertise and interest. getary approval. improve understanding of modern atmospheric and Ability to establish a research program and to super- oceanic processes and/or the evolution of the earth's cli- vise undergraduate research is essential. Interaction with mate on geologic time scales. Areas of special interest the Environmental Sciences program is desirable, as is participation in other interdisciplinary programs such as Southwest Studies, American Ethnic Studies, and Classifieds continued on p. 38

GSA TODAY, November 1999 35 SAGE REMARKS ated the channeled scablands of eastern Washington were initially greeted with great disdain and considered preposterous Using the Method of Multiple Working despite the evidence to support them. After listing student hypotheses on the Hypotheses as a Framework for Teaching board, I point out that the further investigation of some ideas is beyond the realm Introductory Geoscience Courses of science. The role of science is to dis- count certain ideas while garnering sup- John Field*, Green Mountain College, Poultney, VT 05764, [email protected] port for others. Hypotheses that cannot be tested or disproved are beyond the realm of scientific investigation (e.g., aliens from The method of multiple working remarkably consistent with an oft-stated space). Before continuing the activity, I ask hypotheses (“The Method”) was first pre- goal of general education courses today: to the students to bear in mind that the best sented by Chamberlin (1890) as a means develop an open-minded citizenry capable explanation for the boulder’s formation of conducting scientific investigations of critically analyzing diverse, sometimes may be a combination of their ideas or an without bias. By considering multiple contradictory, sources of information to idea that has not yet been broached. hypotheses simultaneously, Chamberlin reach informed decisions on important The next step in The Method is to col- (1890) believed that an investigator would environmental, political, and social issues. lect data that support or refute the multi- not favor a single idea that would tempt Recognizing the potential of The ple working hypotheses under considera- him or her to ignore contradictory evi- Method to develop informed, open- tion. Although students are unable to dence. While some question whether strict minded, critical thinkers, I use it as a make direct observations of the boulder, adherence to The Method is still practical framework for teaching introductory geol- they are able to make observations vicari- in modern scientific investigations (John- ogy courses. Through this approach, stu- ously by asking questions about it. When I son, 1990), Spencer (1997) urges its use in dents see that the information presented do this activity with younger children, undergraduate geology education. The in class is not just a steady stream of iso- their initial questions tend to be about value of The Method in general education lated facts and truths handed down, but size. College students first focus on ques- courses was in some respects recognized rather knowledge acquired through a stan- tions of location and composition. After by Chamberlin (1890) himself when he dardized scientific procedure and sup- the students learn that the boulder is wrote, “the general application of this ported by careful and repeated observa- about 25 ft (8 m) high, composed of gran- method to the affairs of social and civic tions. I believe this approach better ite, and found on a ridge top in the front life would go far to remove those misun- prepares science students to undertake range of the Colorado Rockies near Den- derstandings, misjudgments, and misrep- unbiased scientific investigations in upper ver, I ask them if any hypotheses can be resentations which constitute so pervasive division courses (as well as in their careers) ruled out by this information. Students an evil in our social and political atmo- and allows nonscience students to appreci- eliminate hypotheses such as a volcanic spheres” (p. 759 in the 1965 reprint). ate how The Method (read open-minded- eruption, asteroid impact, and dinosaur These words from over a century ago are ness) is of value in resolving problems in poop, because of the inconsistent compo- their everyday lives. sition and/or size of the boulder. With several viable hypotheses still *Former address: Department of Geology, MULTIPLE WORKING remaining, students are encouraged to ask Western Washington University, Belling- HYPOTHESES ACTIVITY targeted questions that will either support ham, WA 98225. or eliminate the remaining hypotheses. I actively engage students in The Eventually, a student asks the critical ques- Method through an interactive slide pre- tion: Is the boulder directly attached to sentation that takes about 50 minutes. It the rock below? After informing the stu- begins with a slide of a large boulder dents that I believe the boulder is perched precariously on a ridge top (Fig. attached, I ask them which hypotheses 1). After I ask, “How did this form, or how this fact contradicts. I tell them that if one did it get there?,” the students generally fact is inconsistent with the hypothesis, respond with a long list of ideas, some then the hypothesis can no longer be sup- more reasonable than others; e.g., it’s a ported and must be disregarded or modi- glacial erratic, a flood, landslide, wind- fied. This underscores the importance of blown, or tsunami deposit, dinosaur poop multiple working hypotheses, because, as (offered by a fourth grade class); it was Chamberlin said, a scientist who is com- erupted from a volcano, formed because of mitted to a single hypothesis is reluctant weathering or erosion, carved by humans, to let go of this “intellectual child.” placed by giants or aliens from space. The Assuming that the boulder in Figure 1 is list of multiple hypotheses provides an indeed attached to the rock below, the stu- excellent departure point for a discussion dents then consider which hypotheses on the nature and philosophy of science. I must be disregarded. Students realize that point out that their ideas are nothing the boulder could not have been trans- more than guesses, or what scientists call ported by a glacier, in a flood, or by rolling hypotheses. I encourage students to come down the hill in a landslide. This single up with as many ideas as possible, and I piece of information strongly supports the greet each idea, crazy or not, with enthusi- explanation that the boulder formed by in asm, because without outrageous hypothe- situ weathering and erosion. Once a single ses, some great scientific discoveries would hypothesis is identified as the most likely not have been made. I inform the students explanation, a scientific investigation can Figure 1. Photograph of large boulder near Pine, that Wegener’s hypothesis of continental Colorado, used to generate multiple working continue to gather additional information hypotheses. drift and Bretz’s idea that great floods cre-

36 GSA TODAY, November 1999 Figure 2. Boulder formed by in situ weathering Figure 3. Trace fossils in the Middle Ordovician Figure 4. Liesegang banding exposed on sand- in northern Portugal. Note congruence of the Bays Sandstone near Fincastle, Virginia. stone cliffs in Petra, Jordan. boulder with intersecting joints. to further support that idea or answer and character of the boulders. However, I selves to this approach, and no course related questions. believe this activity will work equally well should be so singular in focus, framing By showing students slides of addi- with any picture or sample that elicits lectures around The Method does enliven tional large boulders formed in other ways wonder, amazement, and a long list of what students often perceive as very dry (e.g., rock fall and glacial erratic) and possible hypotheses on how the feature material. For example, I cover material on quickly repeating the steps above, I formed. I have also used slides of trace fos- the composition of Earth’s interior by dis- impress upon the students that similar sils (Fig. 3) and Liesegang banding (Fig. 4). proving my own outrageous hypothesis looking features will yield similar that it is composed of gold. While this hypotheses to explain their formation. To FRAMING LECTURES AROUND hypothesis is consistent with initial obser- identify the formation process for each THE METHOD OF MULTIPLE vations that Earth’s interior is denser than boulder I’ve shown them, the students WORKING HYPOTHESES the crust, it becomes less and less tenable repeatedly return to the same critical ques- as seismic and astronomical information is After completing the above activity tion of whether the boulder is attached to presented that indicates the constraints on and variations on other science-process the material below. I emphasize that as the the density and composition of the crust. activities (Field, 1997) during the first answers to this and other key questions So that students will freely hypothesize week of class, I present much of the intro- vary, so too do the conclusions that are explanations for observed phenomena, I ductory geology content within the con- reached—sometimes providing important prefer that they read the textbook after the text of The Method. I constantly ask stu- clues to such phenomena as changes in relevant class rather than before, so their dents to volunteer multiple explanations climate, earthquake activity, and flood explanations for certain features are unfet- for natural phenomenon and patterns magnitude. tered by information presented in the text. before explaining in detail the observa- I end the activity by showing students tions that support particular, sometimes a final boulder (Fig. 2), asking them to ADVANTAGES multiple, explanations. These explana- guess how it formed. Responses vary and tions are what we often accept as well- I believe that emphasizing the con- are similar to the list of familiar hypothe- established theories or laws but that are cept of multiple working hypotheses ses. Many of the students are surprised to rarely presented within a historic context throughout an introductory geology discover that this boulder was also weath- that reveals the supporting observations course has the multiple benefits of increas- ered in place. This emphasizes that you and competing hypotheses of the time. I ing student involvement and interest in can never immediately be sure of some- typically begin teaching a new topic or class while improving student apprecia- thing’s origin, and you must follow The concept by having students make some tion for and understanding of science. Method to accurately determine its origin. initial observations of a particular phe- Given the recent national attention on I can provide copies of these and nomenon using slides, maps, or hand educational reform efforts, the value of other slides to anybody interested in samples, and then I ask them a question The Method in science education is clearer doing this activity, but you may have diffi- designed to elicit multiple hypotheses culty answering student questions, (Table 1). While not all topics lend them- SAGE Remarks continued on p. 38 because of unfamiliarity with the location

TABLE 1. OBSERVATIONS AND QUESTIONS USED TO FRAME SOME KEY INTRODUCTORY GEOLOGY TOPICS AND CONCEPTS AROUND THE METHOD Concept Observation Question Mineral composition, molecules Mica peels into very thin sheets What are minerals made of? Crystal size Igneous rock samples of varying grain size Why does grain size vary? Magmatic differentiation Igneous rock samples of varying composition Why are some rocks black (mafic), others gray (intermediate), and still others white (felsic)? Why aren’t all igneous rocks the same? Volcano types Slides, videos of different volcanic eruptions What controls how explosive a volcano is? Metamorphic rocks Slides, samples of gemstones How do gemstones form, and why are they so rare? Physical and chemical weathering Grusified granite crushed by hand What makes the rock rotten? What breaks it apart naturally? Soils Comparison of crushed rock and soil How is rock transformed into soil? Deserts, climate Map showing distribution of world’s deserts Why are deserts found where they are? Earth’s interior Earth’s interior is denser than the crust What is the composition of Earth’s interior? Could it be composed of gold? Continental drift* Similar fossils on different continents How did similar fossils end up on different continents? Subduction* Cross section of Benioff zone Why do earthquake depths increase away from oceanic trenches? *These are only two examples of a wealth of observations and questions related to the theory of plate tectonics.

GSA TODAY, November 1999 37 SAGE Remarks continued from p. 37 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING than ever. As Chamberlin (1890) noted, Classifieds continued from p. 35 We also welcome applications from related fields, multiple methods of instruction are including but not limited to: geodynamics of landscape needed to deal with varied learning styles, include atmosphere/ocean modeling; climate-system mod- evolution, paleoseismology, structural geology, and tec- eling; coupled air-sea interaction; dynamical meteorology tonics. The successful candidate is expected to develop and “pedagogical inquiry in the past has and oceanography; glaciology; hydrology; remote sensing; an internationally visible research program, and to teach very largely concerned itself with the and the physics, dynamics, and chemistry of clouds. New at both the graduate and undergraduate levels. inquiry, ‘What is the best method?’ rather appointments at Yale in these areas will contribute to a The closing date is November 30, 1999. We encourage broad emphasis in the Department on paleoclimatology, applicants from historically disadvantaged ethnic, racial, than with ... ‘What are the special values paleo-environments, and global change. Additional and gender categories. Yale University is an equal-oppor- of different methods...?’” (p. 757 of the appointments in the Department will be made in areas of tunity employer. Applicants should send a curriculum 1965 reprint). A focus on The Method in active tectonics and geomorphology, geochemistry, pale- vitae, a statement of professional goals, and the names ontology, and solid-earth geophysics. Closing date for and addresses of three or more referees to: Geomorphol- introductory geoscience courses should applications is November 30, 1999. ogy Search Committee, c/o Professor Danny Rye, Chair, enable our students to more effectively We encourage applicants from historically disadvan- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, resolve problems related to science, civic taged ethnic, racial, and gender categories. Yale Univer- P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109. sity is an equal-opportunity employer. Applicants should life, and educational reform. send a curriculum vitae, a statement of professional goals, FACULTY POSITION IN PALEONTOLOGY and the names and addresses of three or more referees AT YALE UNIVERSITY Acknowledgments to: AOCD Search Committee, c/o Professor Danny Rye, The Department of Geology and Geophysics at Yale Uni- Chair, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale Uni- versity is starting a new multidisciplinary hiring initiative in The activity described above is an out- versity, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109. earth science, which includes the strengthening of its program in paleontology. To this end, we intend to fill a ladder growth of one done with a hand sample of FACULTY POSITION IN GEOCHEMISTRY faculty position in paleontology, at either the junior or the Liesegang banding by W. D. Lowry, now AT YALE UNIVERSITY senior level, starting September 2000. We invite appli- professor emeritus at Virginia Tech. I The Department of Geology and Geophysics at Yale Uni- cants who will develop an internationally recognized versity is starting a new multidisciplinary hiring initiative in research program in collaboration with present and future thank him for this idea and my inspira- earth science, which will include several ladder faculty Yale geoscientists and bioscientists. The position will tion for geology that emerged from his appointments in the general area of geochemistry, starting include teaching at both the graduate and undergraduate introductory geology class. as early as January, 2000. We invite applications from levels. All subfields of paleontology will be considered, both junior- and senior-level candidates who will develop including, but not limited to, biogeochemistry, biostratigra- internationally recognized research programs in collabora- phy, event stratigraphy, evolutionary processes, functional References Cited tion with present and future Yale geoscientists. The posi- morphology, macroevolution, origin of major groups/body tions will include teaching at both undergraduate and plans, marine paleoecology, mass extinctions, paleobio- Chamberlin, T. C., 1890, The method of multiple work- graduate levels. All subfields will be considered, including, geography, paleoenvironmental analysis, systematics, or ing hypotheses: Science (old ser.), v. 15, p. 92–96; but not limited to: biogeochemistry, earth surface chemical taphonomy. Closing date for applications is January 15, reprinted 1965, v. 48, p. 754–759. processes, experimental geochemistry, mantle geochem- 2000. Field, J., 1997, Teaching science with broken pencils: istry, organic geochemistry, radiogenic and stable iso- We encourage applicants from historically disadvan- Science and Children, v. 34, p. 16–19. topes, and theoretical geochemistry. Closing date for taged ethnic, racial, and gender categories. Yale Univer- applications is November 30, 1999. sity is an equal-opportunity employer. Applicants should Johnson, J. G., 1990, Method of Multiple Working We encourage applicants from historically disadvan- send a curriculum vitae, a statement of professional goals, Hypotheses: A chimera: Geology, v. 18, p. 44–45. taged ethnic, racial, and gender categories. Yale Univer- and the names and addresses of three or more referees Spencer, P. K., 1997, The Method of Multiple Working sity is an equal-opportunity employer. Applicants should to: Paleontology Search Committee, c/o Professor Danny Hypotheses in undergraduate education with an exam- send a curriculum vitae, a statement of professional goals, Rye, Chair, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale ple of its application and misapplication: Journal of and the names and addresses of three or more referees University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520- Geoscience Education, v. 45, p. 123–128. to: Geochemistry Search Committee, c/o Professor Danny 8109. Rye, Chair, Department of Geology and Geophysics,Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520- VISITING FACULTY POSITIONS IN EARTH SCIENCES 8109. AT YALE UNIVERSITY The Department of Geology and Geophysics at Yale Uni- New! FACULTY POSITION IN SOLID-EARTH GEOPHYSICS versity announces the opening of several visiting faculty AT YALE UNIVERSITY positions. Applicants from all areas of earth science and The Department of Geology and Geophysics at Yale Uni- all career levels are welcome to apply. The visiting posi- Promote your college or university versity is starting a new multidisciplinary hiring initiative in tions are part of a major hiring initiative in earth sciences with a display ad in our January earth science, which includes a major expansion in solid- at Yale focused on rebuilding the size and strength of the earth geophysics. To this end, we intend to fill several lad- department. We are looking for individuals who would 2000 issue of GSA Today. der faculty positions in solid-earth geophysics, either at enjoy contributing and interacting in a broad multidisci- the junior or senior level, starting as early as January plinary department that includes active programs in atmo- With expanded coverage of the 2000. We invite applicants who will develop internationally spheres, oceans and climate; geochemistry; petrology; 1999 Annual Meeting and bonus recognized research programs in collaboration with pre- solid-earth geophysics; paleontology and evolutionary the- sent and future Yale geoscientists. The positions will ory; and tectonics. The successful applicant would be distribution at GSA’s Section include teaching at both undergraduate and graduate lev- expected to conduct an active research program, to inter- meetings, this issue will have many els. All subfields of solid-earth geophysics will be consid- act with students and faculty, and to teach one course or more readers than GSA’s 16,000 ered, including, but not limited to: geodesy, geodynamics, seminar per semester with the topic to be negotiated. The geomagnetism, mineral physics, rock and earthquake duration and scope of the visit are negotiable as well. international membership. mechanics, and seismology. Closing date for applications Applications will be considered as they arrive. is November 30, 1999. We encourage those from historically disadvantaged For less than a penny per reader, We encourage applicants from historically disadvan- ethnic, racial, and gender categories. Yale University is an you can inform potential candidates taged ethnic, racial, and gender categories. Yale Univer- equal-opportunity employer. Applicants should send a cur- sity is an equal-opportunity employer. Applicants should riculum vitae, a statement of objectives for the visit, and about your organization, its send a curriculum vitae, a statement of professional goals, the names and addresses of three referees to: Visiting programs, and faculty and student and the names and addresses of three or more referees Faculty Search Committee, c/o Professor Danny Rye, to: Solid-Earth Geophysics Search Committee, c/o Profes- Chair, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale Uni- searches. GSA Today readers are sor Danny Rye, Chair, Department of Geology and Geo- versity, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109. the leaders and decision-makers in physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, the earth sciences, and they will CT 06520-8109. SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY TENURE TRACK POSITION welcome information about your FACULTY POSITION IN ACTIVE TECTONICS AND The Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences has a organization. GEOMORPHOLOGY AT YALE UNIVERSITY tenure track position at the assistant professor level to be The Department of Geology and Geophysics at Yale Uni- filled for the Fall of 2000. Space is limited, so contact us versity announces a ladder faculty position, at either the We are looking for a geoscientist who can conduct a junior or senior level, in the general area of active tecton- vigorous research program and teach at both the graduate today to reserve your space. ics and geomorphology, starting as early as January, and undergraduate levels. We prefer someone whose 2000. This position is part of a broad multidisciplinary hir- research is in the areas of tectonics or tectonophysics, but GSA Today Advertising ing initiative in earth sciences at Yale, including the areas welcome applicants whose interests may be in related of the dynamics of the oceans, atmospheres, and climate; fields. Our geoscience faculty has expertise in tectonics, 1-800-472-1998, ext. 153 geochemistry; solid-earth geophysics; and paleontology. seismology, gravity, crustal structure and fluids, sedimen- For the active tectonics and geomorphology search, we tary processes, igneous petrology and paleontology. Can- e-mail: are particularly interested in finding candidates who relate didates must possess a Ph.D. at the time of appointment. [email protected] the evolution of landforms to the forcing caused by tec- Breadth of teaching at the undergraduate level and the tonic and climate processes. ability to motivate students are obvious assets.

38 GSA TODAY, November 1999 Our department emphasizes a strong connection ogy and contaminant transport, applied geomorphology lead participant. This center was formed to address the between geology and geophysics and offers excellent and engineering geology and geotechnics. growing problems of increasing water demand and atmospheric science programs; it also benefits from an Interested candidates should submit a resume, a declining water quality in the southwestern United States. extensive and well-maintained computer network. The statement of teaching and research accomplishments The objective of the Center is not only to obtain new sci- university has recently implemented a multi-million-dollar and the names and addresses of three individuals from entific insights into the hydrological system, but also initiative to enhance research facilities and provide whom letters of reference may be solicited. The deadline develop and present the scientific results in such a way opportunities for cutting-edge research. The campus pro- for receipt of applications is February 1, 2000. Application that they can actually be applied to the resolution of water vides an attractive urban environment. Visit our web site materials should be directed to Human Resource Ser- resource problems in the near future. at http://www.eas.slu.edu to see more about the pro- vices, Reference Number: R51861, University of Mis- We encourage applications from students seeking grams and activities in our department and at Saint souri-Rolla, 1202 North Bishop, 1870 Miner Circle, Rolla, M.S. or Ph.D. degrees who are interested in the following Louis University. MO 65409-1050. The University of Missouri-Rolla is an research topics: Basin-scale water and salinity balance; Applicants should submit a statement of teaching and equal opportunity and affirmative action institution, and employing isotopic and environmental tracer techniques; research interests, a curriculum vitae, and the names, welcomes applications from qualified women, minorities, land-atmosphere interactions; using surface and remote addresses (including email), and telephone numbers of and persons with disabilities. sensing observations and numerical models; vadose four references to: The Chairman, Department of Earth zone processes and groundwater recharge. and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, 3507 Services & Supplies Research will be focused on the hydrology of the Rio Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63103. For further Grande Basin. Interaction with water users and managers details contact: 314-977-3131 or [email protected]. LEATHER FIELD CASES. Free brochure, SHERER in the basin is an important part of the planned research. Applications will be received up to December 31, 1999, or CUSTOM SADDLES, INC., P.O. Box 385, Dept. GN, Model simulations will be completed using the advanced until the position is filled. Franktown, CO 80116. computing facilities at Los Alamos National Lab. Saint Louis University, a Catholic, Jesuit institution We are currently accepting applications for assis- dedicated to education, research and healthcare, is an DON'T KILL YOURSELF with the carcinogenic bro- tantships beginning in both Spring and Fall Semesters, affirmative action, equal opportunity employer and encour- mides, like tetrabromoethane for mineral separation. Use 2000. For additional information, contact Fred Phillips, ages applications from women and minorities. water-based, non-toxic, high-density agent Sodium Poly- email: [email protected], Department of Earth & Environ- tungstate. Density ranges from 1.0 to 3.1 g/ml and up to mental Science, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, SCHOOL OF GEOLOGY 4.0 g/ml in combination with Tungsten Carbide. Sometu. http://www.ees.nmt.edu/hydro/homepage.html. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY Phone (818) 786-7838; Fax 818-786-4343; website: The Oklahoma State University School of Geology invites www.sometu.com; e-mail [email protected]. Graduate Student Opportunities in Earth Sciences, applications for a tenure-track faculty position in hydroge- Lehigh University. The Department of Earth and Envi- ology. The appointment will be at the level of assistant BOOKS: Geology and History of Geology. Used, out-of- ronmental Sciences of Lehigh University has Graduate professor, beginning Fall, 2000. A Ph.D. degree is print, and rare. Free catalog. Patricia L. Daniel, BS, MS, Student Fellowships for highly qualified individuals. The required at the time of appointment. Applicants must Geology. 618 W. Maple, Independence, KS 67301, ph: department has active research programs in tectonic show the ability and commitment to excellence in instruc- (316) 331-0725, fax: 316-331-0785, E-mail: studies (geochronology, stable isotope geochemistry, low tion and research. [email protected], website: www.hit.net/~pldaniel. temperature geochemistry, seismology, high resolution We are seeking an individual who demonstrates the geophysics, structural geology, paleomagnetism) and potential for developing a successful research program Opportunities for Students surficial processes (low temperature geochemistry, fluvial relating to hydrogeology. Candidates must be proficient in and tectonic geomorphology, glacial geology, hydrology, groundwater flow modeling. Sub-specialties in hydrogeol- Master's/Ph.D. Fellowship Available, Baylor Univer- and limnology). Please contact Prof. D. Morris, Dept. of ogy, such as contaminant transport, applications of geo- sity. The Department of Geology at Baylor University is Earth and Environmental Sciences ([email protected]) physics, and aqueous geochemistry, are especially pleased to announce the creation of the Wendlandt Fel- or see our Web page for more details (http:// attractive. Teaching of undergraduate and graduate lowship, available to an outstanding incoming graduate www.ees.lehigh.edu). courses is required. Preference will be given to those student in the Fall of 2000. The fellowship is supported by candidates who have previous undergraduate teaching an annual stipend of $14,000 plus full tuition. More Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, experience, and have published refereed articles in detailed information on the fellowship and on available announces the availability of Sloan Scholarships for his/her discipline. The successful candidate will be graduate programs can be obtained at: www.baylor.edu/ minority Ph.D. students in the geosciences. The Alfred P. expected to develop a research program that will gener- ~Geology/studentinfo.html. In addition to the Wendlandt Sloan Foundation and the Department of Geosciences ate funding to support the program and graduate student Fellowship, there are also a number of teaching assis- are committed to increasing the number of African-Ameri- involvement. The candidate must be able to teach intro- tantships available at $12,000/yr + tuition (Master's) or cans, Hispanic-Americans, and Native-Americans receiv- ductory geology along with courses related to his/her $15,000/yr + tuition (Ph.D.'s). For information or applica- ing Ph.D.s in the geosciences. Sloan scholars receive fel- specialty. He/she will be expected to supervise M.S. tion, please contact Dr. Thomas Goforth, Baylor Univer- lowship support, three summers of research support, a graduate students and collaborate with faculty to sity Dept. of Geology, PO Box 97354, Waco, TX 76798- research allowance, and peer and faculty mentoring. enhance existing department program emphases. 7354; (254) 710-2361; e-mail: [email protected]. Additional support through other fellowships, and teach- For full consideration, candidates should submit a let- ing or research assistantships is also available. Inquiries ter of application, including a description of research Graduate Student Opportunities, University of Mis- and requests for applications to: Graduate Program, interests and his/her approach to teaching; a curriculum souri—Rolla. A recent large endowment to the Depart- Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, vitae; academic transcripts, and the names, addresses, ment of Geology & Geophysics, University of Missouri, Tucson, AZ 85721. Or [email protected] and e-mail addresses, and phone numbers of three refer- Rolla allows us to offer very competitive financial support http://www.geo.arizona.edu. ences are also required. For full consideration, applica- to qualified graduate students. Programs leading to the tions must be received by December 1, 1999; however, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees include: aqueous & environmen- The Graduate Program of Hydrologic Sciences at the applications will be accepted until the position is filled. tal geochemistry, igneous petrology & geochemistry, sed- University of Nevada, Reno, invites applications for Please send all materials to: Assistant Professor imentary petrology & geochemistry, sedimentology & bio- three student positions beginning July 1, 2000. Each Search, Hydrogeology, School of Geology, Oklahoma stratigraphy, economic & petroleum geology, and applied position carries an annual stipend of $14,000 including State University, 105 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, exploration & environmental geophysics. The Department tuition and fees. These positions require serving as a OK 74078-3031. is well equipped and situated in a modern facility. For teaching assistant for one semester with the remaining For more information on the OSU School of Geology, information about programs, faculty and admissions time being spent on a research fellowship. One student please visit our Web site at www.okstate.edu/geology/ please access the Department's home page at: will be selected in each of the following areas: ground geology.html. http://www.umr.edu/~geo-geop/ or write to: Graduate water, surface water, and enviornmental geochemistry. In OSU is an affirmative action/equal employment oppor- Advisor, Department of Geology & Geophysics, Univer- addition, the Division of Hydrologic Sciences (DHS) of the tunity employer, commited to multicultural diversity. sity of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409-0410. Desert Research Institute announces the Sulo and Aileen Maki Fellowship in Hydrologic Sciences. The Fellowship TENURE-TRACK FACULTY POSITION Graduate Traineeship: Entering Award consisting of 9- is available for incoming doctoral candidates who are pur- IN GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING month traineeship for graduate study in conjunction with suing a degree program in aspects of hydrologic sciences UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI—ROLLA interdisciplinary Research Training Group (RTG) in ecol- at either the University of Nevada, Reno, or the University The Department of Geological and Petroleum Engineer- ogy, geology, archaeology, geography, and soils to of Nevada, Las Vegas. The Fellowship will provide a ing at the University of Missouri-Rolla seeks applications enhance training in "Paleorecords of Global Change." $15,000/year stipend for three years. The successful for the Fred Hasselmann Chair in Geological Engineer- Only citizens, nationals, or permanent residents of the applicant must select a DHS faculty member as their ing. Candidates should have a well established reputation U.S. qualify for stipends. Application deadline January 4. advisor. of industrial and/or academic experience and possess the For application contact Sue Julson, RTG, University of Completed application packages, including expressed communication and management skills necessary to pro- Minnesota, Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, 1987 Upper interest in one of the aforementioned appointments, are vide departmental leadership. Rank will depend upon Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108. Phone: (612) 624- due January 10, 2000 and should be mailed to: Graduate qualifications and previous experience in an area consid- 4238; Fax: 612-624-6777; E-mail: [email protected]. Program of Hydrological Sciences, 1000 Valley Road, ered critical to the mission of the program. A Ph.D. in Web: http://lrc.geo.umn.edu/RTG/. An Equal Opportunity Reno, NV 89512-0180. Potential applicants are encour- Geological Engineering or a related field is required and Educator and Employer. aged to browse http://www.hydro.unr.edu for more infor- registration as a professional engineer or the qualifi- mation on the program and positions. caitons to become registered is strongly desired. The Research Assistantship / Hydrology / N.M. Tech. successful candidate should possess a strong commit- Graduate research assistantships are available for stu- ment to undergraduate and graduate level teaching and dents interested in working on projects related to a should have a demonstrated research record including recently-funded NSF Science & Technology Center on the successful pursuit of external funding and publication. Sustainability of Water Resources in Semiarid Regions, Preferred areas of expertise include groundwater hydrol- of which the Hydrology Program at New Mexico Tech is a

GSA TODAY, November 1999 39 Pre-MesozoicPre-Mesozoic IceIce Ages:Ages: Their Bearing on Understanding the Climate System

John C. Crowell, 1999 Ancient ice ages are revealed by distinctive stratal facies that tell us much about times of coolness and how the climate system works. Several strong ice ages were recorded in late Paleozoic time and during transitions from the Devonian into the Carboniferous and from the Ordovician into the Silurian. In Precambrian time, several are documented for both the Late and Early Proterozoic, but none in the Middle Proterozoic. The oldest occurred in mid-Archean time, nearly 3 b.y. ago. Coolness episodes correspond to tectonic plate arrangements that influenced bathymetry and land elevations, to sea-level fluctuations, to changes in fluxes of greenhouse gases, and to biogeochemical changes resulting from evolution of life forms. Orbital variations and extraterrestrial events modulate climate, and bolide impacts drastically affect it temporarily. Climate is primarily the result of tectonobiogeochemical activities ORDER rooted in the changing complex earth-air-ocean system, as NOW! described in this volume.

MWR192, 112 p. Toll-free: 1-800-472-1988 ISBN 0-8137-1192-4 Fax: 303-447-1133 $46.00, Member price $36.80 Web: www.geosociety.org Sales: P.O. Box 9140 Boulder, CO 80301-9140