DOCSLIB.ORG

The Center for the Study of Origins Fall 2018 Symposium: the Exploration of Life's Origin from Antiquity to the Present

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Center for the Study of Origins Fall 2018 Symposium: the Exploration of Life's Origin from Antiquity to the Present The Center for the Study of Origins Fall 2018 Symposium: The Exploration of Life’s Origin from Antiquity to the Present October 5-6, 2018 -Free and Open to the Public- Friday, October 5 Keynote Speaker: Robert Hazen, Carnegie Institute & George Mason University Topic: Chance, Necessity, and the Origins of Life 7PM , (SEEC C120*) CSO Intro: Carol Cleland, Director Light Refreshments to follow Saturday, October 6 Artwork: Jenny Mottar Morning Session: Robert Pasnau (SEEC C120) 8:30-9:00 AM – Registration, Coffee, Bagels (Location TBA) 9:00-9:10 AM – Welcome (CSO Director, Carol Cleland) 9:10-10:00 AM – Jacqueline Vayntrub, Yale University: Creation Stories and Cosmic Bodies: Ancient Literature and the Origins of Life 10:00-10:30 AM – Daniel Coren, University of Colorado Boulder: Aristotle on Life and the Origins of Motion 10:30-10:50 AM – Coffee Break 10:50-11:40 AM – Jessica Riskin, Stanford University: Lamarck on the Origins of Life 11:40-12:10 AM – Perspective (Robert Pasnau, CU Dept. of Philosophy) *The Sustainability, Energy and 12:10AM – 2:00PM: Break for lunch the Environment Complex (SEEC) is located on the University of Colorado Boulder East Campus Afternoon Session: Bruce Jakosky (SEEC C120) 2:00-2:30 PM – Veronica Vaida, University of Colorado Boulder: Sunlight fueled molecular complexity necessary for life 2:30-3:20 PM – Sheref Mansy, University of Trento: The emergence of iron-sulfur dependent metabolism 3:20-3:40 PM – Coffee Break (SEEC C120) 3:40-4:10 PM – Michael Yarus, University of Colorado Boulder: Emergence of an initial genetic system from established RNA reactions 4:10-4:40 PM – Perspective (Bruce Jakosky, CU Dept. of Geological Sciences and LASP) 4:40-5:10 PM – Discussion (Carol Cleland, CSO Director, CU Dept. of Philosophy) 1 The Exploration of Life’s Origin from Antiquity to the Present The question of how life originated on Earth has fascinated human beings for more than two thousand years. The Center for the Study of Origin’s 2018 Fall Symposium explores the question of the origin of life from a multidisciplinary perspective. Invited speakers include a scholar of biblical studies (Jacqueline Vayntrub, Yale University) speaking on mythic stories of the origin of life from the ancient world, an historian of biology (Jessica Riskin, Stanford University) speaking Lamarck’s views on the origin of life, a geophysicist (Robert Hazen, Carnegie Institute of Technology) discussing whether the emergence of life on the early Earth from nonliving chemicals was a matter of chance or physical necessity, and a biochemist (Sheref Mansy, University of Trento, Italy) investigating early metabolic systems. Additional speakers from the University of Colorado Boulder include philosopher Daniel Coren speaking on Aristotle’s ideas of life and self-motion, physical chemist Veronica Vaida speaking on prebiotic sources for the earliest biological molecules, and biologist Michael Yarus discussing the emergence of an initial genetic system in the RNA world. The goal of this symposium is to explore scientific and philosophical challenges involved in investigating the origin of life on Earth, as well as how the pursuit of an understanding of the origin of life has permeated our culture in the past and will continue to do so in the future. Speakers, Titles, and Abstracts External Speakers: Robert Hazen, Carnegie Institute of Technology and George Mason University, Washington DC Chance, Necessity, and the Origins of Life Earth’s 4.5 billion year history is a complex tale of deterministic physical and chemical processes, as well as “frozen accidents.” This history is preserved most vividly in mineral species, as explored in new approaches called “mineral evolution” and “mineral ecology.” We find that Earth's changing near-surface mineralogy reflects the co-evolving geosphere and biosphere in a variety of surprising ways that touch on life’s origins. Recent research adds two important insights to this discussion. First, chance versus necessity is an inherently false dichotomy—a range of probabilities exists for many natural events, including the chemical reactions leading to the origins of life. Second, given the astonishing combinatorial chemical richness of early Earth, key chemical steps in life’s origins that are unlikely to be reproduced at laboratory scales of time and space may, nevertheless, be deterministic at planetary scales over a billion years. Sheref Mansy, University of Trento, Italy The emergence of iron-sulfur dependent metabolism Cells persist by balancing favorable chemistry with the thermodynamically unfavorable reactions that are needed to support the cell. In extant organisms, this balancing act is mediated in large part by iron-sulfur protein enzymes that work to place the energy released from the breakdown of foodstuff, i.e. catabolism, into a restricted set of common currencies, such as proton gradients. The energy stored in the proton gradients is then spent on energetically costly maintenance work, i.e. anabolism. Although this thermodynamic relationship is a universal feature of life, the complexity of extant metabolic systems makes it difficult to 2 understand how such systems could have come to play a central role in biology. We find that the chemistry that emerges from simple, prebiotically plausible mixtures of iron, sulfide, and short peptides naturally leads to the generation of a pH gradient across protocell membranes of the same magnitude found in living cells. More specifically, these simple and abundant ingredients spontaneously form iron-sulfur peptides under conditions compatible with the surface of the early Earth. The iron-sulfur peptides are catalytically active, capable of the iterative transfer of electrons leading to the formation of a pH gradient in a manner similar to that found in biology. As proton gradients are completely conserved across all known living systems, iron-sulfur peptide chemistry may have played an early role in shaping the chemistry that became metabolism. Jessica Riskin, Stanford University, USA Lamarck on the Origins of Life My subject is the emergence and spread, between about 1740 and 1820, of two major, related ideas: first, the idea of biology as a distinct science of life, and second, the idea of what we would now call “evolution,” but I will call it “transformism” to avoid reading aspects of later theories back into these early ideas about species-change. The person who chiefly pioneered both of these ideas was the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, author of the term “biology” and of the first theory of species-change and professor of natural history at the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle in Paris. In 1802, Lamarck defined “biology” as one of three parts of “terrestrial physics,” the part comprehending everything to do with living bodies. Living matter, he argued, was spontaneously generated from inanimate matter by the action of natural forces including electricity and magnetism. In living matter, a new force then took effect, a force of complexification that drove animate bodies to compose and transform their organization over time. These axioms - that living matter originated spontaneously from inanimate matter, then composed and transformed itself - were central to this original definition of “biology.” The paper will examine the political as well as intellectual history of these conjoined ideas - transformism and a science devoted to its study - which carried with them an atmosphere of materialism, radicalism and anti-clericalism. This atmosphere became especially troubling at key moments during the nineteenth century: under Napoleon, and later, to people such as the German Darwinist biologist August Weismann, who offered a definitive new interpretation of Darwinism that eliminated any whiff of Lamarckism. Weismann and other neo-Darwinists were so successful that even today, Lamarck’s name is still in bad odor. His ideas in themselves cannot tell us why; only their complicated history can do that. Jacqueline Vayntrub, Yale Divinity School, USA Creation Stores and Cosmic Bodies: Ancient Literature and the Origins of Life How was the cosmos and its creation imagined in antiquity? How was the human condition understood within its natural environment? In this lecture, I draw upon ancient Middle Eastern myth and biblical texts variously praising and lamenting the cosmos, cities, human bodies, gods, and monsters. Closely reading descriptions of these entities and their poetic arrangement, I outline an ancient anatomical understanding of human bodies. I show how biblical authors imagined the cosmos—its creation, its maintenance, and its future—on the analogy of the human body. 3 Internal Speakers: Daniel Coren, Department of Philosophy, CU Boulder Aristotle on Life and the Origins of Motion Aristotle invented biology. In extant works such as his History of Animals, we find the origins of the scientific study of life. As an enthusiastic biologist, he has systematic analyses of how animals behave and how they are structured. (His colleague, Theophrastus, took botany.) But Aristotle is better known as a philosopher. In his Physics and De Anima (“On the Soul”), he is deeply interested in general accounts of life, motion, and change. In some cases, Aristotle uses his biology to help answer philosophical questions. One such question: Was there a beginning of motion? I’ll explain how Aristotle uses some of his observations about life and self-motion (motility) to argue that motion has a source but not a beginning. Veronica Vaida, Department of Chemistry, CU Boulder Sunlight fueled molecular complexity necessary for life Origin of life scenarios require building complex, self-replicating organisms from simple organic precursors in the absence of the contemporary biological machinery while taking into account the fundamental geophysical constraints on early Earth. The coupled ocean-atmosphere system will be discussed as an environment for the emergence of life, emphasizing the emergence of complex structures at water interfaces by sunlight-fueled chemical processes. The air-water interfaces present on the surface of oceans, lakes, and atmospheric aerosols provide unique reactive environments.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Syllabus a History of Animals in the Atlantic World
    Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, El Primer Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno, ed. Rolena Adorno (Copenhagen: Royal Library Digital Facsimile, 2002), 1105. Special topics: A history of animals in the atlantic world History 497, section 001 Abel Alves Spring Semester 2011 Burkhardt Building 216 Monday, 6:30-9:10 PM [email protected]; 285-8729 Burkhardt Building 106 Office Hours: Monday, 5:00-6:30; also by appointment Prospectus The anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss once wrote that animals are not only “good to eat,” they are “good to think.” Throughout the course of human history, people have interacted with other animals, not only using them for food, clothing, labor and entertainment, but also associating with them as pets and companions, and even appreciating their behaviors intrinsically. Nonhuman animals have been our symbols and models, and they have even channeled the sacred for us. This course will explore the interaction of humans with other animals in the context of the Atlantic World from prehistoric times to the present. Our case studies will include an exploration of our early hominid heritage as prey as well as predators; our domestication of other animals to fit our cultural needs; how nonhuman animals were used and sometimes respected in early agrarian empires like those of Rome and the Aztecs; how Native American, African and Christian religious traditions have wrestled with the concept of the “animal”; the impact of the Enlightenment and Darwinian thought; and the contemporary mechanization of life and call for animal rights. Throughout the semester, we will be giving other animals “voice,” even as Aristotle in The Politics said they possessed the ability to communicate.
    [Show full text]
  • Ichthyocolla: Medicinal 'Fish Glue'
    Although applied in some contexts to a wide variety of ARTICLE bony fi shes, both freshwater and marine, in historical medicinal contexts ichthyocolla most commonly refers Ichthyocolla: medicinal ‘fi sh glue’ to the swim bladder of the Beluga Sturgeon, Huso huso (Linnaeus 1758) (Family Acipenseridae), sometimes re- Christopher J. Duffi n ferred to as the Isinglass Sturgeon (Figure 1). Th e source of beluga caviar (roe from the female), this fi sh is ana- Abstract dromous, migrating from salt waters into freshwater in Ichthyocolla is a collagen-rich medicinal simple, origi- nally derived from many parts of the parent fi sh, but more commonly restricted to Acipenseriform swim bladders imported from Russia in early modern times. Used to treat headache, tetanus and leprosy in classical times, the medieval Arabic tradition saw it utilised against haemorrhoids. Th e colloidal nature of the pro- Figure 1. Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758) (Family Acipens- cessed material was exploited in early modern medicine eridae), the Beluga Sturgeon; complete fi sh in right lateral where it was used to treat haemorrhoids, leucorrhoea, view. (Source: From Stephenson (1838) Medical Zoology diarrhoea, and dysentery. Remarkable for its adhesive and Mineralogy, Plate 21, fi g. 2) properties, it was used topically to bind the separated lips of wounds together, to stabilise broken ribs, and in medicinal plasters. order to spawn. Late maturing, it can grow up to 7 me- tres in length, weigh up to 1,500 kilograms, and live Introduction for over 100 years. Now critically endangered due to Th e creation of a systematic inventory of the contents overfi shing and poaching, trade in Beluga Sturgeon is of surviving late seventeenth and early eighteenth cen- heavily restricted.
    [Show full text]
  • Aristotle -- Parts of Animals. Movement of Animals. Progression of Animals
    THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D. EDITED BY fT. E. PAGE, O.H., LITT.D. t E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. t W. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d. L. A, POST, L.H.D. E. H. WARMINGTON, m.a., f.b.hist.soo. ARISTOTLE PARTS OF ANIMALS MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS PROGRESSION OF ANIMALS ARISTOTLE PARTS OF ANIMALS WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY A. L. PECK, M.A., Ph.D. FELLOW OF Christ's college, cambriook AND DNIVERSITY LECTURER IN CLASSICS AND A FOREWORD BY F. H. A. MARSHALL, C.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S. MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS PROGRESSION OF ANIMALS WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY E. S. FORSTER, M.A. PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE I'NIVERSITV OF SHEFFIKLD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HAR\^ARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMLXI First printed 1937 Revised and reprinted 1945, 1955 Revised and reprinted 1961 Printed in Chreat BrUain CONTENTS PAQB PARTS OF ANIMALS Foreword ....... 3 Introduction ...... 8 Text and Translation .... 52 MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS PROGRESSION OF ANIMALS Introduction ...... 43 Text and Translation .... 440 Index to Parts of Animals . 543 Index to Movement and Progression of Animals. ...... 552 From quotations which I had seen, I had a high notion of Aristotle's merits, but I had not the most remote notion what a wonderful man he was. Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very diiferent ways, but they were mere schoolboys to old Aristotle. Charles Darwin to William Ogle, on the publication of his translation of The Parts of Ani- mals, 1882.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature of Nature in Ancient and Medieval Worlds STS.003, Fall 2010
    The Nature of Nature in Ancient and Medieval Worlds STS.003, Fall 2010 Unit 2: Nature Oxford English Dictionary definition of nature removed due to copyright restrictions. See: OED.com. Unit 2: Nature (1a) Are humans part of nature? Are they distinct from nature? Do they make nature? (1b) Are living things, in particular species, changing or unchanging? (2) Science and commerce Overview The Nature of Nature Ancient Natural History: from Aristotle to Pliny The Middle Ages: Reconciling God, Aristotle, and Personal Experience Science and Wonder: When Did Natural History Become Scientific? Nature: Presence and Permeability Photo courtesy of BBCworldservice on Flickr. Photo courtesy of MarkyBon on Flickr. Nature: Subsistence and Knowledge Science? Supernatural Nature? Photo courtesy of Blaž Vizjak on Flickr. Photo courtesy of kevindooley on Flickr. What Is the Matter of Nature? Photo courtesy of Snap® on Flickr. Photo courtesy of Loving Earth on Flickr. Aristotle: Matter vs. Form Photo courtesy of mattfoster on Flickr. Photo courtesy of davidjthomas on Flickr. Actual vs. Potential Photo of a chambered nautilus removed due to copyright restrictions. Image of “History of Animals, Books I-III,” Aristotle, removed due to copyright restrictions. Photo of an octopus removed due to copyright restrictions. The Soul Nutritive: plants Sensitive: animals Rational: humans Mortal or immortal? Do species change? Image of “The First Fossil Hunters Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times,” Adrienne Mayor, removed due to copyright restrictions. Photo courtesy of IslesPunkFan on Flickr. Cyclops? Empire, Commerce, and Knowledge Ptolemy, Map of the World, c. AD 150 Pliny the Elder Natural History c. AD 70 Reviewed 2000 books 20,000 facts Marvels and mundane Pliny the Younger “Letter to Cornelius Tacitus,” c.
    [Show full text]
  • The Advent of Animals: the View from the Ediacaran SPECIAL FEATURE
    The advent of animals: The view from the Ediacaran SPECIAL FEATURE Mary L. Drosera,1 and James G. Gehlingb,c aDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521; bSouth Australia Museum, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; and cUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved December 9, 2014 (received for review April 15, 2014) Patterns of origination and evolution of early complex life on this relationships within the Ediacara Biota and, importantly, reveals the planet are largely interpreted from the fossils of the Precam- morphologic disparity of these taxa. brian soft-bodied Ediacara Biota. These fossils occur globally and However, although fossils of the Ediacara Biota are not easily represent a diverse suite of organisms living in marine environments. classified with modern taxa, they nonetheless provide the record Although these exceptionally preserved fossil assemblages are typi- of early animals. One of the primary issues is that they are soft- cally difficult to reconcile with modern phyla, examination of the bodied and preserved in a manner that is, in many cases, unique to morphology, ecology, and taphonomy of these taxa provides keys to the Ediacaran. An alternative venue for providing insight into these their relationships with modern taxa. Within the more than 30 million organisms and the manner in which they fit into early animal evo- y range of the Ediacara Biota, fossils of these multicellular organisms lution is offered by examination of the paleoecology, morphology, demonstrate the advent of mobility, heterotrophy by multicellular and taphonomy of fossils of the Ediacara Biota.
    [Show full text]
  • Conrad Gessner's Paratexts
    Conrad Gessner's Paratexts The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Blair, Ann. 2016. "Conrad Gessner's Paratexts." Gesnerus 73, no. 1: 73. Published Version http://www.gesnerus.ch/fileadmin/media/ pdf/2016_1/073-122_Blair.pdf Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:34334606 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Ann Blair, Dept of History, Harvard University Abstract: Throughout his prolific publishing career Conrad Gessner composed abundant paratexts which offer valuable insight into his methods of working. Gessner wrote many dedications, only a minority of which were addressed to major patrons of his day. Instead he used them to thank dozens of physicians and scholars for sending him information, images, and manuscripts for his ongoing projects. Gessner acknowledged new arrivals in successive publications and invited further contributions explicitly. In "to the readers" and other passages Gessner called attention to his future publication plans and his skill in working with printers and in editing manuscripts of recently deceased scholars, thereby also encouraging new commissions. Gessner was also a master indexer and innovated especially in drawing up the first index of authors cited for his edition of Stobaeus in 1543 and a new all-purpose index in his Stobaeus of 1559. Many other aspects of Gessner's paratexts warrant further study.
    [Show full text]
  • Six Major Steps in Animal Evolution: Are We Derived Sponge Larvae?
    EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT 10:2, 241–257 (2008) Six major steps in animal evolution: are we derived sponge larvae? Claus Nielsen Zoological Museum (The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen), Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Correspondence (email: [email protected]) SUMMARY A review of the old and new literature on animal became sexually mature, and the adult sponge-stage was morphology/embryology and molecular studies has led me to abandoned in an extreme progenesis. This eumetazoan the following scenario for the early evolution of the metazoans. ancestor, ‘‘gastraea,’’ corresponds to Haeckel’s gastraea. The metazoan ancestor, ‘‘choanoblastaea,’’ was a pelagic Trichoplax represents this stage, but with the blastopore spread sphere consisting of choanocytes. The evolution of multicellularity out so that the endoderm has become the underside of the enabled division of labor between cells, and an ‘‘advanced creeping animal. Another lineage developed a nervous system; choanoblastaea’’ consisted of choanocytes and nonfeeding cells. this ‘‘neurogastraea’’ is the ancestor of the Neuralia. Cnidarians Polarity became established, and an adult, sessile stage have retained this organization, whereas the Triploblastica developed. Choanocytes of the upper side became arranged in (Ctenophora1Bilateria), have developed the mesoderm. The a groove with the cilia pumping water along the groove. Cells bilaterians developed bilaterality in a primitive form in the overarched the groove so that a choanocyte chamber was Acoelomorpha and in an advanced form with tubular gut and formed, establishing the body plan of an adult sponge; the pelagic long Hox cluster in the Eubilateria (Protostomia1Deuterostomia). larval stage was retained but became lecithotrophic. The It is indicated that the major evolutionary steps are the result of sponges radiated into monophyletic Silicea, Calcarea, and suites of existing genes becoming co-opted into new networks Homoscleromorpha.
    [Show full text]
  • Dioscorides the Greek
    THE HERBAL OF DIOSCORIDES THE GREEK DIOSCORIDES i COPYRIGHT NOTICE As this version essentially constitutes a new work, the editor/translator hereby asserts copyright. Permission of the publisher is required for any excerpts or copies made from the text. The illustrations are deemed in good faith to be in the public domain. © Tess Anne Osbaldeston First published in 2000 ISBN 0-620-23435-0 Printed in 12/14 Zapf Calligraphic [Palatino] Published by IBIDIS PRESS cc PO Box 81169 Parkhurst Johannesburg South Africa 2120 +27 11 788 2270 international paper fax +27 82 771 7130 international messages [email protected] e-mail ISBN 0-620-23435-0 9 780620 234351 0 0> Bursera gummifera after FAGUET— 1888 [opposite] ii THE HERBAL OF DIOSCORIDES THE GREEK DIOSCORIDES DE MATERIA MEDICA BEING AN HERBAL WITH MANY OTHER MEDICINAL MATERIALS WRITTEN IN GREEK IN THE FIRST CENTURY OF THE COMMON ERA A NEW INDEXED VERSION IN MODERN ENGLISH BY TA OSBALDESTON AND RPA WOOD iii Cucumis turcicus - Cucurbita pepo from FUCHS — 1542 iv THE HERBAL OF DIOSCORIDES THE GREEK CONTENTS EDITORIAL PREFACE — vii ORIGINAL DEDICATION — viii BIBLIOGRAPHY — xiii INTRODUCTION — xx ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS — xl THE BOTANICAL ILLUSTRATIONS — xlii PRINTED BOOKS — il GAZETTEER OF DIOSCORIDES’ WORLD — lxviii BOOK ONE: AROMATICS — 1 OILS — 34 OINTMENTS — 48 GUMS from TREES — 78 FRUIT from TREES — 149 FRUIT TREES — 153 BOOK TWO — 183 LIVING CREATURES — 184 FATS — 212 FRUMENTACEA: CEREALS — 229 LACHANA: VEGETABLES — 243 HERBS WITH A SHARP QUALITY — 304 BOOK THREE: ROOTS — 363 ROOTS OF AKANTHODA or PRICKLY PLANTS — 377 BOOK FOUR: OTHER HERBS & ROOTS — 541 BOOK FIVE: VINES & WINES — 741 WINES — 747 OTHER WINES — 759 METALLIC STONES — 781 INDEXES ALTERNATE NAMES — 832 ILLUSTRATIONS — 847 LATINISED GREEK NAMES — 851 MEDICINAL USES etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Activity Pack: Evolution
    Activity Pack: Evolution This pack is designed to provide teachers with information to help you lead a trip to Colchester Zoo focusing on Evolution Contents Page How to use this pack 1 Map of the Colchester Zoo 2 Background Information 3 Pre-Trip 5 Ideas, Activities and Worksheets At the Zoo 9 Ideas, Activities, and Worksheets Post-Trip 14 Ideas, Activities, and Worksheets How to Use this Pack: This Evolution Pack was designed to help your students learn about the history of evolutionary theory and classification, and prepare them for a trip to Colchester Zoo. The pack starts with information about the history of evolution to help provide support for your sessions. There is also a map from the zoo that will help you plan your day, and your route around the zoo. We recommend all teachers read through this, and give copies to adult helpers attending your school trip. For feed and encounter times please head to the website. The rest of the pack is broken into: pre-trip, at the zoo, and post-trip. Each of these sections starts with some general ideas, and then there are a variety of pre-made activities and worksheets. Activities are typically hands on ‘games’ that introduce and reinforce concepts. Worksheets are typically paper hand-outs teachers can photocopy and have pupils complete independently. Teachers can pick and choose which they want to use since all the activities/worksheets can be used independently (you can just use one worksheet if you wish; you don’t need to complete the others). The activities and worksheets included in this pack are for KS3 and 4 students.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicine and Philosophy in the Modern
    A Escola Médica de Pádua REBOLLO, Regina Andrés. A Escola Médica de Pádua: medicina e filosofia no período moderno. História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, A Escola Médica de v.17, n.2, abr.-jun. 2010, p.307-331. Pádua: medicina e Resumo Trata-se de contribuição parcial ao filosofia no período entendimento da história da recepção e transmissão dos textos clássicos moderno hipocráticos e galênicos na Itália do período moderno. Observando-se rotuli e puncti da Escola Médica da The Paduan School of Universidade de Pádua, que registram as disciplinas e os conteúdos Medicine: medicine and ministrados no período compreendido entre 1500 e 1600, pode-se conhecer o philosophy in the modern era currículo oficial dessa famosa escola. A consulta a tais documentos mostra o compromisso da formação médica oficial com a tradição, em especial com Hipócrates, Galeno, Avicena e Aristóteles. Palavras-chave: história da medicina; currículo médico paduano; medicina dos séculos XVI e XVII. Abstract This is a partial contribution to an understanding of the history of the reception and transmission of classical Hippocratic and Galenic texts in Italy's modern period. By examining rotuli and puncti of the School of Medicine of Padua University, which record the subjects and content taught in the period between 1500 and 1600, one can study the official curriculum of this famous school. Perusal of these documents shows the commitment of official medical training to tradition, especially with respect to Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna and Aristotle Regina Andrés Rebollo Keywords: history of medicine; Paduan medical curriculum; medicine of the Professora da Universidade São Judas Tadeu sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Animal Diversity 655
    kingdom, which of course includes yourself. But animal di- versity extends far beyond humans and the dogs, cats, birds, and other animals we humans regularly encounter. For ex- 32 ample, the diverse organisms in Figure 32.1 are all animals, including those that appear to resemble lacy branches, thick stems, and curly leaves. To date, biologists have identified 1.3 million extant (living) species of animals. Estimates of the actual number of animal species run far higher. This An Overview vast diversity encompasses a spectacular range of morpho- logical variation, from corals to cockroaches to crocodiles. of Animal Diversity In this chapter, we embark on a tour of the animal king- dom that will continue in the next two chapters. We will con- sider the characteristics that all animals share, as well as those that distinguish various taxonomic groups. This information is central to understanding animal phylogeny, a topic that is a lively arena of biological research and debate, as you will read. CONCEPT 32.1 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers Listing features shared by all animals is challenging, as there are exceptions to nearly every criterion for distinguishing an- imals from other life-forms. When taken together, however, several characteristics of animals sufficiently describe the group for our discussion. Nutritional Mode ᭡ Figure 32.1 Which of these organisms Animals differ from both plants and fungi in their mode of are animals? nutrition. Plants are autotrophic eukaryotes capable of gener- ating organic molecules through photosynthesis. Fungi are EVOLUTION heterotrophs that grow on or near their food and that feed by KEY CONCEPTS absorption (often after they have released enzymes that di- gest the food outside their bodies).
    [Show full text]
  • Conrad Gessner's Paratexts*
    Gesnerus 73/1 (2016) 73–122 Conrad Gessner’s Paratexts* Ann Blair Summary Throughout his prolific publishing career Conrad Gessner composed abun- dant paratexts which offer valuable insight into his methods of working. Gessner wrote many dedications, only a minority of which were addressed to major patrons of his day. Instead he used them to thank dozens of physicians and scholars for sending him information, images, and manuscripts for his ongoing projects. Gessner acknowledged new arrivals in successive publica- tions and invited further contributions explicitly. In “to the readers” and other passages Gessner called attention to his future publication plans and his skill in working with printers and in editing manuscripts of recently de- ceased scholars, thereby also encouraging new commissions. Gessner was also a master indexer and innovated especially in drawing up the first index of authors cited for his edition of Stobaeus in 1543 and a new all-purpose ­index in his Stobaeus of 1549. Many other aspects of Gessner’s paratexts ­warrant further study. Keywords: Conrad Gessner, paratexts * Warm thanks to Anthony Grafton, Urs Leu, and Hubert Steinke for their very helpful ­feedback on a draft, to Hubert Steinke for his patient editorial support, and to Urs Leu and Sandra Weidmann for consultations concerning E-rara. Ann Blair, Department of History, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA (amblair @fas.harvard.edu) Gesnerus 73 (2016) 73 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 05:05:11PM via free access The paratexts of Conrad Gessner’s many publications form a rich corpus in which to watch Gessner at work and reflecting on his work.
    [Show full text]