Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheets Table of Contents

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, APHIS has produced data sheets which detail the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of quarantine pests.

Click on a quarantine pest name below to view the corresponding data sheet:

Anoplophora chinensis Acacia Elaeagnus Platanus Acer Eriobotrya Polygonum Aesculus Fagus Populus Albizia Ficus Prunus Alnus Grevillea Psidium Aralia Hedera Pyracantha Betula Hibiscus Pyrus Broussonetia Ilex Quercus Cajanus Juglans Rhododendron Camellia Lagerstroemia Rhus Carpinus Lindera Robinia Carya Liquidambar Rosa Castanopsis Litchi Rubus Casuarina Maackia Sageretia Catalpa Mallotus Salix Celastrus Malus Sapium Cercis Melia Sophora Chaenomeles Morus Sorbus Cornus Olea Styrax Corylus Ostrya Toona Cotoneaster Parrotia Ulmus Crataegus Persea Vernicia Cryptomeria Photinia Viburnum Cydonia Pinus Ziziphus

Bursaphelenchus cocophilus Acrocomia Astrocaryum Attalea Bactris Euterpe Mauritia Oenocarpus Roystonea

Ceratocystis manginecans Mangifera

Chrysomyxa abietis Picea

Lachnellula willkommii Larix Pseudolarix

Phytophthora alni subsp. alni Alnus

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Actinidia

Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi Aesculus

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Brahea Butia Calamus Euterpe Manicaria Metroxylon Oncosperma Roystonea

Rhynchophorus palmarum Acrocomia Attalea Bactris Desmoncus Euterpe Manicaria

R. palmarum (continued) Metroxylon Roystonea Sabal Syagrus Washingtonia

Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV) Lypersicon Capsicum

Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) Amaranthus Atriplex Chenopodium Halogetum Lepidium Malva Nicotiana Polygonum Solanum Spergularia

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae Punica

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Anoplophora chinensis

Hosts: See known host range below

Status: This pest and most of these hosts were regulated under a Federal Order DA-2011-18 dated April 1, 2011. ______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Common name – Citrus longhorned beetle (CLB)

Known distribution:

Afghanistan21, China1,4, Croatia14, European Union1,3,4,8-18, Japan1,, Indonesia1,4,, Republic of Korea1,4, Korea Democratic People's Republic1,4, Madagascar3, Malaysia4, Myanmar3,4, Philippines1,4, Taiwan1,, and Vietnam1,4.

This pest is not known to occur in the United States.

Biology of the pest:

A. chinensis adults lay eggs in the trunk and exposed roots of live woody trees and shrubs2, 3. The life cycle of A. chinensis is one to two years, but may be as long as three years, depending on the climate and feeding environment2,4,11. The larvae feed on the pith and vascular tissue of the trunk and roots. In addition, adults feed on leaves, petioles and bark. Pupation occurs within the larval tunnels. Adults emerge from April to August with peak emergence from May to July depending on environmental conditions 3.

A. chinensis can infest trees with a trunk diameter as small as 12.7 millimeter (0.5 inch). Infested trees are difficult to detect during inspection because larval development occurs inside the tree, frequently at the root collar. Infested plants for planting that have cleared port of entry inspection have been found at the importing nursery 1. Sap and frass may be visible for a short time after the larvae bore into the trunk 6. Adults emerge in one to two or more years6 depending on host and environment11.

Damage potential of pest:

A. chinensis is a destructive wood boring pest attacking over 75 host genera, including many economically important fruit, forest, and ornamental plant species3. The larval feeding tunnels increase the plant's susceptibility to disease and wind damage and reduce efficient water and nutrient transportation, which may result in reduced fruit production and/or premature tree death5. In addition, adults feed on leaves, petioles and bark.

The most likely pathway for introduction and establishment of A. chinensis is in woody plants for planting, including dwarfed plants and in wood packing material via international trade3.

Control:

Foliar insecticides are effective at controlling adult A. chinensis, but have little effect on the wood boring larvae and pupae4, 6. Eradication measures for A. chinensis are similar to those used for Asian longhorned beetle and emerald ash borer. The only effective means of controlling the larval and pupal stages are to chip or burn potentially infested trees and to use foliar insecticides for adults4. Systemic insecticides (soil drench or injected) may be used as an eradication tool for larvae and pupae, however additional research is necessary to determine the effectiveness.

Known host range:

Acacia spp.1,4, Acer spp.1 3 4, Aesculus spp.3, Albizia spp.1,4, Alnus spp.1,4,11, Aralia spp.1,4, Atalantia spp.1,4, Betula spp.1,3,4, Broussonetia spp.1,4, Cajanus spp.1,4, Camellia spp.5, Carpinus spp.1,3,4, Carya spp.1,4, Castanea spp.1,4, Castanopsis spp.1,4, Casuarina spp. (= Allocasuarina spp.)1,4,22, Catalpa spp.19, Celastrus spp.6,11, Cercis spp.20, Chaenomeles spp.11, Citrus spp.1,4,11, Cornus spp.7,10,20, Corylus spp.3, Cotoneaster spp.3, Crataegus spp.3, Cryptomeria spp.1, 4,7, Cydonia spp. (= Pseudocydonia spp.)11,22, Elaeagnus spp.1 , Eriobotrya spp. 1,4, Fagus spp.1,3,4, Ficus spp.1,4, Fortunella spp.4, Fraxinus spp.5, Grevillea spp. (= Stylurus spp.)1, Hedera spp.1,4, Hibiscus spp.1,4, Ilex spp.1,4, Juglans spp.1,4, Lagerstroemia spp.3,4, Lindera spp.1,4, Liquidambar spp.19, Litchi spp.1,4, Maackia spp.1 , Mallotus spp.1,4, Malus spp.1,3,4, Melia spp.1,4, Morus spp.1,4, Olea spp.1, Ostrya spp.19 Parrotia spp.19 , Persea spp. (= Machilus spp.)1,4,22, Photinia spp. (= Stranvaesia spp.)5, 22, Pinus spp.1,4, Platanus spp. 3,4, Polygonum spp. (= Reynoutria spp., = Fallopia spp.)19,22, Poncirus spp.1,4, Populus spp.1,3,4, Prunus spp.1,3,4, Psidium spp.1,4, Pyracantha spp.1,4, Pyrus spp.1,4,11, Quercus spp. 1,3,4, Rhododenron spp.19, Rhus spp.(= Toxicodendron spp.)1,4,22, Robinia spp.1,4, Rosa spp.1,3,4, Rubus spp.1,4, Sageretia spp.11, Salix spp.1,, Sapium spp. (= Triadica spp.)1,4,22, Sophora spp.1,4, Sorbus spp.7, Styrax spp.1,4, Toona spp.19, Ulmus spp.1,3,4, Vernicia spp. (= Aleurites spp.)4,22, Viburnum spp.19, and Ziziphus spp.4. . Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of the following plants for planting genera, excluding seed, that are hosts of A. chinensis, is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries, except Canada:

Acacia, Aesculus, Alnus, Betula, Broussonetia, Cajanus, Camellia, Carya, Castanopsis, Casuarina (= Allocasuarina), Catalpa, Celastrus, Chaenomeles, Crataegus, Cryptomeria, Cydonia (= Pseudocydonia), Elaeagnus, Eriobotrya, Grevillea (= Stylurus), Juglans, Lindera, Liquidambar, Litchi, Maackia, Mallotus, Melia, Morus, Olea, Ostrya, Parrotia, Persea (= Machilus), Photinia (= Stranvaesia), Platanus, Polygonum (= Reynoutria, = Fallopia), Populus, Psidium, Pyracantha, Pyrus, Rhus (= Toxicodendron), Salix, Sapium (= Triadica), Sophora, Sorbus, Toona, Ulmus, Vernicia (= Aleurites), Viburnum, Ziziphus

The importation of the following plants for planting genera, excluding seed, that are hosts of A. chinensis, is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries, except those listed after the plant genus:

Acer Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand Albizia Canada, Israel Aralia Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Netherlands Carpinus Canada, Netherlands Cercis Canada, Netherlands, Israel Cornus Canada, Netherlands Corylus Canada, Netherlands Cotoneaster Canada, Costa Rica, Netherlands Fagus Canada, Netherlands Ficus Canada, China, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, Taiwan, Thailand Hedera Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Israel, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands Hibiscus Canada, France Ilex Canada, Netherlands Lagerstroemia Canada, Israel Malus Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands Quercus Canada, France Pinus Canada, Republic of Korea, Japan Prunus Canada, Netherlands Rhododendron Canada, Japan Robinia Canada, Israel, Netherlands Rosa Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom Rubus Canada, United Kingdom Sageretia Canada, China Styrax Canada, Netherlands

The importation of the following plants for planting genera that are hosts of A. chinensis is currently regulated under either 7 CFR 319.19 or 7 CFR 319.37 and these genera are therefore not included, at this time, as potential candidates for listing on NAPPRA:

Atalantia, Castanea, Citrus, Fortunella, Fraxinus, Poncirus

Literature cited:

1. Lingafelter, S.W., E. R. Hoebeke. 2002. Revision of Anoplophora (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, DC, p 238.

2. Wang, Q, L-Y, Chen, W-Y Zeng, J-S Li. 1996. Reproductive behavior of Anoplophora chinensis (Forester) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), a serious pest of citrus. Entomologist 115: 40-49.

3. Herard, F., M. Ciampitti, M. Maspero, H. Kerhan, U. Beuker, C. Boegel, R. Schrage, L. Bouhot-Delduc, P. Bialooki. 2006. EPPO Bulletin 36: 470-474.

4. CABI (2008). Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Accessed October 8, 2008 at http:cabicompendium.org/cpc.

5. Gyeltshen, J, A. Hodges. 2005. Citrus Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (EENY357), University of Florida, Institute of Food and agriculture Science. Assessed December 12, 2008 (web page no longer available)

6. EPPO. No date. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pest: Anoplophora malasiaca and Anoplophora chinensis. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Accessed April 2, 2011 at http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Anoplophora_chinensis/ANOLCN_ds.pd fhttp://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Anoplophora_chinensis/ANOCN_ds.pdf

7. Haack, R.A., F. Herard, J.H. Sun, J.J. Turgeon. 2010. Managing Invasive Populations of Asian Longhorned Beetle: A Worldwide Perspective. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 55:521- 46.

8. Pest Report – The Netherlands. Jan. 2010. Two larvae of Anoplophora chinensis in hedgerow of company importing Acer palmatum. Plant Protection Service of the Netherlands. Accessed March 12, 2010 (web page no longer available)

9. Pest Report – The Netherlands. December 2009. Findings of Anoplophora chinensis in an old consignment of Acer palmatum plants for planting from China. Plant Protection Service of the Netherlands. Accessed March 12, 2010 (web page no longer available)

10. Pest Report – The Netherlands. September 3, 2009. Update: Findings of Anoplophora chinensis on Cornus sp. and Crataegus sp. Plant Protection Service of the Netherlands. Accessed on March 12, 2010 (web page no longer available)

11. Gaag, D.J.v.d., M. Ciampitti, B. Cavagna, F. Herard. 2008. Pest risk analysis anoplophora chinensis. Plant Protection Service, Wageningen, The Netherlands. September, 2008. 49 pp. Accessed on May 2, 2011 at http://www.vwa.nl/onderwerpen/english/dossier/pest-risk-analysis/evaluation-of-pest- risks

12. Factsheet – The Netherlands. February 2, 2009. Citrus longhorned beetle (Anoplophora chinensis) Measures regarding buffer zone Boskoop. . Plant Protection Service of the Netherlands. Accessed on March 12, 2010 (web page no longer available)

13. EPPO. 2009. Anoplophora chinensis detected in Germany. EPPO Reporting Service 2009/174. Accessed on October 7, 2010 at: http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2009/Rse-0909.pdf

14. EPPO. 2009. First record of Anoplophora chinensis in Croatia. EPPO Reporting Service 2009/047. Accessed on October 7, 2010 at: http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2009/Rse-0903.pdf

15. EPPO. 2009. Further details on the outbreak of Anoplophora chinensis in Roma (IT). EPPO Reporting Service 2009/048. Accessed on October 7, 2010 at: http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2009/Rse-0903.pdf

16. EPPO. 2010. Update on the outbreaks of Anoplophora chinensis in Italy. EPPO Reporting Service 2010/123. Accessed on October 7, 2010 at: http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2010/Rse-1007.pdf

17. EPPO. 2010. Anoplophora chinensis eradicated from the Netherlands. EPPO Reporting Service 2010/122. Accessed on October 7, 2010 at: http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2010/Rse-1007.pdf 18. EPPO. 2010. Isolated findings of Anoplophora chinensis and A. glabripennis in the United Kingdom. EPPO Reporting Service 2010/124. Accessed on October 7, 2010 at: http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2010/Rse-1007.pdf

19. Gaag, D.J.v.d., G. Sinatra, P.F. Roversi, A. Loomans, F. Herard, A. Vukadin. 2010. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO. Bulletin 40:176-187.

20. DEFRA. 2008. UK Plant Health Interception and Outbreak Chart. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, /accessed August 29, 2008 at http://www.defra.gov.uk/planth/interc/intercold.htm.

21. Tavakilian, G. 2006. Catalogue of Life: 2008 Annual Checklist (Cerambycidae database). Anoplophora chinensis. Species 2000. Accessed on May 3, 2011, at http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual- checklist/2008/show_species_details.php?record_id=3920472

22. USDA, Agriculture Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 16, 2012 on line at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxgenform.pl

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Bursaphelenchus cocophilus

Hosts: See known host range below

Status: This pest and most of these hosts were originally regulated under a Federal Order DA- 2010-04 dated January 25, 2010. ______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Bursaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb, Goodey) Baujard (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae) Synonym: Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus Common name: Red Ring Nematode

Known distribution:

Bursaphelenchus cocophilus is widespread in tropical America, from Mexico through Central America and into South America1.

This nematode is not known to occur in the United States.

Biology of the pest:

Bursaphelenchus cocophilus is a plant-parasitic nematode that Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Giant Palm Weevil) ingests as a larva while feeding on nematode-infested palms, and transmits as an adult weevil during oviposition2. The most characteristic symptom of infection is a reddish, concentric band of discolored tissue in the stem. External symptoms include a drop in fruit production, yellowing and senescence of fronds and “little leaf syndrome” where fronds are stunted in growth though they vary widely depending on host species, age, cultivar and environmental conditions1. This variability in symptoms and the inability to detect the “red ring” without destroying the plant make identification of early infection difficult. Local movement of the nematode occurs by its weevil vector but wider dissemination can only occur by the transport of infested palms.

Damage potential of pest:

Bursaphelenchus cocophilus is a serious pest of palms, causing up to 10-15% annual losses3. Infected palms usually die within a few months. Most palm species appear to be susceptible to infection by the nematode and there is no known treatment for this disease.

Control:

Controlling the vector R. palmarum can help reduce nematode infestation but the most recommended method of control is the early removal and destruction of affected palms4.

Known host range:

Acrocomia spp.1, 5, Astrocaryum spp.5 Attalea spp.1, 5, Bactris spp. (= Guilielma spp.)5, Cocos spp.1, 5, Elaeis spp.1, 5, Euterpe spp.5, Mauritia spp.1, 5, Oenocarpus spp. (= Jessenia spp.)5, Phoenix spp.1, 5, and Roystonea spp1.

Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of the following plants for planting genera, except seed, that are hosts of Bursaphelenchus cocophilus is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries:

Acrocomia, Astrocaryum, Attalea, Bactris, Euterpe, Mauritia, Oenocarpus, Roystonea (=Oreodoxa)

The importation of the following plants for planting genera that are hosts of Bursaphelenchus cocophilus are currently regulated under either 7CFR 319.15 or 7CFR 319.37 and these genera are therefore not included, at this time, as potential candidates for listing on NAPPRA:

Cocos, Elaeis, Phoenix, Saccharum

Literature cited:

1. Esser, R.P. and Meridith, J.A.. 1987. Red ring nematode. Nematology Circular 141. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville.

2. Giblin-Davis, R. M., Oehlschlager, A.C., Perez, A., Gries, G., Gries, R., Weissling, T. J., et al. 1996. Chemical and Behavioral Ecology of Palm Weevils (Curculionidae: Rhynchophorinae). Florida Entomologist, 79:153-167.

3. Chinchilla, C.M., Menjivar, R., and Arias, E. 1990. Picudo de la palma y enfermedad del anillo rojo/hoja pequena en un plantacion comercial en Honduras. Truuialba. 40:471-477.

4. Oehlschlager, A. C., Chinchilla, C., Castillo, G., & Gonzalez, L. 2002. Control of Red Ring Disease by Mass Trapping of Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Florida Entomologist 85:507-513.

5. EcoPort: Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus. (n.d.). EcoPort Foundation. Accessed June 5, 2010 at http://ecoport.org/ep?Nematode=74950&entityType=NE****&entityDisplayCategory=f ull

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Ceratocystis manginecans

Hosts: Mangifera1 spp.

Status: This host genus was regulated under postentry quarantine (7 CFR 319.37-7).

______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Ceratocystis manginecans M. van Wyk, A. Adawi & M.J. Wingf. 2007 (Microascales, Ceratocystidaceae)

Common name – mango killer or sudden wilt of mango

Known distribution:

Oman and Pakistan2

Biology of the pest:

The fungus, commonly known as mango killer or sudden wilt of mango, prevents the movement of water and nutrients from the roots to the branches and twigs. Symptoms include dark staining of wood, exudation of gum, and leaf wilting3. As the disease progresses, branches gradually dry out until the whole plant dies2. This pathogen is not known to be seed transmitted.

In Oman and Pakistan, the bark beetle Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) appears to play an important role in the spread and development of mango wilt disease2. While it has not been proven to be a vector of C. manginecans, the bark beetle and its exit holes have been consistently found in infected mango trees5,6. H. mangifearae is widely distributed in India2, Samoa, Mangareva Island, Brazil and Hawaii4.

The fungus can be transported in soil in the form of chlamydospores3

Damage potential of pest:

Mango is an important fruit crop worldwide. Mango wilt disease has devastated the mango industry in Oman since its first occurrence. Since 1998, over 60,000 trees have been killed or removed in Oman and mango production has decreased by 43% since 19972. Thousands of mango trees were affected by the disease and killed within six months after the appearance of the first symptoms.

Known host range:

Mangifera spp.1

Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of Mangifera spp. plants for planting, except seed but including cut flowers and greenery, a host of Ceratocystis manginecans, is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries.

Literature cited:

1. Farr, D.F., and Rossman, A.Y. 2011. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Accessed May 6, 2011 at http://nt.ars- grin.gov/fungaldatabases/

2. Van Wyk, M., Al Adawi, A.O., Khan, I.A., Deadman, M.L., Al Jahwari, A.A., Wingfield, B.D., Ploetz, R. and Wingfield, M.J. 2007. Ceratocystis manginecans sp. nov., causal agent of a destructive mango wilt disease in Oman and Pakistan. Fungal Diversity 27:213-230.

3. Masood, A., Saeed, S., Iqbal, N, Tariq, M. M., and Kazmi, M. R,. 2010. Methodology for the evaluation of symptoms severity of mango sudden death syndrome in Pakistan, , Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42:1289-1299.

4. Swezey, O.H. 1948. Synonymy of Hypocryphalus mangiferae (Stebbing) and its Occurrence in Hawaii (Coleoptera: Scolitidae) (Presented at the meeting of May 10, 1948). Accessed June 22, 2011 at http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/16196/PHES13_445- 446.pdf.txt;jsessionid=6CE216413C1328D9B3D14588D26DFBE9?sequence=2

5. Shafqat Saeed, Asad Masood, Asif Sajjad and Din Muhammad Zahid. 2010. Monitoring the Dispersal Potential of Bark Beetle, Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing (Scolytidae: Coleoptera) in Mango Orchards, Pakistan J. Zool, 42:473-479.

6. Asad Masood, Shafqat Saeed, Nadir Erbilgin and Yong Jung Kwon. 2010. Role of stressed mango host conditions in attraction of and colonization by the mango bark beetle Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and in the symptom development of quick decline of mango trees in Pakistan. Entomological Research 40:316-327

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Chrysomyxa abietis

Hosts: Picea spp. ______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Chrysomyxa abietis (Wallr.) Unger.1 Common name - Spruce Needle Rust.

Known distribution:

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and UK2 .

This pathogen is not known to occur in the United States.

Biology of the pest:

This autoecious rust forms mycelium that travel intra- and intercellularly3. Hyphae enters the needle via the stomata, and colonizes the mesophyll tissue3,4. Only new, developing needles are susceptible to infection by the basidiospores of the rust2. Cold weather during spring delays maturation of new needles and allows longer infection periods for C. abietis, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic3. High relative humidity is ideal for the spread of infection4.

During the first summer after infection, golden bands appear on previously infected needles. These needles remain on the tree during the winter and early spring, and are cast shortly thereafter. The flush of new needles in spring occurs during the same time when basidiospores are being produced and released from teliospores on the previous year’s infected needles3. Basidiospores are disseminated by wind.

Damage potential of the pest:

C. abietis is thought to weaken its host and make it more susceptible to other pathogens, like the ascomycete Lophodermium picea. L. picea was isolated slightly more often from chlorotic needle parts where C. abietis was already present. Other endophytic fungi were also isolated more frequently from areas already infected by C. abietis. This suggests that the introduction of C. abietis to an area where L. picea is already an established pathogen could pose a very serious problem to Picea abies3. A similar synergistic effect may occur on North American confirmed hosts such as P. engelmannii, P. rubens, P. sitchensis if this pathogen is introduced4.

Known host range:

Picea spp.1

Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of Picea spp. plants for planting, excluding seed but including cut flowers and greenery, a host of Chrysomyxa abietis, is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries except Canada.

Literature cited:

1. Takahashi OS, H. 1985. Notes on the Japanese rust fungi IX. Dissemination of Chrysomyxa abietis (Wallroth) Unger. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 26:433-439.

2. UK CI. 1989. Chrysomyxa abietis. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases. Oxfordshire.

3. Lehtijärvi AS, C.; Barklund, P. 2001. Co-occurrence of the ascomycete Lophodermium piceae and the rust fungus Chrysomyxa abietis in Norway spruce needles. Forest Pathology 31, 25-31.

4. Uotila AWTWL. 2000. Some ecological aspects of Chrysomyxa abietis (Wallr.) Unger epidemiology. Tree diseases in the first generation stands and other Nordic forest pathology problems. Proceedings of the Nordic/Baltic meeting on forest pathology. Metsanduslikud Uurimused, Sagadi, Estonia, 17-22 June 2000., pp. 17-23.

5. Longo NN, B.; Fiordi, A. C.; Tani, G.; Falco, P. di. 2006. Host surface tissues and basidiospore-derived infection strategies of some rust fungi. Caryologia Florence: Department of Plant Biology, University of Florence 59, 168-176.

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Lachnellula willkommii

Hosts: Larix spp., Pseudolarix spp. ______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Lachnellula willkommii (Hartig) Dennis1

Common name – European Larch Canker2

Known distribution:

Belgium, Byelorussia, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Russia, United Kingdom, Canada (Nova Scotia), and Maine (United States).3

This pest is under official control in the United States.

Biology of the pest:

L. willkommii is most commonly found in coastal areas with oceanic climate, abundant moisture, and moderate winter temperatures2. L. willkommii most likely overwinters on dead twigs and fallen branches of Larix1. Ascospores, which are produced year round, cause infections in autumn where insect feeding sites or dwarf shoots exist2,4. The infection process is slow, the first symptoms take 1-4 years after inoculation to appear. Apothecia appear on lesions one or more years after infection and complete the life cycle. Apothecia are visible in cankers year round2.

Damage potential of the pest:

Perennial cankers form on branches and main stems and expand during host dormancy. These cankers begin as circular depressions in the bark of small stems and almost always are found surrounding a dead dwarf shoot or twig. The stem appears swollen at the canker site, and can cause girdling as well as dead bark to fall off. Premature needle yellowing can occur in summer2. Incidence of infection on a natural stand of Larix laricina in New Brunswick averaged 59% in the 1990’s. The high infection rates, as well as the lengthy amount of time it takes for symptoms to appear are main concerns regarding L. willkommii2.

Known host range:

Larix spp. and Pseudolarix spp.2.

Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of Larix spp. and Pseudolarix spp. plants for planting, except seed but including cut flowers and greenery, that are hosts of Lachnellula willkommii, are not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries except the areas of Canada not regulated for Lachnellula willkommii.

Literature cited:

1. Feige GBA-A, N., Jensen, M., Christians, B., & Kricke, R. 2004. New, rare or remarkable microfungi in the Italian Alps (Carnic Alps) - Part I - Ascomycotina., 56th International Symposium on Crop Protection, Gent, Belgium, 4 May 2004. Part II. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences Essen, Germany, pp. 457-465.

2. Sinclair, L. 2005. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. 2nd ed. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, N.Y..

3. UK CI. 1989. Lachnellula willkommii. [Distribution map]. 1 ed. CAB International, Wallingford.

4. Sylvestre-Guinot GD, C. 2002. Twenty years of research on larch canker in France. Pâques LE (Ed), Improvement of larch (Larix sp.) for better growth, stem form and wood quality. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Gap (Hautes-Alpes), Auvergne & Limousin, France, pp. 194-203.

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Phytophthora alni subsp. alni

Hosts: Alnus spp.

Status: This pest and host were regulated under a Federal Order DA-2009-27 dated June 22, 2009 ______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Phytophthora alni Brasier & S.A. Kirk1.

P. alni is a hybrid of two different Phytophthora parents. These parents are likely P. cambivora and a Phytophthora species similar to P. fragariae2. There are three subspecies of P. alni, the P. alni subsp. alni being the most prevalent1.

Phytophthora alni is commonly known as both Alder Dieback and Alder Phytophthora.

Known distribution:

Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, UK, England, Wales, and Scotland3.

P. alni subsp. alni is not known to occur in the United States.

Biology of the pest:

P. alni has been isolated from infected roots, stems of alder trees, and from stream baiting4,5,6. The infectious part of the pathogen is mainly its zoospores3. It is homothallic (self fertile) and produces ornamented and semi-ornamented oospores in culture as well as in infected tissue.3,7. The viability of oospores appears to be low. Ideal temperatures for growth in culture are between 22.5-25.0° C, with the upper temperature limit about 30° C. Infection of a plant seems to occur usually at the collar level or, during flooding, on the stem3. Trees suffer from root and collar rot, as well as disrupted vascular systems, resulting in death1,3.

The disease is most commonly associated with alder stands along riparian ecosystems as well as in nurseries associated with alder seedlings8,9. Studies in France showed that water flow played a role in disease development. Fewer diseased alders were found in sites where water flow was rapid compared to sites with slower water flow. In Germany, alders that were planted on high hills or banks were less likely to show disease symptons11. Higher summer temperatures and clay soils also increased prevalence of the pathogen10. In some cases tree decline took more than four years and some trees actually overcame infection through inherent resistance mechanisms8.

Damage potential of the pest:

P. alni was first discovered in the UK in 19932. Since then it has spread to over 18 countries in Europe4. While the origin of P. alni is unknown, information from Poland suggested that introduction of the pathogen to natural ecosystems may have occurred via nursery-infested seedlings planted throughout the country for reforestation9. The pathogen further established in the field via zoospores in streams, particularly greater infection rates were found during the growing season when flooding occurred11.

In Europe this disease has already done extensive damage to alder populations3. In inoculation tests, the North American red alder has shown to be susceptible to this pathogen3.

Known host range:

Alnus spp.3,12.

Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of Alnus spp. plants for planting, excluding seed but including cut flowers and greenery, a host of P. alni subsp. alni, is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries except Canada.

Literature cited:

1. Bakonyi JN, Z. Á., & Érsek, T. 2007. A novel hybrid with the nuclear background of Phytophthora alni subsp. alni exhibits a mitochondrial DNA profile characteristic of P. alni subsp. uniformis. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 42, 1-7.

2. Brasier CMK, S. A., Delcan, J., Cooke, D. E. L., Jung, T., & Man In't Veld, W. A. 2004. Phytophthora alni sp. nov. and its variants: designation of emerging heteroploid hybrid pathogens spreading on Alnus trees. Mycological Research 108, 1172-1184.

3. Anonymous. 2009. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team.

4. Adams G CM, & Trummer, L. 2009. Distribution and Severity of Alder Phytophthora in Alaska, Fourth Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium Santa Cruz, Ca, p. 17.

5. Merlier DdC, A., Debruxelles, N., Noldus, M., Laurent, F., Dufays, E., Claessens, H., Cavelier, M. 2005. Characterization of alder Phytophthora isolates from Wallonia and development of SCAR primers for their specific detection. Journal of Phytopathology 153, 99-107.

6. Oszako T.O., & L. B. 2005. Phytophthora alni as the main cause of the alder decline in Poland. Porazone drzewa, siewki olszy i gleba jako z´róda Phytophthora alni w Polsce. Progress in Plant Protection 45, 343-350.

7. Cerny KG, B., Strnadova, V., Holub, V., Tomsovsky, M., & Cervenka, M. 2008. Phytophthora alni causing decline of black and grey alders in the Czech Republic. Plant Pathology 57, 370.

8. András KG, I., József, B., & Árpád, N. Z. 2009. The importance of Phytophthora disease of alder in forestry. Növényvédelem 45, 169-177.

9. Oszako, T. 2006. The consequences of alder decline phenomenon in Poland, factors involved and possibilities to mitigate the problem, in: Forest Research Institute DoFP, Sekocin, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland. (Ed), Possible limitation of dieback in broadleaved stands through silvicultural and protective measures, Puszczykowo, Poland, November 2005., Puszczykowo, Poland, pp. 143-157.

10. Thoirain, B., Husson, C., & Marcais B. 2007. Risk factors for the Phytophthora- induced decline of alder in northeastern France. Phytopathology 97, 99-105.

11. Schumacher JL, S., Grundmann, B. M., & Roloff, A. 2006. New Alder disease in Spreewald biosphere reserve - causes and incidental factors of an epidemic. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes 58, 141-147.

12. Santini A., Biancalani, F., Barzanti, G.P., & Capretti P. 2006. Pathogenicity of four Phytophthora species on wild cherry and Italian alder seedlings. Journal of Phytopathology 154, 163-167.

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae

Hosts: Actinidia spp.

Status: This pest and host were originally regulated under a Federal Order DA-2010-11 dated November 10, 2010.

______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Takikawa, Serizawa, Ichikawa, Tsuyumu and Goto is the causal organism of bacterial canker disease of kiwifruit. This pathogen is a pathovar within the diverse bacterial species Pseudomonas syringae and is only known to infect Actinidia spp. in the environment.

Known distribution:

China4, Italy4, Japan1, 2, Korea 1, 3, and New Zealand5.

Biology of the pest:

Leaves, canes, pollen and stems are affected by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. It is not known to be seed transmitted. The pathogen may exist as a resident on the surface of mature fruit, but it is improbable that it would survive to infect seed or seedlings. Symptoms appear on trunks, leaders and overwintering canes from late winter to early spring as cankers or angular necrotic leaf spots, longitudinal cracks along the petiole, oozing and wilting of branches.

Rusty-brown bacterial ooze exudes from lesions and from apparently healthy buds, leaf scars, lenticels and joints of trunks, leaders and canes. Brown water-soaked lesions with halos appear on leaves, and wilt or blight of vigorous canes and flower buds appear in late spring. Leaves of the kiwi plant are most susceptible to the pathogen just before maturity. Relatively low temperatures (50° – 68 °F; optimum 59 °± 37.4 ° F), strong winds and heavy rainfall appear to promote the disease.

Damage potential of pest:

P. syringae pv. actinidiae is present in infected plant material and is thought to be introduced into new regions in nursery material. The pathogen can be dispersed in aerosols and can be carried between trees and adjacent orchards in wind-driven rain. As a wound-infecting pathogen, it can also be transmitted on orchard equipment such as pruning tools.

Bacterial canker of kiwifruit was first observed in Japan1, 2 and Korea2 causing damage in Actinidia spp. orchards. In 1992 the disease was first noticed in northern Italy4 where it remained sporadic for 15 years (until 2007/2008) when it began causing economic losses4; it is estimated that the economic losses (including impact on trade) due to P. syringae pv. actinidiae have reached 2 million Euros4.

Known host range:

Actinidia spp.

Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of Actinidia spp. plants for planting, except seed but including cut flowers and greenery, a host of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from the all countries.

Literature cited:

1. Serizawa S, Ichikawa T, Takikawa Y, Tsuyumu S, Goto M, 1989. Occurrence of bacterial canker of kiwifruit in Japan: description of symptoms, isolation of the pathogen and screening of bactericides. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 55:427- 436.

2. Takikawa Y, Serizawa S, Ichikawa T, Tsuyumu S, Goto M., 1989. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae pv. nov.: the causal bacterium of canker of kiwifruit in Japan. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 55:437-444.

3. Jeong, Ho, et al., 2008. Incidences of Leaf Spots and Blights on Kiwifruit in Korea. The Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 24:124-130.

4. Scortichini M, 1994. Occurrence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae on kiwifruit in Italy. Plant Pathology, 43:1035-1038.

5. MAFBNZ. 2010. MAF confirms positive test for kiwifruit vine bacteria Psa. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity New Zealand (MAFBNZ). November 8, 2010. Accessed November 10, 2010, at http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/media/8-11- 10/positive-test-kiwifruit-vine-bacteria-Psa.

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi

Hosts: Aesculus spp.

Status: This pest and host were regulated under a Federal Order DA-2010-02 dated January 7, 2010.

______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi (PSA) is the causal organism of the disease bleeding canker of horse chestnut. PSA is a pathovar within the diverse bacterial species Pseudomonas syringae and is only known to infect Aesculus spp. in the environment.

The symptoms greatly resemble Phytophthora infection, leading to the misidentification of the causal organism of this disease until recent research positively identified it as P. syringae pv. aesculi.2

Known distribution:

The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Germany, and India1

This pathogen is not known to occur in the United States.

Biology of the pest:

The earliest symptoms of infection are bleeding lesions that can range from red to yellow or black. The lesions are usually located at the base of the tree expanding upward to branches and stems as the infection spreads. In dry conditions there may be a crust present near the exit wound. The tree crown may show leaf yellowing and early leaf drop. Girdling of the trunk or branch is possible within a few years. If bark is removed an orange-brown mottling may be present1. Bark may be cracked or missing2.

PSA has been successfully isolated from the surfaces of horse chestnut leaves, branches, flowers, and parts of the fruit1. Like other bacterial plant pathogens, spread of the organism is likely to be by rain and wind as well as insects visiting the bleeding cankers and human activity such as pruning.

Seed transmission is not known for this pathogen.

Damage potential of pest:

Recent surveys have estimated that in the United Kingdom 35-50,000 horse chestnut trees (approximately 49 percent of the trees surveyed in 2007) are infected with this pathogen3 and in the Netherlands 30 percent of horse chestnut trees are infected1. In Europe this disease is extremely damaging to the commonly planted A. hippocastanum and A. xcarnea4, although apparently the disease is found on all species of Aesculus in the Netherlands. Trees of all sizes and ages are affected. Young trees (10-30 years old) are apparently more susceptible with some dying within 3-5 years after symptom development4. Research is underway on the susceptibility of other Aesculus species, with the ultimate aim of finding possible sources of resistance1. Several species of Aesculus are native to the United States5 and A. hippocastanum is a widely planted ornamental tree. If these species prove to be susceptible, then the potential environmental and economic damage due to this pest would be significant.

Known host range:

Aesculus spp.1

Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of Aesculus spp. plants for planting , excluding seed but including cut flowers and greenery, a host of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi, is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries except Canada.

Literature cited:

1. EPPO. 2009. EPPO Alert List: Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi. European and Mediterranean Plant Protect Organization. Accessed February 16, 2011 at: http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/Alert_List/bacteria/Pseudomonas_s_aesculi.htm

2. Mabbett, T. 2007. Bacterial bleeding canker beyond doubt. Forestry & British Timber 36:16-23.

3. Forestry Commission – United Kingdom. 2008. Report on the national survey to assess the presence of bleeding canker of horse chestnut trees in Great Britain. Forestry Commission, Plant Health Service. Accessed February 14, 2011 at: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/bleedcankersurveyrep020408.pdf/$FILE/bleedcankersurv eyrep020408.pdf

4. Forest Research – United Kingdom. Extent of bleed canker of horse chestnut problem. Forestry Commission. Accessed February 14, 2011 at: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-6KYBN2

5. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. Plants Database for Aesculus spp. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Accessed February 16, 2011 at: http://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch?keywordquery=Aesculus&mode=sciname&subm it.x=7&submit.y=5

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

Hosts: See Known host range below

Status: This pest and these hosts were regulated under a Federal Order DA-2010-04 dated January 25, 2010.

______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Common names: Red palm weevil, Asian palm weevil

Known distribution:

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is native to tropical Asia, ranging from Pakistan through Southeast Asia to Melanesia1. R. ferrugineus has also been reported from Algeria1, Cyprus2, Egypt1, France3, Greece4, Italy5, Iraq, Iran1, Morocco6, Portugal7, Spain1, Syria8, Turkey9, United Arab Emirates1.

Within the United States it is known only to occur in Orange County, California where it is currently under official control.

Biology of the pest:

The life cycle of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus ranges from 45-139 days, depending on the climate, which allows for several generations in a year9. The female lays eggs in wounds or soft tissue of the plant and after hatching the larvae burrow into the stem creating large galleries that eventually weaken and destabilize the tree. The damage caused by the larvae is only visible long after infestation, and by the time the first symptoms of the attack appear, they are so serious that they generally result in the death of the tree. The rapid spread of this insect is attributed to the nursery trade, specifically that of mature palms and offshoots. Infestation by this stem borer is difficult to detect in the early stages and damage only becomes visible long after infestation10. There is no indication thus far that seeds are a pathway for infestation.

Damage potential of pest:

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a polyphagous weevil with the potential to be a serious pest in any area where palms are widely grown. Date palm populations have been particularly hard hit by this pest, with some considering it to be the most important pest of date palms in the world11.

Control:

The most-widely used and effective means of reducing infestation is the chemical or mechanical killing of affected trees coupled with the trapping of adults using pheromone and/or appropriate plant material. Other control measures include treatments to save infested palms through the use of systemic insecticides injected into and around trees11. However, additional research is necessary to determine their effectiveness.

Known host range:

Areca spp, Arenga spp, Borassus spp 1, Brahea spp 5, Butia spp., Calamus12, Caryota spp., Chamaerops (synonym Trachycarpus), Cocos spp, Corypha spp, Corypha spp., Elaeis spp. 1, Livistona spp. 13, Metroxylon spp. 1, Oncosperma spp. 11, Roystonia spp. (synonym Oreodoxa spp.), Phoenix spp., Chamaerops spp.1

Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of the following plants for planting, except seed, that are hosts of R. ferrugineus, is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries:

Brahea, Butia, Calamus, Euterpe, Manicaria, Metroxylon, Oncosperma, Roystonea (synonym Oreodoxa)

The importation of the following plants for planting genera that are hosts of R. ferrugineus is currently regulated under either 7 CFR 319.15 or 7CFR 319.37 and these genera are therefore not included, at this time, as potential candidates for listing on NAPPRA:

Areca, Arenga, Borassus, Caryota, Chamaerops (synonym Trachycarpus), Cocos, Corypha, Elaeis, Livistona, Phoenix,

Literature cited:

1. Esteban-Duran, J., Yeta, J.L.. Beitia-Crespo, F. and Jimenez-Alavarez, A. 1998. Curculionidos exoticos susceptibles de ser introducidos en Espana y otros paises de la Union Europea a traves de vegetales importados (Coleoptera: Curculionida: Rhynchophorinae). Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 24: 23-40, 1998.

2. EPPO. 2007. First report of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Cyprus (2007/022). EPPO Reporting Service, 2, 1-23. Paris: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Accessed May 3, 2011. http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2007/Rse- 0702.pdf

3. EPPO. 2006. First record of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in France (2006/225). EPPO Reporting Service, 11, 1-25. Paris: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Accessed May 3, 2011. http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2006/Rse- 0611.pdf

4. EPPO. 2006. First report of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Greece (2006/226). EPPO Reporting Service, 11, 1-25. Paris: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Accessed May 3, 2011. http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2006/Rse- 0611.pdf

5. EPPO 2008. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus detected on new palm species in Italy (2008/023). EPPO Reporting Service, 2, 2. Paris: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Accessed May 3, 2011. http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2008/Rse-0802.pdf

6. EPPO. 2008. First record of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Morocco (2009/001). EPPO Reporting Service, 1, 2. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Accessed May 3, 2011. http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2008/Rse-0802.pdf

7. EPPO. 2008. First report of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Portugal (2008/022). EPPO Reporting Service, 2, 2. Paris: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Accessed May 3, 2011. http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2008/Rse- 0802.pdf

8. EPPO. 2007. First report of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Syria (2007/002). EPPO Reporting Service, 1, 1-29. Paris: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Accessed May 3, 2011. http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2007/Rse- 0701.pdf

9. EPPO. 2007. First report of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Turkey (2007/001). EPPO Reporting Service, 1, 1-29. Paris: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Accessed May 3, 2011. http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2007/Rse- 0701.pdf

10. Esteban, J.R., Yela, J.L., .Jimenez, A and Beitia, F. 1998. Biologia del curculionido ferruginoso de las palmeras Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) en laboratorio y campo: ciclo en cautividad, peculiaridades biologicas en su zona de introduccion en Espana y metodos biologicos de deteccion y possible control (Coleoptera: Curculionida: Rhynchoprhorinae). Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 24: 737-748.

11. Murphy, S. T. and Briscoe, B.R. 1999. The red palm weevil as an alien invasive: biology and the prospects for biological control as a component of IPM. Biocontrol 20: 35N-46N.

12. Braza, R.D. 1988. Asiatic palm weevil destroys rattan, too. Canopy International. May- June 1988: 6.

13. Barranco, P., Pena, J.A. de la, Martin, M.M., Cabello, T. 2000. Rango de hospedantes de Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) y diametro de la palmera hospedante. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 26:73-78.

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Rhynchophorus palmarum

Hosts: See Known host range below

Status: This pest and most of these hosts were originally regulated under a Federal Order DA- 2010-04 dated January 25, 2010. ______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Rhynchophorus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Synonyms: Rhynchoporus.cycadia, R. depressus, R. longuinossis, Calandra palmarum Common names: Giant palm weevil, South American palm weevil

Known distribution:

Rhynchophorus palmarum is widespread in tropical America, from Mexico through Central America and into South America1.

This weevil has been intercepted in the United States in San Diego County, California where emergency action was taken and this pest is now under consideration for official control.

Biology of the pest:

The complete life cycle of Rhynchophorus palmarum ranges from 4 to 6 months, depending on the climate, which allows for more than one generation in a year2. The female lays eggs in wounds or soft tissue of the plant and after hatching the larvae burrow into the stem creating large galleries that eventually weaken and destabilize the tree. The damage caused by the larvae is usually only visible long after infestation, and by the time the first symptoms appear, they are so serious that they generally result in the death of the tree3. R. palmarum is also the main vector of the plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus cocophilus4,5. The rapid spread of this insect is attributed to the nursery trade, specifically that of mature palms and offshoots. Infestation by this stem borer is difficult to detect in the early stages and damage only becomes visible long after infestation3.

Damage potential of pest:

Rhynchophorus palmarum is considered to be one of the most important pests on commercial palm plantations. Native to Neotropical forests this weevil is a serious pest affecting palm plantations and ornamental palms throughout Central and South America1,3. Aside from the direct damage that this pest poses to palms it is also the main vector of Bursaphelenchus cocophilus, commonly known as the red ring nematode4,5.

Control:

Known host range:

Acrocomia spp.1, Attalea spp. 1, Bactris spp. 1, Dypsis spp. 1 (synonym Chrysalidocarpus lutescens), Cocos spp.1, Desmoncus spp. 1, Elaeis spp. 1, Euterpe spp. 1, Manicaria spp. 1, Metroxylon spp. 1, Phoenix spp. 1, Roystonea spp. (synonym Oreodoxa) 1, Sabal spp. 1, Syagrus spp. 1, Washingtonia spp. 1 and the only non-palm main host, Saccharum spp.1,2.

Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of the following plants for planting, except seed, that are hosts of R. palmarum, is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries:

Acrocomia, Attalea, Bactris, Desmoncus, Euterpe, Manicaria, Metroxylon, Roystonea (synonym Oreodoxa), Sabal, Syagrus, Washingtonia

The importation of the following plants for planting genera that are hosts of R. palmarum is currently regulated under either 7 CFR 319.15 or 7CFR 319.37 and these genera are therefore not included, at this time, for listing on NAPPRA:

Dypsis (synonym Chrysalidocarpus), Cocos, Elaeis, Phoenix, Saccharum Literature cited:

2. Restrepo, L.G., Rivera, F.R. and J. B. Raigosa. 1982. Ciclo de vida, habitos, y morfometria de Metamasius hemiptera Olivier y Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en cana de azucar. Acta Agron. 32(1/4): 33-44.

3. EPPO. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Rhynchophorus palmarum. EPPO Bulletin, 35, 468-471. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Rhynchophorus_palmaru m/DS_Rhynchophorus_palmarum.pdf.

5. Hagley, E.A.C. 1962. The palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum L., a probable vector of red ring disease of coconuts. Nature, 4814: 499.

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV)

Hosts: Solanum spp. (including syn. Lycopersicon spp.), Capsicum spp.

Status: This pest and these hosts were originally regulated under a Federal Order DA-2009-20 dated May 5, 2009. ______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum (syn. Lycopersicon esculentum), and pepper, Capsicum spp., are prone to a large number of begomoviruses (Geminiviridae) and other virus and virus-like diseases, many of which are quarantine pests. The begomoviruses, the group to which Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV) belongs, are major constraints to vegetable production1.

Known distribution:

ToSLCV has been reported from Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras2, and Mexico3.

ToSLCV is not known to occur in the United States

Biology of the pest:

Symptoms of ToSLCV include stunting, severe mosaic, yellowing, curling, distortion and deformation of leaves. ToSLCV and the other begomoviruses are transmitted between plants by whiteflies. After acquisition by the whitefly vector, the begomoviruses are persistent in the whitefly and retained for anywhere from a few weeks through the life of the vector6. The virus can therefore be transmitted to a large number of hosts. Plant pathogens, including viruses and viroids are extremely difficult to detect during a port of entry inspection of the host plants, particularly in the absence of symptoms.

ToSLCV infects the entire plant, but is not known to be seed transmitted.

Damage potential of pest:

In Nicaragua, all tomato plants sampled in a field survey were infected with begomoviruses with ToSLCV present in most of the samples1. A similar begomovirus, tomato mottle virus, introduced into Florida caused an epidemic of severe proportions4. The threat of introduction of one or more of these viruses lead APHIS to develop the New Pest Response Guideline: Whitefly-borne Geminiviruses (Family Geminiviridae)5.

Known host range:

Lycopersicon1,2,3 and Capsicum1.

Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of the following plants for planting genera, except seed, but including cut flowers and greenery, that are hosts of ToSLCV, is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries except Canada:

Solanum spp. (including Lycopersicon), Capsicum spp.

Literature cited:

1. Ala-Poikela, M., Svensson, E., Rojas, A., Horko, T., Paulin, L., Valkoned, J. P. T., & Kvarnheden, A. 2005. Genetic diversity and mixed infections of begomoviruses infecting tomato, pepper and cucurbit crops in Nicaragua. Plant Pathology 54:448-459.

2. Maxwell, P., Nakhla, M. K., & Maxwell, M. D. 2002. Diversity of begomoviruses and their management in Latin America. Phytopathology 92:S127.

3. Mauricio-Castillo, J. A., Arguello-Astorga, G. R., & Alpuche-Solis, A. G. 2006. First report of Tomato Severe leaf curl in Mexico. Plant Disease 90:1116.

4. Polston, J. E., Hiebert, E., McGovern, R. J., Stansly, P. A., & Schuster, D. J. 1993. Host range of tomato mottle virus, a new geminivirus infecting tomato in Florida. Plant Disease 77:1181-1184.

5. USDA-APHIS. 1996. New Pest Response Guideline: Whitefly-borne Geminiviruses (Family Geminiviridae). Last accessed August 19, 2008. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/emergency/downloads/gemini. pdf.

6. Jones, D. R. 2003. Plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies. European Journal of Plant Pathology 109:195-219.

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Tomato torrado virus (ToTV)

Hosts: Solanum (including Lycopersicon), Amaranthus, Atriplex, Chenopodium, Halogeton, Lepidium (synonyms Senebiera, Coronopus), Malva, Polygonum, Nicotiana and Spergularia

Status: This pest and these hosts were originally regulated under a Federal Order DA-2009-20 dated May 5, 2009. ______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, is prone to a large number of potential quarantine virus pathogens, including the many forms of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Tomato zonate spot virus, Tomato fruit yellow ring virus, Tomato curly stunt virus, and Tomato Marchitez virus. ToTV belongs a new picorna-like group of plant viruses.

Known distribution:

Canary Islands, Spain1 and Poland4. Tomato marchitez virus (ToMarV), a closely related viral pathogen of tomato, occurs in Mexico5.

This virus is not known to occur in the United States.

Biology of the pest:

Tomato torrado virus was observed since 2001 in the region of Murcia, Spain, although not identified and reported until 20071,3. A similar disease was observed in Poland in 2003 and identified and reported as ToTV in 20074. ToTV was also reported from the Canary Islands in 20071. ToTV is not known to occur in the United States. A closely related viral pathogen of tomato, Tomato marchitez virus (ToMarV), occurs in Mexico5.

The host plants listed include environmental and greenhouse weeds that serve as alternate hosts for ToTV and act as virus reservoirs2. Preliminary experiments indicate the involvement of whiteflies as a vector of ToTV3,6.

Virus diseases and their causal agents are extremely difficult to detect during a port of entry inspection of the host plants especially in the absence of symptoms.

ToTV infects the entire plant but is not known to be seed transmitted.

Damage potential of the pest:

Infected plants exhibit very distinct necrotic, almost burn-like symptoms on leaves and stems and necrotic blotches or patterns on fruit which become deformed and unmarketable. Plant growth and yields are seriously reduced2.

Known host range:

Solanum (including Lycopersicon)1,2, Amaranthus, Atriplex, Chenopodium, Halogeton (synonym Halogetum), Lepidium (synonyms Senebiera, Coronopus), Malva, Nicotiana, Polygonum, and Spergularia2.

Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of the following plants for planting genera, except seed, but including cut flowers and greenery, that are hosts of ToTV, is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries except Canada:

Amaranthus, Atriplex, Chenopodium, Halogetum, Lepidium (synonyms Senebiera, Coronopus), Malva, Nicotiana, Polygonum, Solanum (including Lycopersicon), Spergularia.

Literature cited:

1. Alfaro-Fernández, A., Córdoba-Sellés, C., Cebrián, M. C., Sánchez-Navarro, J. A., Espino, A., Martín, R., & Jorda, C. 2007. First report of tomato torrado virus in tomato in the Canary Islands, Spain. Plant Disease 91:1060.

2. Alfaro-Fernández, A., Córdoba-Sellés, C., Cebrián, M. C., & Herrera-Vásquez, J. A. 2008. First report of tomato torrado virus on weed hosts in Spain. Plant Disease 92:831.

3. Verbeek, M., Dullemans, A. M., van den Heuvel, J. F. J. M., Maris, P. C. & van der Vlugt, R. A. A. 2008. Tomato marchitez virus, a new plant picorna-like virus from tomato related to tomato torrado virus. Arch. Virol. 153:127-134.

4. Pospieszny, H., Borodynko, N., Obrepalska-Steplowska, A. & Hasiów, B. 2007. The first report of tomato torrado virus in Poland. Plant Disease 91:1364.

5. Verbeek, M., Dullemans, A. M., van den Heuvel, J. F. J. M., Maris, P. C. & van der Vlugt, R. A. A. 2007. Identification and characterisation of tomato torrado virus, a new plant picorna-like virus from tomato. Arch. Virol. 152:881-890.

6. Amari, K., Gonzalez-Ibeas, D., Gómez, P., Sempere, R. N., Sanchez-Pina, M. A., Aranda, M. A., et al. 2008. Tomato torrado virus is Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci and infects pepper and eggplant in addition to tomato. Plant Disease 92:1139.

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet August 20, 2012

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following plant taxa should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxa are hosts of a quarantine pest.

Quarantine Pest: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae

Hosts: Punica spp.1

______

Taxonomy and description of the pest:

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punica (Hingorani & Singh 1959)1

Common name – bacterial blight of pomegranate1.

Known distribution:

India, Pakistan, South Africa1.

This bacterial pathogen is not known to occur in the United States.

Biology of the pest:

Certain environmental factors such as increased temperature, rain, and low humidity facilitate the spread of the disease. Insects, rain splash, and the use of contaminated pruning tools are additional ways that the bacteria can be spread2. Early signs of infection are water-soaked translucent irregular to circular minute spots on the leaves of the plant. The spots then become necrotic, turning dark brown, and in some cases coalesce and form large patches that cause the leaves to shed2. The bacterium causes branch, stem, and nodal cankers as well as fruit blemishes. Immature fruit burst as a result of bacterial infection, because the pericarp tissues cannot expand during fruit expansion1.

Damage potential of the pest:

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae is the causal agent of serious blight disease of pomegranate2. This bacterial pathogen has been recorded as attacking the above ground parts of the plant, including branches, fruits, leaves, nodes, pericarps, and stems, entering the plant via wounds1,2. Production losses of 50 to 100% can occur as a result of the blight, depending on the severity of the disease2. In India, pomegranate production is described as being seriously hampered by the bacterium1.

Known host range:

Punica spp.1

Action under NAPPRA:

The importation of Punica spp. plants for planting, except seed but including cut flowers and greenery, a host of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae, is not authorized pending a pest risk analysis (NAPPRA) from all countries.

Literature cited:

1. Peterson, Y., Mansvelt, E.L., Venter, E., & Langenhoven, W.E. 2010. Detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae causing bacterial blight on pomegranate in South Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology, 39, 544-546.

2. Siddique, A.M., & Cook, D.C. 2010. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae. Pathogen of the month-January 2010. Australasian Plant Pathology Society. Accessed June 16, 2011 at: http://www.australasianplantpathologysociety.org.au/Publications/POTM/Jan10%20POT M.pdf