PROJET REGIONAL MEDlTERRANEEN DE DEVELOPPEMENT

DE L' MEDITERRANEAN REGIONAL AQUACULTURE PROJECT

SITUATION OF AQUACULTURE IN THE MEDRAP COUNTRIES

GCP/REM/O49/ITA

ROME, A. BRUNO January 1988 INTRODUCTION This paper presents information on the current state of the art of aquaculture in the MEDRAP countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Yugoslavia, Malta and Portugal, mainly obtained from MEDRAP documents (travel reports, field documents, technical documents and FAO/ library (FAO and non-FAO documents). According to the terms of reference (see Annex 4) the following topics have been discussed: state of aquaculture, programme, production, marketing research and training activities. Annexes 1, 2, and 3 contain the general recommendations on the MEDRAP project, namely: Annex 1 - GOI/FAO Review of the Mediterranean Regional Aquaculture Project, July 1987 Annex 2 - Tripartite Review of the FAO/UNDP/MEDRAP participating countries, October 1986. Annex 3 - UNDP/FAO evaluation mission, July 1986. The final reports of the UNDP projects RAB/83/001 and RER/83/016 and GCP/REM/049/ITA are not available at present. ALGERIA 1. INTRODUCTION The development of small aquaculture units began at the end of the 19th century in Algeria. These first traditional farmers disappeared due to the lack of supports. The coastal waters are underexploited, although not very productive in comparison with other Mediterranean regions. Several inland water bodies are fished but offer only marginal yields. There are no major rivers and only one coastal lagoon, limiting the potential for aquaculture employing natural sites (Report of the UNDP/FAO evaluation mission). 2. CURRENT STATE OF AQUACULTURE Present aquaculture activities are limited; two government operated aquaculture centres have been set up under the Ministry of Agriculture: Lac Mellah fish farm (865 ha of brackish water) and Mazafran station. 2.1 Lac Mellah Lac Mellah fish farm is due to become Algeria's first marine fish (Report of the UNDP/FAO evaluation mission). It received great assistance from MEDRAP for the conceptions and plans of the hatchery and fattening unit for sea bass but up to present only the fattening units are in construction. ENAPECHE (Entreprise National de la Pêche) has the control of the lake. In the lake, traditional lagoonal is carried out. Fish catch decreased from 1981 to 1984: mullet from 50 kg/ha/year to 37 kg/ha/year and sea bass from 5.5 kg/ha/year to 3.4 kg/ha/year (MEDRAP. TR/85/14). production is very low; some trials have been carried out with the introduction of oysters and mussels: about 10 t of oysters and 8 t of mussels in 1984; 9 t of adult oysters and 8 t of spat in 1985-86. The 9 t of adult oyster which were bought to constitute a , were sold. A 50% rate of mortality have been observed in spat (MEDRAP. TR/87/14). 2.2 Mazafran station A small freshwater aquaculture centre is located at Mazafran with the responsability for developing freshwater aquaculture, including lake stocking. From 1976-78 Algeria established a cooperation programme with the Peoples Republic of China. This programme included the reproduction and prefattening of carp for restocking purposes. 2.3 Other There is another restocking programme concerning lakes and dams (ex. Lake Oubeira 2 200 ha). The cooperation programme with the Peoples Republic of China also included trials on larval rearing of Penaeus kerothurus. 3. PROGRAMME Algerian authorities scheduled for the year 2 000 a production of about 175 000 t of fish and sea products in general which means 5 kg/hab/year for an estimated population of 35 million. Considering a production of 70 000 t/year from fishing activities, the aquaculture production should be about 100 000 t (Les potentialités de l'aquaculture en Algeria). The Algerian aquaculture development programme that was set up after study on the possibilities of aquaculture in Algeria, includes: − exploitation of lagoon areas (development of fish culture in Lakes Mellah and Oubeira); − improvement of f i s h e r i e s ; − aquaculture development; − improvement of fish culture in ponds (development planning for the Mazafran fish culture s t a t i o n ) ; − restocking; − creation of a national office for aquaculture production and development; − training activities; − registry on a national level of the development of aquaculture farms, shellfish culture, fish ponds. The programme is assured by public investment. It is only in the later stages of development that private individuals can invest in this activity (after the programme has proved itself valid at masterfhip level) (MEDRAP. TD/86/06). 4. PRODUCTION The production is principally based on traditional lagoon fishing (115 t.). The effects of aquaculture production are not yet tangible (MEDRAP. TD/86/06). Carp production in 1979 was 7 t, totally sold in the south of Algeria (Les potentialités de l'aquaculture en Algerie). Two tons of oysters (Crossostrea giges) were produced in lake Mellah in 1981 (MEDRAP. FD/82/3). Following official statistics sent by the Algerian Government to FAO total aquaculture production in 1984 was 107 t of which: 98.8 t fish (17.1 freshwater fish and 81.8 brackishwater fish) 0.1 t (P. kerathurus) 8.1 t shellfish Concerning 17.1 of freshwater fish probably one part is represented by the production of Mazafran station (about 2 t) and the remaining part is derived by fishing activities in lakes and dams (15 t of Barbus sp., 0.1 t of Black bass). The 81.8 t of brackishwater fish (eels, soles, sea bass, sea bream, mullets). Shellfish production is represented by 4.6 t of oyster (C. gigas) and 3.5 t of mussels (M. galloprovincialis) reared in lake Mellah. On the basis of these data the total aquaculture production in Algeria in 1984 was: Freshwater (C. carpio) 2 t Brackishwater: shrimp 0.1 t oysters 3.5 t massels 4.6 t 10.2 (M. Vincke in press) 5. MARKETING The production level is such that there is no problem of market sales. However, due to their prices, most species are not accessible to the average local population with the exception of grey mullet (MEDRAP. TD/86/06). A certain quantity of eels is exported. 6. INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT During the Third Advisory Committee meeting of MEDRAP, held in Casablanca in 1985, the Algerian delegate announced the creation of a National Aquaculture Department, in charge of the development of aquaculture production. (MEDRAP. FD/85/12). 7. RECOMMENDATION The UNDP/FAO evaluation mission formulated the following recommendation: "The ideal approach would be to devise a long-term development plan, integrating the production development requirements with the needed organizational staffing and economic requirement so that a cost-benefit assessment could be made." REFERENCES - Report of the UNDP/FAO evaluation mission - July 1986 MEDRAP - TR/85/14 - Rapport de mission effectuée en Algérie du 15 au 23 avril 1985. Septembre 1985. Les potentialités de l'aquaculture en Algérie. Rapport final. Etude France-Aquaculture. Fevrier 1981. MEDRAP - TD/86/06. Seminar. Socio-Economic aspects of Aquaculture Development in the Mediterranean countries. Djerba (Tunisia) November 14-24 1985. MEDRAP- FD/82/3. L'exploitation conchylicole du lac Mellah. Algerie. Juillet 1982. MEDRAP. FD/85/12 - Report of the third advisory committee meeting of MEDRAP. Casablanca (Morocco) September 1985. Report of the UNDP/FAO Evaluation Mission. July 1986. OTHER MEDRAP REPORTS ON ALGERIA TR/84/02 - Rapport de mission, El Kala, Algeria. Août 1984. Contents: Analysis of different activities carried out by ENAPECHE TR/84/04 - Projet pìlote d'El Kala. Compte rendu de la reunion du 18/12/1984. Décembre 1984. Contents: Discussion on the programme of ENAPECHE concerning the hatchery and lagoonal management. TR/85/14 - Rapport de mission effectuée en Algérie du 15 au 23 avril 1985. Septembre 1985 Contents: Fishing activities in lake Mellah. Training activities with local fishermen. TR/85/10 - Rapport de mission. Proposition d'étude pour la gestion piscicole du lac Oubeira, du barrage de la Cheffia et du barrage de Zardazas (Algérie) Juillet 1985. Contents: Proposition for a study on the management of lake Oubeira, Cheffia and Zardazas dams. TR/86/14 - Rapport de visite sur le lac Mellah, Novembre 1986. Contents: Hydrobiologica1 observation on lake Mellah. TR/87/06: Conchyliculture dans le lac Mellah (Algérie) Contents: Observations on shellfish culture in lake Mellah. MOROCCO 1. INTRODUCTION Aquaculture first started in 1956 in the form of growing-out stations for imported oyster seed, south of Casablanca. This strictly private activity limited to the Atlantic coast, only concerned its direct promoters and was the object of any state intervention. In 1985, aquaculture sector was limited to four oyster farms. The seed was imported and they were dependent on foreign technology. Three of the farms are located on the Atlantic coast (Oualidia) and they produce a total of 200 t of oyster (MEDRAP -TD/86/06). The fourth farm (MAROST) is the only one located on the Mediterranean coast in the lagoon of Nador (about 11 000 ha). It was first exploited for shellfish culture in 1982 by a group of Breton oyster farmers who were put in charge of installing oyster beds. The initial results were encouraging and therefore inspired a more ambitious project of complementing the oyster with clam, shrimp, sea-bass, sea-bream and grey mullet farming (following the study of TCP/MOR/2308). The Government saw this as a source of local employment (1 000 employments are scheduled) and a creation of new resources. 2. CURRENT STATE OF AQUACULTURE 2.1 Marine aquaculture Since MAROST seems currently synonomous with Maroccan aquaculture (Review of the Mediterranean Regional Aquaculture Project - GCP/REM/049/ITA) most of this chapter will deal with it. The construction of the station started in November 1985, utilizing an old hydroplane base and all the structures scheduled, in the first programme, are now achieved. Ac present MAROST has almost full control on the lagoon and 250 people are employed in the project. MAROST activities can be summarized as follows: a. Shellfish department The hatchery, built in 1986, is in a position to produce 150 million spat of flat oyster (O. edulis) and 50 million spat of clam (Tapes decussatus) . Prefattening of oyster is carried out in the lagoon or in open sea. The scheduled production of oyster for 1987 is 15-20 t. Fattening is carried out in the lagoon. Prefattening of clam is carried out by means of special sieves or in "beds" in the lagoon. Fattening is carried out in the lagoon. To date (March 1987) 2 ha have been planted. b. Shrimp department The activity started in 1985 with the realization of a 1 ha pond for P. kerathurus rearing. In 1986, post-larvae of P. japonicus were introduced and results showed a better growth than P. kerathurus (25 gr in 3-4 months). 30 ha of ponds (1/2 ha each) are presently (March 1987) at disposal for shrimp rearing. MAROST schedules a hatchery which will produce 10 million post-larvae/month for 7 months/year- A temporary unit for artificial reproduction has been carried out. MAROST has now about 300 broodstock, c. Fish department Fry supply (sea bass and sea bream) is now assured by fish collection. Prefattening is carried out in raceways and fattening in cages (fixed and floating). A fish hatchery with a capacity of 2.5 million fry/year and a fattening unit in intensive and semi-intensive ponds are scheduled. d. Research department It assures the follow-up of the production and the development of research in different sectors: control of the production, anatomy, hystology, parasitology, bacteriology and virology. The studies currently undertaken concern: gonads development in natural stock of clam, identification of local pathogens, preparation of vaccines. I.S.P.M. (Institute Scientifique de Pêche Maritime), counterpart agency nominated in the MEDRAP project document, has a laboratory in MAROST facilities and it is carried on the hydrobiological study of the lagoon and the follow-up of the lagoon in relation with the production activity (PAP/RAC-MEDRAP-TR/87/0 3). 2.2 Freshwater aquaculture The Ministry of Agriculture has a fresh-water hatchery at Azrou for restocking purposes. There exists a development project in Oum-er-tbia springs for trout farming aiming at a yearly production level of 300 t, located at 200 km from Marrakech. 3. PROGRAMME The MAROST programme includes: 3.1 Shellfish Construction of a depuration station following OMS recommendations. This will enable the society to sell the product in foreign countries. − Trials of oyster rearing in open sea − Enlargement of the zone of production − Verification of the viability of the "bed methods" for clam rearing. 3.2 Shrimp − Carrying out the construction of the hatchery − Rearing of 500 000 P. japonicus post-larva in 1987 3.3 Fish − Improvement of the techniques of fry collection − Identification of new areas of exploitation on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts − Improvements of the in the lagoon by means of new instruments − Study of a floating cage adapted to the local environment conditions − Eel rearing − Introduction of new species − Construction of the fish hatchery − Construction of a feed manufactory for fish and shrimp (20 t/day capacity) − Training activities in connexion with the University programme. 4. PRODUCTION To date there are no data on the MAROST production. Small quantities of eels have been collected and sold to foreign countries (Italy). General data on Moroccan production show: lagoonal production: 15 kg/ha/year (fish); a total of 200 t of shellfish (MEDRAP - FD/85/11). 5. MARKETING In terms of fish trade balance Morocco shows a positive figure (see Fig. 1). Morocco is, in fact, the largest exporter along with France and Spain; their combined share of total exports amounts to about 70%. Data on per caput fish consumption as at 1978 report 5.2 kg/year (ADCP/MR/79/5). On the whole, Morocco is self-sufficient in sea products. The new production will, therefore, be oriented toward export markets. In particular, fish culture production at Nador, with the exception of grey mullet, is oriented toward the Spanish market or more generally towards western Europe (shrimp). Both present and planned oyster production is aimed at the Casablanca and Oualidia (restaurant) markets. 6. INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT In the last Five-Year National Plan (1981-85) the Moroccan Government established priorities for aquaculture development, favouring investments both from the private and public sector (MEDRAP - FD/85/11). However, marine aquaculture is not governed by a specific administrative body (MEDRAP - -TD/86/06). At national level the infrastructure consists of very limited human and material resources provided by I.S.P.M. (Institut Scientifique de Pêche Maritime) which is now transferred to MAROST facilities in Nador. No data on the new five-year national plan are available. REFERENCES MEDRAP - TD/86/06 - Seminar - Socio-economic aspects of aquaculture development in the Mediterranean countries - Djerba (Tunisia) 14-24 November 1985. ADCP/MR/79 - Development of coastal aquaculture in the Mediterranean region ADCP/REP/87/29 - The market for the prime mediterranean species, sea bass, sea bream, mullets and eel - and their links with investments. Review of the Mediterranean Regional Aquaculture Project, GCP/REM/049/ITA, July 1987 MEDRAP - TR/87/03, Nador, Projet MAROST d'Aquaculture intégré. Etat du développement actuel. Mars 1987 MEDRAP - FD/85/11. Développement de l'aquaculture marine et de la pêche lagunaire dans la lagune de Nador - Projet pilote. Phase 1, Novembre 1985 OTHER MEDRAP REPORTS ON MOROCCO FD/86/04 - Développement du projet intégré de la lagune de Nador, Mars 1986. Contents: Work-plan for 1986. Calendar of MEDRAP consultancies. Proposal for a pilot-project for artificial fish reproduction. Proposal for a pilot project for shrimp artificial reproduction and shrimp rearing. Proposal for a study of fishing activities in Nador. TR/86/04. Rapport de mission sur un programme d'alimentation. Mai 1986. Contents: First evaluation on the availability of raw material for fish feeding in Nador. Evaluation of the equipment required for fish feed processing. TR/86/05. Rapport de mission. Lagune de Nador. mai 1986. Contents: Setting up of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) culture for the artificial reproduction of shrimp (P. japonicus) . Programme for artificial reproduction of shrimp. Control of the equipment furnished by MEDRAP. TR/86/06. La reproduction de Tapes decussatus à Nador. Mars 1986. Contents. Proposition for the artificial reproduction of T. decussatus. Work plan. TR/86/08. Rapport de mission, Nador. Juillet 1986. Contents: Assistance to the fish feeding programme of Marost. Advertisement on feed processing equipment. TR/86/09. Rapport de mission, Nador. Juillet 1986. Contents: Follow-up of the programme on shrimp. TR/86/17. Rapport de mission a Nador. Hydrobiologie. Novembre 1986. Contents: Evolution of the lagoon in Nador since 1983. Proposition of an environmental programme. TR/86/0 5. Conchyliculture a Nador - Maroc. Mars. 1987. Contents: Present status of oyster culture in Nador. TR/87/09. Nador: Rapport de mission. Hydraulique et travaux maritimes. Mai 1987. Contents: Study on the construction of a permanent communication between the sea and Nador lagoon. Study on the possibility of opening a second communication in Beni- Enzar. TR/87/10. Rapport de la mission effectuée à Nador du 27 avril au 7 mai. Juin 1987. Contents: Analysis of fry collection methods in Nador and suggestions. Study on the identification of new sites on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. TR/87/12. Report on visit to Marost, Nador - Sanitary aspects, June 1987. Contents: Assessment of the progress on the prevention and treatment of fish disease in the Marost facilities. Discussion on the research proposals of the staff and developments in the area of pathology/microbiology. TUNISIA 1. INTRODUCTION Compared to other North Africa countries, Tunisia has reached a significant level of fish con sumption. The only relevant historical dimension of aquaculture in Tunisia are the traditional lagoon management (80 000 ha of lagoon and coastal lakes) and culture of shellfish. Semi-intensive and intensive culture are relatively new concepts in Tunisia and only recently also the public sector is involved. 2, CURRENT STATUS OF AQUACULTURE 2.1 Sea bass/sea bream and mullet culture Sea bass and sea bream culture is carried out both in public and private farms. a. Ghar el Melh hatchery This hatchery was built in 1973 by a private company and bought by INSTOP (Institut national scientifique et technique d'oceanographie et pêche) in 1977 (ADCP 1983). It is a polyspecific hatchery working, on an experimental level, on sea bass, sea bream, sole, shrimp reproduction. It has a prefattening sector (up to 2 gr) and no intensive units for fattening. Its production was 39 000 sea bass fingerlings in 1985. b. Lake of Bizerta - ONP station (Office National de Pêche). In 1985, four provisional cages were installed, utilizing shell fish rearing structures, in the lake of Bizerta for sea bass and sea bream rearing. This project was started to test the potentiality of sea bass/sea bream rearing in the lake of Bizerta. MEDRAP provided the Centre with floating cages (Yugoslavian) which are to be installed. c. Centre National d'Aquaculture of Monastir (CNA) The Centre is located on the Kuiss lagoon, near Monastir. It includes extensive (lagoon), semi-intensive (ponds) and intensive (raceways and cages) rearing structures. The construction of thehatchery (500 000 fingerling capacity) finished in December 1986 and the first cycle of production of sea bass started in January 1987. Before fingerlings were provided by the Ghar el Mehl hatchery or will be collected in the sea. The principal aims of the Centre are: applied research on aquaculture (artificial reproduction - rearing techniques, feeding, etc.) and training activities. The species reared are: sea bass, sea bream, millets, shrimp (P. japonicus and P. kerathurus ) , oyster. d. El Akharit station INSTOP is also conducting research in four eastern ponds at El Akharit, near Gabes. The ponds (80 x 80 m) are supplied with water at temperature of 27 C and salinity of 8-11 ppt from an artesian well which cannot be utilized for agricultural purposes. Several trials on mullet rearing have been carried out in the past. Actually, the station is underexploited and rearing structures need to be improved. e. Aquaculture Sud-Tunisienne (Bougrara) It is a private farm for the intensive production of sea bass, sea bream and shrimp. It includes a hatchery (3 000 000 fingerlings capacity), a prefattening units/raceways) and a fattening unit (floating cages). Total production capacity is 400 t of fish for export (MEDRAP - FD/85/07). Other projects, in construction, are: Ferme Aquacole d'Adjion (Djerba) Integrated production of sea bass, sea bream and millet in semi-intensive ponds. Scheduled production: 94 t (MEDRAP - FD/85/07) Project LABRAX (Zarsis) Intensive sea bass production (hatchery and raceways) Scheduled production: 120 t (MEDRAP - FD/35/07) In 1985 the study (prefeasibility and preparatory project) was accomplished on a station for the integrated production in mono and policulture of sea bass, sea bream and mullet, near the Medjerda mouth (the only Tunisian river). It includes intensive, semi- intensive and extensive basins for a scheduled production of 340 t. 2.2 Shellfish production Lake of Bizerta (ONP) Production of oysters (Cr. gigas) and mussels (M. galloprovincialis) Actually about 15 fixed structures (800 m2 each) are operating. Usually, oyster spat is imported while mussel seed is naturally present in the lake. Estimated production is: 30 t of oysters and 100 t of mussels (FD/85/07) . Lagoon of Monastir (CNA) Trials are carried out on C. gigas on an experimental level. 2.3 Freshwater culture Several restocking of internal lakes have been carried out in the past. Recently, INSTOP in collaboration with MEDRAP has started a programme of restocking a dam (Bir Mgerga) with mullets (FD/86/05). Another project concerning the utilization of underground warm water sources in the South of Tunisia has been proposed by MEDRAP in 1987. The project foresaw an integrated programme: agriculture, aquaculture, utilizing the outlet water of greenhouse culture for tilapia rearing (MEDRAP TR/87/08, TR/87/11). 3. PROGRAMME The sixth five-year development plan (1982-86) ascribes an important role to the . It foresees a total investment of over TD 124 million (US$207 million) which will represent more than 8% of the investment in agriculture (FID/CP/TUN/Rev. 3). The objective is the improvement of fishing production to meet the increasing demand for sea products. The investment is divided into harbour infrastructures (construction of new ports, improvement of harbour installations, etc.), research activities, training activities, transfer of technology, new fishing vessels. 4. PRODUCTION Total production of sea bass from all sources in 1986 was estimated to be 370 t. 300 t came from coastal and other fisheries, 40 t from lagoon fisheries and 30 t from aquaculture (ADCP/REP/87/29). The total production of sea bream was also 370 t. Of this, 20 came from aquaculture, 50 t from lagoon fisheries and 300 t from coastal and other fisheries (ADCP/REP/87/29). No eels were produced by intensive aquaculture but 70 t out of a total of 120 t came from lagoon (ADCP/REP/87/29). Shellfish production is 150 t/year. (Less than 140 t of mussels and less than 15 t of oysters) (MEDRAP - TD/86/06). 5. MARKETING Total exports in 1986 were 60 t each of seabass and sea bream and 110 t of eels. No mullets were exported (ADCP/REP/87/29). About 9 000 t of molluscs are exported, mainly octopus, and cuttlefish (FAO Yearbook of statistics, 1985). About 75% of the total fish production of 75 000 t is consumed fresh. After deduction of exports and addition of tuna imports for canning, 67 900 t of fish and fishery products are available to the Tunisian consumer (Tunisia, Fishery Sector Country Profile). Average per caput consumption reached 9.75 kg in 1984 compared to 8.7 kg in 1982. A per caput consumption of 10 kg per year is aimed at in 1986 (Tunisia, Fishery Sector Profile). Yet the regional distribution of fish consumption is very unbalanced. Per caput consumption reaches about 20 kg in coastal areas, whereas rural districts in the interior of the country remain largely undersupplied. In 1983, the "Société pour la Distribution des Produits de la Mer" (SDPM) was founded in order to increase fish supply in the interior of the country. More than 10 000 t (18.6% of total fresh fish production) was absorbed solely by the Tunis wholesale market. Other important markets are Sfax and Bizerta. The canning industry absorbed 9 300 t of fish; canning and plants are concentrated in Mahdia and Sidi Daoud. The main species utilized for canning are sardine, sardinella and tuna. Only minor quantities of anchovy and mackerel are canned. Offal from the canning factories is utilized for the production of about 1 300 t of fish meal (Tunisia, Fishery Sector Country Profile). Only a negligible quantity of canned fish is exported (100 t/year). 6. TRAINING AND RESEARCH Tunisia has an ambitious programme of fisheries training. Fishery education is the responsibility of the Commisariat Genéral aux Pêches. Training is provided in fishery schools and professional training centres, presently there are three schools and 8 professional training centres (Tunisia, Fishery Sector Country Profile). The fishery schools in Monastir also provide aquaculture courses. Advanced training in fisheries is also available from the National Institute of Agronomy (INAT). The fishery research is the responsibility of the Institut National Scientifique et Technique d'Océanographie et Pêche (INSTOP). It has laboratories at Salambo, La Goulette, Sfax and Ghar el Mehl. It is active in many different fields Including biological studies of marine environment, stock assessment, aquaculture and fishing technology. Research in marine biology is also undertaken at the University of Tunis, the National Agronomic Institute of Tunis (INAT) and the National Scientific Institute of Tunisia, Applied research is carried out at the Centre National d'Aquaculture (CNA) in Monastir, 7. INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT The fishery sector is administered by CGP (Commissariat Genéral à la Pêche). This body is responsible for the administration of all activities related to the fishery sector. The specialized departments of the CGP collect statistical information, carry out surveys and prepare analyses and policy recommendations. CGP is also responsible for fishery schools, legislation, export permits, fishing permits, etc. The Office National des Pêches (ONP) , was established as a semi- governmental body to develop the lagoon fisheries, the tuna fishery and the fishing fleet. ONP is also responsible for marketing fish, establishing cold stores, opera ting shipyards and processing fish, REFERENCES ADCP/MR/83/21: Etude du potentiel aquacole et propositions pour une politique de développement de l'aquaculture en Tunisie MEDRAP - FD/85/07: Revue de projets d'aquacultare en Tunisie, octobre 1985 MEDRAP - FD/86/05: Développemenfc de l'aquaculture en Tunisie, à petite et moyenne échelle . Juin 1986 MEDRAP - TR/87/08: Utilisation des eaux souterraines par le développement de l'aquaculture intégré à la serriculture, avril 1987 MEDRAP/87/11: Utilisation des eaux souterraines pour le développement de l'aquaculture rurale dans le sud tunisien. Juillet 1987 FID/CP/TUN/Rev.3. Fishery Country Profile. Tunisia, October 1985 ACDP/REP/87/29. The markets for the prime Mediterranean species - sea bass, sea bream, mullets and eels and their links with investment. MEDRAP - TD/86/06. Seminar. Socio-economic aspects of Aquaculture Development in the Mediterranean countries. Djerba (Tunisia), November 1985 TUNISIA - Fishery Sector Country Profile. Tunisian German (GT2) Fisheries Project. July 1985. FAO. Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, vol. 60-61. 1985 OTHER MEDRAP REPORTS FD/84/03 - Ecloserie de Ghar el Mehl: Propositions d'aménagement. juillet 1984 Contents: Brief description of the different sectors of the hatchery (status and problems). Recommendation. FD/84/04. Diagnostic d'une mortalité de loup sur un grossissement expérimentale en cage a Monastir. janvier 1984. Contents: Diagnosis of a sea bass mortality at CNA of Monastir. FD/84/05. Structure à mettre en place pour l’alimentation de poisson au CNA de Monastir. Juin 1984. Contents: Description of the equipment required to prepare dry, semi-moist and moist food for fish. TR/85/01. Rapport sur les problèmes d'alimentation de poisson au CNA de Monastir. Mars 1985. Contents: Description of the sector "feed and nutrition" at the CNA of Monastir. Recommendations. TR/85/05. Rapport sur une mortalité de mulet à Monastir. mai 1985. Contents: Description of mullet mortality at CNA of Monastir. FD/85/02. Fabrication d'aliment pour poisson au CNA de Monastir. Juin 1985. Contents: Considerations on the feeding's sector at the CNA of Monastir. Analysis of the raw materials. TR/85/09. Gestion des alevins de loup provenant de la station expérimentale de Ghar el Mehl. juillet 1985 Contents: Diagnosis of a sea bass mortality at CNA of Monastir. TD/85/07. Ferme d'Aquaculture intégrée. Embouchure de la Medjerda. Etude de faisabilité et avant-projet. juillet 1985. Contents: Study for an integrated aquaculture station at Medjerda mouth. Provisional project. FD/85/05. Ecloserie de Ghar el Mehl. Saison productive 1984-85. Proposition d'aménagement. Août 1985. Contents: Analysis and recommendations on the productive structures of the Ghar el Mehl hatchery. Propositions for a work plan. TR/85/10. Problème sanitaire d'un lot de loups. Septembre 1985. Concents: Sanitary problems of a sea bass stock at the CNA of Monastir. TR/85/11. Transport de crevettes au CNA de Monastir, Decembre 1985. Contents : Shrimp transport from the Ghar el Mehl hatchery to the CNA of Monastir. FD/86/0 2. Diagnose écologique et zonation biologique du lac de Bizerte. Applications aquacoles. Rapport intermédiaire, Janvier 1986. Contents: Hydrobiological study of Lake of Bizerta. TR/86/01. Rapport de mission en Tunisie et à Policoro. Décembre 1985. Contents: Shrimp rearing at the Ghar el Mehl hatchery. TR/86/0 2. Protocole d'expérimentation (CNA de Monastir). Février 1986. Concents: Proposition for a feeding trial at the CNA of Monastir. TR/86/18. Le fonctionnement des installations d'élevage au CNA de Monastir. Avril 1986. Contents: Present situation of the rearing units in the CNA of Monastir . TR/86/10. Rapport de mission en Tunisie. Juillet 1986. Contents: Work plan and technical advice on shrimp culture in Tunisia. TR/86/15: L'élevage en intensif, situation actuelle. Possibilité d'amélioration, production (CNA de Monastir). Septembre 1986 . Contents: The intensive rearing unit in the CNA of Monastir. Present situation. TR/86/20: L'élevage en semi-intensif et en extensif au CNA de Monastir. Septembre 1986. Contents: The semi-intensive and extensive rearing units in the CNA of Monastir. Present situation. TR/86/13: Rapport de mission en Tunisie. Crevettes. Septembre 1986. Concents: Work plan and technical advice on the shrimp culture at the Ghar el Mehl hatchery and at the CNA of Monastir. FD/86/06. Evaluation des potentialités aquacole du lac de Bizerte. Septembre 1986. Contents: Hydrobiological study of the lake of Bizerta. Possibility for aquaculture exploitations. TR/86/16. Ecloserie de Ghar el Mehl. Propositions pour la saison 1986-87. Novembre 1986. Contents: Analysis of the productive structures of the Ghar el Mehl hatchery. Work plan for 1986-87 season. TR/86/19. Lac de Bizerte. Elevage en cages. Decembre 1986. Contents: Recommendation on the experimental cage rearing unit in the lake of Bizerte. TR/87/01. La pêche aux prédators dans la lagune de Monastir. Mars 1987. Contents: Fishing trials of predator fish in the Lagoon of Monastir. TR/87/04. Conchyliculture dans les lagunes de Bizerte, Tshkeul et Monastir (Tunisie) Mars 1987, Contents: Shellfish culture in Tunisian lagoons. TR/87/07. Aménagement experimental de la communication entre la lagune de Hergla et la mer en vue de la récolte d'alevins. Mars 1987 . Contents: Construction of a provisional to improve fry collection along the communication between the sea and the lagoon of Hergla . TR/87/08. Utilization des eaux souterraines pour le developpement de l'aquaculture integrée ä la serriculture . Mars 1987. Contents : Review of the agricultural green house installations in the South Tunisia for the development of an integrated programme: aquaculture - agriculture. TR/87/11. Utilization des eaux souterraines pour le developpement de l'aquaculture rurale dans le sud tunisienne. juillet 1987. Contents: Proposition for a pilot project utilizing underground warm water sources in the south of Tunisia. EGYPT 1. INTRODUCTION Egyptian coastal lagoons cover a total area of about 235 000 ha with lake Manzala as the largest one (85 000 ha) followed by lake Bardawill (65 000 ha), lake Burullus (56 000 ha), lake Edku (11 500 ha) and Port Fouad lagoon (8 000 ha). According to various estimates the production of these lagoons should attain between 80 000 and 90 000 t/year (Pedini, 1987). Although the culture of fish in Egypt has been practiced for a long period, the actual interest to develop formally diverse aquaculture did not start until ten years ago when preliminary experiments showed that fish culture could contribute substantially to total fish production. Capture fisheries along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt have declined over the years, partly the result of the general decline of stock and partly the result of lower levels of nutrients reaching the sea from the River Nile since the building of the Aswan Dam. MEDRAP selected in 1985 Raswa farm as pilot project (TR/85/08); the objective was to improve fishing and rearing techniques of fry collected in the natural environment and to study the possibility of developing new technologies. However, this project, for several reasons, never started (Review of the Mediterranean Regional Aquaculture Project). In September 1987, an IFAD and FA0 Investment Centre mission travelled to Cairo to assist the GOE to identify fisheries/aquaculture project for possible financing by IFAD, with particular attention to lake Burullus which was selected by the Government as project area (Pedini). 2. CURRENT STATE OF AQUACULTURE There are now more than a thousant fish farms in the country utilizing more than 60 000 feddans of water, 12 000 of which are government and the remainder private. The aquaculture activity in Egypt has been confined to four systems of fish culture, namely: pond culture, enclusure or hosha culture, integrated culture and cage culture. 2.1 Pond culture The area is little more than 60 000 feddans using the semi-intensive and extensive systems of fish culture and producing about 2 5 000 to 30 000 t/year (Review of the organization of agricultural and fisheries research, technology and development in Egypt). Most of the farms are found in areas north of the Delta although some are found in upper Egypt. The kind of fish cultured depends on the nature of the water, either brackish or fresh. The common fish species used in pond culture are either mullet or carp, either separately (monoculture) or together (polyculture). This of course in addition to Tilapia, which are always present in the ponds. The resources of fish seed are the carp and mullet fry collecting stations along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. 2.2 Enclosure or Hosha culture The hoshas are enclosures built with mud and reed dykes which are characteristic of both lake Manzala and lake Burullus, The total area of these hoshas has not been accurately estimated. Pedini in his report (1987) gives Ifagraria data of 1982 for lake Burullus: 18 000 ha of hoshas. The area of each hosha farm varies between 25 and 2000 feddans. The operation of the farms ranges from the primitive (extensive) type, which depends for seed supply on the neighbouring natural lake, to the developed enclosure (intensive) system which depends on its stocking with naturally produced fish seed and also use artificial feeding and fertilization. Most of these farms are of brackishwater types and mainly produce mullet. The production reaches about 650 kg or more per feddan per year to give a total production of about 30 000 t/year. (Review of the organization of agricultural and fisheries research, technology and development in Egypt). 2.3 Integrated For the time being this type of fish culture is confined to the culture of mirror carp in rice fields. Experiments on the culture of carp in Egyptian rice fields go back to the late 1950's; unfortunately, there was no follow up of these successful experiments probably due to the shortage in the supply of young carp to meet the requirement of an intensive rice-carp culture programme. In 1982/83 GAFRD took again the rice carp culture and over 52 000 feddans of rice fields were stocked with mirror carp yearlings. The programme was very successful and an average production was obtained of 60 - 100 kg of fish/feddan to yield a total of about 4 000 t of marketable size carp in only 3 months. GAFRD has plans to increase the area of rice fields to be stocked with carp to 400 000 feddans in the coming years. Experience in integrated fish culture comes from the duck-cum-fish farming now in the preliminary stages at the High Dam Lake in Aswan and in the feeding canal of the Nozha hydrodrome in Alexandria. 2.4 Cage culture This type of fish culture has also started recently but is still in the experimental stages in Egypt in respect of some freshwater fish (tilapia, carp, Nile perch) as well as selected marine fish (Chrysophsys auratus, Morone labru). 2.5 Fish seed production For marine species, 5 collecting stations are now in operation along the Mediterranean coast. Artificial reproduction of marine species is scheduled in only two projects: Bardawil lagoon for the production of 500 000 sea bass fingerlings and 2 500 000 shrimp post larvae (P. japonicus) and in the Edko lagoon for the artificial reproduction of mullet (MEDRAP. TR/86/08). The demand for carp seed has been increasing in the last few years. Several hatcheries have been established since 1980 and have produced over 140 million fry. (Review of the organization of agricultural and fisheries research technology and development in Egypt) . Of these hatcheries, the GAFRD has three stations already in operation with maximum production of 60 million fry in addition to another station under construction with a maximum capacity of 30 million fry. This in addition to other fish hatcheries of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Ministry of Irrigation, Suez Canal University and Arab contractors. 3. PROGRAMME At the highest levels in the Ministry of Agriculture, Government officials have expressed their commitment to development of the fisheries sector as a whole, from artisanal fishermen to large scale public sector initiatives. However, in the past, GAFRD's (General authorities for Fisheries Resources Development) main emphasis has been on expanding production through a network of Government fish farms, fish hatcheries and fry collection centres. Support for the artisanal sector has not been a priority (Pedini). The 1984-87 programme of GAFRD covers fish farming and artificial propagation of fish, improvement of fishing and strengthening fishermen cooperatives. The total amount allocated for this programme is about L.E. 69.3 million. The High Dam lake Development Authority has a programme to develop the fisheires of the lake which will cost LE 36.5 million over the next five years. The programme covers the establishment of a Fish Management Centre, improvement of fish storage, harbour facilities, new carrier vessels, additional fish meal units, fish net factory, establishment of 20 fish hatcheries. 4. PRODUCTION Fish production is derived from a water area of some 6 million feddans (1 feddan = 0.44 ha). Of this total area: 4 186 000 feddans are marine area in the Mediterranean and Red seas 798 000 feddans are in natural, fresh, brackish and saline lakes 178 000 freshwater Nile River and its irrigation and navigations connexions 1 000 000 High Dam Lake (Review of the Organization o Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Development in Egypt), About 157 000 feddans of rice field are producing fish as a secondary product. The total area of rice field which could conceivably be used in this way is in order of 210 000 ha (Country Report on Egypt). The resource in terms of juveniles of euryaline species seems still very important (about 120 - 150 million fry per year for the mullets which are caught for aquaculture purposes). Pedini (personal comm.) during his mission to Egypt (1987) collected the following unpublished 1985 data of production for carp, tilapia, mugil, eel: 31 299 t private farms 5 300 t Governmental commercial farms 30 t cages 12 500 t rice cum fish 39 500 t lagoon fisheries (hosha)

89 629 t 5. MARKETING Due to a long tradition of eating fresh fish, the consumption of such fish is preferred. However, increasing amounts of frozen fish are entering the markets as the cold storage chain improves. If fish are not consumed locally, salting may be practised, in particular on Mediterranean fishing boats. Processing facilities are limited to shrimp freezing and sardine canning but other canning facilities are planned (FIRI/C770.8). Cooperatives have to market fish production; however, private traders market practically all the production. Landing and collecting places called "hallaka" are established all around the lagoon and in the lagoon and leased to authorized traders. Fry can be sold only to the GAFRD 25% of the fish have to be sold by traders to the Governorate (Pedini). The Company (FMC) is the compulsory buyer of fish production and prices are fixed by the Ministry of Supply at an artificially low level bearing no relation to cost of production or free market value (FIRI/C770.8). Egypt fishery product import in 1985 was 108 314 t mainly represented by fish: 71 179 and fish meal 25 000 t (FAO, Yearbook of fishery statistics). FMC has the monopoly of fish imports: the company imports only frozen fish, mainly from USSR, but also from Sweden, Korea and Yemen (FIRI/C770.8) . Exports have never amounted to a significant level: 216 t in 1985 (FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics) . 6. INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT The institution responsible for fisheries and aquaculture development is the General Authorities for Fish Resources Development (GAFRD) of the Ministry of Agriculture. GAFRD, which was established by Presidential Decree in 1983, has the overall responsibility for development and conservation of fisheries resources (except those of the High Dam lake) under the supervision of the Minister of Agriculture. Law and regulations related to lagoon fisheries and fish farming are proposed by GAFRD. A national Commission consisting of the GAFRD, the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (I0F), the Ministry of Irrigation, the Water Bodies Police, reviews the technical parametres to be adopted. Laws and regulations are thereafter voted by the Parliament and promulgated by the President of the Republic or by the Minister of Agriculture. The Ministry of Irrigation is responsible for the control of irrigation and drainage waters which are the main source of fresh water to lagoons and for increasing the agricultural area through land reclamation and thus reducing lagoon area devoted to fishery. The Ministry is also responsible for the use of grass carp in irrigation and drainage canal for control aquatic weeds and also for production of carp fingerlings to be stocked in rice fields. The Shore Protection Authority (SPA) is part of this Ministry and it is involved in maintenance of seashore and lagoon inlets. The Water Bodies Policies come under the Ministry of Interior. They are placed under the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture and more specifically the GAFRD to enforce the law. The Ministry of Supply is concerned with price control and supply fish at low cost to consumers, through the Fish Marketing Company (FMC). FMC is mainly responsible for importing fish and for marketing at subsidized prices both imported fish and lake Nasser production. The Governor is responsible for authorizing the quantity of fish to be exported from the Governorate, and for fish farming development in 200 m wide strip surrounding the area under GAFRD responsibility. 7. RESEARCH Several organizations have been involved in fisheries research in varying degrees: The Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (IOF), under the National Academy of Science and Technology, is responsible for most of the research carried out in fisheries and related subjects, including lake fisheries and fish culture. The Institute has more than 200 staff members of whom 62 have Ph.D. degrees in various fields of . The staff is distributed among 4 major branches: Mediterranean Sea Branch in Alexandria (151 staff members); Red Sea Branch in Suez; Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Branch in Cairo and Shore Protection Branch in Alexandria. The research programme of the IOF Branch of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture has been concentrated as: the artificial breeding of important food fishes; minimizing the mortality of fish fry; raising the productivity of fish farms; introduction of non-traditional methods of fish culture such as cage and pen culture. The High Dam Lake Authority (HDLDA) through its Fishery Management Centre (FMC) is conducting applied research to maintain and increase fish production from the lake. The staff of the centre is now composed of ten newly recruited junior scientists who are receiving technical assistance and supervision from a Japanese consultant Group (Review of the Organization of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Development in Egypt) The University of Alexandria (Oceanography Dept.) and Suez Canal are conducting limited research in oceanography, fisheries, artificial breeding, limnology and other aquatic sciences. 8. TRAINING The Department of Oceanography of the University of Alexandria is considered as the main training institutions for the aquatic sciences and fisheries in Egypt. The curricula of the Department cover: biological oceanography, chemical and physical oceanography, geological oceanography and fishery biology. The Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, gives some fishery training, mostly in fish technology, along with some courses in gear technology, fish biology and aquaculture. The University of Suez Canal in Ismalia has recently started a training programme in fisheries mainly in aquaculture and oceanography in the faculties of Agriculture and Sciences. On a lower training level, the ANFOUSCHY Secondary Indus trial School for Fisheries and Marine Mechanics in Alexandria (established in 1967) and Ras el Bar Secondary School (established in 1981) are training technicians in fishery and marine mechanics. In-service training has also been carried out by the different fishery establishments in the country (Review of the Organization of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Development in Egypt). 9. RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations have been formulated by a group of national consultants arranged by FAO to provide information to the mission set up by FAO in response to the Government of Egypt's request for a comprehensive review of its agricultural and fisheries organization and activities. (The organization of agricultural and fisheries research, technology and development in Egypt ): - to overcome impediments to research and consequently to fishery development, specific short and long term action programmes need careful consideration. - short term actions are needed to: organize research groups and to give problem orientation to their research programmes, develop a training programme for rapid formation of a core of trained scientists. - a close link between resource research and fishery administration should be established, perhaps initially through the creation of a "Fishery Research and Development Joint Policy Advisory Committee". The committee should be responsible for streamlining, allocating priorities and coordinating fishery research between and among the different fishery agencies in Egypt. - priorities in fisheries research should be directed towards: evaluation, of the fisheries resources, their state of exploitation and expected potential; evaluation of fishing gears and their effect on fish stocks; monitoring of fisheries projects and management measures; aquaculture with special regard to management, operation, pond construction, fish hybrids, fish feed, etc. - training in areas of technological research such as exploratory fishing, fish procesing, fish handling, col storage, fish farm engineering, artificial breeding and extension service should have first priority and it will often be advisable that trainees be sent abroad because of the lack of trained scientists in certain specific fields in Egypt. - an incentive programme should be established to raise the morale and problem oriented research productivity of the research and technical staff especially those working in isolated remote areas. - long-term or continuous studies such as life history studies of fishes, chemical analysis, physiology, biochemistry, etc. could be handled by universities. Other technological studies such as catch data analysis, catch per unit of efforts, pollution effects, stock assessment, selectivity of fishing gears, market studies, etc., should be carried out by the appropriate government fishery establishment. continuously and on regular programme basis, as required. Fishery education at all levels needs to be strengthened or re-oriented to meet the requirements of the fishing industry. University curricula should be augmented by special courses in fishery technology. Planning for this should be based on studies of future manpower needs . At an intermediate level, secondary trade schools (as at Anfoushy and Ras El- Bar) need to be complemented by special training for technicians, extension workers, law enforcement officers andd statistic collectors. To gain from experience, it would be advisable to evaluate the contribution of the Anfoushy school to the fishing industry over the past 15 years. To overcome the apparent gap between university theoretical training and the technical abililties of fishery secondary trade school graduates, it is recommended that a "Technical Fishery Institute" should be established. Facilities at the Arab Maritime Transport Academy in Alexandria could house the proposed Institute quite satisfactorily. REFERENCES Pedini - Office Memorandum: Egypt: Fisheries Identification Mission - October 1987 MEDRAP - TR/85/08 - Marine Aquaculture Development in Egypt. Proposals for a pilot project. August 1985. Review of the Mediterranean Regional Aquaculture Project. July 1987. Review of the organization of agricultural and fisheries research, technology and development in Egypt. FAO May 1985 FAO - Yearbook of fisheries statistics, 1985 vol. 60-61 Country Report on Egypt - Draft. November 1985. FIRI/C770.8 National reviews for aquaculture development in Africa, No. 8: Egypt July 1986 SYRIA 1. INTRODUCTION The Syrian coastline is about 133 km in length. There are no lagoons, no estuaries, no closed bays. Most coastal rivers are short (less than 50 km) and seasonal. The main river is separated from the Syrian coast by mountains and is thrown back to Turkey . The Syrian fishery is composed of three elements: coastal sea fisheries, inland fisheries and fish farms. Fishing along the narrow coast strip dates from ancient time and during the last 10-15 years, production has been relatively stable, around 1 000 t/year. Inland fisheries also dates from ancient times but production was limited until the late 1970's. With the implementation of lake Assad and other dams, creating large freshwater areas, production has greatly increased from 250 t in 1970 to more than 2 000 t in 1933 (MEDRAP. FD/85/01). The main catches come from lake Assad and Qattinem. Fish farming is recent, dating from 1964. There are two types of farms: warm-water farms producing carps and tilapias and trout farms. 2. CURRENT STATE OF AQUACULTURE 2.1 Freshwater aquaculture Modern fish farming began in 1964 with the construction of the complex at Ain Taga. As the new venture, it was not modest, for it comprised hatching, holding and rearing ponds in excess of 42 ha. Since then, Government - originally through the Ministry of Agriculture and since 1976 the G.E.F. (General Establishment of Fisheries) - established other farms. At present G.E.F. has ten plants of which nine are warm fish farms (two producing trout and seven carp and tilapia) and one producing carp with floating net cages. They cover a total surface of about 300 ha of which almost 250 ha of water. Cage culture in lake Assad was introduced by G.E.F. with the technical assistance of Federal Republic of Germany. There are 106 cages (TCP/SYR/0103) and fish production has proved satisfactory. The freshwater farm production was 1 306 cons in 1983 of which 995 produced in G.E.F. farms (MEDRAP - FD/85/01). The private sector began aquaculture and, although no accurate record exists, it is believed that there are 40 farms of various sizes (but probably not bigger than 4 ha) and degrees of efficiency in the western part of the country, particularly in Hama district. They produce principally carps. 2.2 Marine aquaculture No marine aquaculture farms exist in Syria. Around 1975 the University of Latakia inaugurated a six-storey marine station in Latakia. Scientific equipment was donated by USAID, but this has not yet been installed. The station has not started to function due to the budgetary problems and lack of specialized personnel (TCP/SYR/0103). 2.3 Professional and technical staff The G.E.F. has a staff of 15-20 aquaculturists, all of which are employed in freshwater fish farms. During the 1970's these aquaculturists were sent to USSR or East Germany and trained in trout culture or carp culture. There is no training in aquaculture in Syria and none of the trainees had any previous experience before they were sent abroad. 3. PROGRAMME The Government has now granted a high priority to the increase of fish production, mostly for inland waters. This development will take place over the next five year plan period. The project concerns marine and inland fisheries and freshwater and marine aquaculture. Concerning freshwater aquaculture, the project includes: - improvement of general fish farming management; - improvement of seed production; - development of polyculture, especially by introduction of mullet and Tilapia nilotica; - improvement of fish-feed production, especially for fry and fingerlings; - development of preserving, processing and marketing services owing to the increase in production; - development of marine fish farming. 4. PRODUCTION The total fish production from aquaculture in Syria in 1981 was 982 t (TCP/SYR/0103) corresponding to 23% of the total capture fisheries (4 282 t) and to 29% of total freshwater fishery (3 359 t). In 1983, total production from aquaculture was 1 306 t (MEDRAP - FD/85/01) of which 995 t were produced in G.E.F. farms. The G.E.F. justifies the increase as due to improved technology. 5. MARKETING Total domestic catches (including aquaculture production) were 5 000 t (FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics) of which about 1 000 t from marine fisheries. Imports in 1985 were 6 214 t (FAO, Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics) mainly represented by fishmeals and similar animal feedingstuffs (3 000 t) and by and preparations (3 214 t) (FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics ) . Fresh marine fish is only marketed in coastal regions and, at a lower level, in Damascus; this is because of the limited production and the method of preservation are often inefficient in small towns or villages. The distribution chain of fresh or frozen fish is short; there are no wholesale markets and import middlemen have been eliminated since 1981 with the decision to allow import licences to the General Establishment of Consumption (TCP/SYR/0103) . 6. INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT There is no institution in Syria giving assistance to small scale fisheries nor are there any fishery research or monitoring of fishery activities. There are two governmental bodies charged with matters related to marine fisheries: the Department of Fisheries and the General Establishment of Fisheries, Coordination of activities of both institutions is assured by a committee of their representatives. 6.1 Department of Fisheries It is part of the General Directorate of Ports within the Ministry of Transport. The Department was created in 1960 and it is based at Latakia. The functions of the Department are: to award annual licences to fishermen and fishing boats, to collect and compile landing statistics, to draft and implement fisheries regulations and control pollution. 6.2 The General Establishment of Fisheries (GEF) The G.E.F., with headquarters in Jeble, was created in 1974 as part of the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reform. It is generally agreed that the main responsabilicies of the G.E.F.are : − to promote the development of a fishing industry through its own production means and those of fishermen's cooperatives; − to monitor the progress of such industry; - to conduct applied research in aquaculture; - to provide extension services to fishermen; - to propose new fishing rules or changes to present regulations. In order to reach its various objectives, G.E.F. has six Directorates (TCP/SYR/0103). REFERENCES MEDRAP - FD/35/01. Lattaquie, Syria, Projet pilote d'aquaculture. Main 1985. TCP/SYR/0103 - Marine Aquaculture Development in Syria. July 1982. FAO, Yearbook, of fishery statistics. Vol. 60-61. TURKEY 1. INTRODUCTION The country is surrounded by three seas: the Black Sea in the North, the Aegean Sea in the West and the Mediterranean Sea in the South, joined together by the Bosphorous and the Canakkale Straits (Dardanelles). The Turkish coastline is 8 3 33 km long and there are 175 715 km of rivers; natural lakes and lagoons cover a total area of 906 113 ha respectively. (MEDRAP TD/36/06). 2. CURRENT STATE OF AQUACULTURE 2.1 Marine Aquaculture (ADCP/REP/87/29) 1938 production statistics were 605 t of sea bream, 230 t of sea bass, 4 589 of mullet and 445 t of eels, all from lagoon culture. Total catch in 1985 from all sources was stated to be 1 553 t of sea bass, 710 t of sea bream, 2 748 t of mullet and 583 t of eels while FAO Yearbook of fishery statistics show respectively: 653 t, 1 056 t, 12 426 t and 583 t. During the workshop on the market for the prime mediterranean species, held in December 1986 a Norwegian participant stated that there was also cage production in Turkey which was expected to contribute 100 t per year of sea bass/bream in 1987 and 300-400 t/year in 1988 (ADCP/REP/87/29). There also exists a commercial farm (PINAR - Deniz Urunleri A.S.) with hatchery (1 000 000 fry capacity) and cages producing sea bream and sea bass ( S • Cataudella, personal communication). 2.2 Fresh water aquaculture The aquaculture share in freshwater fish production has been gradually rising with over 100 private farms now operating throughout Turkey, whose main products are carps (11 658 t), trout (602 t) and eels (4 24 t) (FAO, Statistics office). 3. PROGRAMME The Turkish Government has realized the need to accord a high priority to increasing the Mediterranean and Aegean fish production, especially by improving lagoon fisheries and developing lagoon and marine aquaculture, The Turkish Government, through the Ministry of Agriculture and the collaboration and supervision of the State Planning Organization of Turkey, will provide a special budget to establish the Beymelek Aquaculture Centre by the end of 1987. This centre will play a national role through: applied research, training and a local role through a strict collaboration with the local cooperative which manages the Beymelek lagoon. The centre will include a hatchery (200 000 fry/year production capacity), experimental intensive production unit (sea bass sea bream), experimental intensive production unit (sea bream, mullets, shrimps). This centre will receive the UNDP/FAO support through technical assistance, equipment and training (Turkey, Marine Aquaculture Development at Bemelek). 4. PRODUCTION Total landings in Turkey were 576 068 t in 1985 (FAO Yearbook of fishery statistics) of which 43 467 t from inland waters and 532 602 from marine waters. In the period 1979-1984 total production showed a 61% increase. Marine fisheries increased by 58% while inland waters more than doubled the quantities landed. Some of the increase recorded can be attributed to better statistics (MEDRAP. TR/85/12) . Most of marine landings are concentrated in the East and West Black Sea (85%) while the sea of Marmara (9%), Aegean (3%) and Mediterranean show limited productions in terms of quantity. However, 300 000 t out of 400 000 t of fish caught in 1982 in the Black Sea region were anchovies and other pelagic species. At least 100 000 t/year of these species are transformed into fish meal and oil. 1985 production of meals, solubles and other similar animal foodstufs was 45 000 t (FAO, Yearbook of fishery statistics). 5. MARKETING At the moment, Turkish production easily meets the internal demand for fish consumption even if a large percentage of the total product is usually used to produce fish meal and oil. Some pressure has been registered in summer due to the higher demand by tourists. Consumption of fresh and iced fish is increasing. The percentage absorbed by this type of consumption has increased from 68% in 1980 to 74.6% in 1982 (MEDRAP. TR/85/12). In internal trade among different regions, on the average, 55% of total production finds an extra-regional market. Exports represent a neglibible percentage of total production, about 4% In 1985, and they are mainly represented by fish and crustaceans. 6. INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT Fisheries are administered by the General Directorate of Fisheries in the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, but several other agencies, including the State Planning Organization and the Fisheries Division of the State Hydraulics Works are also involved in projects related to marine fisheries and aquaculture. Fishermen may group themselves into cooperatives which are authorized and controlled by Turkish law (ADCP/MR/79/5). The number of fishermen's cooperatives increased from 276 in 1930, to 340 in 1984 and there were six cooperative associations. 14 750 fishermen are registered members (MEDRAP - TD/86/06). The Agriculture Bank has lent 5 billion Turkish pounds (= US$ 2 5 m) to fishermen and industrialists, credit institutions and Government bodies have cooperated for the supply of fishing gear. In 1984, cooperative members imported 54 diesel engines, 46 echo-sounders, and 11 trans-receivers duty free, as well as 3 150 000 fingerlings. 2 yarn and 5 net factories are in active production and, in 1984, only anchovy, sardine and shrimp nets were imported. There are also 18 fish-meal and fish-oil production plants and 191 cold storage units (MEDRAP. TD/86/06). 7. CURRENT RESEARCH (FIRI/TRAM/2455 suppl.) Research is carried out by four existing institutes in Ikizce, Iznik, Kepez and Bodrun, to which will be added a further three planned for the Black Sea, East Anatolia and Aegean. These centres, apart from being involved in advising and monitoring capture fisheries are also being involved in the expansion of aquaculture . Kepez Fisheries Research. Institute near Antalya, on the Mediterranean coast, has all the prerequisites to become a lead aquaculture centre for Turkey and for this purpose it is given the full support of the Government• The Government of Turkey plans to establish a Research Centre at Beymelek lagoon. Currently, various governmental fisheries departments, research stations, etc. in Turkey employ the following personnel: 152 agriculture engineers, 19 chemical engineers, 50 biologists, 4 veterinarians, 102 agricultural technicians, 11 other technicians, 236 junior staff and administrative personnel and 68 other employees. There are 7 Ph.D. graduates, and 10 Ph.D. candidates amongst the employees. Forty peopld have had special training abroad. REFERENCES MEDRAP - TD/86/06 - Seminar. Socio-Economic aspects of aquaculture development in the Mediterranean countries. Djerba (Tunisia) November 14-24, 1985. ADCP/REP/8 7/29. The markets for the prime mediterranean species sea bass, sea bream, mullets and eel, and their links with investment• MEDRAP. TR/85/12. Coastal lagoon management in Turkey; social, economic and legal aspects. October 1985. FAO, Yearbook of fishery statistics. 1985. Vol. 60-61. ADCP/MR/79/5. Development of coastal aquaculture in the Mediterranean region. October 1978-February 1979. FIRI/TRAM/2455 Suppl. Report on freshwater inland fisheries in Turkey. February 1984. Turkey, Marine Aquaculture Development at Bemelek (report of mission) December 1986. OTHER MEDRAP REPORTS TR/85/15 - Contribution of the realisation of Beymelek aquaculture plant project. CYPRUS 1. INTRODUCTION The coastal length of Cyprus is 782 km out of which 413 km are in the occupied Turkish part, 72.82 km belong to the Sovereign British bases and 29 6 km are controlled by the Cyprus Government (MEDRAP - TD/86/06). The efforts made since 1972 by the Department of Fisheries (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources) for the development of marine aquaculture have since brought about the establishment of some private farms. This development is encouraged by the great demand for fresh fish (especially during the tourist season) and, on account of the favourable environmental conditions prevailing such as the sea water temperature (min. 15°C C, max. 28°-29°C) and the very limited coastal pollution (MEDRAP - TR/86/11). In spite of these suitable characteristics for the rearing of Mediterranean species, various negative factors exist: - the coast is characterized by the absence of lagoons so that extensive rearing appears impossible; - protective bays are inexistant and this excludes the use of floating cages; - there is great pressure for tourist development along the coast. The development of marine aquaculture in Cyprus is thus more suitable for inland structures where artificial reproduction of the fish and their intensive fattening could be carried out. 2. CURRENT STATE OF AQUACULTURE 2.1 Department of Fisheries In 1978 the Department of Fisheries installed some cages in the Paphos harbour and started the first attempt at fattening sea bass and gilthead sea bream imported from France. In 1979, the Department began the first experience in artificial reproduction and this activity began in 1981 the main working subject. At present, the small hatchery is still in use but it will soon be replaced by the new one near Larnaca (MEDRAP - TR/86/11). The attempts made with sea bass gave positive results while chose with gilthead sea bream and Siganid (Siganus rivulatus and S. luridus) gave negative results. Cage section (for fattening and stocking broadfish) is placed in the harbour. The new hatchery will be built at Meneou. The expected production could be around 300 000 sea bass fingerlings of 1 gr in weight during two cycles (January - March) which will be sold to the other farms in the island. 2.2 Telia Aquamarine Ltd. Telia Aquamarine Ltd. will built a new fish farm near Xilophagou. Only the fattening unit is scheduled and the fingerlings will be supplied by the Department of Fisheries or imported. 2.3 Sagro Aquaculture Ltd. The Sagro Aquaculture Ltd. located near Paphos (Kouklia) has been working in mariculture since 1984. The farm includes a mariculture section (hatchery, nursery and a scheduled fattening unit) and a Tilapia rearing section (breading, nursery and fattening units). Sagro Aquaculture Ltd. has active support from the Fisheries Department (technical assistance, supply of sea bream and sea bass eggs and fry, supply of sea bass broadfish). There is a small unit where food for Tilapia is produced. 2.4 Fish Farm Development Ltd. (Argyll, Scotland) A hatchery for the reproduction of marine species has been recently built near Cape Aspro (Limassol). At present (1986) eggs are imported, due to the difficulty of the achievement of broodstock. The activity of 1986 season was principally based on gilthead sea bream and a total of 200 000 fingerlings were produced. A few sea bream are retained for its own small grow-out unit but most juveniles are exported (Greece). This unit expects to expand to meet export demand and to continue to serve a research and developmente/demonstration unit for its parent company (UK consultancy) (MEDRAP - TR/86/11; ADCP/REP/87/29) . 2.5 Freshwater aquaculture At present, the production mainly concerns intensive rearing of trout and the restocking of lakes and reservoirs for fishing. The principal problem for fresh water production is the reduced quantity of fresh water at disposal in Cyprus. Total trout production in 1983 reached 45 t and concerns 4 private and one Governmental establishment (managed by the Fisheries Department). This experimental station, located at Kalopanayitis, produces 7-8 t/year of trout sold to private piscicultures (70%) or directly to the public. About 200 000 troutlings are resold to aquaculturists and 60 000 are utilized for the restocking of the lakes and dams. Restocking is also carried out with common carp and, for research purposes, with Chinese carp, tilapia and cray-fish (Pasifastacus leniusculus). 3. PROGRAMME The principal aim of the Fisheries Department is to give assistance and to coordinate the development of the private aquaculture sector. For this reason priority has been given to the implementation of the fingerling production (especially sea bass and gilthead sea bream). Some tests have been carried out on shrimp (P. japonicus) and oyster, but due to the lack of appropriate sites for farming, these are still considered secondary topics in the general activity programme of the Department. The Department explores the possibility of exploiting the population of Artemia salina present in a salt lake, of about 5- 6 km2 , near the airport of Larnaca. The production of cysts appears very variable and it seems strictly related to the quantities of fresh water at disposal (MEDRAP - TR/86/11). Other research work is carried out on fish and shrimp feeding. The Fisheries Department has also implemented a turtle project for the conservation of those species which are at risk of extinction (green turtle and Logger head turtle). A hatchery has been built at Lara beach where the green turtle reproduces naturally in Cyprus. Rearing and feeding tests are being carried out in the laboratory of Nicosia. Concerning freshwater fish, the programme of research concerns: − the perfecting of a local food technique; − tests on the genetic monosex female culture of trout. 4. PRODUCTION In 1984, total domestic fisheries yielded about 2 300 t. This included about 56 t of cultivated trout and about 183 t from trawl fishing trips to international waters which were Government subsidized (MEDRAP - TD/86/06). Two thirds of the catches come from coastal fishing which has a fleet of 447 boats. The existance of two particular sectors should be remarked: sword fish (80 t) and sponge fishing (1 to 2 t). The Turkish occupation brought about the loss of 40% of fishing reserves (continental shelf) and more than 50% of coastal border of the island. Nevertheless, the total catches in 1983 were greater by the 40% than the best production obtained before the occupation. The increase in catches in the territorial water is credited by the administration to the management measures taken: the extension of the prohibition periods for trawlers of 4-5 months (June-October) and the limitation of the driving power of the trawlers. To date, there is no aquaculture production of sea bass, sea bream, mullets or eels. Despite the severe limitations on the development of this production (see introduction) it was forecast that the production of sea bass and sea bream might reach 200 t per year by 1992 (ADCP/REP/87/29). 5. MARKETING Marine fish are highly estimated by Cypriots. The consumption of fish per caput, in 1984, was 3.8 kg/year (ADCP/REP/87/29). A significant part of the good quality fish is consumed by the continuously growing tourist industry - the principal industry of the island (in 1984 about 735 000 tourists visited Cyprus whose local population is 5 38 400). The demand for sea fish is gradually increasing. In 1984 about 2 700 t of fish has been imported (this included 141 t of good quality fish). 5.1 Distribution Traditionally, fresh marine fish is sold wholesale to fish mongers by both inshore fishermen and trawlers at prices fixed through contract. The marketing of farmed marine fish could be undertaken by producers; this is presently done with trout. The favourable environmental conditions could possibly result in end products which could be sold at competitive prices abroad. There exist good plane connexions with both Europe, Near East and Gulf countries which could facilitate the export of aquaculture products. 6. RECOMMENDATIONS During the mission carried out in July 1986 in Cyprus, the following recommendations were proposed: - to build hatcheries for the artificial reproduction due to the absence of natural stocks of the most commonly reared species; - to carry out training activities so as to increase the availability of specialized personnel; - to carry out studies and researches on subjects such as the presence of A. saline in the island, the availability of underground sea water and brackishwater, etc. REFERENCES MEDRAP - TD/86/06 - Seminar: Socio-Economic aspects of Aquaculture Development in the Mediterranean countries. Djerba (Tunisia) 14-24 November 1985. MEDRAP - TR/86/11 - Mission to Cyprus. Present status of Marine Aquaculture. July 1986. MEDRAP - FD/85/06 - General presentation of fish production in Cyprus. October 1985. ADCP/REP/87/29 - The market for the prime Mediterranean species -sea bass, sea bream, mullets and eel and their links with investment. Report of the UNDP/FAO Evaluation Mission. July 1986 OTHER MEDRAP REPORTS ON CYPRUS TR/85/06 - Mr. Apostolides' hatchery (Some data). July 1985. Contents: Revision of the hatchery project TR/85/07 - Mission Report. SAGRO Aquaculture Ltd., Cyprus. July 1985. Contents: Advice to the SAGRO Aquaculture Ltd. on the choice of a sea pumping system, on the implantation of the prefattening and fattening structure and on the installation of the hatchery so that the intensive production of fry may be achieved. GREECE 1. INTRODUCTION Greece has no long standing tradition of aquaculture beyond the conventional exploitation of lagoon fishes. There are a number of rivers and lakes suitable for aquaculture (90 000 ha of lakes, dams, rivers and freshwater sources). a very long coastline that is suitable for cage culture (15 000 km coastline with numerous bays) and some location where lagoon culture would be feasible (40 000 ha of coastal lagoons). Lagoon aquaculture has had a long history in Greece while the intensive culture of trout goes back only a few decades. The private sector dominates the aquacultural scene and the Government is encouraging small farmers to organize cooperatives (Report of the UNDP/FAO evaluation mission). The Government of Greece, assisted by UNDP and FAO, is engaged in the project of Development of Marine and Inland Aquaculture in Greece whose main objective is the preparation of a National Plan for Aquaculture Development, to increase the availability of farmed fish and reduce reliance on imported fish, fish products and fish feed (FI:DP/GRE/85/002). 2. CURRENT STATE OF AQUACULTURE 2.1 Lagoon production Lagoon production presently remains extensive in traditional fishery systems. The 40 000 ha of coastal lagoons produce 5-6 000 t of fish per year (MEDRAP - FD/85/08). Semi-intensive cultivation in lagoons is at present in the early stages of development in Greece. All Greek lagoons are the property of the state and under the supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture. The provincial governments can lease out part of all of the lagoons to cooperatives or private investors. Priority is given to extensive and semi- intensive exploitation cooperatives whereas for inshore Intensive culture equal access for all interested parties is envisaged. 2.2 Intensive sea bass/bream aquaculture The intensive production of sea bream and sea bass was zero in 1984 and about 5-6 t in 1985 (50% each). In 1986, 22 t of seabream and 10 t of seabass were produced (ADCP/REP/87/29). The following table shows all the existing hatcheries or hatchery plans in Greece (source: FI.DP/GRE/85/0 02 Field Document 7): LIST OF OPERATIONAL AND PLANNED MARINE HATCHERIES Project Location Ownership Species Fry Production Farm On- Source of Capacity/Year growing Grant Capacity (T/Year) Operational 1. Cefalonia Is. (1) Private BA/BR 1.500.000 300 FEOGA 2. Leros Is. (2) Private BA/BR 400.000 40 FEOGA Under Construction 3. Rhodos Is. (3) Private BA/BR 1.000.000 150 FEOGA 4. Kyparissi Coop. (4) BA/BR 250.000 ? M.A. 5. Bogonitsa (Preveza) State BA/BR 2.000.000 ? M.A./PIM Grant Approved 6. Pallo Varga (Amvrakikos) Private BA/BR 2.000.000 250 M.N.E. 7. Kapari Hermionls (Argolida) Private BA/BR 2.000.000 250 M.N.E. 8. IthakI Is. Private BA/BR 1.500.000 150 M.N.E. 9. Gialtra (Evla Is.) Private BA/BR 1.500.000 150 M.N.E. Grant Applied For 10. Tyros (Arcadia) Private BA/BR 2.000.000 250 M.N.E. 11. Istlea (Evla Is.) Private BA/BR 2.000.000 110 FEOGA 12. Kimi (Evia Is.) Private BA/BR 2.000.000 280 FEOGA 13. Almiropotamos (Evia Is. ) Coop. (5) BA/BR 2.000.000 80 - 14. Igoumenitsa Private BA/BR 2.000.000 150 ? 15. Messolonghi (pcheelosi (6) State BA/BR 1.500.000 100 FEOGA Planned 16. Pylos (Messinia) State BA/BR 2.000.000 200 (8) M.A. 17. Pteleoa (Volos) State BR 1.000.000 - M.A. 18. Sagiada F. (Igoumenitsa) State BR 1.000.000 - M.A. 19. Iraklion (Crete) State (7) BA/BR 500.000 - ? 20. Anudia (Preveza) Private BA/BR 1.000.000 250 M.N.E. 21. Athens State (9) BA/BR 100.000 - ?

BA: Sea bass BR: Sea bream M.A.: Ministry of Agriculture PIM. : Integrated Plans for Mediterranean M.N.E.: Ministry of National Economy, Law 262 2.3 Trout farming By far the most important cultured fish in Greece is the (Salmo gairdneri)■ Estimates of the total number of trout farms in Greece ranged from 115 (Agricultural Development Bank) to in excess of 200 (Paseges and the Ministry of Agriculture). Most of the trout farms are very small and some operate only intermittently. Almost all Greek trout production is of "portion-sized" fish, but the portion size of 300-3 50 g in Greece is a little larger than that in most other European countries. Official estimates of total production from Greek rainbow trout farms daring 1986 varied from about 1 800 t (Agricultural Development Bank) to 2 500 t (Joannina Trout Farming Cooperatives), but all authorities were agreed that output is now fairly static from year to year (FI:DP/GRE/85/002 Field Document 4). 2.4 Carp farming Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has been important in Greek freshwater fisheries for many years but true farming of the species in artificial ponds and hatcheries is a recent development. Reliable official figures on production of common carp in Greece are difficult to obtain, because of the country's output comes from small-scale capture fisheries. The best guess for 1986 lies between 2 and 3 000 t. Of the total production, only about 100 t could be said to be farmed, i.e. produced in artificial, managed ponds. According to the Agricultural Development Bank, there are already 22 carp farms in Greece, but most of these are very small and some operate only intermittently. Recently, three "new" carp species have been introduced to Greece; these species are part of a group of fishes known as the Chinese major carps (FI:DP/GRE/85/002. Field Document 4). 2.5 Other freshwater fish rearing Two small freshwater fish farms in Greece are producing tilapias. Recently experimental culture has been carried out on coho salmon (imported from Canada) in freshwater with poor growth results (FI:DP/GRE/85/002 Field Document 4). Eel production depends on the direct collection and purchase of wild elvers. 2.6 Shellfish cultivation True cultivation of shellfish in Greece has only begun in the last five years and is at present only concerned with one species, the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. All other species, and much of mussel production, are still only fished from wild stock. The situation is likely to change for two species, namely the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis , and the clam, Venerupis/Tapes decussatus; the first because of the decline in catches and the second for its high commercial value. Interest in crustacean (penaeid shrimp) culture is at a similar level. A commercial proposal has been made to establish a penaeid hatchery on the island of Skyros and the Ministry of Agriculture are considering a shrimp hatchery in their plans for state marine hatcheries. Mussel cultivation is expanding rapidly, especially around Thermaikos Gulf (FI:DP/GRE/85/002. Field Document 6). Total molluscan production was estimated by Arrundale to be 6 000 t in 1986. C. Askew estimated (FI:DP/GRE/85/002 Field Document 6) that this would have consisted approximately as follows: t Oysters (wild) 1 800 Palourde (wild) 150 Mussels (wild) 3 250 Mussels (cultivated) 800 3. PROGRAMME The Greek government realized the necessity of increasing the production of fish through aquaculture, especially by developing marine rearings and by improving the existing productions of lagoonal and freshwater fish (trout and carp). In the National Development five-year Plan it is intended to increase aquaculture production by 10% per year. Other Governmental objectives are measures for the distribution of fish products and to encourage the entry of national industry into aquaculture field (e.g. for the manufacture of fish cages, of fish feed, etc.), the control of water quality and the promotion of mariculture products. Pilot projects with associated infrastructure developments are in progress at Messolanghi and Kyparissi in order to stimulate interest and expertise (Report of the UNDP/FAO evaluation mission). 4. PRODUCTION Globally in 1981 the fisheries production was 120 000 t (MEDRAP - TR/85/13) of which 89 000 t were fresh Mediterranean fish, 18 500 t were frozen fish and 12 500 t were lagoon and inland water production (Including aquaculture). Fish production in Greece in 1956 was 138 126 t. Extensive and intensive aquaculture production in 1986 was: Lake and river fishing 1 812t Lagoon fishing 2 588t Sub-total 4 400t Trout farming 1 800t Carp farming 100t Marine fish farming 90t Mussel cultivation 230t Eel farming 6t Sub-total 2 226t TOTAL 4 626t (FI:DP/GRE/85/002: Field Document 9) 4 .1 Employment Thirty thousand people are employed in the fisheries sector (MEDRAP - TR/85/13). The total number of employees in the intensive production unit in 1986 was 312 people while in the extensive production unit (lagoon, lake and river) 2 747 people were employed (FI:DP/GRE/85/002 Field Document 9). It should be noted that employment is predominantly of part-time nature, with fishing and fishing cultivation combined with other seasonal and part-time activities, except in marine fish farming and a very small proportion of trout farming. 5. MARKETING In terms of fish trade balance Greece shows a negative figure (see Figure 1). The fish consumption demand is 15.8 kg/per caput/year; importation was 45 000 t in 1981 and 66 614 t in 1984. The consumers demand in Greece is mainly directed towards the most expensive species (sea bass, sea bream, sole) whole production is limited in Greece. 5.1 Export A third of exported fish is eel (Italy absorbs 55%). Seventy percent of exported molluscs and crustaceans are flat oysters (Spain absorbs 88%) (MEDRAP - TR/85/13). 6. INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT The Ministry of Agriculture, through its Fisheries Service, has the principal role in aquaculture development and control. It is responsible for the administration of the relevant legislation and for the promotion and planning of new development. The Fisheries Service also administers state and FEOGA assistance schemes and operates an extension service through its regional offices. Out of a total complement of 150, 30 officials are based in central offices in Athens, the rest in regional offices. Currently 15 officers have specifically aquaculture responsabilities. Fisheries officers are predominantly biology graduates. The Ministry of National Economy is responsible for the administration of regional development schemes and operates a national grant scheme which is separate from that operated by the Ministry of Agriculture. Under this scheme, aquaculture in any area of Greece is placed in the highest assistance category. The Ministry of Industry, Energy and Technology is involved in aquaculture development through funding of research and development institutes and programmes. The Ministry of Education funds university programmes and the Messolonghi training facilities. The Agricultural Bank of Greece which is state-owned, is the principal source of credit for projects and has shareholdings in a wide range of public and semi-public agencies, such as development companies and technical assistance organizations. It has a fishery section in its central office in Athens. In preparation for future development in aquaculture, the Bank has trained 50 employees for technical assessment and 25 for financial assessment. The cooperative sector has a dominant role in prime production in Greece. There are some 7 000 cooperatives with approximately 1 million members, accounting for between 80% and 90% of all agricultural producers. In fisheries, however, cooperative involvement is low with membership levels accounting for only 3%. PASEGES (Panhellenic Confederation of Agricultural Cooperatives) performs coordinating and representative functions. It is attempting to increase its involvement in fisheries and aquaculture and lobbies the Government on behalf of the industry. Cooperatives play an important: role in lagoon fisheries and in the introduction of improved marketing system and facilities. 7. TRAINING The Universities of the Aegean, Athens, Thessaloniki, Patras and Crete all have biology departments and run both undergraduate and postgraduate courses. The University of Thessaloniki has drafted a proposal for a course in aquaculture to be included as an optional subject in its undergraduate course. The University of Crete, through its recently created Institute of Marine Biology, plans a major involvement in aquaculture. Other postgraduate training is provided in Athens by the Centre for the Promotion of Productivity. The Department of Applied Hydrobiology of the Agricultural University College of Athens runs an 18 month optional course in aquaculture as part of its graduate course in agriculture. The main centre for technical training is at the Messolonghi Technical College where a 3-year course is provided to approximately 120 students each year. Short courses have been provided by PASEGES and the Organization for the Employment of Unemployed Workers. Both training of specialists and researchers in specialist areas, such as marine hatchery technology and fish pathology, is conducted through foreign visits and the contracting of foreign experts (FI:DP/GRE/85/002 Field Document 9). RECOMMENDATION The following recommendations have been formulated by N.J. MacPherson in his report "Aquaculture Development Planning in Greece" (FI:DP/GRE/85/002 - Field documents). Recommendations That the current extnsion service should be changed to make it broader and more capable of giving practical support in the field. That training provision should be revised to reflect actual demand from the industry and to increase the amount of practical content. That semi-intensive methods should be given a higher priority and be more fully exploited. That an information service should be created to cater for the needs of producers. That the role of the cooperative sector should be strengthened to help solve current marketing problems with freshwater species and future marketing and production problems with mussels and marine fish. That a capacity for applied research should be established. That the involvemenet of regional government in planning, strategy and support services should be reinforced. That policies for government support and assistance should distinguish between the market-related problems of trout, carp and mussels and the production-related problems of other species. That levels of direct taxation on production should be significantly reduced. That grant assistance should be available for initial operating costs for intensive production projects. That, where new intensive systems are to be introduced, technical and management support should be provided from external sources for the initial phases. That information on pollution effects from aquaculture be produced and widely disseminated. That legislation and licence acquisition be improved by the introduction of zoning of sea areas. That the current allocation of licences should avoid the monopolisation of sea areas by individuals or firms. That public hatcheries should be run on commercial lines and freed from central civil service control. REFERENCES Report of the UNDP/FAO evaluation mission. July 1986 MEDRAP - FD/85/08. National Aquaculture Development Project -Document proposal. November 1985. ADCP/REP/87/29 . The market for the prime Mediterranean species -sea bass, sea bream, mullet and eel and their links with investment. MEDRAP - TD/86/06 - Seminar. Socio-economic aspects of aquaculture development in the Mediterranean countries. Djerba (Tunisia) 14-24 November 1985. MEDRAP - TR/85/13 - Coastal lagoon management in Greece: social, economic and legal aspects. October 1985. FI:DP/GRE/85/002 Field Document 4. October 1987. Freshwater fish culture in Greece. FI :DP/GRE/85/002 Field Document 6. November 1987. Shellfish cultivation in Greece. FI:DP/GRE/85/002 Field Document 7. November 1 987. Marine Fish Hatcheries in Greece. FI:DP/GRE/85/002 Field Document 9. November 1987. Aquaculture Development Planning in Greece.

OTHER MEDRAP REPORTS ON GREECE FD/84/06 - Review of and Proposals for two aquaculture projects in Greece, Messolonghi and Kyparissi. August 1984. Contents: Analysis of the situation of marine aquaculture in Greece. Review of Messolonghi and Kyparissi project. TR/84/03. General remarks on the mission carried out in Greece. August 1984. Contents: Analysis of the Kyparissi projects and propositions for a work plan. General remarks on the visit to Messolonghi. FD/84/02 - Kyparissi project. August 1984. Contents: study of an integrated aquaculture project at Kyparissi . TR/85/03 - Report on mission to Greece. March 1985. Contents: collection of data for a detailed preliminary roject at Kyparissi. TR/85/02 - Report on mission to Greece. March 1985. Contents: Proposition for the construction of a unit for fry rearing (sea bass, sea bream and mullet). TR/85/0 4 - Report on the shellfish culture development. Possibilities at Kyparissi. June 1985. Proposition of a work programme for shellfish culture in Kyparissi . FD/85/03 - Kyparissi project. Review on the T.A.I. report: the hatchery. July 1985. FD/85/04 - Kyparissi project. Proposition for the final project. Contents: Final project for the hatchery. July 1985. TR/86/03 - Aquaculture development in Greece. Travel report. May 1986. Contents: Examination of two projects in the areas of Pylos and Messolonghi. Evaluation of technical and constructive aspects of management and productive aspects. Evaluation of productive potential of Tripolis area. YUGOSLAVIA 1. INTRODUCTION The history of Yugoslavian aquaculture goes back to at least the fourteenth century in eastern European carp culture and 10 0 years ago semi-intensive aquaculture was introduced into Croatia. Some of the existing fish farms are nearly 100 years old. However, intensive and semi-intensive culture of marine species has only about a ten year old history with the first hatcheries being established in the present decade. Freshwater resources are extensive, however, and the present law limits the conversion of land to aquaculture to lands that cannot be used for agricultural crops such as flood prone areas and swamplands. Pollution is beginning to be a problem and there are sporadic droughts of sufficient severity to cause water quality to decline. 2. CURRENT STATE OF AQUACULTURE In order to increase the supply of food, marine aquatic farming is in the process of development. Mussel and , a long tradition on the Yugoslav coast, has reecently been revitalized. Fish farming for sea bass and sea bream using floating cages has also been encouraged. There is intensive freshwater pond farming in the northern part of Yugoslavia and catches from some freshwater lakes and rivers. Presently there are about 20 ha of rainbow trout fams. 2.1 Shellfish culture The culture of flat oysters and mussels is well developed, particularly in the Bays of Kotor, Ston, Pomer, Limski Kanal and elsewhere on a smaller scale. Ston is still the best centre of production on the eastern Adriatic coast. Various methods are used for the capture of spat and for the culture of flat oysters and mussels. This type of culture is carried out by cooperatives and private farmers. 2.2 Sea bream/sea bass culture The principal operating units in Yugoslavia are: Cenmar which has its head office in Zadar, a hatchery at Nin and a sea cages farm at Lamljana Bay on the island of Ugliam and R.O. Mirna with its head office at Rovinj and sea unit in the Limski Kanal. Cenmar started production in February 1984. The projected capacity of the hatchery is 1.5 million sea bass (D. labrax) fry and 0.5 million sea bream (S. aurata) . in the first trial production 1.1 million sea bass fry were produced (INFOFISH marketing digest No. 5/85). Target production is 300 t/year mainly for export (Italy). MIRNA is involved in a polycultare programme. Limski Kanal currently produces annually 1 million oysters and 120 t of mussels (FI:DP/YUG/011). Trials are also conducted with cage culture of sea bass and sea bream. Imported fry (Italy, France) averaging 1 g , take approximately 18 months to reach 300 gr (FI:DP/YUG/011). Mirna will shortly begin the construction of a hatchery at the mouth of the fjord. Current objective is an annual production of 150 t of fish. Long-term plans for aquaculture include development of at least two other bays on the Istrian peninsula: the estuary of the RASA river and Budava Bay. The Mirna company owns a fishing fleet which lands sardine into Rovinj. It has a fish meal plant capable of producing 1 000 t/year and the capacity to make up its own pelleted food (FI:DP/YUG/011). 2.3 Trout and salmon in brackish water The encouraging results obtained with rainbow trout in cages in brackish water by scientists of "Ridjer Boskovic" Institute (Zagreb and Sibenik) have been taken up by a number of local companies. Actually, rainbow trout smolts are produced in two farms: Gacka fish farm of the Zagrebbanka company and from a new trout farm near Sinj. Production occurred in Skradin and in Zaton In five farms: Actually coho salmon are imported at eyed egg stage principally from USA. In June 1987 about 55 t of coho salmon of 800-1 000 gr have been obtained in two farms (a private farm at Skradin and Sibenka company in Zaton). (Report on visit to Yugoslavia and Rome). 2.4 Carp culture (Inland fisheries of Europe - draft) Although "carp farms" represent the commonest form of aquaculture in Yugoslavia, it should be understood that perhaps ten percent of the fish reared in these farms are other species such as tench, catfish, pike-perch and pike. By far the principal fish cultivated is the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Carp culture, the best developed, sector of the industry, has had a constant expansion. The production in 1978 was 27 322 t (Yugoslavia, EIFAC 1979). The area devoted to carp ponds in 1978 was 22 850 ha. A good deal of carp production in Yugoslavia is now from artificial spawning using hypophysation. Higher stocking densities, intensive feeding, genetic selection, disease control and imp roved pond management including polyculture, are other factors which have improved warm water aqaaculture in Yugoslavia. 2.5 Trout culture Trout culture which is devoted mainly to the use of rainbow trout, has developed more slowly. Pond area was 26 ha in 1978 and production was 3 500 t. Trout farmers have relied on artificial feeding for some years and have gradually installed modern methods. Since trout is a luxury food, export markets are important (Inland fisheries of Europe - draft). 3. PROGRAMME Opportunities exist for expansion of shellfish and fish farming, the Adriatic coast being ideal for those activities having largely unpolluted waters. Several new stations with hatchery have been built, new places for farming identified and adequate technology developed. Favourable results in this segment are expected and present production targets for 1988 are 10 000 t. There is no clearly defined policy and strategy for fishery development in Yugoslavia. Prime emphasis is placed on increasing landings and expanding domestic consumption. The mariculture already receives the necessary encouragement and, provided positive results can be maintained, continued support may be expected in che near future (FID/CP/YUG. Rev. 1). 4. PRODUCTION The following data were produced during the fifteenth FA0 Regional Conference for Europe on the Development of Aquaculture in Europe held in Istanbul in 1986. Aquaculture production in Yugoslavia (1985) Carp 13 000 Eel 50 Salmon 50 Sea bream 5 Sea bass 20 Mussels 2 000 Oyster (flat) 40

(These data are in contrast with figures shown in Chapter 2). 5. MARKETING Of the total domestic marine fish production, 70-80% is absorbed by the processing industry. Moreover, 7 000-15 0 00 t of fresh and frozen fish a year are imported for canning plants in order to supplement the insufficient domestic supply. is presently carried out in nine modern plants, equipped with refrigerated storage and fish reduction facilities. Total yearly production of canning industry fluctuated between 35 000-42 000 t of products (1973-1934). About 40% is exported. Domestic marine production allocated to the domestic market does not exceed 10 000 t. This quantity is supplemented by imports of frozen fish which fluctuated between 12 000-24 000 t in the last decade. Average annual consumption is about 3 kg per caput. Processed fish products, largely exported, have a considerable role in foreign exchange earnings. However, Yugoslavia is obliged to import quantities of frozen fish for processing and to supply local market demand, together with very considerable quantities of fish meal (FID/CP/YUG Rev.1). 6. RESEARCH Several institutions in Yugoslavia are involved in research in various scientific disciplines related to the Adriatic Sea and fisheries activities. Particular attention is given to the assessment of resources, fish abundance, distribution and changes. Technical-technological problems, as well as economics of fisheries, are also well covered. The main investigation centre in the Republic of Croatia is the Institute for Oceanography and Fishery in Split, while other stations/institutions are located in Rovinj, Dubrovnik and Zagreb. Other republics, Slovenia (Portoroz) and Montenegro (Kotor) possess their own research entities. Research on food-technological problems is conducted by the Centre for Fish and Mediterranean Industry in Zadar. All research centres possess well equipped laboratories and qualified research staff. Academic education with specialization on marine and freshwater fisheries and emphasizing different topics is available at various universities in Yugoslavia (FID/CP/YUG/Rev.1). REFERENCES CENMAR - a large marine hatchery. Infofish Marketing Digest No. 5/85. Report on visit to Yugoslavia and Rome. October 1937. YUG/83/011. Managing the biological resources of Adriatic sea. FI:DP/YUG/011. Field document. November 1984. Status and prospects for brackish and sea water cage culture of finfish in Yugoslavia with special emphasis on salmonid species. FID/CP/YUG. Rev. 1 Fishery country profile: Yugoslavia Inland fisheries of Europe: Yugoslavia. Draft by Wm. A. Dill, May 1985. MEDRAP. TR/87/02. Mission Report. The development of Malistone Bay. Yugoslavia. February 1987. ERC/86/4. Development of Aquaculture in Europe. MALTA 1. INTRODUCTION Several attempts have been made to culture fish or shellfish in Malta since 1968, such as oysters, mussels, mullets and tilapia. These attempts failed for several reasons (loss of culture due to rough seas, water contamination, pilferage, lack of funds, etc.). 2. CURRENT STATE OF AQUACULTURE In 1985, the Government of the Republic of Malta requested the assistance of MEDRAP and that of other institutions, such as the Council of Europe and the PAP/RAC, for the implementation of a first pilot project. In July 1986, two cages with 17 000 sea bass fry were installed under the assistance of MEDRAP , in the Mistra Bay so as to allow the Maltese to become familiar with fish rearing techniques and to study the true potential of aquaculture in Malta. Unfortunately, in the winter 1986-87, the cages were destroyed by rough seas. Despite the result of this experience, the Government is interested in the continuation of this experience. There are no private aquaculture farms except two ponds where mullets are extensively reared; however, the private sector including fishermen, feed producers and financial investors are very interested and investments in marine aquaculture are expected in the near future. 3. PROGRAMME The Government is engaged in a prog ramie whose main purpose is the improvement in general of the national fish product and in particular the development of the aquaculture production (Present Five-year National Plan, 1985-1990). The objectives of the Governments, as a whole, in terms applicable to fisheries are to increase supply of fish, to create employment, to contribute to an inflow of foreign exchange and to use more underutilized natural resources. 4. PRODUCTION From early times, fishing has been carried out along the narrow southern coastal strip and on the north-eastern continental shelf but, over the last 10 to 15 years, the production hs gradually been on the decline from 1 530 t in 1976 to 990 t in 1933. In 1984, the production gave better results due mainly to the very important catches of dorado (dolphin-fish) which made up 45-50% of total catches (MEDRAP FD/86/01). There is no aquaculture production. 5. MARKETING In terms of fish trade balance Malta shows a negative figure (see Fig- 1). Fifty percent of the total fish supply is imported (including frozen, smoked and canned fish). During the last five years no fresh fish was imported (MEDRAP FD/86/01). Fresh fish is mainly exported to Lybia and Italy (5 t in 1984) by the Maltese Arab Fishery Co. Malta has increased its consumption of all animal protein food (35 kg/caput/year ) either through imports or national production; fish has taken up a relative share of about 14- 15% equally split between imports and national poduction. 6. INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT The Government's main objective, during the last five year National Plan (1981- 85) was to develop the fishing industry by means of a crawler fleet. A great priority is now accorded to aquaculture in the new five-year National Plan (1986-1990). The fisheries sector is administered by the Ministry of Agriculure and Fisheries, through the Department of Fisheries. This Department has no experience in marine aquaculture but could acquire such an experience through training sessions, study tours, etc. The University of Malta has no college of marine sciences and there appears to be little cooperation between it and the Department of Fisheries even if, in the past, it had contracted most research work on aquaculture, carried out in Malta. Science Department could cooperate in the future with the Department of fisheries especially or the study and the monitoring of the sites. 7. RECOMMENDATIONS The participants in the mission carried out in Malta, in November 1985, to establish a programme to improve the National fish production, recommended: - to undertake a survey of sites and lands suitable for cage and pond installation; - to establish a regulation to control sale and lease of land suitable for aquaculture; - to establish a regulation against the pollution of these sites ; - to establish a Joint Committee of Aquaculture including the Department of Fisheries, the University of Malta and other institutes or services involved in aquaculture development; - to encourage applied research on local species or local strains in the field of reproduction, nutrition, pathology, etc. - to implement a fish marine aquaculture station in order to link basic and applied research closely. REFERENCES MEDRAP FD/8 6/01- Republic of Malta. Marine Aquaculture Development (First Draft) January 1986. MEDRAP REPORTS ON MALTA TR/86/07. Mission to Malta July 1986. Contents: Installation of the cages in Mistra bay. Reception of the fry arriving from France. Organization of the programme of cage culture . TR/86/12. Mission to Malta. October 1986. Contents:Sanitary advice on a fish mortality in the cage culture in Mistra Bay. PORTUGAL 1. INTRODUCTION Fish and shellfish utilization in Portugal has a long history and includes mainly extensive culture methods. Marine fishes have been cultivated mainly in connexion with salt production at the water entrance ponds serving salinas, in estuarine ponds and in coastal lagoons. A total of over 28 000 ha was suitable for coastal aquaculture; 18% was used for salt production. By 1986, with access to EEC funds, about 3 000 ha had already been devoted to aquaculture (Programme de orientacao plurianual para a aquacultura). 2. CURRENT STATE OF AQUACULTURE 2.1 Sea water culture The total surface utilized for aquaculture is now about 1 690 ha. There are two classical installations: saline and coastal ponds both utilizing total movement for water renewal and stocked with wild fry. Average production is 200-300 kg/ha/year with the exception of the Algarve region where production reaches 400 kg/ha/year. Production of sea water culture is mainly represented by mullet (50%), sea bass and sea bream (35%) and sole (5-8%). (Programme de orientacao pluriannual para a aquacultura). A commercial sea bass/bream/sole hatchery was expected to be operational by the end of 1987 and two firms started semi-intensive sea bass/sea bream grow out operations, projecting 10 t/ha/y (ADCP/REP/87/29). 2.2 Shellfish culture There are about 1 600 shellfish parks covering a surface of 1 030 ha, mainly located in the Algarve region. Clam (Ruditapes decussata) is the principal production, about 7 000 t. Production is extensive and spat is collected. Now oyster (C. angulata) culture is starting again in the regions of Algarve and Setubal. 2.3 Eel culture There are on the whole three eel farms (one in the Algarve region) with prefattening and fattening units. 2.4 Trout culture This production is mainly located in the north and in the centre of Portugal. There are 3 7 farms of which 27 specialized in fingerling and troutling production. They are intensive units, mainly with structures. 2.5 Shrimp culture Shrimp culture is at an experimental level. Research is carried out on P. japonicus in extensive rearing. Results are encouraging: 250-300 kg/ha in 4 months (Programa de orientacao para a aquacultura). 3. PROGRAMME The main objectives of the National Plan for Aquaculture (1987-1991) are to fully utilize natural potentiality and to increase coastal and inland aquaculture production. These main objectives will be reached with different strategies: - development and consolidation of the sector; - construction of productive units; - research on artificial reproduction of some species; - national production of trout feed; - increase of the national production of troutlings; - improvement of fry collection. 4. PRODUCTION Aquaculture production when compared to fishery production is insignificant: 1 000 t polyculture (mariculture) 8 220 t shellfish culture 1 165 t trout 590 t eels (Programa de orientacao plurianual para a aquacltura) 5. MARKETING Based on data of FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics total fishery landing in 1985 was 289 543 t, import 144 594 t and export 65 188. Imports are mainly represented by dried, salt or : 90 558 t. Aquaculture production of sea fish (sea bass, sea bream, eel) and part of clam production is exported while total trout production is consumed in the country. 6. RESEARCH Research on environmental aspects of mariculture have, in the past, been sporadic and have focussed mainly on water quality variations in fish ponds, shellfish beds and supporting estuaries and coastal lagoons. The present research activities consider more specific aspects, include often an experimental part and aim at well defined key issues: - optimization of environmental conditions for including nutrient evaluation, benthos studies and plankton growth; - identifying conditions in fish ponds and studying the influence of the intake water on system performance. Consideration is given to water exchange rates and their importance on environmental conditions in the variety of farm sites; - monitoring shellfish beds from a sanitary viewpoint. (Report of the ad hoc Study Group on Environmental impact of Mariculture) . The institutes working on aquaculture are: INIP (Instituto Nacional de Investigacao dos Pescas) FCL (Faculdade de Ciencias de Lisboa) ICBAS (Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicos Abel Salazar) IZ/FPC (Instituto de Zoologia. Faculdade de Ciencias do Porto) ISA (Instituto Superior de Agronomia). INIP has its headquarters in Lisbon and other centres in the north (Matosinhos and Aveiro), in the Centre (Setubal) and in the south (Faro) of the country. Its staff is working both on marine and freshwater aquaculture and several other subjects related to fishery and aquaculture. INIP has experimental aquaculture farms in Lisbon and Faro working on artificial reproduction of sea bass, sea bream, sole (S. solea, S. senegalensis) and rearing of other species. The University of Porto and Lisbon have research teams working on trout, shrimp and eels. Pathology research and sanitary control on aquatic animals is carried out by LNIV (Laboratorio Nacional de Investigacao Veterinaria) and 1Z/FCP. REFERENCES Programa e orientacao plurianual para aquacultura (1987-1991) Secretaria de Estado dos Pescos. Gabinete de Estudo e Planeamento dos Pescos. Lisboa, abril 1987. ADCP/REP/87/29. The markets for the prime Mediterranean species - sea bass, sea bream, mullets and eel and their links with investment. MEDRAP - FD/86/03. Mission to Portugal. mars 1986. Report on the ad hoc Study Group on "Environmental Impact of Mariculture" ICES. Table 1: Main Market Parameters in Mediterranean Countries in 19841/ in tons

Apparent Self Sufficiency Domestic Landings Imports Exports Fish Trade Balance Consumption (%) Albania 4 000 - - - 4 000 100 Algeria2/ 75 000 45 917 78 - 45 839 120 839 62 Cyprus 2/ 3/ 2 205 6 549 - - 6 549 8 754 25 Egypt 2/ 3/ 26 146 143 014 250 - 142 764 168 910 15 France 3/ 738 813 532 699 163 552 - 369 147 1 107 960 67 Greece 2/ 3/ 91 380 66 614 9 817 - 56 797 148 177 62 Israel 9 710 - - - 9 710 100 Italy 3/ 451 223 421 167 113 143 - 308 024 759 247 59 Lebanon 1 200 - - - 1 200 100 Libya 7 800 8 149 856 - 7 293 15 093 52 Malta 2/ 1 216 2 438 595 - 1 843 3 059 40 Morocco 2/ 466 130 324 162 488 + 162 164 303 966 153 Portugal 2/ 3/ 285 153 108 242 57 879 - 50 363 335 516 85 Spain 3/ 1 243 581 293 650 205 048 - 88 602 1 332 183 93 Syria 2/ 923 13 737 - - 13 737 14 660 6 Tunisia 2/ 3/ 74 944 817 9 012 + 8 195 66 749 112 Turkey 2/ 3/ 520 437 269 22 993 + 22 724 497 713 105 Yugoslavia 2/ 48 420 198 408 15 968 - 182 440 230 860 21

Total 4 048 281 1 841 994 761 679 - 1 080 315 5 128 596 79

1/ Source: FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, Vol. 58 - Vol. 59 2/ Countries participating in MEDRAP at the time of the workshop (December 1986) 3/ Countries represented by participants at the workshop. Participants from the Netherlands and Norway with commercial interests in Mediterranean aquaculture were also present. ANNEX I Recommendations of the GOI/FAO Review of the Mediterranean Regional Aquaculture Project, July 1987 The mission made the following recommendations: 1. Concerning the Current Project (GCP/REM/049/ITA) a. Remaining project funds should not be used to retain project staff after the planned termination of the project (31 July 1987). Had there been a firm indication that the staff would have been absorbed into a new MEDRAP funded by UNDP from October 1987, the mission's recommendations might have been different. In fact, shortly before the mission was mounted, FAO received a telex from the Arab Bureau of UNDP indicating that it would not be providing funds to MEDRAP in the foreseeable future. Since there has been no UNDP funding for MEDRAP since 31 December 1986 (and thus, in effect, the core programme which the GCP project was supporting had ceased to exist from that moment), the mission is unable to recommend extending the availability of Italian funding. b. Remaining funds may be used partly to cover the costs of closing down the project but should mainly be utilized to draw up project proposals for future aid to aquaculture. in the Mediterranean for consideration by the Italian Government. The latter projects should be along the general lines indicated in section 2. below, c. Efforts should be made to preserve the information already gained by the UNDP and GCP projects for use in any possible future projects- Project files should be transferred from Tunis to the Fisheries Department in Rome, pending the continuation of activities in Che region- Contacts which have been established (i.e., through National Coordinators) within the region should be maintained Co help pick up momentum should a new project be activated. 2. Concerning Possible Future Aid to Mediterranean Aquaculture Since the GCP project document was prepared aquaculture development In the region has proceeded at nationally differing paces and Its current status is quite different. The mission recommends that four new proposals for assistance relevant to current aquaculture development in the Mediterranean should be prepared. These are outlined below. 2.1 Meditetranean Regional Programme A project proposal for a new Mediterranean regional aquaculture project should be prepared which addresses current needs common to the area, which the mission believe include: − exchanging information − establishing the current 'state of the art' of aquaculture in the Mediterranean, including technology, current production, production targets, and research training facilities, marketing and economics, monitoring future developments and establishing linkages − establishing a system of national focal points to enable the above work − providing support to governments in the preparation, updating and monitoring of national aquaculture plans − providing assistance to governments in identifying potential national projects and in the preparation of project proposals − providing high-level managerial training (short- and medium-term specialised courses).

This project should be designed to evolve, within a specified time, into an inter-governmental body jointly supported by the governments of the region-

2.2 Sub-regional Project for the Mahgreb The mission recommends that a sub-regional project designed to stimulate the development of small-scale aquaculture in the Mahgreb countries - Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia - should be considered. Concentration on this grouping of countries would capitalize on the contacts already made during the life of the UNDP/GCP MEDRAP projects and would avoid the difficulties encountered in a multilingual project. The project must concentrate on assisting the development of aquaculture which produces fish for home consumption rather than export. Three specific copies should be addressed: − lagoon management, including aquaculture − aquaculture in inland waters − integrated aquaculture, i.e.,. the multi-purpose utilization of water resources.

2.3 National Project for Egypt The mission recommends that a proposal for a national project for Egypt be prepared for consideration. This should have very specific objectives and should be related to the needs already identified during the GCP project,I specifically Che improvement of fry collection, transport, and rearing technology. which the mission believes would significantly benefit Egyptian aquaculture.1/ The project should not include the provision of sophisticated hatcheries or other Infrastructure but must develop appropriate technology and incorporate training in specific technology provided in Egypt. The project must be serviced by full-time international staff posted on-site.

1/ During the debriefing session the mission was informed that the; Investment Centre would be mounting an identification mission to Egypt in August 1987 on behalf of IFAD.This would be considering an investment project covering these and other topics. 2.4 Training Programme On-farm technical training of production and management operations is of direct benefit to Mediterranean countries and should be continued. The Policoro model is successful, and it is important that this type of practical training continues to receive technical assistance. Minor modifications should be made to promote: (a) short-term training on biotechnical aspects of aquaculture for 4-8 weeks duration for active practitioners in the field, (b) short-term training on non-biotechnical aspects of aquaculture for 1-4 weeks duration for active practitioners in the field, (c) general training for administrators and staff of relevant government departments (agriculture, fisheries, planning, development, etc.) and organizations (investment banks, credit offices, etc.), and managers in the private sector. A proposal for a technical training programme should be prepared for Mediterranean regional countries which incorporates these three elements. Although the present farm at Policoro can play a useful role in such a programme, the programme should not be built around the farm but around a number of farms and institutions which have expertise and facilities to offer. ANNEX II Summary of the Recommendations of the Tripartite Review of the FAO/UNDP/MEDRAP participating countries held in Tunis, 20-22 October 1986 The Tripartite Review Meeting confirmed the importance of the development of aquaculture for the Mediterranean Region, and the promising prospects for further development. It was also encouraged by the efforts made by countries with respect to aquaculture development and the supporting role of UNDP/FAO-supported Mediterranean Regional Aquaculture Project (MEDRAP), in these activities. The Governments confirmed their intentions to continue and strengthen their joint activities within the institutional framework of MEDRAP- This decision was based on the identified priority needs to: − increase regional production of fish and shellfish through culture and culture- based fisheries to meet quantifiable national needs for domestic consumption and export; − strengthen, monitor and protect regional and national resources so that cultured production is a stable and reliable sector contributing to the national economy of each Mediterranean country. It was stated that the priority objectives and orientations of the MEDRAP programme for the next few years should include: − completion of the development of pilot production schemes and dissemination of the technical and economic information and the experience acquired by these schemes to other prospective producers and other interested parties; − assessment and analysis of the marketing and economic parameters of aquaculture production with a view to guiding investment in the aquaculture sector; − increasing regional and national aquaculture technical and managerial competence; − developing national strategies and programmes based on economic and technical evaluations of sites suitable for aquaculture production; − establishment of a system for the evaluation and monitoring of environmental factors Co facilitate aquaculture development, while simultaneously preserving the environment; − setting up an appropriate information, collection and dissemination system, both within the MEDRAP network and the individual countries; − examining the mechanisms for establishing MEDRAP as a permanently structured intergovernmental body. Many specific activities were envisaged to achieve the priority objectives, including: − promotion of aquaculture development regionally through studies on marketing, processing and economic analysis, for example; − implementation of production technology by on—farm demonstrations, pilot production schemes, links to national projects, for example; − publication of regional information (statements of policy, regional and national plans, cask forces, and guideline publications, for example); − exchange of information (collection and dissemination of data, workshops, conferences, study tours and visits, long-term and short-term training courses, and general TCDC activities, for example). For the attainment of these objectives the participating countries undertook to further develop regional cooperation for Mediterranean aquaculture development, and to mobilize national resources to the extent possible for MEDRAP projects, including making national facilities available in support of regional activities. The meeting recognized the clear need for continued external cooperation and assistance to supplement Governments' own- resources for aquaculture development- To meet this need the participating countries strongly requested assistance from appropriate bilateral and multilateral sources, particularly from UNDP, FAO and non-IPF countries in the region. MEDITERRANEAN REGIONAL AQUACULTURE PROJECT

(RAB/83/016 and RER/83/001)

REPORT OF THE UNDP/FAO EVALUATION MISSION

July 1986 1. We recommend chat MEDRAP be extended for five more years (1987- 1991). 2. We recommend that MEDRAP activities be expanded, particularly into the fields of communication, management development, with emphasis on regional mutual assistance and short-term collaboration. 3. A system approach to aquaculture is imperative, hence far more attention snould be given to multiple-use, polyculture and freshwater developments. 4. The Mediterranean Region concept should not be so restrictive in future phases so as to exclude activities not contingent with the Mediterranean Sea, but should respond to all aquaculture needs of the Mediterranean countries. 5. We strongly recommend that MEDRAP be moved to another location. The necessary criteria for selection of a new sight should include the following: (a) very stable, modern telecommunication capabilities; (b) low national dependence of MEDRAP for pilot project or aquaculture development support; (c) ongoing, sophisticated, full-range aquaculture activities in the commercial sector; (d) free travel access by majority of participants. 6. MEDRAP Phase II needs very strong public relations, communications and library archive components. This will require sophisticated computerized faciliøties and staff capabilities. The general basis of all activity changes will emanate from this set of activities. 7. Because of the need for improved communication, and the parallel need for a larger interactive staff, the most useful bridge among the regional participants will be che inclusion in the staff of multi-lingual experts that can communicate in any two or more of the following languages: Arabic, French, Italian, Spanish ana English, with strong emphasis on Arabic. 8. We nave pointed out many shortcomings of the Design and Implementation of tne present MEDRAP programmes, most of which result from under-funding, under- statfing ana therefore inadequate and somewhat biased regional coverage. In order for MEDRAP to fulfill the objectives that have evolved since the early 1978 GFCM report, there will need to be more support, a larger ana more diversified staff to manage the various tasks and a much greater orientation towards information management and communication. Minimum staffing requirements will include: (a) A Project Manager to act as liaison and general overseer of the projects. (b) A technical assistant to oversee the technical aspects and supervise technical collaborations. (c) An experienced Computer Information Manager and Training Officer for use or such systems. (d) A publications and public relations expert. (e) A librarian, trained in computerized information retrieval. (f) At least two bilingual (Arabic and one other language) secretaries. (g) Tecnnical staff drawn from a regiona1 pool and from sources such as tne Peace Corp and UN Volunteers. 9. The first major product of general use, but at present lacking, should be a complete survey of Mediterranean coastal and freshwater systems, using remote sensing and site visits. This programme should be realized as rapidly as possible and the appropriate areas available for potential development should be charted and provided to all participating or interested parties in order for the basic economic calculations and production estimations to be made. Until these are available, there is little point in submitting marked-production figures or in discussing marketing limitations with regard to MEDRAP activities. 10. The efficiency of MEDRAP suffered throughout the preparatory phase and Co some degree throughout the last several years because of institutional problems outlined in the Mission's findings. If the project is to achieve the stated objectives, including those proposed above, far more autonomy will be required. The areas where there has to be more independence from interference are: (a) in the identification of participants for training from commercial and government sectors; (b) travel arrangements for participants in MEDRAP activities; (c) programming of non- governmental activities such as site identification and preparation of plans for development of facilities; (d) minimization of time and fund losses due to bureaucratic interventions and (e) information exchange and mall movement among MEDRAP, and any participants, agencies or institutions, preferably involving modem/computer methods connecting pilot sites, coordination offices and various information archives, e.g. FAO library and INFOFISH. This will require that the project headquarters will be located in a city with a satellite linked communication capabilities in order to optimize the telecommunications capabilities which will be the basis of MEDRAP information system. TERMS OF REFERENCE Collate all relevant information on MEDRAP (and other regional/ national aquaculture projects) from French and English sources, for use by the senior consultants who will formulate the second phase proposal for Italian assistance to Mediterranean aquaculture through FAO. Prepare a translation into English of relevant extracts of the documents in French. Additionally to prepare a summary of all collated information with references, on topics relevant to the formulation. Relevant topics are those contained in the recommendations of the GOI/FAO Review of MEDRAF, July 1987 (attached) and will be elaborated duringgbriefing.