Learning Objectives Seminar Agenda Understanding the Concept Of

2/13/2017

After the seminar…. • Please take our seminar feedback survey: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/FirestopSeminar2 016 (only 3-4 mins!)

You can scan the QR code to take you to the survey Firestop Plan Review and Inspection Indicate if you would like to receive a seminar certificate ICC Preferred Provider Course No. 10471 IFC Firestop 108 – Firestop inspection and plan review Firestop Inspection Training 5 0.7 CEUs

Learning Objectives Seminar agenda

1. Outline how fire containment in construction is • What is firestopping, and why is it required? achieved • Code Requirements THE BASICS • Firestop System Fire Testing 2. List the code requirements for firestopping • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems 3. Explain how firestopping materials are tested SPECIFIC • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS and to what standards • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems 4. Show why a system approach to firestopping • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories is required • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS 5. Determine when the installation techniques • Engineering judgments meet applicable standards and code • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems requirements • Plan review and inspection process INSPECTION 6. Understand the 2012 IBC requirements for recommendations • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS firestop Special Inspection • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 6 7

Understanding the Concept of Balanced Fire Protection Balanced Fire Protection • An integrated system of fire and smoke protection elements in the construction environment composed of detection, suppression and containment features designed to provide an acceptable level of protection for people and property

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Fire Protection Triad What is the Function of a Balanced Fire Protection Design?

• Detectors are used to activate fire alarms and notify building occupants and emergency responders Containment • Sprinklers are designed to control small and medium fires and to prevent fire spread beyond the typical water supply design area of about 1,500 ft2 • Compartmentation mitigates the spread of more severe but less frequent fires by limiting building areas, subdividing building with fire resistance rated construction, based on hourly ratings

Suppression Detection 10 11

IBC Balanced fire protection Finding The Right features Balance • Requires features that limit spread of fire and products of combustion: – Sprinkler systems and other suppression systems (control) – Fire rated horizontal and wall assemblies – Smoke barriers – Opening protection: doors, windows, shutters in paths of egress – Occupant egress requirements – Smoke management systems Active Passive – Fire detection and alarm systems – Limitations on interior finishes and hazardous materials Protection Protection – Limited heights and areas (Sprinklers (Fire-resistive – Fire rated tenant separations and Alarms) Assemblies) – Structural protection

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What is the Leading Killer in Fires? Fire Statistics – Why We Must Smoke & Toxic Gases Contain Smoke and Toxic Gases 3/4 of all fire deaths are caused by smoke inhalation.

Source: Hall, Jr. John R. NFPA Fire Analysis & Research, Quincy, MA. “Burns, Toxic Gases, and other Hazards”. Visibility: 47% of survivors caught in a fire could not see more than 12 feet Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 1-1P. Pg.1-15. Approximately 57% of people killed in fires are not in the room of the fire’s origin Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 8-1P. Pg. 8-17.

Smoke travels 120-420 feet per minute under fire conditions Source: Estimate based upon ceiling jet velocity calculations for typical ceiling heights and heat release rates.

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Containment in Construction

• Fire-resistance-rated assemblies – Fire Walls – Fire Barriers – Fire Partitions – Smoke Barriers Containment In Construction – Horizontal Assemblies

• Through- and Membrane-Penetrations • Fire-resistant joint systems (i.e. construction joints and perimeter joints) • Opening protection (i.e. fire-rated doors and windows) • Air ducts and air transfer openings (i.e. dampers)

Firestopping: IBC Definition

•An assemblage consisting of a fire-resistance-rated floor, floor/ceiling, or wall assembly, + •one or more penetrating items passing through the breaches in both sides of the assembly + •the materials or devices, or both, installed to resist the spread of fire through the assembly for a prescribed period of time.

Compare and contrast Large loss fires with inadequate compartmentation

• Firestopping • Fireblocking • Draftstopping

May 2001 - Taipei Office Building Fire started on 3rd Floor 1980 MGM Grand Hotel Spread and jumped to 26th Floor 84 Died – 679 Injured (Unauthorized removal of fire walls and lack of Due to Smoke Propagation perimeter barrier firestopping hampered fire (Prior to Firestop Requirements) containment)

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Fire occurred on the 12th floor extending to 16th floor (62 story high-rise): Fire occurred in the 5th floor electrical – “The lack of firestopping between the floor room: slabs and the skin permitted the fire to – “Fire and smoke spread beyond the spread from floor to floor through this rooms involved due to a number of space. Fire was observed spreading unprotected horizontal and vertical through this area even before the glass openings.” and mullions failed.” – “Based upon the NFPA’s investigation – “The fire extended upward by…non- and analysis of this fire, the following firestopped openings between the floor are considered significant contributing slab and the skin.” factors to the loss of property in this – “The vertical spread was also through incident: poke-through, pipe recesses, and utility • Unprotected vertical and horizontal shafts.” penetrations. These openings – “The automatic sprinkler system was allowed smoke to spread from First Interstate Bank Building beyond the electrical room and into Los Angeles, 1988 drained and building fire pumps shut off at time of fire.” Rockefeller Centre the occupied areas.” Source: Chapman, Elmer F. “High-Rise: An Analysis,” Fire New York, 1996 Engineering”, August 1988. Source: NFPA Fire Investigation Summary: “High Rise Fire Rockefeller Center”

Why is Firestopping Required? Containment In Construction Where do the IBC (and NFPA 101)

• Mandated by the Codes required firestopping?

• Life safety and property protection

• Provide time for first responders to perform their duties

• Compartmentalize and prevent spread of flame and smoke through a structure during a fire

Containment In Construction Containment In Construction

Through-Penetrations Membrane-Penetrations

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Containment In Construction Containment In Construction

Construction Joints Perimeter Containment

Firestopping needed in many Seminar agenda Applications • What is firestopping, and why is it required? • Code Requirements THE BASICS • Firestop System Fire Testing • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems SPECIFIC • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS • Engineering judgments • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems • Plan review and inspection process recommendations INSPECTION • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS Graphics – STI • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 31

Code Requirements – Firestopping Minimum requirements for New Construction & Maintenance Code Requirements - Firestopping –International Building Code – Chapter 7 •New Construction –International Fire Code – Chapter 7 •Existing Buildings –NFPA 101 – Chapter 8 •Health Care

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FIRESTOP PROCESS Firestop Code Requirements - IBC • Design/specification Submittals • Plan Review • Code provisions provide clear direction for inclusion information on the plans. • Installation 107.2.1 - Information on Construction Documents shall be of sufficient clarity to indicate the location, nature and extent of the • Inspection work proposed and show in detail that it will conform to the provisions of this codes • Maintenance 107.3.4.1-Deferred submittals. Deferral of any submittal items shall have the prior approval of the building official. The registered design professional in responsible charge shall list the deferred submittals on the construction documents for review by the building official. Documents for deferred submittal items shall be submitted to the registered design professional … who shall review them and forward them to the building official … indicating they … have been reviewed and found to be in general conformance to the design of the building. The deferred submittal items shall not be installed until the deferred submittal documents have been approved by the building official.

Firestop Code Requirements - IBC Firestop Code Requirements - IBC Through-Penetrations Inspection • Sections 714.3.1.2: Through-Penetrations of Vertical Assemblies • 110.3.6 Protection of joints and penetrations in fire-resistance- Through penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetration rated assemblies, smoke barriers and smoke partitions shall not firestop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E 814 or UL be concealed from view until inspected and approved. 1479 with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch (2.49 Pa) of water and shall have an F rating of not less than the required fire resistance rating of the wall penetrated.

Firestop Code Requirements - IBC Firestop Code Requirements - IBC Through-Penetrations Membrane Penetrations • Sections 714.4.1.2: Through-Penetrations of Horizontal Assemblies Through penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetration firestop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479 with a • Sections 714.3.2: Membrane Penetrations minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch (2.49 Pa) of water and shall Membrane Penetrations shall comply with Section 714.3.1. Where walls or have The system shall have an F rating/T rating of not less than 1 hour but not partitions are required to have a fire-resistance rating, recessed fixtures shall less than the required rating of the floor penetrated. be installed such that the required fire-resistance will not be reduced. Exceptions to T-Rating only: – Code Summary: 1. Floor penetrations contained and located within the cavity of a wall • Membrane penetrations are firestopped at 2. Floor penetrations by floor drains, tub drains or shower drains the wall membrane or surface, the same contained and located within the concealed space of a horizontal assembly as through penetrations 3. Max 4-inch diameter penetrations directly into metal-enclosed electrical power switchgear.

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Firestop Code Requirements - IBC Firestop Code Requirements - IBC Perimeter Barriers Joints 715.4 Exterior curtain wall/floor intersection. Where fire resistance- • Section 715.1: Fire Resistive Joint Systems rated floor or floor/ceiling assemblies are required, voids created at the “Joints installed in or between fire-resistance rated walls, floor or intersection of the exterior curtain wall assemblies and such floor floor/ceiling assemblies and roofs or roof/ceiling assemblies shall be assemblies shall be sealed with an approved system to prevent the protected by an approved fire-resistant joint system designed to resist interior spread of fire. Such systems shall be securely installed and the passage of fire for a time period not less than the required fire- tested in accordance with ASTM E 2307 to provide an F rating for a time resistance rating of the wall, floor or roof in or between which the system period not less than the fire-resistance rating of the floor assembly. is Installed.” Height and fire-resistance requirements for curtain wall spandrels shall comply with Section 705.8.5. Exceptions: Several specific exemptions exist e.g. walls permitted to Exception….. have unprotected openings, floors within malls, etc..

Perimeter barriers: Floor-to-ceiling glass Firestop Code Requirements - IBC 2012: 715.4.1 Exterior curtain wall/nonfire-resistance-rated floor assembly intersections. Voids created at the intersection 715.4 Exterior curtain wall/floor intersection of exterior curtain wall assemblies and nonfire-resistance-rated Exception: Voids created at the intersection of the exterior curtain wall floor or floor/ceiling assemblies shall be sealed with an approved assemblies and such floor assemblies where the vision glass extends to material or system to retard the interior spread of fire and hot the finished floor level shall be permitted to be sealed with an approved gases between stories. material to prevent the interior spread of fire. Such material shall be securely installed and capable of preventing the passage of flame and 2015: 715.4.2 Exterior curtain wall/vertical fire barrier hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste where subjected to ASTM E intersections. Voids created at the intersection of nonfire- 119 time-temperature fire conditions under a minimum positive resistance-rated exterior curtain wall assemblies and fire barriers pressure differential of 0.01 inch (0.254 mm) of water column (2.5 Pa) shall be filled. An approved material or system shall be used to for the time period at least equal to not less than the fire-resistance fill the void and shall be securely installed in or on the rating of the floor assembly. intersection for its entire length so as not to dislodge, loosen or otherwise impair its ability to accommodate expected building movements and to retard the passage of fire and hot gases.

PRESENTATION TITLE 42 PRESENTATION TITLE 43

Firestop Code Requirements Firestop Code Requirements – Special Inspections Fire Codes • 1705.17 Fire-resistant penetrations and joints. In high-rise Inspection during life of a building buildings or in buildings assigned to Risk Category III or IV in accordance with Section 1604.5, special inspections for • Fire codes govern the fire safety requirements through-penetrations, membrane penetration firestops,fire- of buildings throughout their lifespan resistant joint systems, and perimeter fire barrier systems that are tested and listed – International Fire Code • ASTM standards required in 1705.17 for inspection procedures (E2174-04 and E2393-04)

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International Fire Code (IFC) Code Requirements - IBC Inspection during life of a building International Building Code – 703.1 Maintenance. The required fire-resistance Test Standards rating of fire-resistance-rated construction (including walls, firestops, shaft enclosures, partitions, smoke IBC barriers, floors, fire-resistive coatings and sprayed Through ASTM E814 fire-resistant materials applied to structural members Penetration UL 1479 and fire-resistant joint systems) shall be maintained. UL 2079 Joints – 2009: Such elements shall be visually inspected by ASTM E1966 the owner annually and properly repaired, restored or Perimeter replaced when damaged, altered, breached or ASTM E2307 penetrated. Barriers – 2015: Records of inspections and repairs shall be maintained.

IFC Video Questions / Discussion

• “CLOSE ENOUGH IS NOT GOOD ENOUGH”: A Demonstration of Proper vs. Improper Firestopping

http://www.youtube.com/c/FirestopOrg

Seminar agenda

• What is firestopping, and why is it required? • Code Requirements THE BASICS • Firestop System Fire Testing • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems SPECIFIC • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems How Firestopping is Tested • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS • Engineering judgments • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems • Plan review and inspection process recommendations INSPECTION • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 50

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Through-Penetration Test Before

Third Party Testing Labs Underwriters Laboratories Inc. FM Global (Factory Mutual) Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Southwest Research Institute

Labs Test to Standards American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL)

ASTM E119 TIME - TEMPERATURE CURVE Through-Penetration Test During

Through-Penetration Test Hose Stream Test After

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Example of Successful Testing Through-Penetration Systems

Construction - 4” PVC Through Drywall Main Criteria: Firestopping - Intumescent Device & Sealant – F-Rating: Condition of Acceptance: • Prohibits flame passage • Hose stream (no projections of water through gaps) – T-Rating: Max. temp. rise of 325°F above ambient on the non-fireside

Before After

ASTM E1399: Cyclic Movement Fire Resistive Joint Testing and Measuring Min.& Max. Joint Head of Wall Joint Widths of Architectural Joint Floor to Floor Joint Systems

Cycling Requirements Class Movement Min. Cycles Frequency I Thermal 500 1 cycle / min. II Wind Sway 500 10 cycle / min. III Seismic 100 30 cycle / min. IV Combined 100 30 cycle / min.& 400 10 cycle / min

Before After Fire Exposure

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Hosestream Hosestream Failure

Questions / Discussion Seminar agenda

• What is firestopping, and why is it required? • Code Requirements THE BASICS • Firestop System Fire Testing • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems SPECIFIC • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS • Engineering judgments • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems • Plan review and inspection process recommendations INSPECTION • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 67

Penetration Firestop Systems Penetration Firestop Systems

Consists of: • Assembly being penetrated • Penetrating item • Fill, void or cavity materials (firestopping materials)

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Three Components of Penetrations Codes & Standards

Code Requirements Code Requirements Wall IBC 714.3 (wall assemblies) Assemblies Cont. IBC 714.4 (Horizontal assemblies) • 714.3.2 – Membrane penetration shall be • 714.3.1, 714.4.1 – Through penetration shall be protected by one of the following: protected as follows: – As tested as part of the entire wall assembly – As specified in 713.3.1 (i.e. through – As tested to ANSI/UL 1479 / ASTM E 814 penetrations) • 714.3.1.2 – When tested to ANSI/UL 1479 or – Recessed fixtures shall be installed so as not ASTM E 814, systems shall have F Rating to reduce the required fire resistance equal to rating of wall penetrated • 714.4.1.2 - …shall have an F rating and a T – Specific rules for outlet boxes… rating of not less than 1 hour but not less than the required rating of the floor penetrated.” 73 72

Code Requirements Smoke Barriers

• 714.5 – Penetrations in smoke barriers shall have an L Rating at ambient and 400 °F per UL2079 – Max 5.0 CFM / sq ft of opening, or – Max cumulative leakage of 50 cfm for all penetrations within any 100 square feet of wall or floor area Sprinkler Pipe Considerations 74

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Sprinkler Pipe Considerations Ratings

Metallic Sprinkler Pipe Penetrations: • F - Flame Occurrence • NFPA 13 Annular Space Limitations • T - Heat Transmission – If Pipe < 3.5” then annular = 1” • L - Leakage – If pipe > 3.5” then annular = 2” • W - Water Leakage (Optional) • Pipe Movement – Seismic Movement – Water-Hammer from Testing

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Conditions of Acceptance L (Air Leakage) Ratings F Rating

• Passage of Flame • L Rating methodology added to ANSI/UL 1479 in 1993 • Hose Stream • Leakage determined at 0.3 in. WC • Tested at Ambient and 400°F • Results published in either CFM/Device or CFM per sq ft

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Conditions of Acceptance IBC – T Rating To obtain T-Rating

• No Passage of Flame • Not to exceed 325°F Temperature Rise • Code-mandated only for some floor penetrations

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IBC – T Rating IBC – T Rating (Exceptions) • Required for – through-penetrations of horizontal assemblies (with exceptions) – membrane penetrations by non-electrical boxes Exceptions to floor penetration T-Rating:  T-rating never required by code for wall through- 1. Floor penetrations contained and located within the penetrations cavity of a wall 2. Floor penetrations by floor drains, tub drains or • Methods for achieving a T Rating include: shower drains contained and located within the – Wrap metallic pipe with mineral wool or ceramic insulation concealed space of a horizontal assembly (IBC 2012) – A listed device around metallic pipe that will cool pipe 3. Max 4-inch diameter penetrations directly into metal- during a fire enclosed electrical power switchgear. (IBC 2015)

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Typical Annular Space

Annular Space

1. 2. Off- Centered Centere d

3. Point 4. Continuous Contact Contact

Sealant depth & location must be verified Crown Bead at Point Contact 5/8” called for in < 5/8” installed in the Listed System field

SIDE VIEW TOP VIEW

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Untooled sealant on the surface will likely fail Poor Sealant Footprint Item

Intumescence = Expansion with heat Penetrating

Properly recessed and tooled Properly Tooled Penetrations sealant will expand inward as designed. • The Firestop sealant must Improved Sealant be well bonded to Footprint penetrating item and surrounding wall or floor • Should always inspect both sides PenetratingItem

Steel Collars and Intumescent Firestop Putties Wrap Strips • Intumescent Putties • Intumescent sealant expands and fills the void • The intumescent expands inwards to crush/collapse pipe – Hand moldable intumescent “putties

STI Graphic

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Verify that a Penetration Where Can I Find The Most Firestop System matches the Current Listings?

application Hard Copy

Every tested and listed system has its own unique allowances, limits, requirements: CD-ROM -Hourly fire rating -Type of barrier -Type of penetrant -Min/Max Hole size -Firestop product Online

SYSTEM No. C-AJ-1379

F Ratings – 3 Hr Identifying a matching firestop T Ratings – 0 Hr system • What type of building assembly is requiring firestopping? – Floor or Wall • What type of material is the building assembly – Concrete, CMU, Gypsum, Wood Frame • What is the penetrating item(s)? – Metallic, Nonmetallic, Cables, Insulated, Construction Joints, etc. 1A. Floor or Wall Assembly – Min 4-1/2 in. thick reinforced normal weight (150 pcf) concrete. • What are the specific descriptions regarding the Wall may also be constructed of any UL classified Concrete Blocks*. Max diam of opening is 26-1/2 in. penetrants? See Concrete Blocks (CAZT) category in the Fire Resistance Rating Directory for names of manufacturers. – Diameter, quantity, type of plastic, type & thickness of insulation, 1B. Metallic Sleeve (optional) – Nom 16 in. (or smaller), Schedule 10 (or heavier) steel pipe sleeve, cast or grouted into floor or wall assembly. etc. 2. Through Penetrants – One metallic pipe or tubing to be installed concentrically or eccentrically into opening such that the annular space between the pipe and the periphery of the • What is the hourly rating you are looking for? opening is min 0 in. (point of contact) to max 2-1/2 in. Pipe to be firmly supported on both sides of opening. The following types and sizes of pipes may be used: – F Rating, T Rating (a) Nom. 24 in. diam (or smaller) Schedule 30 (or heavier) steel or iron pipe. (b) Nom. 4 in. diam (or smaller) electrical metallic tubing. 3. Packing Material – Mineral wool insulation of min 4 pcf firmly pressed into opening as a • Are there any special considerations? permanent form. Insulation material to be recessed by min depth of 1/2 in. from top surface of • Arefloor orthere both surfaces any of wall. special considerations? – Movement, Environmental exposure 4. Fill, Void, or Cavity Materials* – Caulk – Min 1/2 in. thickness of fill material applied –withinMovement, the annulus, flush withEnvironmental top surface of floor or both exposure surfaces of wall. A min 1/4 in. crown of the caulking material shall be applied around the entire circumference of the pipe at the level of the floor surface or both wall surfaces. W.Company R. GRACE ABC &– CO.SuperDuper – CONN. Sealant – FlameSafe® FS900+ * Bearing the UL Classification Marking.

For the Contractor For the Building / Fire Official

UL Systems serve two roles: UL Systems serve two roles:

1) Evidence of compliance 1) Evidence of compliance

2) A set of build-instructions 2) Document by which to inspect

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100

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Through Penetration Firestop Factors Affecting Penetrations Systems • Floor or wall • Each firestop system contains specific construction type and construction features thickness • Size and shape of • Many firestop systems contain various opening options and various ratings • Size and type of • Must be followed exactly for rating to penetrating item(s) apply • Percent fill of cables • Annular space • Rating requirement • Firestopping materials

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Summary: Inspection of Penetrations Inspection of Penetrations Cont.

• Firestop system must be installed in • Where required, packing material must be accordance with the tested and listed installed per the tested and listed system system • Required firestopping material must be • Rating of the system must match the installed per the tested and listed system required rating of assembly being • Understand some sealants may shrink when penetrated installed and the amount of shrinkage may be in the listing • Penetrating item and opening size must (difference between wet thickness in listing, match the tested and listed system and dry thickness measured later on)

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Questions / Discussion Seminar agenda

• What is firestopping, and why is it required? • Code Requirements THE BASICS • Firestop System Fire Testing • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems SPECIFIC • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS • Engineering judgments • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems • Plan review and inspection process recommendations INSPECTION • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 115

Electrical Membrane Penetrations Codes & Standards

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Code Requirements Metallic Electrical Wall Assemblies Outlet Boxes in Walls • Metallic boxes installed per code Membrane Penetrations – Maximum 16 sq in. outlet box • 714.3.2 of the IBC – Maximum 100 sq in. of opening on each side • Installed such that the required fire of wall per 100 sq ft of wall area resistance will not be reduced: – Maximum 1/8 in. annular space between wall – Metallic boxes installed per limits in IBC membrane and box – Nonmetallic boxes installed as tested and – Boxes on opposite sides of wall need to be listed either separated horizontally by minimum 24 in. or protected by some type of heat barrier

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Metallic Electrical Boxes in Wall Metallic Electrical Boxes in Wall with Less than 24 in. Spacing with Minimum 24 in. Spacing Electrical Boxes Electrical Boxes

Non-Compliant 24 in. Min

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Metallic Electrical Metallic Electrical Boxes in Walls Outlet Boxes Cont. • 2015: Metallic boxes installed in up to 2 hr • Installation not complying with code limits rated walls can (16 sq in, max 100 sq in/100 sq ft) shall – Exceed 16 sq in. outlet box be installed as tested and listed – Exceed 100 sq in. of opening per 100 sq ft of ceiling area • provided such penetrating items are protected by listed putty pads or other listed materials and methods, and installed in accordance with the listing.

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Metallic Electrical Boxes in Utility Boxes Staggered Stud Walls  Protection required despite spacing • Other, non-electrical boxes Are Permitted that: Electrical Boxes – are protected with a tested penetration firestop system, and – have an F and T rating equal to the required fire- resistance rating of the wall penetrated, and – are installed in accordance with their listing. • Listed non-electrical boxes exist with inherent (listed) fire rating Putty Pads, Insert Pads or Gaskets (CLIV / QCSN), or other methods 124 125

Nonmetallic Electrical Outlet Boxes in Walls

• Nonmetallic boxes installed as tested and listed • Maximum 1/8 in. annular space between wall membrane and box • Boxes on opposite sides of wall need to be either separated as specified in their listing or protected by some type of heat barrier

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Listed Nonmetallic Electrical Listed Nonmetallic Electrical Boxes in Wall with Minimum 24 in. Boxes in Wall at Reduced Spacing Spacing Per Listing Electrical Boxes Electrical Boxes

24 in. Min

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Listed Nonmetallic Electrical Recessed electrical boxes in walls: Boxes in summary • 4 possible challenges Staggered Stud Walls Per Listing – Boxes on opposite sides of wall too close (24 inch rule) Electrical Boxes • Putty pads a solution • 2009 IBC requires stud cavities to be “individual noncommunicating stud cavities” for 24 inch separation to be acceptable – Boxes too big (> 16 sq. in.) • Putty pads a solution for boxes up to tested size limit (see CLIV listings) – Too many boxes in one small area (> 100 sq. in. per 100 sq ft of wall) • IBC 2015 allows “listed materials and methods” when this Putty Pads, Insert Pads or Gaskets limit exceeded; putty pads commonly accepted (CLIV / QCSN), or other methods – Non-metallic outlet boxes • Must use a specially tested/listed plastic box, within listing 130 limits (may require a putty pad)

Metallic Electrical Nonmetallic Electrical Outlet Boxes in Ceilings Outlet Boxes in Ceilings • Metallic boxes installed per code • Nonmetallic boxes installed as tested and – Maximum 16 sq in. outlet box listed – Maximum 100 sq in. of opening per 100 sq ft of ceiling area • Maximum 1/8 in. annular space between – Maximum 1/8 in. annular space between ceiling ceiling membrane and box membrane and box • Installation not complying with these prescriptive requirements shall be protected by tested and listed solutions

Questions / Discussion Seminar agenda

• What is firestopping, and why is it required? • Code Requirements THE BASICS • Firestop System Fire Testing • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems SPECIFIC • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS • Engineering judgments • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems • Plan review and inspection process recommendations INSPECTION • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 135

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Joint Systems Codes & Standards

IBC - Definition Building Code Requirements Fire Resistive Joints

IBC Definition of JOINT Section 715.1: Fire Resistive Joint Systems • The opening in or between adjacent •“Joints installed in or between fire-resistance rated walls, floor or assemblies that is created due to building floor/ceiling assemblies and roofs or roof/ceiling assemblies shall be tolerances, or is designed to allow protected by an approved fire-resistant joint system designed to resist the passage of fire for a time period not less than the required independent movement of the building in fire-resistance rating of the wall, floor or roof in or between which the any plane caused by thermal, seismic, system is Installed.” wind or any other loading. Exceptions: Several specific exemptions exist e.g. walls permitted to have unprotected openings, floors within malls, etc..

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Building Code Requirements Building Code Requirements IBC IBC – Joints in Smoke Barriers – Joints • must be designed and constructed to restrict • 715.2 - Fire-resistant joint systems shall be the movement of smoke. securely installed in or on the joint for its entire • rating used: L Rating length so as not to dislodge, loosen or – measurement of air leakage rate through a fire otherwise impair its ability to accommodate resistive joint system or penetration. expected building movements and to resist the • 715.6 - Joints in smoke barriers shall have an L passage of fire and hot gasses Rating not in excess of 5 cfm / lineal ft of • 715.3 - Joints shall be tested to ANSI/UL 2079 opening or ASTM E 1966”

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Forces Which Induce Movement Types of Joint Systems

• Floor-to-Floor (Expansion Joint) • Floor-to-Wall (Edge of Slab)  Thermal • Head-of-Wall (Top of Wall)  Wind Sway • Wall-to-Wall (Vertical Control Joint)  Seismic • Bottom of Wall

 Load

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Construction Joint Terminology Categories of Fire-Resistive Joint systems • Nominal Joint Width • Sealant Systems (Caulks) • Assembly Rating • Sprayed /Elastomeric Membranes • Movement (Sprays) • Extension • Mechanical Joints • Compression • Percent (%) Extension / Compression • Mineral Wool Compression • Sealant Depth

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Typical Head of Wall Joint System Typical Head of Wall Joint System With Nominal Joint Width Load

1” Elastomeric Caulk Roof or or Spray Floor Deck 1/2” Elastomeric Caulk Mineral Wool Roof or or Spray Floor Deck Steel Stud Deep Leg Track Mineral Wool Steel Stud Deep Leg Track Gypsum Gypsum Board Board

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Typical Head of Wall Joint System Head-of-Wall Spray Application

1-1/2” Elastomeric Caulk Roof or or Spray Floor Deck Mineral Wool Flutes are stuffed with mineral wool or Steel Stud Deep Leg Track speed plugs per UL Load system. Remaining joint is stuffed with Firestop sealant is Gypsum mineral wool or applied to both sides Board speed strips per UL of wall per UL system. system.

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Cyclic Movement Between Where Can I Find The Most Minimum Current Listings? & Maximum Joint Widths Hard Copy

CD-ROM

Online

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1. What type of building assemblies form the joint? – Floor/Floor, Floor/Wall, Wall/Wall, Top of Wall/Ceiling 2. What materials are the assemblies constructed from? – Concrete, CMU, Gypsum 3. What is the required hourly Evaluating a Fire-Resistive Joint rating? – Assembly rating (1 – 4 hour) System 4. What is the width of the joint (inches)? 5. How much movement is required? – Must accommodate building movement (% of joint size) 6. Are there any special considerations? – Unique construction condition, environmental exposure

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UL Nomenclature UL Nomenclature Cont.

Navigating the UL Directory: Navigating the UL Directory: HW – D – 0060 HW – D – 0060

JOINT SYSTEMS (XHBN) JOINT SYSTEMS (XHBN)

First Two Alpha Characters identify the type Third Alpha Character identifies the of joint system: movement capabilities of the system: FF = Floor-to-Floor D = Dynamic (movement capabilities) WW = Wall-to-Wall S = Static (no movement capabilities) FW = Floor-to-Wall HW = Head-of-Wall

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UL Nomenclature Cont. UL Nomenclature Cont.

Navigating the UL Directory: Navigating the UL Directory: HW – D – 0060 HW – D – 0060

JOINT SYSTEMS (XHBN) JOINT SYSTEMS (XHBN)

First Numeric Character identifies the nominal width of Second Through Fourth Numeric Characters the linear opening: identify the individual system number 0000 – 0999 = < 2 in. 1000 – 1999 = > 2 in. and < 6 in. 2000 – 2999 = > 6 in. and < 12 in. 3000 – 3999 = > 12 in. and < 24 in. 4000 – 4999 = > 24 in.

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Joint Systems Typical Floor-to-Floor System

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Typical Floor-to-Wall System Typical Wall-to-Wall System

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Plan Review of Joint Systems Recommended Joint System Correction Notice • What type of joint is being protected? • Deflection is required to be installed with an approved • What is the required hourly rating? joint system per Section 715 of the IBC. The assemblies need to be designed to allow joints to • What is the width of the joint (nominal compress and extend with movement of structure while installed width)? maintaining the fire-rating of the assemblies. • How much movement is required? • Please clarify building deflection by listing the • Is an L Rating required? Maximum and Minimum building deflection movements to determine movement • Is submitted system consistent with the capabilities of assembly and identify listed above requirements? assemblies for all joint systems.

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Inspection of Joint Systems Joint Inspection Process

• What type of building assemblies form • Inspect joint systems during framing inspection the joint (type and thickness)? • Contractor to provide you with the UL listed • What materials are the assemblies assembly as shown / approved on the plans constructed from? • Confirm all joint systems will accommodate required movement • Are there any special considerations? • For Mechanical Joints observe the ceiling (EJ’s) runner for the UL label located on the side of the runner

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Joint Systems - Summary Questions / Discussion

• Provide tested and listed systems that includes joint movement at Plan Review or before field inspection • Joints must accommodate expected building movement • Inspect some joint systems during framing inspection

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Perimeter Fire Seminar agenda Containment Systems • What is firestopping, and why is it required? • Code Requirements THE BASICS • Firestop System Fire Testing • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems SPECIFIC • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS • Engineering judgments • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems • Plan review and inspection process INSPECTION PATHS OF FIRE recommendations PROPAGATION • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 171

What is a Curtain Wall? Unsealed or Improperly sealed perimeter joints cost lives and huge liability losses… An exterior building wall which carries no roof or • Summerland, Isle of Man, British Isles. Fire spread floor loads and consists of through safing slot. 50 people killed. metal, glass or stone or any • Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, NV. Fire spread from 8th to 13th combination there of floor in 25 minutes. 8 fatalities. supported by a metal frame. • First Interstate Bank, Los Angeles, CA. Flames spread from 13th to 16th floor via perimeter joint. One death. • One Meridian Plaza, Philadelphia, PA. Fire spread from 22nd to 30th floor through unprotected openings including slab edge.

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Extending the Rated Floor to the curtain wall... Mandated by code!

The perimeter joint must be sealed with an approved material or system that extends this rating to the exterior wall surface

Common Terminology

Aluminum Transom Vision Glass How do the codes address the

Spandrel: Glass, protection at the perimeter? Aluminum or ……

Aluminum Mullion 177

Preventing interior fire spread Preventing exterior fire spread

• Sections 715.4 • 705.8.5 – Vertical Separation of Openings - • Exterior curtain wall/floor intersection. Void at requires unprotected openings in exterior walls edge of rated floor shall be sealed with an not separated horizontally by 5 ft to be: approved system, shall be securely installed – Separated 3 ft minimum vertically by 1 hr wall, and Tested to ASTM E 2307 for time period or equal to rating of floor – Separated 30 in. minimum horizontally by 1 hr flame barrier – These requirements waived if building is sprinklered and/or three stories of less • Protects against “leap-frog” fire spread

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Code Requirements Cont. Elements of Perimeter Fire Containment Systems • 715.4.5 – Where section 705.8.5 does not apply, the requirements of section • Floor Assembly 715.4 shall still apply • Curtain Wall Assembly • Protect perimeter void or joint • Safing Materials • Attachment methods • Sealants

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Time – Temperature Curve Time – Temperature Curve

1220 ° F (9min) 1050 ° F (6min) glass fiber Temp Temp aluminum melts insulation melts (°F) (°F)

Time (Hr) Time (Hr)

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Curtain ASTM E2307 Transom above floor Wall Test Mineral wool insulation at Standard Test Method for Assembly spandrel area Determining Fire Resistance of Mechanical attachments Perimeter Fire Barriers Using supporting insulation

Intermediate-Scale, Multi-Story Pre-Burn Transom below floor Test Apparatus Mullions

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Factors Affecting Perimeter Joint Performance

 Floor and/or wall ASTM E2307 Testing construction type and thickness Has Defined how  Joint width Perimeter Joints  Movement requirements  Rating requirement Should Be Built…  Firestopping materials

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Curtain Wall Fire Containment Typical Curtain Wall System Six Basic Design Principles Cont.

1 Reinforcement Member Mechanical attachments are used to hold the curtain wall 2 Mineral Wool Insulation insulation (not shown) in place and are attached to the vertical 3 Mechanically Attached mullions. Theses come in many 4 Compression Fit Safing forms such as hangers, stick pins, 3 2 steel angles, as well as other 5 Protect Mullions forms. 5 6 Smoke Barrier 6

4 1

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Typical Curtain Wall System Cont. Typical Curtain Wall System Cont.

Reinforcement member or backer Minimum 2 in. thick, 8 pcf density bar set 2” below top of slab to mineral wool faced on one side support curtain wall insulation with aluminum foil scrim. Curtain from bowing due to compression wall insulation tightly fitted of Safing insulation. between framing members and Can be a T-bar, hat channel, steel mechanically attached to mullions angle, as well as others. Must be and transoms. mechanically attached to mullions.

Mechanically Attached (screw)

Reinforcement Member 191

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Typical Curtain Wall System Cont. Typical Curtain Wall System Cont. • To allow for movement between the slab and wall mineral wool must be inserted perpendicular to the 4 in. thick, 4 pcf density mineral wool installed with the fibers joint and compressed to the proper % orientated vertically. Mineral wool to be compressed 25% to 33% in the thickness dimension, and installed flush with the top of the Correct floor slab. Wrong ! Example. An 8 in. joint requires 10 ¾” of mineral wool safing within the joint.

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Typical Curtain Wall System Cont. Typical Curtain Wall System Cont.

Min. 1/8 in. wet thickness spray Typically - 8 in. wide x 2 in. thick, 8 applied over mineral wool pcf density mineral wool faced on overlapping onto concrete floor one side with aluminum foil scrim. and curtain wall assembly. See Framing covers are to be centered listed system for correct overlap over each vertical framing member and spray applied thickness and mechanically secured to the curtain wall insulation.

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Typical Curtain Wall System Cont.

Completed Installation! Evaluating a Perimeter Joint System

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1. What is the composition of the exterior wall? – Concrete panel, Spandrel Glass, UL Nomenclature Aluminum Panel, Brick Veneer, etc. 2. What supports the exterior wall? Navigating the UL Directory: – Steel stud, aluminum mullions, CW – D – 2005 etc. 3. What is the required hourly rating? PERIMETER FIRE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS – F rating (1 – 2 hour) (XHDG) 4. What is the joint width (inches)? – Measured from edge of slab to nearest point of curtain wall First Two Alpha Characters identify the type 5. How much movement is of system: required? – Must accommodate building CW = Curtain Wall movement (% of joint size) 6. Are there any special considerations? – Unique construction condition, environmental exposure 200

UL Nomenclature Cont. UL Nomenclature Cont.

Navigating the UL Directory: Navigating the UL Directory: CW – D – 2005 CW – D – 2005

PERIMETER FIRE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS PERIMETER FIRE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS (XHDG) (XHDG)

Third Alpha Character identifies the First Numeric Character identifies the nominal movement capabilities of the system: width of the linear opening: D = Dynamic (movement capabilities) 0000 – 0999 = < 2 in. 1000 – 1999 = > 2 in. and < 6 in. S = Static (no movement capabilities) 2000 – 2999 = > 6 in. and < 12 in. 201 202

Design Questions… Additional Design Questions…

Question: Why aren’t floor-to-wall (FW) systems acceptable for Question: Are curtain wall joints static or dynamic? curtain walls? Answer: This area is referred to as a slot. The word joint suggests Answer: Floor-to-wall systems test fire resistance between a movement. Experts tend to agree that a small amount of rated floor and rated wall tested per ASTM E1966. movement occurs within the slot area. It is up to the Structural Engineer to determine the level of movement CW systems are specific perimeter tests between a required for the project. rated floor and non-rated curtain wall using the Some wall designs are subject to a small amount of Intermediate Scale Multi-story Apparatus (ISMA) per vertical shear or horizontal sway and some systems ASTM E2307. incorporate these values.

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Perimeter Fire Containment Additional Design Questions… Basic Design Criteria 1. Provide Backing/Reinforcement Member at Safing Line Question: What if our design isn’t a perfect match for a system? 2. Mechanically Attached Curtain Wall Insulation

3. Compression-fit Safing Insulation - as required per tested assembly Answer: We strongly suggest specifying tested systems. However, real world designs are seldom a perfect Install Safing Impaling Clips - as required per tested assembly match! Manufacturers or Engineers can provide an 4. Protect Aluminum Mullions engineering judgment if a listed system is available that is reasonably close in construction 5. For “Smoke Containment” - Add Firestop Coating

Inspection of Inspection of Perimeter Fire Perimeter Fire Containment Systems Containment cont. •Is the installed mineral wool of the correct density specified in listing? • Inspected at rough inspection •Was the mineral wool installed to the correct • Does the size of joint fit within the guidelines compression and according to the correct orientation? of the tested assembly? • Was the firestopping material/sealant installed to minimum depth (thickness) and installed with the correct overlap onto both the insulation and the concrete floor?

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Questions / Discussion Seminar agenda

• What is firestopping, and why is it required? • Code Requirements THE BASICS • Firestop System Fire Testing • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems SPECIFIC • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS • Engineering judgments • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems • Plan review and inspection process recommendations INSPECTION • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 210

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Fire Resistive Duct and Duct Enclosures

Fire Resistive Duct and • Why are certain ducts, cable trays, pipes, Duct Enclosure Systems electrical enclosures required to be enclosed in fire resistive construction?

Fire Resistive Duct and Fire Resistive Ducts Duct Enclosures And Duct Enclosures • In 2002, an estimated 7,100 restaurant structure fires were responsible for 108 civilian fire injuries and $116 million in • What are fire resistive ducts and duct property loss. enclosures? • Approximately 64% of restaurant structure fires were caused by cooking

• Cooking materials (grease, oil) were the most frequent items first ignited

• Statistics from the 2004 Article, “Restaurant Fires” by US Fire Administration. www.usfa.dhs.gov

Fire Resistive Ducts Fire Resistive Duct Enclosures and Duct Enclosures

Alternatives* to traditional shaft Traditional Drywall Shaft enclosure construction include: Enclosure •Flexible Duct Wrap Enclosure Systems •Utilized “Type X” Drywall •Board type Enclosure Systems •Utilizes Listed Shaft-Wall •Fire Rated Ductwork (enclosure built-in) Designs •Factory Built Duct with enclosure •Follow manufacturers system built-in (pre-insulated) instructions for horizontal assemblies *Alternative systems must be tested and laboratory listed to the requirements of the applicable building code.

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Field Applied, Flexible Duct Building Codes & Engineering Wrap Enclosure Systems Practice prohibit the use of • Offer design flexibility and space dampers in many ducts savings vs. traditional shaft enclosures • Offer Zero clearance between the • Grease Ducts duct and the duct wrap • Offer Zero clearance between the • Stairwell Pressurization Ducts by design outside of the duct wrap and combustible construction • Hazardous Exhaust Ducts • Offer a margin of safety with high • Dryer Exhaust Ducts temperature fibers rated for extended exposure at/above • Laundry and Refuse Chutes 1800F • Offer a system tested specifically for the application In the absence of dampers, ducts need to either be “Fire Resistive Ducts” or protected by “Fire Resistive Duct Enclosures”

Smoke and Fire Dampers may Fire Resistive Ducts and not work properly if firestopping Duct Enclosure Systems are

is installed used to: The Three Elements

(1) Contain potential internal fires that of Life Safety might occur in ducts conveying DETECTION hazardous / flammable materials (such as grease). (2) Protect the stability and integrity of the duct when exposed to external fire (3) Prevent the ignition of combustible materials inside the duct (grease) when exposed to an external fire. (4) Prevent heat from igniting combustibles in adjacent COMPARTMENTALIZATION SUPPRESSION compartments

Code Requirements Since 2006 IMC requires shaft enclosure for grease ducts that penetrate fire rated construction.

506.3.10 Grease duct enclosure. A grease duct serving a Type I hood that penetrates a ceiling, wall or floor shall be enclosed from the point of penetration to the outlet terminal [ ] Ducts shall be enclosed in accordance with the International Building Code requirements for shaft construction. [ ] Clearance from the duct to the interior surface of enclosures of combustible construction shall be not less than 18 inches (457 mm). Clearance from the duct to the interior surface of enclosures of noncombustible construction or gypsum wall board attached to noncombustible structures shall be not less than 6 inches (152 mm). The duct enclosure shall serve a single grease exhaust duct system and shall not contain any other ducts, piping, wiring or systems.

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IMC allows systems tested to ASTM E 2336 as NFPA 96 – Requires listing per ASTM E 2336 for field an alternative to “Shaft” construction. applied grease duct enclosure materials.

506.3.10 Grease duct enclosure. - Exceptions: 4.3 Field-Applied and Factory-Built Grease Duct Enclosures. 1. The shaft enclosure provisions of this section shall not be 4.3.1 Field-applied grease duct enclosures shall be protected with required where a duct penetration is protected with a a through-penetration firestop system classified in through-penetration firestop system classified in accordance accordance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479 having an “F” and with ASTM E 814 and having an "F" and "T“ rating equal to “T” rating equal to the fire resistance rating of the assembly the fire-resistance rating of the assembly being penetrated being penetrated. and where the surface of the duct is continuously covered on 4.3.1.1 The surface of the field fabricated grease duct shall be all sides from the point at which the duct penetrates a ceiling, continuously covered on all sides from the point at which the a wall or floor to the outlet terminal with a classified and duct enclosure penetrates a ceiling, wall, or floor to the outlet labeled material, system, method of construction or product terminal. specifically evaluated for such purpose, in accordance with 4.3.1.2 The field-applied grease duct shall be listed in accordance ASTM E 2336. Exposed duct wrap systems shall be with ASTM E 2336, and installed in accordance with the protected where subject to physical damage. manufacturer’s instructions and the listing requirements.

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Testing Requirements

IBC requires that Hazardous Production Materials Field Applied Grease Duct Enclosure Systems •ASTM E 2336 have ventilation. HPM ducts that penetrate fire •ASTM E 84 or UL 723 rated floors must be in a “shaft”. •ASTM E 814 or UL1479

415.8.2.6 Ventilation. Mechanical exhaust ventilation [ ] shall be Factory Built Grease Duct Enclosure Systems provided throughout the portions of the fabrication area where HPM •ASTM E 2336 or UL 2221 [Hazardous Production Materials] are used or stored. The exhaust •ASTM E 814 or UL 1479 air duct system of one fabrication area shall not connect to another •UL 1978 duct system outside that fabrication area within the building. •ASTM E 84 or UL 723 A ventilation system shall be provided to capture and exhaust gases, Shaft Alternatives for HVAC Duct Enclosure Systems fumes and vapors at workstations. [ ] •ISO 6944 Exhaust ducts penetrating occupancy separations shall be contained in a •ASTM E2816 shaft of equivalent fire-resistance-rated construction. Exhaust ducts •ASTM E 814 or UL 1479 shall not penetrate fire walls. •ASTM E 84 or UL 723 Fire dampers shall not be installed in exhaust ducts.

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What is ASTM E 2336? HVAC Duct Enclosure Full Engulfment per ISO 6944 ASTM E 2336 is modeled directly from ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria 101 (AC101) first published in 1994.

ASTM E 2336 requires compliance to 5 fire tests: ISO 834 Fire Curve (Similar to ASTM E-119 ) 1. Section 4.1.1 requires non-combustibility to ASTM E 136 • Stability – does the duct collapse 2. Section 4.1.2 requires a 2 Hour ASTM E 119 Wall Panel Test 3. Section 4.1.3 requires a durability test modeled after ASTM C 518 • Integrity – are opening created in the duct 4. Section 4.1.4 requires an internal grease duct fire test to demonstrate performance during long term exposure to service conditions (500°F for 4 hours), • Insulation (Similar to ASTM E 814) and exposure to a standardized internal grease fire (2000°F for 30 minutes) 5. Section 4.1.5 requires a fire engulfment test run to the ASTM E 119 fire curve, Duct A requires negative pressure on a duct which tests the capability of the duct and enclosure system to resist external without openings to the furnace fires, tests the integrity of the enclosure fastening system, and tests the through Duct B requires negative pressure on a duct penetration performance of the system per ASTM E 814. with openings to the furnace

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Duct Inspections Questions / Discussion Was the Sealant applied Before sheet metal flanges were installed?

Understanding the UL Directories Seminar agenda

• What is firestopping, and why is it required? • Code Requirements THE BASICS Hard Copy • Firestop System Fire Testing • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems SPECIFIC CD-ROM • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS • Engineering judgments • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems • Plan review and inspection process Online recommendations INSPECTION • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 231

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Fire Resistance Directory Organization Under (printed volumes) Each Product Area • Volume 1 – Columns, Beams, Floor/Ceilings, Roof/Ceilings and Walls • Guide Information • Volumes 2A & 2B – Joint Systems, • Designs, Systems or Assemblies Perimeter Fire Containment Systems, • Product Categories (indexed by and Through-Penetration Firestop manufacturer’s names) Systems • Volume 3 – Dampers, Fire Doors, Door Frames and Glazing

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“Guide Information” for each class of Examples of Guide Information products for penetration firestop Systems (Listing category XHEZ) • Available online and print • General installation and specification rules • General Description of a Firestop System applicable to all systems listed in that Class • Standard • Equipment, materials or systems included in the • Description of Ratings Category • Intended use, restrictions or supplemental • Permitted Substitutions information that apply • Specifications of Penetrating Items • Standard(s) used to evaluate products under the Category • Support of Penetrating Items • Listing or Classification Mark information for the • Angle of Penetration Category • Description of Numbering System

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Existing Systems

There are thousands of Tested and Listed • UL Approved No Such Thing (Only AHJ Systems: approves products/systems)

Each one belongs to a particular manufacturer • UL Classified Lab has used the country And are tested ONLY for a particular product(s) requirements to evaluate the product for specific hazards or properties

Different manufacturers’ products may never be • UL Listed Passes the standard test and is substituted into a design where it is not in the lab’s directory specified.

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Questions / Discussion Seminar agenda

• What is firestopping, and why is it required? • Code Requirements THE BASICS • Firestop System Fire Testing • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems SPECIFIC • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS • Engineering judgments • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems • Plan review and inspection process recommendations INSPECTION • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 242

FIRESTOP INSTALLATION

• All Trades – “Person who pokes hole, fills hole” FIRESTOP INSTALLATION ALTERNATIVES • Multiple Contracts – To Firestop Contractors or Subs

• Single Source Firestop Contractor

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FM 4991 Approved or UL Certified If Require an FM4991 or Contractor UL Certified Contractor  Programs that certify a company has the knowledge and quality control procedures to properly install firestopping .Experience – References  Min. 2 years in firestop installation business .Education with Firestop  Designated Responsible Individual (DRI) is formally systems tested by FM or UL at regular intervals .Certified or Accredited by  Documented and archived record keeping system for manufacturers all installations . Insurance  Must have an approved Quality Control Manual  Firestop Systems and Assemblies .Licensed and bonded  Training

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Firestop Contractors International Association Questions / Discussion

. Contractors specializing in installation of firestop systems . Understand firestopping requirements across all areas of construction . Committed to providing consistent, high- quality installations . Active in the advancement of the firestopping industry

Seminar agenda

• What is firestopping, and why is it required? • Code Requirements THE BASICS • Firestop System Fire Testing • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems SPECIFIC • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems ENGINEERING JUDGMENTS • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS • Engineering judgments • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems • Plan review and inspection process recommendations INSPECTION • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 250 249

Engineering Judgments: Engineering Judgments

• What are they? • An Engineering Judgment is a letter or report issued by some knowledgeable party which evaluates the • When are they acceptable? construction of some site-specific application which deviates from a tested design, system or assembly and • When are they not appropriate? concludes with a judgment of the applicable rating of that assembly • What are the guidelines? • Engineering Judgments are commonly called EJ’s.

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IBC References Justifying Engineering Judgments Cont. Engineering Judgments

• Most often applied to fire resistive construction • IBC 104.11 Alternative materials, design • Applications for an Engineering Judgment and methods of construction and – Design and system concept where multiple equipment components, some listed and some unlisted, are used to field construct the finished assembly (e.g. • IBC 703.2 Fire-resistance ratings wall) • IBC 703.3 Alternative methods for – Typically products are not required to be listed by code determining fire resistance • Contractor or architect initiates process

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Who Issues Engineering Judgments Cont. Engineering Judgments?

• Engineering Judgment letter issued, summarizing construction and making conclusion on applicable – Manufacturer rating – Fire protection engineer • AHJ makes decision on validity of Engineering – Professional engineer Judgment letter and if approved, inspects construction – Testing laboratory for consistency with letter • Must be acceptable to the Building Official or the AHJ

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When are they acceptable? Important Points of an Engineering Judgment

– When tested systems do not exist. – When modifying the application is unrealistic. • No guidance from the International Code Council or the – When existing test data supports the various I-Codes interpolation. – When the author has experience with the • No guidance from UL performance of the system and knowledge of the conditions. – When an illustration is provided to aid in • Best documents available are from the International installation. Firestop Council (IFC) – When issued only for a specific jobsite www.firestop.org/engineering-judgment- guidelines.html

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IFC Guidelines IFC Engineering Judgements Guidelines • Two Documents – According to the International Firestop Council “listed firestop – Recommended IFC Guidelines for Evaluating systems can be broadened within Firestop Systems in Engineering Judgments (EJs) the context of their originally tested and rated conditions through the • Covers firestops, joint systems and grease/air careful and restricted application of duct assemblies accepted engineering principles and – Recommended IFC Guidelines for Evaluating fire protection testing guidelines.” Firestop Systems in Engineering Judgments (EJs) – Perimeter Fire Barrier Systems • Covers perimeter fire barriers systems (a.k.a. perimeter fire containment systems or perimeter joints) 259

General Discussion Questions / Discussion

• Should field inspectors approve Engineering Judgments?

• Is it appropriate to accept an Engineering Judgment if there are other tested listed systems?

• Other Names for Engineering Judgments (Certificate of Compliance)

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Seminar agenda

• What is firestopping, and why is it required? • Code Requirements THE BASICS • Firestop System Fire Testing • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems SPECIFIC • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems FIRESTOP SPECIAL INSPECTIONS • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories (IBC CHAPTER 17) • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS • Engineering judgments • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems • Plan review and inspection process recommendations INSPECTION • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 264 263

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3rd party inspections mandatory as of 2012 IBC Risk category III buildings IBC 1604.5 . Buildings and other structures that represent a substantial hazard to Chapter 17: Special inspections and tests human life in the event of failure, including but not limited to:

. 1705.16 Fire-resistant penetrations and joints. In high-rise buildings or in public assembly > 300 occupants. buildings assigned to Risk Category III or IV in accordance with Section . elementary school, secondary school or day care > 250 occupants 1604.5, special inspections for through-penetrations, membrane penetration . adult education > 500 occupants firestops, fire- resistant joint systems, and perimeter fire barrier systems that . Group I-2 > 50 occupants, no surgery or emergency are tested and listed in accordance with Sections 714.3.1.2, 714.4.1.2, 715.3 . Group I-3 (prisons, jails) and 715.4 shall be in accordance with Section . > 5,000 occupants 1705.16.1 or 1705.16.2. . Power-generating stations, water treatment facilities for potable water, waste water treatment facilities and other public utility facilities not included in Risk Category IV. . High-rise: A building with an occupied floor located more than 75 feet (22 . Buildings/structures not included in Risk Category IV containing 860 mm) above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access. quantities of toxic or explosive materials that exceed certain thresholds and hazardous to public if released

Risk category IV buildings IBC 1604.5 General inspection requirements

. Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities, including but 1703.1.1 Independence. An approved agency shall be objective, competent not limited to: and independent from the contractor responsible for the work being . Group I-2 occupancies having surgery or emergency treatment inspected. The agency shall also disclose possible conflicts of interest so . Fire, rescue, ambulance and police stations and emergency vehicle that objectivity can be confirmed. garages. . Designated earthquake, hurricane or other emergency shelters. . Designated emergency preparedness, communications and operations 1703.1.3 Personnel. An approved agency shall employ experienced centers and other facilities required for emergency response. personnel educated in conducting, supervising and evaluating tests and/or . Power-generating stations and other public utility facilities required as inspections. emergency backup facilities for Risk Category IV structures. . Aviation control towers, air traffic control centers and emergency aircraft hangars. . Buildings and other structures having critical national defense functions. . Water storage facilities and pump structures required to maintain water pressure for fire suppression. . Buildings and other structures containing quantities of highly toxic materials that exceed certain thresholds and pose a threat to public if released

General inspection requirements: General inspection requirements: Who pays? Inspector qualifications

1704.2 Special inspections. Where application is made for construction as described in this section, the owner or the registered design professional in 1704.2.1 Special inspector qualifications. responsible charge acting as the owner’s agent shall employ one or more The special inspector shall provide written documentation to the building approved agencies to perform inspections during construction on the types official demonstrating his or her competence and relevant experience or of work listed under Section 1705. These inspections are in addition to the training. Experience or training shall be considered relevant when the inspections identified in Section 110. documented experience or training is related in complexity to the same type of special inspection activities for projects of similar complexity and material qualities. These qualifications are in addition to qualifications specified in other sections of this code. The registered design professional in responsible charge and engineers of record involved in the design of the project are permitted to act as the approved agency and their personnel are permitted to act as the special inspector for the work designed by them, provided they qualify as special inspectors.

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How is the inspection conducted? The special inspection process 1705.16.1 Penetration firestops. Inspections of penetration firestop systems that are tested and listed in accordance with Sections 714.3.1.2 and . Statistical sampling 714.4.1.2 shall be conducted by an approved inspection agency in . Verify materials prior to installation accordance with ASTM E 2174. . Verify against listed systems and/or EJs . Verify that ALL firestops installed 1705.16.2 Fire-resistant joint systems. Inspection of fire-resistant joint systems that are tested and listed in accordance with Sections 715.3 and ASTM E2174: Standard Practice for On-Site Inspection of Installed Fire Stops . 715.4 shall be conducted by an approved inspection agency in accordance For each “type” of firestop being installed: . with ASTM E 2393. Witness 10% of Installations, or Destructive Testing on 2% of Installations

ASTM E2393, Standard Practice for On-Site Inspection of Installed Fire Resistive Joint Systems and Perimeter Fire Barriers . For each “type” of fire resistive joint system being installed: . Witness 5% of linear feet being installed, or Destructive (or disassembly) testing on 1 ft. per every 500 ft.

If non-compliance identified ASTM E2174/E2393: Inspector Requirements . Acceptable to AHJ . Qualifications: . One non-compliant: . one full additional inspection of that type Meet the criteria in ASTM E699 (Construction Quality assurance agencies), OR . 10% non-compliance of one type: . Min. 2 years construction inspection experience and credentials inspection halted, installer re-inspects own work acceptable to Authorizing Authority, OR . Non-compliant firestop must be repaired/replaced . Quality assurance agency accredited by AHJ . E2174/E2393: no guidance on what is an acceptable non- (e.g. IAS AC291 – Special Inspection Agencies) compliance percentage . No conflicts of interest . Completely independent of installer, contractor, manufacturer, or supplier of any material . Not a competitor to those above . Inspector to submit notarized statement indicating compliance . Must not interfere or direct . ASTM standard being developed for inspector qualifications

How do you decide if a proposed special inspector is acceptable?

ASTM E 2174 and ASTM E 2393 ASTM E 2174 and ASTM E 2393 Final Report Reporting/Inspection Forms . Report should contain: • Inspection Date • Cover Page • Inspectors Name • Name and Address of Inspector • Project • • Reference No. Name and Address of each firestop Installer, as well as the prime contractor • Firestop type per Inspection • Quantity of Firestop type on Project • Name and Address of the AA • Quantity Inspected (the day of Inspection) • Name and Address of the AHJ • Total Quantity Inspected to Date • Executive Summary outlining verification method used to • Locations of Inspected Firestop ascertain compliance • Deficiency (if non-compliant ) • Notarized written statement of Conflict of Interest • Summary of contain percentages of deficiencies • All daily inspection reports

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Firestop special inspection training can be found at www.firestop.org/inspection

EDUCATION FOR THIRD-PARTY FIRESTOP INSPECTORS: IFC INSPECTOR TRAINING

IFC Education Program Overview IFC Education Program Overview (con’t)

. Typical 1-day class is insufficient for a special inspector . Comprehensive study material from multiple authoritative sources . Reading list of linked documents and videos . Only firestop inspector exam developed and written by . Optional online exam (test.com) . 3rd Party Firestop Inspectors . Free practice test . Manufacturers that develop the technology and test the firestop . Passing the exam = systems certificate of achievement . Scientists and engineers experienced in firestop technology . Space to record hands-on product training . All reading curriculum relevant to firestop inspectors from 4 IFC-member firestop manufacturers . Online curriculum at no cost* . AHJs: Ask inspectors for their IFC education program certificate!

* ASTM inspection standards must be purchased from ASTM

Verifying whether someone has passed the IFC inspector exam Intertek IQP Program

. www.firestop.org/certificate-holders Qualified Firestop Inspector . Premier certificate holders: additional hands-on product training

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IQP IQP Differentiator

• Experienced • Association • Intertek Inspector/Installer Trained • Qualified • Personnel Industry Experience Formalized Training

Required Retesting

Regular Quality Audits

Inspector Network

Backing of Intertek

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IQP Programs IQP Differentiated: Firestop Inspectors

 The IQP Program is an umbrella program to encapsulate all IQP Firestop Inspector personnel programs under IFC Certificated one name to help bring unity to the Programs market and to Experienced Personnel AHJs, facility ATI Programs ATI

Field Field Inspectors managers, building Raceway Raceway Installers Intertek Programs Intertek Association owners, etc. Fire Fire Inspectors Door

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Understanding IFC Questions? inspector training elements

Registration •Chris Cramer 608.824.7411 Mandated by OSHPD [email protected] for firestop inspectors Mandated by OSHPD in existing construction for firestop inspectors in new construction

http://www.intertek.com/IQP/firestop-inspector/

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Special Inspection Agency accreditation Special inspections summary IAS AC291

. International Accreditation Service, Inc. “ACCREDITATION CRITERIA FOR SPECIAL INSPECTION AGENCIES” . 2012 IBC makes firestop special inspection mandatory for high- . Accreditation of company, not of individual inspectors rises . Requires one employee to have passed UL or FM exam for firestop and Risk Category III and IV buildings contractors . Approved agency shall be objective, competent and independent . Potential conflict with ASTM E2174/E2393 conflict of interest mandates . Special inspector shall provide written documentation to the 6.2.2 Conflicts of Interest: building official demonstrating his or her competence and relevant 6.2.2.1 The contract inspector shall be completely independent of, and divested from, experience or training the installer, contractor, manufacturer, or supplier of any material being inspected. . Property owner pays for the inspection 6.2.2.2 The contract inspector shall not be a competitor of the installer, contractor, . Inspection per ASTM E2173, E2393 manufacturer, or supplier of any material being inspected. . IFC program provides both education and needed written . As of Nov. 2015, agencies accredited AC291 for firestop inspection: documentation . 2 in New York (without UL/FM exams) . 1 in Auburn, WA . 2 in Dubai

Seminar agenda

• What is firestopping, and why is it required? • Code Requirements THE BASICS • Firestop System Fire Testing • Penetration Firestop Systems • Membrane penetration firestop systems SPECIFIC • Joint Systems APPLICATIONS • Perimeter Fire Containment Systems RECOGNIZING FIRESTOP • Duct Enclosure systems • Understanding the UL Directories INSTALLATION PROBLEMS • Firestop installation options DOCUMENTS • Engineering judgments • Special inspection and special inspectors !!! AS OF 2012 IBC • Recognizing firestop installation problems • Plan review and inspection process recommendations INSPECTION • Notable changes in IBC 2009, 12, 15 TIPS • IFC-Recommended firestop inspection techniques 292 291

This is what code calls for… And this is what you often receive !!!

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Firestopping in the Real World

• Firestop system details are hardly ever on plans • Code Officials generally do not ask for copies of approved firestop systems • Tested/Listed systems rarely installed correctly • Joints are generally not inspected during the framing inspection FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS and installed to provide movement • Engineering judgments are being used when there are tested and listed systems available • Firestopping considered beneath contractors • Most users are untrained • No Licensed firestop contractors

Discussion: how can each of these be solved? 295 296

Frequently Asked Questions? Frequently Asked Questions?

ARE ALL FIRESTOP SEALANTS EQUAL? IS MINERAL WOOL 1-HOUR RATED?

• NO. Each manufacturer’s material has its own unique • NO. Mineral wool is a component of many firestop systems properties and functions when applied in a firestop system but is normally used in conjunction with sealants or coatings design. • Similar firestop products cannot be used interchangeably • Mineral wool alone does not pass the hose stream test

• Each firestop system must be judged on its own merits and • Mineral wool alone will not provide a smoke seal within the parameters of each manufacturer’s system specific design

Frequently Asked Questions? Are firestop caulks required to be RED?

Answer: There is NO building code requirement WHAT IS THE FIRE RATING FOR YOUR CAULK? anywhere that mandates product color. However, most manufacturers deliberately use colors that stand out to • Firestopping products do not have a fire rating (e.g. 1” of facilitate inspection and different colors to distinguish caulk does not equate to a 1 hr rating, etc.) between products.

• The assembly in which it is installed has the fire rating Green Red Gray Black

• The thousands of different firestop systems each detailing the required parameters and building components

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Is safing insulation FICTION: Polyurethane foam an adequate firestop? is a firestop. FACT: Polyurethane foams, frequently used as draft stops, Answer: Fire safing, or burn vigorously and are not generally not acceptable packing an opening with firestopping materials. Some are UL Classified for surface mineral wool is certainly flammability only, but typically are not fire resistant. better than nothing, but is not a firestop. Using only mineral wool does not provide a smoke seal, does not address combustible penetrants and cannot withstand the shock from the hose stream. Polyurethane Foam Fire blocking or safing with wool

Improper Firestop Installations: Improper Firestop Installations what it should not look like

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