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THE ROAD TO AFFORDABLE, LARGE-SCALE Silicon Photonics

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The field of silicon photonics has benefitted from the billions of dollars invested in CMOS fabrication.

32 24

Tingye Li: A Global Force The Road to Affordable, 24 in Optical Communications 32 Large-Scale Silicon Photonics Born into a world on the brink of war, Tingye Li Large-scale optical systems in silicon can become a real- shaped a communications industry that linked the ity by building upon the existing infrastructure. Due to the world in peace. Li, the popular 1995 OSA President shifting economics of silicon photonics, we will likely see who died last December at 81, lived a truly global life. a portfolio of new products emerge over the next several Patricia Daukantas years. Matthew Streshinsky et al.

Many-Body Photonics 40 Researchers are using statistical mechanics to uncover thermodynamic-like properties in optical systems. This unique research direction could have far-reaching implications for photonics. Baruch Fischer and Alexander Bekker DEPARTMENTS

52 20 16

23 18 10

4 President’s Message Scatterings 18 Global Optics: Mexico’s INAOE celebrates 40 years. Alejandro Cornejo 9 Communications: Temporal cloak, Rodríguez and Octavio Cardona Núñez 6 Contributors new hollow-core transmission rate. Patricia Daukantas and Valerie Coffey 20 Light Touch: Jean-Paul Marat: A 15 Book Reviews 10 Applied Light: UV light that keeps revolutionary in politics and optics. Stephen R. Wilk 23 Member Lens fruit fresh, smartphone biosensor. Patricia Daukantas 54 OSA Financial Report 12 Vision: Photovoltaic retinal impants, Backscatter telescopic contacts. Valerie Coffey and 48 Honors and Awards: OSA members 60 After Image Patricia Daukantas elected to NAS, Schawlow and Franklin 13 Lasers: The incredible shrinking Prize awardees. silicon laser. Patricia Daukantas 49 Regional News: OSA CEO at POEM 14 Industry: LED biomed market, LPKF meeting in China, OSA partners with sues phone maker. Valerie Coffey Laser World of Photonics India. 50 Tribute: Honoring maser co-inventor Pulses James P. Gordon. 16 Conversations in Optics: OPN 51 OSA Foundation: Bonenfant scholar- talks with Thomas Baer, chair of the COVER: Artist’s interpretation ship, IPG Photonics donates $25M. of affordable silicon photonics. U.S. National Photonics Initiative. Thinkstock. Sarah Michaud 52 Puzzler: Photo caption contest. President’s Message

eptember is often thought of as a time of Spassages—whether summer to fall, vacation to work, or the (real or metaphorical) “back-to-school” feeling that many of us get this month. It’s a time to acknowledge loss while looking toward the road ahead. In this issue, we pause to reflect on two beloved colleagues and optical luminaries who have recently died, making the saddest passage of all: Tingye Li and James Gordon. We’re left with the challenge of mourning incomprehensible loss while also celebrating well-lived lives that enabled much for future generations. Many people were surprised to learn that communications pioneer Tingye Li was 81 years old when he died late last year; his warmth, energy and good humor lent him a quality of eternal youth. Tingye was an OSA staff favorite and so popular among other OSA members that none of his colleagues wanted to run against him in Many were surprised an OSA election. He was, as Alan Willner described him in to learn that Tingye Li the article on p. 24, a “leader’s leader,” and so much more: brilliant scientist, kind mentor, skilled diplomat, beloved “was 81 years old when family man and cherished friend. James Gordon’s major contributions to optics and he died late last year; his photonics began in the 1950s with his co-invention of the warmth, energy and good maser. His work was crucial in shaping laser science, quantum electronics and optical communications for the humor lent him a quality next 50 years and beyond—and he is also remembered as a wonderful friend and tennis ace. His colleague Eric Ippen, of eternal youth. OSA’s 2000 President, describes Jim as “insightful and precise scientifically, thoughtful, kind and encouraging as a friend and colleague, and elegance in motion with a racquet in his hand.” Fortunately, both Tingye and Jim lived long enough to witness how transformative their contributions were to society. OSA 2009 President Tom Baer—chair of the new National ” Photonics Initiative (NPI)—is working to ensure everyone else realizes it as well. As he explains on p. 16, NPI is an alliance among scientific societies, industry, academia and government that highlights the huge economic and social impact of optics and photonics. It aims to expand U.S. funding in five key photonics-driven areas: advanced manufacturing, communications, defense, energy and medicine. I end my letter with a bittersweet professional passage. After 17 years, OSA’s treasurer Stephen Fantone has decided to step down from that role. He served as treasurer or director with 21 OSA presidents, four executive directors, more than 100 board members and a vast array of committee members. His letter on p. 54 highlights just a sliver of his many accomplishments. Under his watch, all debt has been retired, and the Society’s reserves have grown by many tens of millions of dollars. A search is under way for a new treasurer, who will undoubtedly make his or her own mark. The Society is enormously grateful for Steve’s service and wishes him all the best for his future. —Donna Strickland OSA President

4 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 OPN 09_13_05.08.13 13.59 Pagina 1

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OSA Board of Directors President Donna T. Strickland President-Elect Philip H. Bucksbaum Vice President Philip Russell 2012 President Tony F. Heinz Diverging Focused Collimated Treasurer Stephen D. Fantone Chief Executive Officer Elizabeth A. Rogan Chair, Publications Council Shin-Tson Wu Chair, Board of Editors Michael D. Duncan Chair, Corporate Associates George Bayz Visit us at IEEE Photonics Bellevue WA Chair, MES Council Byoungho Lee Visit us at ECOC, London Chair, Meetings Council Laura Ann Weller-Brophy Chair, Board of Meetings R. John Koshel Chair, International Council Min Gu Directors at Large Naomi J. Halas, Douglas W. Hall, James D. Kafka, Byoung Yoon Kim, Susana Marcos, Eric Mazur, Lynn E. Nelson, Gregory J. Quarles, Jannick P. Rolland and Jun Ye DIAMOND SA Via dei Patrizi 5, CH-6616 Losone Tel. +41 91 785 45 45, Fax +41 91 785 45 00 [email protected] www.diamond-fo.com SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 5 Contributors

he field of silicon photonics has come a long way—and has further T still to go before silicon technology becomes a truly viable option for affordable, large-scale systems. However, according to Matt Streshinsky and Michael Hochberg—two of the authors of this month’s cover story—opportunities abound, since the paths for commercialization are increasingly accessible, and the costs and risks associated with prototyping products have dropped. “Optics designers will be able to stop worrying about the device physics and start thinking about architecture,” said Streshinsky. “In the electronics world 40 years ago, it became possible to be an electronic chip designer Streshinsky Hochberg without having to worry too much about how the transistors work. If we can do the same for photonics, we can drive the marginal cost of complexity down and enable vastly more complex systems.”

ingye Li was surely one of OSA’s most beloved leaders—by T his colleagues and the Optical Society staff alike. His rare combination of brilliance and humility amazed all of those whose lives he touched. Patricia Daukantas writes about the tremendous work that Tingye did to shape the global communications industry and bring together East and West in peace and productivity. “What impressed me about his life was his tremendous sense of balance,” she said. “He certainly made important technical advances, but he also took time to read poetry to his family and share his love of gardening, tennis and skiing with them.” His colleague Herwig Kogelnik, who was interviewed for the Daukantas Kogelnik article, called Tingye “an inspired research leader and a wonderful and highly treasured friend with admirable wit, unusual wisdom, enviable knowledge and deep insights.”

tatistical mechanics is key to understanding thermodynamic systems, but most people S don’t think of it as a tool for describing what goes on in photonics. Baruch Fischer begs to differ. “Adding many-body physics to photonics is challenging and rewarding,” he said. “How otherwise can one deeply understand, for example, laser mode-locking and the role of noise there? It would be like being limited to watching the world around 0 K— frozen in an ice age with no water and no melting.”

Fischer

Optics & Photonics News (ISSN 1047-6938), Vol. 24, No.9 ©2013, Optical Society of America, is published monthly except bimonthly July-August by the Optical Society of America, 2010 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036; 202.223.8130; Fax 202.223.1096; Email [email protected]; Web www.osa-opn.org. Optics & Photonics News was published as Optics News from 1975-1989. (CODEN OPPHEL; GST #133618991; IPM #0895431). OSA is a not-for-profit society founded in 1916. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the Optical Society of America, provided that the base fee of $6 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress St., Salem, Mass. 01970-5575. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Report Service is 0098-907X/99 $6. Permission is granted to quote excerpts from articles in this publication in scientific works with the customary acknowledgment of the name of the publication, page, year and name of the Society. Reproduction of figures and tables is likewise permitted in other articles and books provided that the same information is printed with them and notification is given to the Optical Society of America. 2013 nonmember and library subscription rates (domestic): $141/year. Membership in the Optical Society of America includes $10 from membership dues to be applied to a member subscription. Periodicals Postage paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Optics & Photonics News, 2010 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Subscriptions, missing copies, change of address: Optical Society of America, Subscription Fulfillment Services, 2010 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036; 800.766.4672. Back Please recycle numbers, single issue and foreign rates on request. Printed in the United States. OSA is a registered trademark of the Optical Society of America. ©2013. The this magazine. content and opinions expressed in feature articles and departments in Optics & Photonics News are those of the authors and guest editors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Optical Society of America.

6 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 OSA’S 97TH ANNUAL MEETING Hilton Bonnet Creek FRONTIERS IN OPTICS 2013 Orlando, Florida USA Technical Conference: 6–10 October LASER SCIENCE XXIX Exhibition: 8–9 October APS/DLS 29TH ANNUAL MEETING Register Today! Experience a dynamic, peer-reviewed technical program Learn. covering a broad range of topics in optical science and engineering.

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Purdue researchers J.M. Lukens (left), A.M. Weiner and D.E. Leaird.

Purdue University COMMUNICATIONS Hidden in Time Temporal cloak could boost cybersecurity. No cloak ust as metamaterials experts have been learn- it, similar to the way that metamaterials divert Out J ing how to hide objects in space, others are light around obstacles in order to hide them. Event trying to conceal signals in the temporal domain. According to lead author Joseph M. In

Researchers from Purdue University (U.S.A.) have Lukens, the experimental results are get- Communication link demonstrated a temporal cloak that works at ting close to the point of practical applica- With cloak a realistic data rate for telecommunications tion in the field of cybersecurity, thanks (Nature 498, 205). to the speed of the method and the use Out Using off-the-shelf communications equipment, of widely available components. Time cloak Patricia Daukantas the team set up pairs of pulse modulators in front — Event of and behind an intensity modulator, which sent out a sinusoidal signal representing the event to (Right) Basic operation of a temporal Time be hidden. When the researchers turned on the cloak for optical communications. Communication link cloak cloak, it made holes in the signal that concealed J.M. Lukens, Purdue University In

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 9 scatterings

N.K. Baddela and M.N. Petrovich/ORC The strawberry is the only fruit with seeds on the outside.

APPLIED LIGHT Berry-Fresh Research

trawberries are delicious S and good for you, but they get moldy so quickly. A new study discussed at the CLEO: 2013 conference shows that low-level exposure to ultraviolet light could double the shelf life of these Zipping nutritious berries. Steven Britz, a food researcher for the U.S. Department of Agri- through the Air culture (USDA), stored half of a New transmission record sample of refrigerated strawberries in the dark and illuminated set for hollow-core fiber the other half with low levels of UV light with peak emission at cientists in the United Kingdom have 272, 289 or 293 nm. claimed a record transmission rate S Mold grew on the strawberries of 73.7 Tbit/s through a 37-cell hollow- in dark storage after six days and core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBGF) covered much of their surface using mode division multiplexing. The by nine days. The berries stored U.K.-based group and their collabora- under the ultraviolet LEDs, tors reduced surface scattering and SETi however, did not sprout the fuzz- sped up the rate by modifying their (Top) Control sample shows mold growth after ies. Further tests showed that 19-cell design to 37 cells. This work seven days. (Middle) UVC treatment exacerbated the illuminated berries had lost existing damage while inhibiting mold. (Bottom) is an important step toward using about 5 percent of their weight UVB treatment prevents damaged areas from ultralow-loss transmission fibers in after nine days, but still retained spreading and inhibits mold. mode division multiplexing. 6 percent more of a chemical The new HC-PBGF features a called anthocyanin than the dark-stored fruit. Anthocyanin is a pigment that may honeycomb of air holes around a larger have antioxidant properties that promote good health. core of air. Because the signal travels Britz says the technology would be easy to add to home refrigerators and through air, the information can trans- supermarket displays, since LEDs are more efficient at cold temperatures than mit much faster than it could through traditional lamps. —Patricia Daukantas conventional fiber. In addition, the transmission method is via a photonic bandgap effect rather than total internal reflection as in conventional fiber. While MATERIALS SCIENCE HC-PBGF beats solid fiber design by having lower nonlinearity, the potential Micro-Bunny a Material Marvel for lower loss and low latency, several issues remain to be studied, particularly ere’s what’s up, doc: These rabbit sculptures, the size of a typical that of how to process the modes at the H bacterium, were created by a team of Japanese scientists using a new receiver using multiple-input-multiple- resin (resorcinol diglycidyl ether) that can be molded into complex, highly output techniques. —Valerie C. Coffey conductive 3-D shapes. The rabbit on the left is a polymeric model, while the one on the right is carbonized. Combined with micro-sculpting techniques, A honeycomb of silica glass makes up the resin could be used to make customized electrodes for fuel cells or the 37-cell hollow core of this photonic batteries, as well as biosensors (Opt. Mat. Exp. 3, 875). — Sarah Michaud bandgap fiber.

10 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 Brian Cunningham (left) with students Kenny Long and Hojeong Yu. (Inset) The biosensor uses the smartphone’s own camera and processing From Smartphone power.

Brian T. Cunningham, to Biosensor University of Illinois

cientists at the University of Illinois from a biological sample. A specially resonant reflection between a bare S at Urbana-Champaign (U.S.A.) designed cradle aligns the phone with photonic crystal and a biological converted a smartphone into a photonic the rest of the optical system. sample. The team used a sample of crystal biosensor that can detect mol- The corresponding app analyzes porcine immunoglobulin G to test ecules or cells (Lab on a Chip 13, 2124). the incoming spectrum of light to the detection limits of the system. The system avoids the need for fluores- find the shift in the spectral “line” or —Patricia Daukantas cent labeling or tagging and could herald development of inexpensive, point-of- care diagnostic medical applications for resource-poor regions worldwide. Brian T. Cunningham and his colleagues created a photonic crystal from a polymer grating coated with silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. It sits on a glass microscope slide for Optical Filters ease of handling. The system sur- rounding the crystal measures shifts in the peak wavelength value of the minimum transmission efficiency of light

1-855-4ALLUXA High Performance www.alluxa.com Priced Right [email protected] Opt. Mat. Exp.

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 11 scatterings

Two million Americans over the age of 40 have age-related macular degeneration.

Stanford University/D. Palanker VISION Photovoltaic Implants May Restore Sight

esearchers at Stanford University (U.S.A.) say a new type of retinal PV chip implanted R PV chip under the retina. prosthesis may restore sight in patients with degenerative eye conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related retinas of blind rats (Nature Comm. 4, including high pixel density, wireless macular degeneration. They found 1980). The system attains video images signaling and modular design. Their that retinal stimulation via implanted from a camera and uses a pulsed small size (30 μm 3 1 mm) greatly photovoltaic (PV) chips elicited robust 910-nm laser to project it into the eye simplifies the surgery compared to cortical responses in the brain similar through video goggles. The image other implant designs that are wired to to visually evoked potentials. on the PV implant is then converted external power supplies. Despite the Daniel Palanker and colleagues into pulses of electric current, which long road ahead, results show that the reported their use of a pulsed near- activate retinal neurons. NIR irradiation needed for the implant infrared (NIR) laser and video goggles The chips have advantages over activation will not damage eye tissue. to activate PV chips implanted under the other approaches to retinal prosthetics, —Valerie C. Coffey

Telescopic Contact Lenses for Damaged Retinas

eople with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), P a condition that damages the retina, often need a cumbersome or surgically implanted magnifying device to reduce chromatic aberration. A modified pair of polarizing see clearly. Researchers in the United States and Swit- liquid-crystal glasses—similar to the ones used with 3-D zerland have developed a more streamlined, less invasive TVs—must be worn with the lenses. The glasses allow the solution that employs a telescopic contact lens to enhance wearer to switch between 13 and 2.83 magnifications. the vision of persons with AMD (Opt. Express 21, 15980). The lens has a long way to go before it enters clinical The proof-of-concept lens was designed to magnify use. The scientists are experimenting with a two-layer images and project them onto the remaining design based on the polymers that go into modern rigid functional area of the damaged retina. The gas-permeable contacts. This design might reduce the team, led by Eric Tremblay image degradation introduced by the achromatic grooves (now at the École Poly- in the original version. —Patricia Daukantas technique Fédérale de Lausanne), built the lens out (Above) Front view of the contact lens. (Insets) Images of polymethyl captured through the contact lens (left to right): Outdoor methacrylate with image with model eye alone, 13. Outdoor image with the tiny grooves to magnified outer portion of the contact lens, 2.83.

Optics Express

12 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 Osaka Prefecture University and Kyoto University DNA Discoveries 3,055 This year marks the 60th Pump stock filters. anniversary of James D. Watson and Francis Available now. Crick’s famous Nature From Design to Prototype paper revealing the 5 mm double-helix structure to Volume Production. of DNA through X-ray Raman crystallography. What’s laser happened since then? 195 2 Depiction of the Raman Rosalind Franklin’s laser action in the device X-ray diffraction images design. (Inset) The size of confirm double helix. the silicon chip compared 1962 to a human finger. Watson and Crick awarded LASERS Nobel Prize. 1975 Honey, I Shrunk First genome sequenced— the Silicon Laser a bacteriophage. eDge filters esearchers at two Japanese universities have Standard designs up 1985 to OD >6.0 featuring taken another step in the ongoing quest to Sir Alec R Cut-On and Cut-Off Jeffreys invents develop silicon-based lasers that can operate on Slopes <1% DNA fingerprinting. the tiny scale of modern electronic circuitry. They recently built an optically pumped Raman silicon BanDPass filters laser with a cavity less than 10 µm across (Nature Wide Range of 498, 470). The “silicon laser” has been the goal of Bandwidths featuring up to OD >6.0 with high 1990 scientists who wish to integrate photonics within transmission ranging First gene the tight spaces of existing electronic technology. from 193nm to 1650nm therapy treatment. With four electrons in its outer shell, silicon has an indirect bandgap that makes it inefficient at fluorescence 1997 filters amplifying light without a little nano-engineering. Dolly the sheep Pre-mounted cubes or is first cloned animal. The group, led by Yasushi Takahashi of Osaka unmounted filter sets designed for popular Prefecture University and Susumu Noda of Kyoto fluorophores 2000 University, built a tiny laser cavity out of a photonic Human genome crystal with a triangular lattice structure formed by sequenced. circular holes in silicon. They pumped it with a laser 2012 beam at 1,428 nm, resulting in Raman scattering with a Raman-Stokes frequency of 1,543 nm—right Research www.edmundoptics.com/ begins on DNA in the telecommunications band. for high-capacity Previously reported Raman silicon lasers have filters storage. been roughly three orders of magnitude larger in size and required several tens of milliwatts of pump power to operate. By contrast, the Taka- hashi-Noda team’s device has a lasing threshold of 1 µW. —Patricia Daukantas more optics | more technology | more service

In 2007, the number of LCD TVs outsold the number of cathode-ray tube +1-856-547-3488 | www.edmundoptics.com TVs for the first time.

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 13 scatterings

Enrico Fermi, a famous Italian theoretical and experimental physicist, was born 29 September 1901.

devices comprising 50 percent of the global A miniature tweeted USB micro- market in medical and biophotonic devices; scope with this share is expected to decline over the @drskyskull (Greg Gbur) an LED. next six years as the use of other colors Whee! I just increases. —Valerie C. Coffey got a paper on quantum- mechanical LPKF Sues Phone Maker vortices Rico Shen aser processing equipment com- through interlibrary loan! INDUSTRY #ThingsNormalPeopleNev- L pany LPKF Laser & Electronics AG erSay LEDs in Biomed Devices to (Garbsen, Germany) announced a patent Surge by 2019 infringement suit against an unnamed @neiltyson (Neil deGrasse Chinese mobile phone manufacturer. Tyson) More arket research firm Electronicast The legal action asserts that a “large evidence predicts that global consumption of international manufacturer” in China is my 14yr old M daughter light-emitting diodes (LEDs) used in biopho- using parts in their products that are is a Geek: tonic and medical applications will grow from manufactured using a patented laser after prompting me to ask $64.5 million in 2012 to $324.7 million in 2019. direct structuring process. if she knew any jokes about That’s a remarkable average annual growth According to the German Engineering sodium, she replied, “Na.” rate of 26 percent, in spite of an expected Federation VDMA, patent piracy cost Ger- decline in the average price of LEDs. man equipment manufacturers €7.9 billion @maxplanckpress “I love Electronicast also found that red is in 2011, a loss that corresponds to nearly how Max Planck gets the most common color of LEDs, with red 37,000 jobs. —Valerie C. Coffey autocor- rected to Max Pancakes on my Android.” via @icouzin Physics and Britain’s Space Industry The Institute of Physics recently released a publication, titled “Physics: Transforming Lives,” @astrokatie (Katie Mack) that illustrates how physics touches our daily lives. It was released in partnership with “I’m just the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the Science and Technology saying, I Facilities Council. Physics research—including optics and photonics—supports nearly the think you’re entire British space industry, from satellite design to calculating the trajectory for rocket worrying too launches. Here are a few facts about this GDP behemoth: much about this zombie apocalypse.” (Overheard at grad student Worth lunch) #academia Employs £9M @jimalkhalili (Jim Al Khalili) 30,000 (2010/2011) Basically, people in photo- synthesis, plants (well, Launches bacteria) do Industry has first satellite, the equivalent of the two-slit Predicts Ariel 1, in experiment sending light grown 15.6% energy several ways at once. since 2008/2009 100,000 1961 new jobs by 2030 @FailedProtostar (Andrew Symes) You had me at “Lunar NASA Galaxy Evolution Explorer Sample Patricia Daukantas and Valerie C. Coffey are freelance science writers who specialize in optics and Certified.” photonics. Sarah Michaud is OPN’s associate editor.

14 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 Pixelteq-third-Sept-bleed-marks.pdf 4 8/7/13 12:59 PM

POLICY U.S. Launches Small Business Contractor Platform n an effort to make competing for government is estimated to spend I government IT contracts easier for $1.4 billion on Web infrastructure and small businesses, the U.S. govern- content management systems in the ment has unveiled a pilot program next fiscal year—about half of which called RFP-EZ. The online platform is expected to be eligible for contract- Micro-patterned filters allows small- to mid-sized technol- ing under the new RFP-EZ program. ogy companies to create searchable Businesses can participate by setting profiles and electronically submit up a profile in the RFP-EZ online project proposals. The Federal system. —Sarah Michaud

PIXELS BOOK REVIEWS Introduction to Micro- Nematicons: Spatial Optical and Nanooptics Solitons in Nematic Liquid Jürgen Jahns and Stefan Crystals Helfert; Wiley, 2012; Gaetano Assanto; Wiley, $65.00 (paperback). 2012; $140.00 (hardcover). OPTICS C The stated aim of this Authoritative experts in book is to provide a good the field of spatial solitons M theoretical basis for in nematic crystals pres- Y micro- and nano-optical ent their latest theoretical structures. There is a nice selection of CM and experimental results in this book. topics for a one-semester course for MY It has 16 chapters, each ending with a advanced undergraduate or first-year list of references. The target audience CY WAFERS graduate students in physics and electrical includes researchers and postdocs in engineering. There are plenty of theoreti- CMY the field of solitons in liquid crystals. cal examples as well as a set of questions —Daniela Dragoman K to test comprehension of the material. Problems and references for further study Next Generation Wireless are included at the end of each chapter. —Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan Communications Using Radio Over Fiber DEVICES Color: An Introduction to Practice Nathan J. Gomes, Paulo and Principles, 3rd Ed. P. Monteiro and Atílio Gameiro; Wiley, 2012; Rolf G. Kuehni; Wiley, 2012; $145.00 (hardcover). $99.95 (hardcover). MULTI SPECTRAL This book deals with SENSING SOLUTIONS This is a very attractive the transport of analog new edition of a classic radio signals over an book. The author provides optical fiber link. It will be very useful for thorough explanations specialists in optical communications. of many aspects of color However, the style of the book is similar to science and technology. a multi-author research report, so it may The detailed discussions of be challenging for readers who are new to color representation are especially strong. the subject matter. —Mircea Dragoman It can be read by a lay reader interested in the subject or by professionals or students ONLINE EXTRA involved in vision science, psychology, Visit www.osa-opn.org for additional 727.545.0741 philosophy or optical engineering. book reviews. [email protected] —Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan www.pixelteq.com

Daniela Dragoman is full professor of physics at the University of Bucharest, Romania. Mircea Dragoman is with the National Research and Development Institute on Microtechnology, Bucharest, Romania. Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan is a professor of physics and electrical and computer engineering at University of Waterloo, Canada.

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 15 Pulses

CONVERSATIONS U.S. Photonics Advocate Thomas Baer, executive director of the Stanford Photonics Research Center, U.S.A., and 2009 President of OSA, recently added chair of the U.S. National Photonics Initiative (NPI) advisory committee to his resume. NPI was formed following the release of the 2012 National Research Council report, “Optics and Photonics: Essential Technologies for our Nation,” which called for a U.S. initiative to increase photonics R&D, grow the U.S. economy and improve national security.

Q. What is NPI? Q. Why was NPI formed? of life and are essential for our economic well-being. However, NPI is an alliance among major It was created to more effectively educating the general public, scientific societies, industry, communicate the assessments our local leaders and federal academia and government that and recommendations contained lawmakers about the broad seeks to educate the general public in the NRC report, as well as impact of these investments is and the U.S. government about to establish a public-private our responsibility and one of the economic and social impact partnership similar to the one our most important tasks. of optics and photonics. We hope being pursued in Europe through to coordinate and expand U.S. Photonics21. funding and investment in five Q. How can OSA key photonics-driven fields critical members get involved? to global competitiveness and As NPI picks up speed, OSA national security: advanced manu- will announce events and other facturing, communications and opportunities to raise awareness information technology, defense of the importance of photonics. and national security, energy, and In the meantime, you can con- health and medicine. tact Laura Kolton, OSA director of government relations, or Adam Q. How did you get involved? Zysk, chair of the OSA public policy committee, via email at I was one of the authors of the [email protected]. National Research Council (NRC) The NPI website has a lot of study that recommended creating information on the initiatives’ the NPI. I was asked by the scien- specific recommendations and tific societies involved with the needs, www.LightOurFuture.org. NPI to chair the advisory commit- You can also download the tee due to my previous experience Q. Why should the optics NPI white paper “Lighting the coordinating intersociety activities community care about NPI? Path to a Competitive Secure as OSA President—such as helping Most of us already know that Future.” OPN to coordinate LaserFest—the 50th investments in scientific research anniversary celebration of the result in technologies that Sarah Michaud ([email protected]) is laser—in 2010. dramatically improve our quality OPN’s associate editor. Courtesy of OSA Courtesy

16 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 Baer delivers remarks at the 2010 LaserFest gala event. Courtesy of OSA Courtesy

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 17 Pulses the great Pyramid of cholula

GLOBAL OPTICS optics in an ancient town: Mexico’s INAOE Celebrates 40 Years Wikimedia Commons Alejandro Cornejo Rodríguez and Octavio Cardona Núñez

The National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics reflects on its past and commemorates 40 years of achievement.

he Mexican district of Cholula taking a look back at its foundation INAOE opened for business on t has a rich cultural history and accomplishments. the fi rst day of 1972. Although its as well as a thriving scientifi c scope of research expanded, the new community—it is the home of Early years institute’s activities continued to the prehistoric Great Pyramid of INAOE’s story starts in the early focus on the design and construc- Cholula and the National Institute 1960s at the Institute of Astronomy, tion of optical instruments. One of of Astrophysics, Optics and Elec- National Autonomous University the most memorable projects was a tronics (INAOE). Although young of Mexico (UNAM) with a group Ritchey-Chrêtien telescope with a compared to the ancient pyramid, of young researchers working primary mirror 212 cm in diameter. the 40-year-old INAOE is a founding in an optical shop. Guillermo The telescope is still in use at the member of the optics network in Haro, a well-known astronomer Guillermo Haro Observatory near Mexico and has made signifi cant and director of the institute, Cananea, Sonora, Mexico. contributions to the fi eld. spearheaded plans to expand their Many early INAOE faculty were Located 120 km outside of Mexico shop into a full institute for optics, infl uential in the global research City, INAOE was established in 1972 astronomy and electronics. The community. Daniel Malacara, as a federally funded research and federal government issued an edict INAOE’s fi rst technical director, manufacturing center for optics and in response to their proposal on edited the fi rst edition of a popular electronics within the world-famous 11 November 1971, recognizing industry handbook entitled, Optical National Astrophysics Observatory INAOE as a research and graduate Shop Testing (1978)—an expansion of Tonantzintla. INAOE recently studies institute; Haro served as of his 1975 Applied Optics paper, celebrated its ruby anniversary by the fi rst director. “Bibliography of various optical

18 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 INAOE testing methods.” Other INAOE trailblazers include Oswaldo Harris Muñoz, José Castro Villicaña, Ignacio Rizo Segura, Zacarías Malacara, Luis Raúl Berriel Valdos and José Alva Lechuga. Early support for the institution came from abroad via the University of Rochester (M.V.R.K. Murty, Chandrasekar Rochoudury, Jean Claude Fouêre, Robert E. Hopkins, Douglas Sinclair and Philip Baumeister) and the University of Arizona (Robert and Ellen Noble).

INAOE Now T he Large Millimeter Telescope in INAOE is known for its compelling work Puebla, Mexico, is used to obtain data on star formation and to observe planets. with dark solitons and is recognized as one the first institutions in the world to use optical tweezers. It continues to uphold seven OSA Fellows from Mexico have ties INAOE in its tradition of designing and constructing to INAOE—three are currently at INAOE Numbers optical instruments, like the Large Mil- and four were staff. Collaborations with limeter Telescope–Alfonso Serrano (LMT) foreign colleagues are integral to INAOE’s Percent of faculty that are atop the Sierra Negra Mountain in Puebla. continued success. Relationships with OSA Fellows LMT was a joint effort with the University young researchers are cultivated through of Massachusetts at Amherst, U.S.A. OSA and SPIE student chapters. 9 INAOE’s reputation as an optics author- As the first optical center in the country, Op tics ity continues to grow among researchers in INAOE has played an important role in laboratories Latin America. Today, 32 of the 131 faculty creating and supporting the optics commu- 10 specialize in optics. The institute has nity in Mexico. It is the oldest of a group of 28 centers in the National Council Y ear optics of Science and Technology. We doctorate As the first optical center in have championed the establish- program started the country, INAOE has played ment of other optical institutions, 1984 including Center for Scientific an important role in creating L arge Millimeter Research and Higher Education at Telescope, meters and supporting the optics Ensenada and the Center of Opti- above sea level cal Investigation in Léon, as well 4,600 community in Mexico. as optics research groups and departments at public universities Astro- throughout the country. photographic graduated a total of 288 M.Sc. and 202 Ph.D. plates in archives INAOE will continue to serve the optics students. Most have gone on to work at community in Mexico and abroad by 15,000 government-funded academic institutions. developing projects with strong research Every year, more foreign students enroll in groups in optics, electronics, astrophysics INAOE’s programs. and computer science. We look forward to INAOE enjoys strong partnerships with the next 40 years and beyond. OPN OSA, SPIE, the International Commission for Optics, the American Physical Society, Alejandro Cornejo Rodríguez ([email protected]) the International Astronomical Union and and Octavio Cardona Núñez are pioneer members the American Astronomical Society. All of INAOE.

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 19 Pulses

LIGHT TOUCH Jean-Paul Marat: A Revolutionary in Politics—and Optics

Stephen R. Wilk

Jean-Paul Marat, a motivational figure in the French Revolution, was also a disruptive force in optics.

f you’ve heard of Jean-Paul Marat, you likely gleaned Marat’s drawings are almost photographic in quality. I that knowledge from studying the French Revolution He hypothesized that the swirling jets he observed were or Jacques-Louis David’s famous painting The Death of “igneous fluid,” an essential component of heat. His solar Marat. Marat called for the dissolution of the 18th century microscope acted as a modern Schlieren system, and he French monarchy and championed basic human rights was seeing what we now know to be the convection of for the poor. heated air rising from a flame. However, few realize that he started out as a scientific When Marat substituted a hot piece of iron for trailblazer. Marat posed an intriguing criticism to the lit candle—to confirm that his observation was Newton’s work and found new ways to visualize heat. not simply an artifact of the flame—he saw the same swirls. He had similar results when Man of science he used heated objects within an Marat studied medicine in Paris and He hypothesized evacuated bell jar to show that he developed a popular practice among that the swirling was not seeing an atmospheric the French aristocracy—which is effect. Marat’s use of the scientific ironic in light of his later revolution- jets he observed method was impressive. ary activities. He even used his were “igneous To establish credibility, Marat contacts to further his work: Marat asked the Academy of Sciences was awarded a laboratory space in a fluid,” an essential to review his work. The Academy marquise’s house and his aristocratic component of heat. members visited his laboratory and sponsor, the Comte de Maillebois, replicated his experiments. One of arranged to get him hearings at the them was the American scientist Academy of Sciences. Benjamin Franklin, who volunteered his bald head as a In April 1786, Marat quit medicine and devoted subject for the solar microscope. True to Marat’s observa- himself entirely to experimental research. He was tions, they saw plumes of heat rising from Franklin’s particularly interested in the hot topics of the day—the scalp. After they reviewed his work, the Academy issued nature of fire, optics and electricity. To investigate the a glowing report, which Marat published along with a former, he used a device called a solar microscope, note that the Academy had supported his research. The which sent rays of sunlight in a collimated bundle to note was a misstep, however, since the Academy had not illuminate an object and project its enlarged image onto technically endorsed Marat’s opinions about igneous a screen. When Marat looked at a candle flame with the fluid. Several members turned against Marat as a result of scope, he was astonished by what he saw: “…the candle’s his exaggeration. flame in the form of a whitish cylinder, bordered by a Marat’s next project made matters worse with the white halo and crowned with a tuft of swirling jets that Academy. It was a criticism of Isaac Newton’s work were less white.” on diffraction—a risky proposition given how well

20 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825).

Wikimedia Commons regarded Newton was in the scientific community. component colors. It wasn’t the dispersion of the prism Marat believed that Newton had downplayed the that split the light, Marat claimed, but rather the effect of importance of diffraction by labeling it as merely one diffraction from the light passing through the slit. Some type of refraction. He was convinced that light passing historians have called Marat’s cards the first manufac- by an edge was somehow attracted to it, and he sought tured diffraction gratings. to intensify the effect by increasing the number of When Marat asked the Academy to review his work edges. Thus, he cut multiple slits into cards, passing this time, they were not so positive. After a long delay, light through them onto a screen. they issued a curt, three-paragraph statement that they According to Marat, Newton had also incorrectly did not endorse his criticism and that his assertions were interpreted the results of one of his most famous experi- “… generally contrary to what is best known in the field ments, in which he used a prism to break sunlight into its of optics.”

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 21 Pulses S

l m M

French Solar b

Microscope o x a solar A microscope uses sunlight to project images of magnified With the benefi t of hindsight, it’s easy medicated bath because that is where he spent small objects to see how Marat could have discovered much of his time due to a skin infection. on a screen. the errors in his analysis using the tools in The idealized image elevated his status as a Sunlight (S) hits his own laboratory. For example, he could political martyr and became an early example the mirror (M) and have found that slits disperse light on of modernist painting. is reflected toward both sides, while the prism only does so Nearly two centuries after his death, a the condensing on one. Nevertheless, he certainly raised playwright would bring together Marat’s lens (l) and then interesting points worthy of disparate interests through a second lens further examination. “Their heads musical theater. In 1963, (o). The point In other work, Marat will fall within a Peter Weiss linked his work where the two investigated the optics of with light and heat to his lenses focus the soap bubbles and translated fortnight,” Marat revolutionary activities in The Newton’s into French. light is where the Opticks had supposedly Persecution and Assassination magnification of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed Man of the people occurs. The remarked. by the Inmates of the Asylum of sample is placed In 1788, Marat set research Charenton under the Direction at this point aside to focus on politics. He was one of the of the Marquis de Sade (mercifully abbrevi- between glass intellectual leaders of the French Revolution ated to Marat/Sade): plates, held in and a prolifi c publisher, including his own He wants to pronounce place by two metal newspaper l’Ami du peuple (“The Friend of the whole of fi rm and fi xed creation invalid plates (m). The the People,” 1789). Through his writings, he And instead he wants to introduce magnified image became a voice of the Revolution. His distaste a universe of unbridled activation passes through for his political opponents, the Girondists, in which electrifi ed magnetic forces three condensing became so extreme that he made a public plea whizz about and rub against each other. lenses (x); it is for people to use violence against them. —Lavoisier, section 32, lines 155-160 then inverted and In 1793, Marat was visited by Charlotte Peter Weiss, Marat/Sade projected onto a Corday, who claimed that she would give him OPN screen (ab). the names of wanted Girondists. “Their heads will fall within a fortnight,” Marat had sup- Steve Wilk ([email protected]) is an optical Courtesy of Allan engineer based in Massachusetts, U.S.A. Wissner, www.antique- posedly remarked. And perhaps they would microscopes.com have, had Corday, a Girondist herself, not stabbed him in the breast, severing his carotid To learn more … artery and killing him instantly. c C.D. Connor (translation). Jean-Paul Marat: Scientist nd Jacques-Louis David, Marat’s friend and and Revolutionary, Humanities Press, 2 edition (2012). associate, later painted what would become a c S.R. Wilk. “Diffraction, the Silk Handkerchief, and a well-known portrait of the slain revolution- Forgotten Founder,” Opt. Photon. News 21, 16-17 ary. The deceased Marat is depicted in a (October 2010).

22 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 Member Lens Cool optics images from our readers

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SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 23 Patricia Daukantas

TINGYE LI A Global Force in Optical Communications

Illustration by Alessia Kirkland/ Calligraphy by Richard Man

24 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 Patricia Daukantas

TINGYE LI A Global Force in Optical Communications

Born into a world on the brink of war, Tingye Li shaped a communications industry that linked the globe in peace.

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 25 In this family photo dated 1936, Li is the sweater- clad boy standing between his two widowed grandmothers. The extended family lived together as a multigenerational household in Nanjing. (Right) Tingye Li as a young man in South Africa in 1953.

Courtesy of Ting-Kai and Susan Li

very time you make a phone call or use the traveled a “gigameter” (a million kilometers) Internet, you can thank Tingye Li. From the over the course of his career to foster techno- oscillations inside laser cavities to the complex logical cooperation and progress between his methods used to send multiple information adopted and native countries. streams down a single fiber, the discoveries Li and a colleague predicted the transverse that he and his research teams have made are modes in laser cavities at the dawn of the laser deeply woven into the fabric of global networks. revolution. Twenty years later, he led the team Li, the 1995 OSA President who died last that developed sparse-channel wavelength E December at age 81, lived a truly global life. division multiplexing (WDM) systems, which, Born to a diplomat, he resided on three con- along with optical amplifiers, changed the tinents before reaching adulthood. When he economic paradigm of telecommunications. started at Bell Labs, his only employer, the Cold His long list of achievements include high War space race was on; by the time he retired, awards from OSA and IEEE, one of the most the nascent World Wide Web was growing by cited papers ever published in his field, and leaps and bounds. By his own account, he had honorary doctorates and professorships. Yet his

Witness to History ased on Tingye’s cheerful disposition, you might never guess the government to Chongqing (then known as Chungking), far to B that he had a childhood shaped by war. When he was just six the west and protected from the invaders by a mountain range. years old, Japanese forces invaded mainland China and captured While many survivors never spoke about their harrowing its capital, Nanking (now called Nanjing), which had been home wartime experiences, Li wanted his family to know about his. to the Li family. According to some estimates, more than 200,000 Scott Cohen—one of his grandsons—described them in a fourth- civilians were brutally assaulted and killed in a six-week span— grade essay in 2000, writing that Tingye “ran as fast as he could although accounts vary on the nature and scale of the carnage. toward the air raid shelter in the dark of night.” The Nanking Massacre, as it is sometimes called, was a key The war was in full swing when the Li family moved to Van- precipitator to World War II in the Pacific. Fortunately, in the fall of couver, Canada, after the Chinese government had appointed his 1937, just before Nanking fell to Japan, the Li family escaped with father consul general there. Tingye was 12 years old.

26 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 1047-6938/13/09/24/8-$15.00 ©OSA colleagues invariably remember him for his personality: bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering. At the time, his warmth, excellent sense of humor, mentorship of “Wits,” as it was often called, accepted students of all young colleagues, intellectual breadth and depth, and ethnicities; it did not restrict matriculation by race until passion for his work. He was a technical giant who was so the apartheid government forced it to do so several years popular among his contemporaries that no one wanted to after Li had graduated. run against him in an OSA election. In January of 1953, the two Li brothers visited Europe and then sailed to the United States to Learning on new continents continue their educations. Li enrolled at the Illinois Tingye Li was born on 7 July 1931 to a prominent Institute of Technology for his graduate degree, but diplomat’s family in Nanjing, which was after a year or so he transferred to North- the capital city of China. His father, western, where he received his Ph.D. Sizhao Li, was a senior offi cer in the In 1957, straight in electrical engineering. Foreign Ministry, and his mother, Weipeng “Lily” Xie, was a out of graduate school, Bell Labs: The early years rarity in her country during Li took a job at the In 1957, straight out of graduate that era: a college-educated school, Li took a job at the woman. Tingye was the Holmdel, N.J., branch Holmdel, N.J., branch of Bell eldest of four children: sister of Bell Telephone Telephone Laboratories, one of Wei-ling, brother Ting-Kai the world’s premier industrial and sister Yuling. Laboratories, one of the laboratories. He would remain His family lived through there for 41 years, working his the thick of World War II world’s premier industrial way up to department head and in the Pacifi c: According to laboratories. He would building creative research teams Tingye’s daughter Kathy Li that laid the groundwork for today’s Dessau, “They had the blackout remain there for telecommunications industry. One of curtains, bombing raids, and the 41 years. his friends and Bell Labs collaborators, little lanterns.” (See sidebar.) When Li OSA Honorary Member Herwig Kogelnik, says was 12, the Chinese government appointed his that Li simply loved working there all those decades. father consul general to Vancouver, Canada. Initially, Li joined the radio research department and Despite not knowing much English upon arrival, the started working on a hot technology for the space age: Li children settled in and fl ourished in Vancouver. One antennas for satellite communications. Through Project of Tingye’s favorite pastimes as a child was building Echo, followed by Telstar, the company collaborated with radio sets. NASA and other agencies to send microwave and televi- When he was 17, his father was transferred to a similar sion signals across thousands of miles of Earth’s surface post in Johannesburg, South Africa, and the family fol- by way of low Earth orbit. For the projects, Bell Labs lowed. For his undergraduate studies, Tingye enrolled at built large aluminum “horn antennas” at its Holmdel the University of the Witwatersrand, where he earned his laboratory and a second site in Andover, Maine. The

“They flew out of Chungking over the mountains to Calcutta, India,” wrote Scott. “From there they took a train to Bombay. Tingye looked out from the window and saw the strange Indian countryside. He had never been outside of China before.” The family boarded a captured Italian liner that the United States had turned into a troop transport ship and headed for North America via Australia. The vessel dodged Japanese submarines throughout its 37-day journey, and the ship ahead of Tingye’s went down. “Tingye was scared that they might be sunk and his short life might be over,” Scott wrote.

To read Scott’s entire essay on his grandfather’s life, visit Iwane Matsui www.osa-opn.org. rides into Nanjing. Wikimedia Commons

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 27 Meant to Be: A. Gardner Fox (left) and Tingye Woos Wu Tingye Li in an undated n 1953, Tingye and his brother were young Bell Labo- I adults who wanted to further their educa- ratories file tions in the United States. They traveled to photo. the United States from South Africa, where AT&T Bell their father had been stationed as a diplomat. Laboratories via Their journey started on a passenger ship Herwig Kogelnik to England and ended after the two reached New York aboard the beautiful Cunard ocean liner Mauretania. Along the way, a friend was flipping through Life magazine and spied a wedding photo taken at a fancy estate in Chicago. The bride, Eileen Wu, and her maid of honor, Edith, were the daughters of K.C. Wu, a prominent American-educated Chinese politician who two antennas had somewhat different shapes—the Holmdel one was served as mayor of Shanghai and governor of “pyramidal” while the Maine device was conical like the horn of an Formosa. He had sent his daughters to live old gramophone. with the family of an American friend, Robert McCormick, publisher of the Chicago Tribune, For a special Telstar issue of the Bell Systems Technical Journal in while studying at Northwestern University in July 1963, Li and two co-authors computed the gain and radiation pat- Evanston, Ill. terns for the two antennas in different excitation modes. Undoubtedly “At that time, the McCormicks pretty much the knowledge of the directionality and other electrical characteristics owned the town,” said Debbie Li Cohen, the of the Holmdel antenna assisted two other Bell Labs researchers, Arno elder of Li’s two daughters. The prominence Penzias and Robert Wilson. In 1964, they used the device to test out of both the McCormick and Wu families prompted the wedding coverage in Life. See- their new, ultra-sensitive microwave receiver—and ended up confirm- ing the magazine pictures, a friend teased Li ing the existence of the cosmic microwave background radiation, the that he really ought to look up the younger Wu distant echoes of the creation of the universe. sister when he got to Chicago. He did. After a year at the Illinois Institute Understanding the laser of Technology, Li transferred to Northwestern to continue his studies in electrical engineer- As the 1950s blended into the 1960s, Bell Labs became enmeshed in ing. It was there that he met and fell in love the quest to build a working device that would give off stimulated with Edith. He married her on 9 June 1956, a emission of visible light. While Hughes Research Laboratories “won” year before he finished his Ph.D. He often told the race when Ted Maiman fired up the first ruby laser in 1960, other people that he had “wooed Wu and won Wu.” industrial labs were poised to make other important strides. At Bell, Li and a colleague, A. Gardner Fox (1912-1992), delved into the theory of the laser cavity. Fox was the senior member of the pair; he held a master’s degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and for many years edited the IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. Speaking on the 50th anniversary of the laser in May 2010, 1999 OSA President Tony Siegman said that Fox had created the first microwave relay links for long-distance phone calls in the early 1950s. The two researchers had access to their employer’s IBM 704 mainframe computer, which could process data at the then-respectable speed of 4,000 floating-point calculations per second. Li and Fox took the 1958 prediction by Arthur L. Schawlow and Charles H. Townes that the “optical maser” would require a resonant cavity with parallel reflective ends and calculated the modes that would appear between Tingye and Edith those reflectors. OSA

28 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 “Fabry-Perot interferometers, whether of the Lightwave communications Li gives a talk plane or concave mirror type, are character- at Bell Labs In the 1970s, Li became convinced that optical Crawford Hill ized by a discrete set of normal modes which fibers had the potential to improve telecom- to top AT&T can be defined on an iterative basis,” Fox and munications. Writing for Optics News—the executives in Li wrote. Their results suggested that curved precursor to this magazine—in 1977, he 1972, after mirrors would lower the losses in explained the basic principles of Li’s research department had confocal cavities. optical communications: optical demonstrated the The pair published a No one from upper losses, the fiber-manufacturing first successful short piece in the Pro- process, dispersion calcula- optical repeater ceedings of the Institute management had tions and so forth. required for fiber of Radio Engineers By the mid-1980s, Li transmission directed his group to systems. and a more detailed had become director article in the Bell AT&T Bell Laboratories pursue multiplexing, of Bell’s lightwave via Herwig Kogelnik System Technical systems research Journal. Thousands but he had a vision. department. He was of researchers have He knew more data already known for cited one or both iconic putting together teams papers over the years. could be sent through of creative yet practical “Fox and Li” became a optical systems. researchers; he often said, “I phrase that conveyed instant only hire people smarter than meaning to anyone working in I.” No one from upper management optics, according to Alan Willner, an electri- had directed his group to pursue multiplex- cal engineering professor at the University of ing, but he had a vision. He knew more data Southern California. could be sent through optical systems. Li joined Fox and another Bell Labs col- Under Li’s direction, Bell researchers league, Gary D. Boyd, on a patent application used erbium-doped optical amplifiers to cre- for an optical maser cavity, filed 7 Oct. 1960 ate WDM systems, which created “virtual” and granted on 25 Sept. 1962. fibers by putting multiple data channels

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 29 down a single physical fiber. In 1991, the team nobody wanted to run against Li because of the strong traveled to Roaring Creek, Pa., and hitched their prevailing feeling that he should lead the Society. “He system to previously installed single- was our leaders’ leader,” Willner said. “He mode fiber cables. Their experiments was the person our leaders turned to for yielded 2.5 Gbit/s transmission Willner recalls the wisdom and advice.” per channel, a huge jump in OSA’s 1997 President, Janet S. performance over existing warmth that Li showed Fender, recalls socializing with networks, and Li dubbed it Tingye and Edith Li at Society a “roaring success.” Dense to OSA staff members at events. “Everyone loved Tingye, WDM was here to stay; the Society’s conferences a kind and gentle human being optical fiber transmission with a spark and twinkle in capacities increased expo- and meetings. “Everyone his eye—and a ready smile on nentially, and the Internet he met was important to his face,” wrote Fender, chief became an economically scientist of the U.S. Air Combat practical tool for society. him,” Willner said. Command at Langley Air Force Base. “A great sense of humor mixed Mentoring around the world with thoughtful seriousness, he had a very Li’s approachability and earnest desire to con- balanced personality.” nect with people earned him the nickname “Uncle Willner recalls the warmth that Li showed to OSA Tingye.” He treated everyone with the respect and staff members at the Society’s conferences and meet- care, young and old alike. Li became a mentor to ings. “Everyone he met was important to him,” Willner legions of young people and was an ideal role model. said. “He would give lots of hugs and ask people about He was continuously writing letters of recom- their families.” (In 2006, when Li turned 75, more than mendation for students and colleagues, agonizing over 100 OSA employees posed on the steps of OSA head- every word and often submitting the last (but perhaps quarters in Washington, D.C., for a portrait for Tingye. best) letter. According to Willner, who credits Li for He was delighted with the gift.) bringing him into OSA volunteerism, “most people did Once he retired from AT&T Labs in 1998, Li not even know that it was Tingye’s kind, gentle hand embarked on a new phase of his career. Though nomi- that helped them.” nally an independent consultant, he vigorously pursued When Li ran for vice president of OSA in 1992, a posi- two activities: mentoring the next generation of optical tion that would culminate in presidency of the Society, researchers and helping China to develop a modern he ran unopposed. According to other OSA members, telecommunications infrastructure. He made nearly

Kathy Li Dessau Family matters The Li family: Tingye Li (left), Edith Li, Kathy i and his wife raised two daugh- to sit at the kitchen table writing pa- Li Dessau and L ters, Deborah (Cohen) and Kath- Debbie Li Cohen pers on legal pads, until 2 a.m. ryn (Dessau). Tingye was proud of his daughters’ Growing up in New Jersey, Debbie achievements—Debbie graduated was aware that her father enjoyed his from medical school, while Kathy job at a prestigious institution, but earned a Ph.D. in applied phys- mostly she remembers the family ics—and the families they built for routine. After a full business day, her themselves. He cultivated very close father would come home and her relationships with his four grandchil- mother would make a martini for him dren, who called him “Gung Gung.” and a Manhattan for herself. After “He was incredibly proud of us,” cocktails, the family would eat dinner said Debbie Cohen. “Not even a and then listen to a poem that Tingye read aloud. As the daughters waiter taking our dinner order was immune from hearing about did their homework, Li would take a nap, then rise at 10 or 11 p.m. all of our recent accomplishments.”

30 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 OSA

(Left) Tingye Li on the ski slopes. (Right) Tingye and Edith touring the Huangpu River in Shanghai with friends during the 2010 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference. Courtesy of Herwig Kogelnik

60 round trips between his native and adopted nations, so he went for a swim in Snowbird’s pool, from which advising Chinese telecom researchers and working to guests could view the distant mountains—perhaps the strengthen the relationship between China and the rest last thing Li saw before suffering a fatal heart attack. of the world. Numerous Chinese universities named him an honorary professor, and he was a driving force in get- Li’s legacy ting the Asia Communications and Photonics conference In March, Li’s colleagues paid tribute to him with a off the ground. special symposium at the OFC/NFOEC conference in In 2011, Li made his first visit to South Africa in California. The same month, his family and friends held nearly 60 years to receive an honorary doctorate from a memorial service in Boulder. Kaminow, Li’s best friend his undergraduate alma mater. In a letter to OSA staff, he for 50 years, was unable to attend the memorial due to expressed his joy that the country had advanced far in health concerns, but he submitted a statement that read: its tolerance of all people in the post-apartheid era. “His enthusiasm for life was contagious, and his spirit When not traveling or mentoring, Tingye and Edith touched so many people throughout the world.” Li lived in Boulder, Colo., where ski slopes would be Friends remember Li saying that his goal was to always nearby. In the late 1980s, Li had begun a tradi- leave the world a little better place than he had found tion of gathering the family during Christmas week at it. Between the advances he made in communications Snowbird, a resort in the Wasatch Range of northern technology, his work to bridge East and West, and his Utah. He had learned to ski at the ripe age of 40 and genuine, avuncular warmth, he certainly surpassed his decided that his family ought to learn as well; the four goal. His grandson Scott is not alone in the sentiment he of them had traveled to a small New Jersey ski area with expressed in the last sentence of his fourth-grade essay: a rope tow and learned how to get up and down the hill. “I love to listen to him and wish I could have been with As he aged, Li was pleased that he could finally ski at him and lived the life of Tingye Li.” OPN some resorts for free. At the end of last year, he enjoyed a day of skiing on Patricia Daukantas ([email protected]) is a freelance writer Wednesday, 26 Dec. The next morning, it was snowing, specializing in optics and photonics.

ONLINE EXTRA Visit www.osa-opn.org to read Scott Cohen’s 4th grade essay about his grandfather’s life and a list of references highlighting some of Tingye’s best research.

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 31 Large-scale optical systems in silicon can become a reality by building upon the existing infrastructure. Due to the shifting economics of silicon photonics, we will likely see a portfolio of new products emerge over the next several years.

The Road to Affordable, Large-Scale

Illustration by Phil Saunders/spacechannel.org 32 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013

M. Streshinsky, R. Ding, Y. Liu, A. Novack, C. Galland, A. E.-J. Lim, P. Guo-Qiang Lo, T. Baehr-Jones and M. Hochberg

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 33 he field of silicon photonics is at a unique the world, including the A*STAR Institute inflection point: Paths for commercialization of Microelectronics (IME), CEA-Leti, Imec are now widely accessible, and the costs and and others, have now developed processes T risks associated with prototyping products have with various levels of capability, and they dropped precipitously. Building optical devices are offering them to the wider community. with the same silicon processing tools and Typically, a dedicated run in a process that wafers that the semiconductor industry uses to yields waveguides, high-speed modulators and fabricate CMOS transistors gives us access to an photodetectors will cost hundreds of thousands immense infrastructure for yield improvement, of dollars. metrology and process control. The benefit of using a pre-existing process is By taking advantage of the high refractive that it largely or completely eliminates process index contrast between silicon and silicon development risk. Multi-project wafer services dioxide—and using silicon-on-insulator such as the Optoelectronic Systems Integration wafers similar to those employed for advanced in Silicon (OpSIS) service at the University of transistors—engineers can now construct Delaware and the silicon photonics platform micrometer-scale integrated optical circuits. ePIXfab allow users to buy into runs for only a This technology holds promise to meet the few square millimeters of area. world’s ever increasing demand for bandwidth, In addition, there are several processes that and may open opportunities in a wide range can be used to fabricate transistors next to of applications, including medical diagnostics, the optical components, such as IBM’s 90-nm LIDAR, spectroscopy, radar systems, biosens- CMOS-photonics platform and Luxtera’s and ing and more. PETRA’s processes, though these are not yet

The big opportunity for silicon photonics is in cramming more complexity—and thus more value—into a single package.

The field of silicon photonics has benefitted publicly accessible. Much current develop- from the billions of dollars invested in CMOS ment is focused on low-capacitance bonding fabrication. This established infrastructure between the standard foundry silicon for allows for a high level of integration: devices electronics and the silicon photonic wafers, that modulate, detect, route and filter light can since this obviates the need to make technical all be co-located on the same wafer and built compromises, as well as the cost disadvantages using the same tools. This is in contrast to the associated with monolithic integration. Simply current state of optical systems, where modula- put, monolithic integration works well for tors might be fabricated in lithium niobate, trailing-edge CMOS, but incorporating high- detectors in III-V wafers, optical multiplexers performance CMOS into such an approach is with doped glass and switches with MEMS; all but impossible without significant perfor- everything is typically connected via lenses mance compromises. or optical fibers today. Bonding processes for electrical intercon- The downside of leveraging the CMOS nects are mature and commercially available, infrastructure is the cost of accessing it: Devel- and they provide an elegant solution to oping a silicon photonics process is at least a electronic-photonic integration, although co- multi-million dollar endeavor. Fortunately, it integration of electronics will not be necessary is no longer necessary to start from scratch in for all applications. Several companies (Skor- most cases. A number of organizations around pios, Aurrion) are now developing platforms

34 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 1047-6938/13/01/26/8-$15.00 ©OSA Building blocks of silicon photonic systems

2 µm

1.5 µm 750 nm

600 nm 750 nm AI SiO₂ 500 nm 600 nm 130 nm Ge 220 nm

60 nm Si BOX

Si substrate

Si modulator or Channel rib waveguide Grating Germanium waveguide coupler photodetector Phil Saunders that integrate III/V lasers into silicon, but there are not yet wafer shortly thereafter. A 200-mm wafer represents any released products based on such processes, and the around 30,000 usable square millimeters of space. So, processes themselves are not yet available to the public. for a 10-mm2 product, this can represent thousands of In the absence of monolithically integrated transistors devices. The bottom line is that getting to cost targets of a and optics, there are varying levels of alternative integra- few dollars per chip does not require producing millions tion schemes available: separate optical and CMOS chips of devices, even for relatively complex chips. in a 2.5- or 3-dimensional integration scheme; optical Such opportunities are not limited to active compo- and electrical chips placed together on a printed circuit nents either; there are myriad interesting passive systems board; a standard form factor; or stand-alone packaged that can be fabricated, for instance, through OpSIS’ optical devices. shared multi-project wafer runs. In fact, in the 1 March 2010 issue of Optics Express, Fang et al. report a 200-GHz Economies of scale spacing 32-channel AWG fabricated in a similar process Silicon photonics has thus far been an expensive industry at the A*STAR IME with competitive performance to for startup activity, where the only players were those commercial offerings. An off-the-shelf array waveguide with immediate access to foundries that were willing to grating may be on the order of $1,000 for a 32-port device change their process to accommodate optical devices; in small volumes. Even at small-to-medium volumes, however, this may be beginning to change. Luxtera and silicon can compete with existing products from a cost Kotura have produced products in silicon, for example. perspective; in both cases the costs usually end up being Multi-project wafer runs in silicon photonics reduce dominated by packaging. The big opportunity for silicon the financial risk of prototyping, while at the same time photonics is in cramming more complexity—and thus providing clear paths for scaling to production. more value—into a single package. Just considering modest volumes of tens or hundreds of wafers, it’s clear that the processes used to build silicon Building blocks of silicon photonics photonic systems—including all of the mask and setup The financial story becomes more compelling when one costs—drop to the low tens of thousands of dollars per considers the systems possibilities enabled by silicon wafer very quickly, and then to thousands of dollars per photonics. Typical circuits consist of a few fundamental

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 35 building blocks built on a silicon-on-insulator Given the advanced state of many devices wafer: passive components such as wave- in silicon, the question arises: Why are there guides, couplers and filters, and active devices so few demonstrations of very large optical such as modulators and photodetectors. Using systems? Well, there are several reasons. Barri- these, large systems can be pieced together ers to building these types of systems include: without significant reengineering at the immature design tools, a packaging ecosystem device level. that is only beginning to be able to handle Researchers have already extensively silicon, and the relatively high historical demonstrated high-performance devices. expense of doing systems-level work. Still, the Narrow single-mode and wide multimode greatest advantage of using silicon in photonics,

The greatest advantage of using silicon in photonics, just as in the microelectronics industry, is that we can use it to build complex systems.

waveguides can route light around a chip just as in the microelectronics industry, is that with losses near 2 dB/cm and 0.026 dB/cm, we can use it to build complex systems. We’re respectively. Mach-Zehnder modulators have just beginning to see complex system integra- been shown to be capable of data rates up to tion projects emerging. It’s an exciting time in 50 Gbps and rings at rates of up to 40 Gbps. For the field. detection, Vivian et al. present a germanium Examples of these complex systems in the photodiode at 120 GHz with 0.8 A/W respon- literature range from phased-array antennas sivity at 1,550 nm in the 16 January 2012 to biosensing to data communication. In the issue of Optics Express. Although none of the 9 January 2013 issue of Nature, Sun et al. previous devices were built in an integrated report on a large-scale 2-D optical phased array platform with modulators and photodetectors, antenna with 4,096 nano-antennas integrated the OpSIS platform does offer 57 GHz, 0.7 A/W onto a single chip. They were able to project the photodetectors alongside 30 GHz modulators MIT logo in a far-field pattern. Doylend et al. and other library elements. demonstrated an integrated on-chip laser with

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–45 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Frequency (GHz) High-speed photodetector (Left) A high-speed photodetector fabricated in the OpSIS-IME platform with an inductor for gain-peaking bandwidth enhancement. (Right) The device has 57 GHz bandwidth.

36 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 a grating coupler array for beam steering at the 2013 Photonics West conference. And Mandal and colleagues integrated 16 biosensors onto a single chip using 1-D photonic crystal resonators; their results are available in Grating coupler Photodetector the 4 February 2008 issue of Optics Express. In the data communication realm, Dong et al. present an integrated 224 Gb/s coherent silicon transceiver with on-chip polarization diversity in the 2013 proceedings of the OFC/NFOEC conference. In the 1 March 2010 issue of Amplifier Optics Express, Fang et al. report on a 32-channel WDM receiver. Finally, an MIT/Lincoln Labs team demonstrated Mach-Zehnder a packaged photonic ADC to sample a 10-GHz optical modulator signal in the 13 February 2012 Optics Express. As we address the barriers to building complex systems, we can A simple optical link expect silicon photonic systems to rapidly expand in both functionality and complexity. Link consists of a grating coupler, modulator, detector and amplifier. Phil Saunders Quantum silicon photonics Integrated quantum photonics is one of the applications that may be enabled by more advanced silicon photonic Are they available in silicon today? Remarkably, foundry services. (For a general review of integrated the answer is “yes” (including hybrid solutions), quantum optics, see Tanzilli et al. in the references.) although no one has built two of these pieces on the By leveraging non-classical properties of light such as same chip. Thus, the gap between device and system- entanglement, superposition and uncertainty relations, level work applies equally well to quantum optics. researchers are developing disruptive technologies. Most There are several solutions with which to implement notably, quantum cryptography allows for uncondition- these three components: ally secure secret key distribution, while the prospect of a quantum computer that is able to factorize large A source of highly indistinguishable single photons: numbers means that current encryption schemes may The nonlinear process of spontaneous four-wave mixing become obsolete. (sFWM) can be used to generate pairs of identical photons Because of its compatibility with the telecommunica- from two pump beams symmetrically detuned in energy tion network, silicon photonics is obviously a platform from the pair. Several groups have now demonstrated of choice for building economical and practical emitters correlated photon pair generation using sFWM. (See and receivers for quantum cryptography. To give an over- Ken-ichi et al. in the June 2011 issue of the New Journal view of the challenges, and to argue for the enabling role of Physics; Azzini et al. in the 8 October 2012 Optics of foundry services, we take as an example the ambitious Express; Davanco et al. in the 25 June 2012 Applied implementation of linear optical quantum computation, Physics Letters; and Matsuda et al. in the 12 November the “holy grail” of applied quantum optics. 2012 Scientific Reports.) However, in all cases, the level of Knill, Laflamme and Milburn explored how to build integration remains primitive. Indeed, the experiments a quantum computer that relies on individual photons, were mainly performed off-chip, including the filtering their interference and detection in a seminal paper and rejection of the pump beam or beams and the in 2001. The key components that must be assembled manipulation and detection of single photons. together in a scalable circuit are: Today’s foundry services such as OpSIS and ePIXfab already offer all the necessary tools to build passive c A source of highly indistinguishable single photons. structures for pair generation. Interestingly, though, they c Probabilistic quantum gates based on beam splitters offer a clear path to the integration of efficient, tunable and phase shifters. wavelength filters to reject the pump beams. The chal- c Efficient single-photon detectors and feed-forward lenge here is to improve the solutions used in traditional control of switches. wavelength multiplexing applications to achieve

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 37 Silicon in Coherent Communications

ilicon may be a candidate S for complex optical systems in coherent communications, which are attractive because they increase spectral efficiency re- quirements while reducing those for receiver sensitivity. Because data are differentially encoded with silicon, the advantage of coherent communication is retained while transceiver and link Mask layout of 100 Gbps PDM-DQPSK System fabricated through the OpSIS shuttle run service. complexity is reduced. Furthermore, utilizing F. Gambini et al., Photonics in Switching, 2013. polarization diversity provides an additional doubling of fiber extinction ratios above 100 dB due operated in Geiger mode (biased bandwidth. Recently, at the 2013 to the vastly greater intensity of the above breakdown), similar to what Photonics in Switching confer- pump compared to the single photons. is used in commercial single photon ence, Gambini et al. presented a counters based on silicon (for visible) 100 Gbps PDM-DQPSK receiver Probabilistic quantum gates based and III/V materials (for telecom). fabricated in the OpSIS-IME on beam splitters and phase platform. Their design consists of Remarkably, the very same shifters: Two-qubit quantum gates a 2-D grating coupler, four Mach- components, tools and architectures have been demonstrated in passive Zehnder delay interferometers developed for high-volume classical and thermally tunable silica glass with resistive phase shifters, applications can be transposed with and four balanced germanium waveguides. They require only phase little or no modification to operate photodetectors, all of which are shifters and directional couplers and in the quantum regime. Of course, monolithically integrated on the are therefore straightforward to build some of the figure-of-merits empha- same 1 3 3 mm chip. and assemble in large circuits through The 2-D grating coupler sized in classical applications will a multi-project wafer run. separates incident light based on not be relevant to quantum circuits, polarization, where each polar- Efficient single-photon detectors such as bandwidth or energy ization is coupled into identical and feed-forward control of consumption; loss, stability and DQPSK receivers. Within each re- uniformity will be the key metrics ceiver, the delay interferometers switches: Single-photon detection in quantum optics. But with only a convert the differential phase is arguably the most challenging modulation into intensity modula- technological problem that must be slight shift of focus, silicon photon- tion, which is then received by solved in silicon quantum photonics. ics opens the fascinating perspective the balanced photodetectors. Impressive results have been of putting the counter intuitive Operating at 100 Gbps, this chip obtained using hybrid integration features of quantum mechanics at replaces tens of free-space of superconducting nanowires work at unprecedented scales. optical components in a radically evanescently coupled on top of smaller device. Final hurdles Given the process complex- silicon waveguides, with detection ity for silicon photonics chips, efficiencies greater than normal- Shuttle run services such as OpSIS or 200-mm–diameter wafers will incidence detectors. Yet it is hard ePIXfab are mirroring practices well likely cost a few thousand dollars to see how this approach could be known to the microelectronics indus- per yielded wafer in production. scaled to the same level as the silicon try. Services such as MOSIS have Thus, these chips could end up photonic circuits. Fortunately, a fully provided researchers across academia costing single-digit dollars per CMOS compatible solution may exist: and industry the tools and processes yielded die. an avalanche Ge-on-Si photodiode to build complex electronic systems

38 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 at little risk. Aside from the cost savings that relatively complex photonic circuits will cost hun- shared shuttle runs offer the community, they dreds of dollars or less, including packaging costs, also provide design rules and well-characterized without having to go to extremely high volumes. devices as part of a process design kit. Rather Very complex, low-volume photonic circuits will than designing a library of parts from scratch, sell for thousands of dollars or more, with this cost users can piece together a series of devices that largely driven by the non-recurring engineering are known to work. However, what is missing associated with their development.

The very same components, tools and architectures developed for high-volume classical applications can be transposed with little or no modification to operate in the quantum regime. from this equation is the electronic design We will see, in the next few years, a boost in automation infrastructure for design verification. the number of silicon photonic products com- Before fabricating large integrated electronic ing to market and an increase in the number systems, an engineer may simulate the chip layout of complex silicon photonic systems being across process corners, compare it to a schematic, developed in academia. Furthermore, novel and check for layout errors that will not yield in applications such as chip-scale quantum optics fabrication. Unfortunately, only the design rule will continue to emerge, creating fundamentally checking exists as a somewhat mature toolset for new commercial and research opportunities over optical design. the coming years. OPN Compact models and schematics for verifying The authors would like to thank Mentor Graphics, the final layout and performance of designs are Lumerical and Gernot Pomrenke of the Air Force still in their infancy. There are, however, several Office of Scientific Research for their support of the promising tools that are beginning to address OpSIS project. They also acknowledge support from these issues, such as Mentor Graphics Pyxis and Brett Pokines of AFOSR SOARD (FA9550-13-1-0176) and the Singapore MOE under ACRF Tier 1 grant Calibre, Lumerical Interconnect, and the IPKISS R-263-000-A09-133. component design framework. As more features are added to these tools, the complexity of systems Matthew Streshinsky is a Ph.D. student at Institute of being taped out through multi-project wafer runs Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore and the will also likely increase. A central challenge for National University of Singapore (NUS). Michael Hochberg ([email protected]) is the director of OpSIS the near term will be in standardizing the model and a professor of computer and electrical engineering sets and characterization methodologies, but this at the University of Delaware, U.S.A., and at NUS. Patrick is now being taken on by industry organizations Lo is director of the NanoPhotonics Program at IME. Christophe Galland and Prof. Tom Baehr-Jones are such as Si2. scientists at the University of Delaware and Andy Eu-Jin Whether they develop complex systems or not, Lim is a scientist at IME. most research groups now have the means to at least bring a silicon photonic product to market. References and Resources Even in very small volumes, the chip costs of silicon photonic devices rapidly shrink to the point c T. Baehr-Jones et al. Nat. Photon. 6(4), 206–8 (2012). c K. Lister. www.luxtera.com/20120221252/luxtera- where they will be in the few-dollar range. Other ships-one-millionth-silicon-cmos-photonics-enabled- costs, such as packaging and lasers, will often 10gbit-channel.html (2012). dominate the overall price of silicon photonic c T. Tanzilli et al. Laser Photon. Rev. 6(1) 115–43 (2012). c www.opsisfoundry.org solutions. There are already products available c www.epixfab.eu from Kotura and Luxtera, and it is likely that even

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 39 Researchers are using statistical mechanics to uncover thermodynamic-like properties in optical systems. This unique research direction could have far-reaching implications for photonics.

Baruch Fischer and Alexander Bekker

MANY -BODY PHOTO Entropy and Order in a CavityNICS

40 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 MANY -BODY PHOTO Entropy and Order in a CavityNICS

Artist’s interpretation of entropy and order in a cavity.

Illustration by Phil Saunders/spacechannel.org n photonics, quantum mechan- Noise is Many-body light ics gets the glory—yet its systems cousin statistical mechanics inevitable Many light systems contain can also play an important in photonic many degrees of freedom. For role in photonic systems. example, lasers that generate Many-mode lasers are prime systems, and short pulses by mode-locking examples. Passive mode- it is not just a can have millions of modes. locking is an exact analogue of These photonic systems a first-order phase transition perturbation; I call for a statistical mechani- from disordered to ordered it is a real cal approach that was devel- phase and active mode-locking oped to treat many degrees of maps to the known spherical dimension—like freedom. There is remarkable model, which—in higher than temperature. two dimensions—has a second- similarity, for example, order phase transition. between the mode-comb in Researchers first noted the the frequency domain and the similarity between second-order phase tran- canonical interacting magnetic spin systems sitions and lasing shortly after the laser was in the spatial domain. invented, but they stopped short of employing Mode-locked lasers include “particle” many-body statistical mechanics to describe interaction akin to what exists in many-body what was happening. Recently, however, there systems, and noise takes on the role of tem- has been new interest in various many-body perature in classic systems. In addition, we photonics systems, including pulsed and talk about equilibrium rather than thermal random lasers, as well as exciting classical equilibrium, since lasers are not in thermal and quantum light and photon condensates. equilibrium. With those adjustments, we see that both scenarios have a similar mathemati- cal basis, with rigorous solutions and experi- Baruch Fischer mental results. We must look at the role of entropy to understand the meaning of thermodynamic- like behavior in photonic systems. In statistical mechanics, water is not in its solid form at temperatures higher than 0 °C; here, gas or liquid phases prevail, even though the solid state has lower energy. However, a nonzero temperature elicits high-energy states that can dominate the matter state due to their very large number (entropy). It is therefore the minimum of the free energy that determines Let There Be Ordered Light the many-body system phase. The situation is From random mode phasors (noisy continuous wave) similar in passive mode-locking. to ordered mode phase (pulses) From the energetic point of view, the A laser cavity is full of entropy that can be viewed in the domain of modes saturable-absorber in a cavity should drive (frequency) through the many phasor configurations (light-blue arrow arrays), all modes to be aligned in phase and produce or in the spatial or time domains through the many waveforms (white patterns) of light in the cavity. short pulses right away. However, that scenario In a thermodynamic model, system equilibrium is not determined by the does not happen because of the small noise minimum energy (H), but by the minimum free energy F = H–TS, which includes that evokes less favorable energies but has entropy (S) and temperature (T). Nonzero temperature populates high-energy states that can be numerous (entropy), and therefore this dominates the many-mode phasor configurations (entropy) equilibrium phase. that can dominate.

42 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 1047-6938/13/09/40/8-$15.00 ©OSA Noise is inevitable in photonic systems, probability function (equilibrium and it is not just a perturbation; it is a real but not thermal equilibrium) is a Many dimension—like temperature. Taking Boltzmann-Gibbs-like distribution: possibilities in it only as a perturbation is like limiting r(a , a , ...) = e –HI /T / Z , ourselves to watching physical systems 0 ±1 many-body only around 0 K. The noise stems from where ai denotes the complex mode photonics spontaneous emission and other internal amplitudes (phasor magnitudes and and external sources. The outcome is directions), T is the noise power, Z is Studies on many-mode a competition between the energy and the normalization factor, or partition photonic systems could lead to: entropy that govern the disordered (cw) function, where Z = S e –HI /T (the summa- or ordered (pulse) mode phase separated tion is over all values of a0, a±1, ...), and c New and exactly by a first-order phase transition that is the HI is the Hamilonian-like energy weight soluble models passive mode-locking. responsible for the mode interaction. in statistical This is a central result that means mechanics. Statistical light-mode dynamics that we are in the territory of statisti- c Realization of Mode-locked lasers can have hundreds to cal mechanics. one-dimensional millions of modes. There is clear similarity For PML, HI results from the saturable- many-body between the mode-comb in the frequency absorber (with strength g) that in the systems such as domain and the canonical interacting mode-space presents absorptive-based the laser axial mode system—a magnetic-spin Ising systems in the spatial (imaginary coefficient Kerr effect) rare opportunity domain. Instead of spins, the lasers have four-wave mixings between all modes: in physics. * * mode phasors, which are complex ampli- HI = –(g/2) S aja kala m (j – k + l – m = 0). tudes whose directions are the phases. In AML, it is only a near neighbor c Achievement of The interaction between the modes interaction induced by the modulation high-dimensional systems such as due to a saturable-absorber in the cavity with strength A: H = –(A/2) S a a* . We I i i±1 the spherical causes passive mode-locking (PML), and a can see the similarity to magnetic spin model in any modulation results in active mode-locking systems, here with complex amplitudes dimension (even (AML). In PML, there is a long-range, instead of spin vectors. beyond three). four-mode interaction between all modes. 3. Next comes the important and chal- c Experimental In AML, it is a near-neighbor mode interac- lenging step of findingZ and the free control of the tion similar to that seen in the classical energy F in an interacting many-body “particle” Ising model for spins. In fact, AML is system. This problem is insoluble in interaction that equivalent to the spherical model, a vari- is infrequent most statistical mechanics cases, but is ant of the Ising model for magnetic spins. in statistical exactly soluble in mode systems. PML mechanics The steps in the statistical light falls in the mean field category due to systems. dynamic formalism in many mode the long-range interaction, and AML is lasers are: c mapped to the spherical model that is Ability to vary noise (the soluble in all dimensions. 1. The many-mode master equations are photonic analog written to include a white noise term to temperature) with strength T that has the role of PML lasers: First-order by controlling its temperature. injection into phase transitions the cavity. 2. The master equations are transformed In PML, the partition function Z and the into a distribution function for the vari- free energy F = –T log Z are calculated in ous mode configurations (using Fokker- two ways: in the mode (frequency) domain, Planck equations). We skip the detailed by computing the various mode phasors mathematics to give you the important configurations and their magnitudes and bottom line: The stationary (invariant directions, and in real space, by working measure) mode system configurations out the various wave forms in the cavity.

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 43 For free energy, the calculation We can identify mean-field values that are exact in the gives the following exact and very in the laser two laser system. simple function: g thermodynamic- AML lasers and the F = – – x 4 – T log (P – x2) 2 like phases— spherical model where x is the light pulse amplitude In an AML system, the frequency and P is the total laser power. The first one characterized modulation that matches the cavity term in the right hand side of F results by spontaneous resonance causes a coupling between from the energy (mode coupling) and near-neighbor modes, as in the classical the second from entropy. The normal- pulses and Ising model. In fact, it is equivalent ized pulse amplitude expectation the other by to the spherical model, a variant of value m = < x >/P 1/2 is determined by the Ising. In the latter, the spins have

x, which gives the global minimum F. field-induced values of si = ±1, while in the spherical In addition, m ≤ 1 can be considered as model, each spin s can have any value, para-pulses. i the system order parameter—similar to but there is a single overall constraint 2 magnetization in spin systems. of S si = N, where N is the number of For critical phenomena, we need another dimension spins in the system.

in the phase diagram—akin to pressure in gas-liquid Similarly, in the case of the mode system, ai are systems and the external magnetic field in magnetic complex amplitudes (phasors) that can be of any magni- spins. In the laser cases, it is an external pulse (comb) tude and direction (phase), but with a constraint on the

of strength h with a rate that exactly matches the cavity overall power of all modes: S ai ai* = P. In the spherical roundtrip (match the mode comb) or its multiple. It adds model, only in more than two dimensions is there a sec- to the free energy F the term –2hx. ond-order phase transition from disordered spin phase We can identify in the laser two thermodynamic- to long-range ordering, due to the high-dimensional like phases—one characterized by spontaneous pulses connectivity. Therefore, in the usual one-dimensional and the other by field-induced para-pulses. They are AML laser, there will not be a long range phase ordering separated by a first-order phase transition boundary of the modes at any finite noise level. that is terminated by the critical point. Such thermo- Statistical light-mode dynamics can shed light on dynamic systems are characterized by special finger- an inherent difference between AML and PML. The prints called critical exponents. The experiments yield shortest pulses that can reach the regime of a few the exponents b . 0.5, d . 3, and g . 1, which are the femtoseconds are obtained by passive mode locking.

F m Theory Experiment 1 I I

T T 0.5 0.5 t/tR t/tR x/P1/2 1 T –0.5 –0.5

PML laser with first-order phase transition From left: Free energy (with h=0) for various noise levels; first-order phase-transition shown via the order parameter (pulse power) and light waveforms in the cavity.

44 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 Theory Experiment

PML lasers exhibit a phase transition that is absent in active ones under regular modulation, where no global mode ordering exists at any finite noise level. This falls m2 m2 in the category of one-dimensional many-body systems with short-range interaction. Weak noise, even spontaneous emission, can affect the phase alignment of a long but fragile mode chain T T (comb), preventing a global mode-phase ordering, Multi-pulse generation in successive especially for very broad frequency bandwidths. PML first-order phase transitions is different due to the saturable absorber that causes an PML in an erbium-doped fiber laser with controllable noise injec- effective long-range interaction between all modes. More tion, shown by the pulse power vs. the noise power, obtained when complex modulations and higher dimensions can give another higher order saturation term with opposite sign is added. phase transitions in AML as well—and therefore shorter Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(15), 153901 (2004). pulses via condensation or the hyper-combs.

Multi-dimensional mode systems with a second-order phase transition to a global phase-ordered second-order phase transitions mode hyper-comb. This means that hyper-combs made What about higher dimensions? A direct way to obtain by AML lasers have the potential to capture very broad – high dimensional mode lattices in lasers in k space coherent frequency bandwidths that can generate would be to use two- and three- dimensional laser cavi- ultimately short and robust pulses. ties, which are not easily achievable with mode coupling. We recently suggested the possibility of constructing Laser light condensation an effective d-dimensional mode hyper-comb with near Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is a special many neighbor mode interaction from one-dimensional AML non-interacting boson phenomenon that was observed in with multi-frequency modulation. Each modulation atomic particles at ultra-low temperatures. Researchers adds another dimension. The AML hyper-comb can be are increasingly turning their attention to the interest- mapped to the spherical model in d-dimensions, and it ing question of whether and how a BEC can occur with can therefore serve as a rare physical realization at any non-atomic bosons, such as photons. dimension, even those higher than three. Here we describe two classical condensation effects One important implication is that the spherical model in AML and cw-lasers. Both are based on weighting the has in more than two dimensions, upon decreasing T/P, modes in a noisy environment in a loss-gain scale, rather

m2 m2 m2

Spontaneous- pulse

~ ~ ~ ~ P/T1/2 h P/T1/2 h P h

Phase transition and critical point ~ Phase diagram in passive mode locking in the normalized P/T1/2–h plane. The first-order phase-transition line ends at a critical point. (Right) Experimental results. (Center and left) Results given by the theory; the middle one is rotated around the m2 axis to take into account noise from the external pulse that exists in the experiment. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(1), 013905 (2010).

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 45 than in the (photon) energy in BEC, In certain their losses. Nevertheless, when and the analyses are derived directly the modulation exponent h < 2, from the master equations with noise. conditions, AML the system shows a condensation can follow a route when the power increases Pulse condensation in AML lasers or noise decreases—similar to the In certain conditions, AML can classical route condition for BEC in a one-dimen- follow a classical route to condensa- to condensation, sional trap. The condensate is tion, which is seen in the lightwave characterized by a sharp transition pattern in the cavity in the time which is seen in the and dominance of the lowest-loss domain or the corresponding pulse eigenmode power. spatial domain. The “particles” and lightwave pattern “energy levels” are given by the AML in the cavity in the CW light condensation eigenmodes, which, in the case of This condensation phenomenon common harmonic modulation, are time domain or is even simpler than the first. It Hermite-Gaussian functions—where the corresponding occurs in linear mode systems such the lowest one corresponds to the as regular cw lasers in the mode’s optimal pulse. spatial domain. spectral domain. We nevertheless allow for the Of course, noise is present, but modulation a general power-law we also need certain conditions dependence with an exponent h (formally similar to BEC on the loss-gain filtering spectrum (“potential” trap). in a potential trap). In most experiments, the modulation Such spectra are taken in most analytical studies to be is sinusoidal and can be approximated near the lowest parabolic. Here, however, we allow a general power-law h h loss region by a quadratic dependence, = 2 (harmonic dependence for the loss spectrum « ~|(v – v0)| near the h oscillator). The modulation exponent in AML has an lowest-loss mode frequency v0. The exponent that gives important role in condensation through the density light condensation must be h < 1, compared to h < 2 in of states that they produce—just as in the case of the the AML case in the former section. potential trap’s exponents in BEC. The light condensation behavior is similar to BEC but Usually the lowest loss eigenmode is the most pop- classical. As in BEC, there is no direct mode (particle) ulated state. However, noise causes a broader occupa- interaction, but rather a global constraint on the overall tion of those states with a hierarchy that depends on power (“particle” number). Nevertheless, the mode

x x

J2 J1

Construction of high-dimensional mode-combs (hyper-combs) A two-dimensional hyper-mode construction from one dimension. The active mode locking modulation has a few frequencies—including

the basic one and higher orders. They induce coupling Jn between modes. The 2-D mode-lattice with nearest neighbor mode interaction is obtained by shifting mode segments, one above the other. This procedure can be repeated to higher dimensions—a rare realization of the spherical-model. Each modulation frequency adds a dimension. Opt. Express 21(5), 6196-204 (2013).

46 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 energy levels in light condensation are measured in 0.1 a loss-gain scale inherent in laser cavities, where the h = 4 h = 2 condensate “ground-state” is the lowest-loss mode; P/T P/T I unlike in a BEC, that mode can be anywhere in the frequency band. –0.05 z/l = t/t –0.05 0.0 The loss scale gives a mode occupation hierarchy and R 0.05 z/l = t/tR 0.05 power spectra that resembles Bose-Einstein distribution. Like BEC, light condensation is characterized by a nega- 1.0 tive “chemical potential” that is the gain minus the low- h = 1 h = 0.5 est loss mode value that becomes zero at condensation. Experimental work to observe light condensation is P/T P/T I under way. –0.05 –0.05 0.0 z/l = t/tR 0.05 z/l = t/tR 0.05 To BEC or not to BEC: photons in optical cavities Pulse condensation in an AML laser cavity Since photons are bosons, can they exhibit real quantum- – The pulse waveform in the z/l = t/tR and P/T plane. (The variables based BEC? We know that BEC necessitates the particle z and l refer to cavity axis and length; t is time; and tR is the cavity conservation that determines the chemical potential. roundtrip time.) Condensation occurs for the exponents h = 1/2, 1. Although photon gas doesn’t meet that requirement The experiment was done with an actively mode-locked erbium- doped ring fiber. Opt. Express 18(16), 16520-5 (2010). and its chemical potential is zero, one can ask whether photons in high-finesse laser cavities and pumped gain media that keep the light power close to constant can show BEC. In recent work, researchers reported observ- photonic systems. Many-body photonics can also be ing photon-BEC in a dye-filled optical microcavity at or approached in various ways beyond using statistical close to room temperature. The BEC was associated with light-mode dynamics, or explored in other linear and a spectrum collapse to a single frequency at the lowest nonlinear systems with large-scale coupled spatial transverse mode, when the power was increased beyond modes or light channels in waveguides or free space. some critical value. The opportunities are abundant. OPN However, it’s not clear whether this truly represents Baruch Fischer ([email protected]) and Alexander a thermal-quantum-based photon BEC phenomenon, Bekker are with the department of electrical engineering, since spectral collapse to a single frequency also occurs Technion, Haifa, Israel. in lasing and classical light condensation. The “energy” measure of photons in multi-mode laser cavities is mostly governed by a loss-gain scale that gives the hierarchy and References and Resources distribution of the modes and frequencies, rather than by c V. Bagnato and D. Kleppner. Phys. Rev. A, 44, 7439-41 (1991). photon frequency (energy) scale in thermal equilibrium. c A. Gordon and B. Fischer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89(10), 103901 (2002). In any case, this raises question of whether light c O. Gat et al. Phys. Rev. E, 70, 046108 (2004). condensation provides a new type of photon (“super- c B. Vodonos et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(15), 153901 (2004). photons”?) or quantum light state. c M. Katz et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(4), 113902 (2006). c J. Klaers et al. Nature 468 (7323), 545–8 (2010). Many directions c A. Rosen et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 013905 (2010). c R. Weill et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104(17), 173901 (2010). There’s no telling where this new research area could c R. Weill et al. Opt. Express, 18(16), 16520-5 (2010). lead—perhaps to the realization and test bed for new c B. Fischer and R. Weill. Opt. Express 20(24), 26704-13 (2012). strictly one- or high-dimensional many-body systems c C. Sun et al. Nat. Photon. 8, 470 (2012). and definitely to a deeper understanding of many-body c A. Schwartz and B. Fischer. Opt. Express 21(5), 6196-204 (2013).

ONLINE EXTRA Visit www.osa-opn.org for videos showing pulse waveforms in PML with external injection as they vary along two paths of the phase diagram and experimental multi-pulse generation beside the corresponding order parameter in a PML laser as noise is varied.

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 47 Backscatter News from OSA

HONORS AND AWARDS Members Elected to U.S. National Academy of Sciences Alfano Wins

Six OSA members were among the 84 members and 21 foreign associates elected to the Schawlow Prize U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in recognition of their achievements in scientific The American Physical Society research and engineering. OSA Fellows elected to NAS include Robert W. Field, Mas- awarded the 2013 Arthur L. sachusetts Institute Schawlow of Technology, U.S.A.; Prize in Naomi J. Halas, Rice Laser University, U.S.A.; and Science Henry C. Kapteyn, JILA, to OSA University of Colorado, Fellow Boulder, U.S.A. OSA Robert , Fellows and members Alfano City elected as foreign Alfano College, Field Halas Kapteyn associates are Winfried City University of New York, Denk, Max Planck U.S.A. The prize recognizes Institute for Medical outstanding contributions to Research, Heidelberg, basic research using lasers to Germany; John B. advance knowledge of the fun- Pendry, Imperial damental physical properties of College London, United materials and their interaction Kingdom; and Anton with light. He received the prize Zeilinger, University of for his pioneering work in ultra- Denk Pendry Zeilinger Vienna, Austria. fast laser science, including the discovery of supercontinuum generation and new laser Presentation Skills Honored at ICONO LAT materials, as well as the study OSA of pulse propagation in strongly Four students received best scattering media. student presentation awards at ICONO LAT 2013 in June in Moscow, Russia. They were Iga Receives Dmitry Bykov, Samara State Franklin Award Aerospace University, Rus- OSA Fellow Kenichi Iga, Tokyo sia; Yulia Eremeicheva, A.M. Institute of Technology, Japan, Prokhorov General Physics Apter, Russell, Bykov, Tukmakov, received Institute, Russia; Henning and judge Konstantin Ivanov. the 2013 , University of Potsdam, Kurzke Bower Germany; and Konstantin N. Tukmakov, Samara State Aerospace University, Russia. OSA Award and Vice President Philip Russell and senior staff member Kari Apter attended the event. Prize for Achieve- ment in MILESTONES Happy Anniversary! Science from the Iga OSA congratulates the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Franklin th th on its 165 anniversary this month and the European Physical Society (EPS) on its 45 . Institute AAAS is an international non-profit organization dedicated to advancing science around in Philadelphia, U.S.A. Iga was the world by serving as an educator, leader, spokesperson and professional association. recognized for his work on the EPS is a non-profit association that works to strengthen ties among physicists in Europe. conception and development Other notable anniversaries celebrated earlier this year include the American of the vertical cavity surface Vacuum Society (60th), the Australian Optical Society (30th), the National Academy of emitting laser and its multiple Science (150th) and the Spanish Optical Society (45th). applications to optoelectronics.

48 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 REGIONAL NEWS AND EVENTS CIOMP and OSA Hold Joint Summer Session OSA Partners with LASER OSA collaborated with the Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics to host a summer school program from 4-9 August 2013 in Changchun, China. The 2013 CIOMP/OSA Joint World of Summer Session on Optical Engineering, Design and Manufacturing included lectures from the PHOTONICS leading experts in the field and provided ample networking opportunities on the campus of one of India China’s leading optics institutes. Participants presented their own research.

SA is partnering Owith LASER Hausken at Photonics North 2013 World of PHOTON- Tom Hausken, OSA senior engineering and applications advisor, delivered keynote ICS to bring techni- remarks at Photonics North 2013, which took place 3–5 June in Ottawa, Canada. cal programming to In his presentation, Hausken summarized the North American and global the India exhibition market for photonics, shared field projections for 2013 and 2014 and on 12 November provided updates on the Optoelectronics Industry Development Asso- 2013 in Mumbai. The ciation’s advocacy activities and the U.S. National Photonics Initiative. general chairs for Hausken the meeting—OSA Fellow Yehiam Prior, Weizmann Rochester Conference on Institute, Israel, and Coherence and Quantum Optics Bishnu Pal, Indian Two hundred physics and optics research- Institute of Technol- ers from 20 countries came together at the ogy (IIT), Delhi— University of Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A., from 17-19 have organized a June for the 10th Rochester Conference on session on laser Coherence and Quantum Optics. The University material processing. has hosted this meeting every six years since Invited speakers Eggleton, Rogan 1960. The first conference was organized by included Sir David and Strickland OSA Honorary Member Emil Wolf, Wilson Pro- Payne, Southampton fessor of Optical Physics and one of the most University, United cited authors in the field. The meeting provided Kingdom; Stefan research perspectives and highlighted the Nolte, Friedrich- latest developments. Schiller-Universität Participants included 2012 Nobel Prize for Jena, Germany; Physics awardee Serge Haroche, University of Eric Mazur, Harvard Rochester Andrew Carnegie Professor of Physics University, U.S.A.; and OSA 2007 President Joseph H. Eberly and Ajoy Kar, Heriot- University of Rochester Lee A. DuBridge Profes- Watt University, Strickland, sor of Physics and OSA Fellow Nick Bigelow. United Kingdom; Gong and Rogan M. Krishnamurthy, OSA Tata Institute of Fun- OSA Renews MoUs damental Research, At CLEO: 2013 in San Jose, Calif., U.S.A., Mumbai; and Ashish OSA President Donna Strickland and Nath, IIT, Kharag- OSA CEO Liz Rogan met with Ben Eggle- pur. Contributed ton, Councilor of the Australian Optical papers are being Society, and Qihang Gong, Secretary solicited. Visit the General of the Chinese Optical Society, online OSA meetings to renew memorandums of understand- calendar to submit; ing with their societies. The agreements the deadline is 16 continue the long tradition of collabora- Haroche, Eberly September 2013. tion between the groups. and Bigelow Adam Fenster/University of Rochester

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 49 Backscatter

TRIBUTE Honoring James P. Gordon: Optics Pioneer and Maser Co-Inventor

ames P. Gordon, an OSA Honorary 1958–1980. He remained at Bell J Member and Fellow Emeritus, was Labs until retiring in 1996. known for his contributions to quantum electronics and photonics, including the Milestones first demonstration of the maser. He Gordon’s insights laid the passed away on 21 June 2013 at the age foundation for many new topics of 85. Gordon’s work greatly affected in optics and quantum electron- the field of optics and photonics, and ics. As a student of Charles the time he gave to OSA has made an Townes, he analyzed, designed, immeasurable impact on the Society. built and demonstrated the A Ralph Waldo Emerson quote successful operation of the first displayed in his office read: “There is maser in 1954 with Townes and no limit to what can be accomplished Herbert Zeiger. In collabora- if it doesn’t matter who gets the tion with Gary Boyd, he later OSA credit.” Fitting words for a brilliant developed the concept of confocal man whose career is marked by resonators. This work aided Gaussian was a Fellow of OSA and the American great collaborations. laser beam and optical cavity analysis, Physical Society, as well as a senior which ultimately allowed for the design member of IEEE. Gordon with 2013 OSA President Donna and operation of lasers. Anticipating In 2010, he was named an OSA Strickland and 2012 President Chris Dainty. the huge role that lasers would play in Honorary Member, the Society’s enabling high-capacity communication, highest honor. James Wyant, OSA Gordon worked to understand the limits President at the time, said Gordon’s of transmission systems. work “led to countless application As the field of optical communica- areas, especially optical communications evolved, Gordon continued to tions—the backbone of high-speed provide critical insight. He co-authored Internet today. Jim is a true luminary the report on the first observation of in the field of optics and photonics …” soliton propagation in optical fibers. In addition to his scientific career, His work on what is now called the Gordon was a professional platform Gordon-Haus effect provided the basis tennis player. He won the U.S. National for the discovery of the most important Championship for men’s doubles in 1959 bit-rate–limiting effect in soliton and mixed doubles in 1961 and 1962. He transmission—that due to the random is survived by his wife, Susanna Bland walk of coherently amplified solitons; Waldner, a former Bell Labs computer OSA this work also explained the soliton programmer, and three children. Gordon was born in New York City self-frequency shift. To read about Jim Gordon’s work in 1928. He attended Phillips Exeter on the discovery of the maser in his Academy in New Hampshire and Awards and Honors own words, read the May 2010 OPN received a bachelor’s degree from the Gordon’s achievements were recognized article by him titled, “Reflections Massachusetts Institute of Technology worldwide. Among his awards and on the First Maser.” It is available in 1949. He earned his master’s and honors are the Charles Hard Townes online—Visit www.osa-opn.org, click doctorate in physics from Columbia Award (1981), the Max Born Award (1991), on “Archive” and then navigate to the University in 1951 and 1955, respec- the Willis E. Lamb Award (2001) and corresponding issue. tively. He joined AT&T Bell Laborato- the Frederic Ives Medal (2002). He was If you would like to make a memorial ries shortly after graduation, where elected to the U.S. National Academy of donation to the OSA Foundation in he served as head of the quantum Engineering (1985) and the U.S. National honor of James Gordon, please visit electronics research department from Academy of Sciences (1988). Gordon www.osa-foundation.org/give.

50 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection OSA FOUNDATION Listening to the maser. This was Gordon’s favorite photo of that time. First Bonenfant Scholarship Stephanie Laga, California Institute of Technology, U.S.A., is the winner of the first Paul A. Bonenfant Memorial Scholarship. The scholarship, which was established by the OSA Foundation in 2011, honors the late optical communications expert and Morgan Keegan analyst Paul Bonenfant. It is given annually to enable an undergraduate in an engineering or physical science program to attend a semester- Tributes to James P. Gordon abroad program. Laga is pursuing Laga I am very sorry to hear this—we have lost a great pioneer a bachelor’s in chemistry and will who contributed an enormous amount to quantum use the scholarship to study photomolecular science and electronics right from the very start and stayed active to inorganic chemistry at the University of Melbourne, Australia. the end. — Sir Peter Knight, 2004 OSA President IPG Photonics Donates a Jim’s contributions to optics and photonics, beginning in the 1950s with his co-invention of the maser, were crucial Quarter-Million to OSA Foundation in shaping several areas of the field as we know them The OSA Foundation received a $250,000 donation from IPG today—including quantum electronics, laser science Photonics for the Siegman International School on Lasers and optical communications. When Jim joined us in 2010 for the LaserFest gala celebrating the 50th anniversary Endowment. The funds will help to permanently establish of the laser, it gave us an opportunity to celebrate his the program, modeled after the summer school that first legacy as one of the pioneers in modern optics and took place in 2011 at the Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine photonics. — Elizabeth Rogan, OSA CEO Mechanics and Physics in China. The gift will go toward providing world-class lecturers, student travel grants and Jim was a wonderful friend, a brilliant scientist with achievement awards as well as other programming costs. inspired insights, and an outstanding tennis and paddle In recognition of this significant contribution, IPG has been player. I was very fortunate to know him and to work and named co-founder of the school. play with him. I learned a lot from him. We will miss him very much. — Herwig Kogelnik, 1989 OSA President Congratulations Maiman Finalists The OSA Foundation would like to recognize the outstanding Maiman Paper Competition finalists for 2013. Gary Shambat, Stanford University, U.S.A., won the grand prize for his work on single-cell photonic nanocavity probes. Jeffrey Demas, Boston University, U.S.A., and Peter Krogen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, U.S.A.; received honorable mentions. The finalists competed during a private session at CLEO: 2013. They all received a certificate commending their efforts. Shambat will also receive a $3,000 award to support his research. For more information about this program—and to see how you can become the next grand prize winner— visit www.OSA.org/Foundation.

Townes and Gordon (right) Got News? OPN is interested in sharing the achieve- with the second maser. ments of your colleagues. Please help us celebrate careers, awards and other accomplishments. Send news to [email protected]. Courtesy of James Gordon

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 51 Backscatter

PUBLICATIONS Welcome New Editors

OSA is happy to announce that Ofer Levi of the University of Toronto, Canada, was recently appointed as an associate editor for Biomedical Optics Express. Also, Prasanna Pavani of Arecont Vision,

U.S.A., has recently NASA, Chris Gunn (2012) joined the editorial board of Applied Optics. PUZZLER Caption Contest b b b b b b b b Thanks also to How would you describe this photo? Send us your clever captions via email ([email protected]), Valdas Pasiskevicius Facebook (www.facebook.com/opticalsociety) or Twitter (www.twitter.com/@opnmagazine, of the Royal Institute of hashtag #OPNcaption). Submit as many entries as you want. Our team of “experts” will review Technology, Sweden, the entries and announce the winners in our next issue. Good luck! — The OPN Team for agreeing to serve a second three-year term as topical editor for EDUCATION OSA JOSA B. Moreover, OSA Edmund Funds OSC Scholarship appreciates the following Robert Edmund of Edmund Optics (U.S.A.), an OSA corporate member, individuals for serving honored his father’s legacy by establishing the Norman W. Edmund second three-year terms Merit Scholarship in Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona as associate editors of College of Optical Sciences (U.S.A.). The endowment will be awarded Optics Express: Javier Garcia-Monreal, Univer- to undergraduates who wish to pursue optics careers. Thomas L. Koch, sity of Valencia, Spain; dean and OSA Fellow, stated that the scholarship will help accelerate the Magnus Karlsson, mission of OSC by advancing educational opportunities for students. Chalmers University of Edmund Technology, Sweden; Xiang Liu, Alcatel Lucent Funds Awarded for Irvine Photonics Initiative Bell Labs, U.S.A.; and OSA senior member Brian Monacelli and Irvine Valley College (IVC, Calif., U.S.A.) professor Xiang Zhou, AT&T Labs, Roy McCord have been awarded a three-year National Science Foundation (NSF) Advanced U.S.A. Technological Education grant to fund the IVC Photon- Finally, three associ- Monacelli (far right) ics Initiative. Monacelli and McCord, co-principal and McCord (far left) ate editors for Biomedical investigators of the grant, will lead hands-on, demonstrate a laser Optics Express have system to students. laboratory-driven photonics classes that use modern agreed to second terms: industrial equipment. They are collaborating with Susana Marcos, Consejo local businesses and the education community to pro- Superior de Investiga- vide on-site demonstrations that increase awareness ciones Científicas, Spain; of the diverse employment opportunities in photonics. Guenther Paltauf, Karl- Classes will begin this fall at IVC’s Advanced Franzens-Universität Technology Education Park in Tustin, Calif.; they will Graz, Austria; and Rui- be based on the industry-guided photonics curricula kang Wang, University written by OP-TEC, the NSF-funded National Center of Washington, U.S.A. David Kite, IVC photographer The Society appreciates for Optics and Photonics Education. The initiative their contributions. is designed to create a career pathway to employment via internships and industry-guided coursework. To learn more, visit http://ivc.edu/academics/schoolPST/photonics.

52 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 CALENDAR OSA OSA Optics and Photonics Conferences and Meetings

2013 2014 Optical Fiber Communication NEW! Structured Light in Structured Conference and Exposition (OFC) Media: From Classical to Quantum Optics Incubator Meeting 9–14 March 2014 Anaheim, Calif., U.S.A. 29 September–1 October 2013 www.ofcconference.org OSA Headquarters, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Research in Optical Sciences www.osa.org/en-us/meetings/ Congress osa_incubator_meetings 18–20 March 2014 Berlin, Germany Frontiers in Optics 2013/ www.osa.org/meetings/optics_and_ IN MEMORIAM Laser Science XXIX (FiO/LS) photonics_congresses/ 6–10 October 2013 c High Intensity Lasers and High Field Goodbye, Dr. Science: Orlando, Fla., U.S.A. Phenomena (HILAS) www.frontiersinoptics.com John R. Murray c Quantum Information and Advanced Solid-State Measurement (QIM) ohn Roberts Murray, an OSA Fellow Lasers Congress (ASSL) nd c 2 International Conference on and a member for more than 30 27 October–1 November 2013 Ultrafast Structural Dynamics (ICUSD) J Paris, France years, passed away at age 70 on 2 June www.osa.org/assl Biomedical Optics 2013, in Danville, Calif., U.S.A. c Application of Lasers for Sensing & 27 April–1 May 2014 He is best known for his work on Free Space Communication (LS&C) Fla., U.S.A. the Raman effect in gasses. At Law- c NEW! Mid-Infrared Coherent rence Livermore Laboratory (LLNL), Sources (MICS) Classical Optics Murray developed RAPIER (Raman 22-26 June 2014 Renewable Energy and the Kona, Hawaii, U.S.A. amplifier pumped by intensified Environment Congress www.osa.org/en-us/meetings/ excimer radiation) technology to study 3–7 November 2013 optics_and_photonics_congresses/ techniques for compressing rare- Tucson, Ariz., U.S.A. classical_optics/ www.osa.org/renewable_energy gas-halide laser pulses by combining c International Optical Design c Optics for Solar Energy (SOLAR) Conference (IODC) the Raman effect with pulse stacking. Murray and Julius Goldhar deployed c Solid State Organic Lighting (SOLED) c Optical Fabrication and Testing (OF&T) the RAPIER laser at the kilojoule c Optical Nanostructures and Advanced c Computational Optical Imaging and Materials for Photovoltaics (PV) Sensing (COSI) energy level in 1983. He also developed c Optical Instrumentation for Energy & a krypton fluoride excimer laser. Environmental Applications (E2) Murray received a bachelor’s and CORRECTION: On p. 10 of doctorate in physics from MIT in 1965 NEW! Compact X-ray & EUV Light the June OPN, we incorrectly and 1970, respectively. He expressed Sources Incubator Meeting referred to an open source an interest in lasers early in his career. 13 –15 November 2013 software tool as “Open SCAN.” After two years in the U.S. Army, he OSA Headquarters, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. The correct name is “Open www.osa.org/en-us/meetings/ SCAD.” We regret this error. entered the laser fusion program at osa_incubator_meetings LLNL in California, where he remained until his retirement in 2003. Affectionately known as “Dr. MEMBERSHIP Join the Member Advisory Network Science” at LLNL, he will be remem- Help us improve OSA’s ability to serve you and other members by joining the bered by his colleagues as a kind and Member Advisory Network. With no in-person meetings, term commitments empathetic friend, a great mentor and or time-intensive assignments, you can contribute as much as your schedule a long-time leader in laser efforts. allows. To join, email: [email protected]. If you would like to make a memorial donation to the OSA Foundation in honor of John R. Murray, please visit www.osa.org/donate. Hannah Bembia ([email protected]) is OSA’s publications administrative assistant. Sarah Michaud is OPN’s associate editor.

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 53 Backscatter

OSA 2012 Audited Financial Report

Dear OSA Members, Each year, in accordance with OSA’s bylaws, our audited financial 2013 Finance Committee statements are presented to you. The statements were accepted by the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors during their June Stephen D. Fantone Optikos Corp., U.S.A. 2013 meetings. I’d like to share some highlights from 2012. Essential to OSA’s mission and successful operation are the Donna T. Strickland contributions of individual members as authors, editors, reviewers, University of Waterloo, Canada program committee members, speakers and governance leaders. Without the thousands of hours provided by the dedicated efforts of Philip H. Bucksbaum Stanford University, U.S.A. these volunteers, our programs, services and future initiatives would not be possible. George Bayz OSA’s net surplus from operations was $1.2M for 2012, increasing Synopsys Inc., U.S.A. the Society’s total net worth to $63M as of 31 December 2012. Through the success of its programs, Min Gu along with strong financial and investment management, OSA has accumulated an investment Swinburne University of Technology, Australia portfolio of more than $57 million. These reserves provide a stabilizing resource that allows OSA to act strategically and confidently through times of economic turmoil. In addition to these financial James D. Kafka Newport Corp., U.S.A. highlights, during 2012 OSA: Byoungho Lee c Reached a total membership of more than 18,000, making it the largest membership organiza- Seoul National University, tion in optics and photonics. Korea Lynn E. Nelson c Published six of the highest cited journals within our field. Optics Express maintained its presence AT&T Corp., U.S.A. as the leading open-access optics and photonics journal. Biomedical Optics Express received its first Impact Factor (2.333), the highest score for any new optics journal. OSA launched both an Laura Ann Weller-Brophy RPC Photonics Inc., U.S.A. enhanced article interface in Optics InfoBase with full-text HTML and article-level metrics, and the Optics ImageBank, which allows for searching across figures in all OSA Journals. Shin-Tson Wu University of Central Florida, c Managed 44 conferences and meetings, including OFC/NFOEC, CLEO and FiO/LS. In 2012, our U.S.A. conferences served more than 21,000 attendees and received 9,700 papers. Jun Ye University of Colorado at c Increased the number of OSA student chapters by more than 13 percent to 291, of which 212 are Boulder JILA, U.S.A. outside the United States.

The OSA Foundation (OSAF), established in 2002, has accumulated net assets of $7 million 2013 Audit after raising an additional $525,000 of contribution income in 2012. OSA absorbed the Foundation’s Committee administrative costs and matched all new contributions dollar for dollar, allowing all new funds Stephen D. Fantone to support our global portfolio of programs and endowments. OSA’s commitment increases the Optikos Corp., U.S.A. Foundation’s ability to deliver global resources to the next generation of optics and photonics Douglas W. Hall innovators, and recognize business and academic excellence. During 2012, OSAF funded more U.S. Department of Energy than 70 programs, including 71 youth education outreach grants in 19 countries, and produced and Greg J. Quarles distributed 111 Optics Suitcase demonstration kits to 35 countries. Optoelectronics Management The audit firm of BDO USA, LLP, performed OSA’s 2012 independent audit. The numbers are Network, U.S.A. presented here in U.S. dollars. I would like to thank Thomas Koch (University of Arizona, U.S.A.), Doug Hall (Department of Energy, U.S.A.), Alexander Sawchuk (University of Southern California, 2013 Investment Subcommittee U.S.A.), Frederick Leonberger (EOvation Advisors LLC, U.S.A.) and John Bjorkholm (Retired: Bell Labs & Intel, U.S.A.) for their participation on the audit committee and/or the investment Stephen D. Fantone Optikos Corp., U.S.A. subcommittee during 2012. Thanks also to the members of the finance committee and staff. OSA is committed to upholding sound financial policies that enable it to serve many generations of George Bayz Synopsys Inc., U.S.A. scientists and engineers to come. Please feel free to contact me ([email protected]) or OSA’s Chief Executive Officer Elizabeth John Bjorkholm Retired: Bell Labs & Intel, Rogan ([email protected]) if you have any questions or comments about these financial statements. U.S.A. —Stephen D. Fantone, Treasurer Frederick J. Leonberger The Optical Society EOvation Advisors LLC, U.S.A.

54 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 The Optical Society and OSA Foundation Audited Comparative Consolidating Statements of Financial Position

Years ended December 31, 2012 2011

OSA Foundation Eliminations Total OSA Foundation Eliminations Total

Assets

Current assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 2,414,540 $ - $ - $ 2,414,540 $ 5,669,586 $ - $ - $ 5,669,586 Short-term investments 4,008,273 - - 4,008,273 4,630,669 - - 4,630,669 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for uncollectible amounts of $45,500 533,610 243,449 (243,449) 533,610 376,423 170,556 (170,556) 376,423 Contributions receivable - 51,500 - 51,500 - 34,600 - 34,600 Inventory 22,245 12,700 - 34,945 27,234 19,955 - 47,189 Prepaid expenses 907,411 2,350 - 909,761 698,083 - - 698,083 Deposits, current portion 176,245 - - 176,245 81,533 - - 81,533

Total current assets 8,062,324 309,999 (243,449) 8,128,874 11,483,528 225,111 (170,556) 11,538,083

Noncurrent assets Investments 57,673,217 6,776,697 - 64,449,914 47,469,024 5,453,728 - 52,922,752 Property and equipment, net 12,875,105 - - 12,875,105 13,548,735 - - 13,548,735 Prepaid expenses, net of current portion 126,569 - - 126,569 31,979 - - 31,979 Deposits, net of current portion 161,562 - - 161,562 78,854 - - 78,854 Investments - deferred compensation plan 931,429 - - 931,429 694,256 - - 694,256

Total noncurrent assets 71,767,882 6,776,697 - 78,544,579 61,822,848 5,453,728 - 67,276,576

Total assets $ 79,830,206 $ 7,086,696 $ (243,449) $ 86,673,453 $ 73,306,376 $ 5,678,839 $ (170,556) $ 78,814,659

Liabilities and Net Assets

Current liabilities Accounts payable $ 1,144,870 $ 18,426 $ (243,449) $ 919,847 $ 1,584,280 $ 7,681 $ (170,556) $ 1,421,405 Accrued expenses 1,383,444 2,269 - 1,385,713 1,392,829 769 - 1,393,598 Deferred revenue 12,944,393 - - 12,944,393 13,613,189 - - 13,613,189

Total current liabilities 15,472,707 20,695 (243,449) 15,249,953 16,590,298 8,450 (170,556) 16,428,192

Noncurrent liabilities Security deposits 15,955 - - 15,955 15,939 - - 15,939 Deferred compensation plan liability 931,429 - - 931,429 694,256 - - 694,256

Total noncurrent liabilities 947,384 - - 947,384 710,195 - - 710,195

Total liabilities 16,420,091 20,695 (243,449) 16,197,337 17,300,493 8,450 (170,556) 17,138,387

Commitments and contingencies

Net assets Unrestricted 63,410,115 4,167,490 - 67,577,605 56,005,883 3,418,403 - 59,424,286 Temporarily restricted - 689,544 - 689,544 - 472,111 - 472,111 Permanently restricted - 2,208,967 - 2,208,967 - 1,779,875 - 1,779,875

Total net assets 63,410,115 7,066,001 - 70,476,116 56,005,883 5,670,389 - 61,676,272

Total liabilities and net assets $ 79,830,206 $ 7,086,696 $ (243,449) $ 86,673,453 $ 73,306,376 $ 5,678,839 $ (170,556) $ 78,814,659

BDO USA, LLP provided the Statement of Financial Position, Statement of Activities and Statement of Changes in Net Assets from OSA’s audited 2012 and 2011 financial statements. Notes are an integral part of these financial statements. Contact OSA’s finance department (+1.202.416.1475) to request a copy.

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 55 Backscatter

The Optical Society and OSA Foundation Audited Comparative Consolidating Statements of Activities

Years ended December 31, 2012 2011 OSA Foundation Eliminations Total OSA Foundation Eliminations Total

Changes in unrestricted net assets revenue, gains and other support Publications $ 21,362,028 $ - $ - $ 21,362,028 $ 19,565,596 $ - $ - $ 19,565,596 Conferences 10,798,818 - - 10,798,818 10,137,143 - - 10,137,143 Member services 1,006,621 - - 1,006,621 1,059,413 - - 1,059,413 Member programs 695,896 - - 695,896 726,686 - - 726,686 Building management 359,673 - - 359,673 314,861 - - 314,861 Contributions - 1,188,441 (1,117,049) 71,392 - 1,191,044 (1,093,615) 97,429 Return on operating, short-term and long term investments 6,414,362 400,818 - 6,815,180 (42,134) (14,478) - (56,612) Net assets released from restrictions: Satisfaction of program restrictions - 109,076 - 109,076 - 173,258 - 173,258

Total revenue, gains and other support $ 40,637,398 $ 1,698,335 $ (1,117,049) $ 41,218,684 $ 31,761,565 $ 1,349,824 $ (1,093,615) $ 32,017,774

Expenses Program services Publications 13,495,530 - - 13,495,530 12,400,808 - - 12,400,808 Conferences 11,419,651 - - 11,419,651 10,387,139 - - 10,387,139 Member programs 3,948,937 - - 3,948,937 2,977,051 - - 2,977,051 Global development 936,799 - - 936,799 617,687 - - 617,687 Executive office programs 456,100 - - 456,100 365,151 - - 365,151 Contributions to OSA Foundation 1,117,049 - ( 1,117,049 ) - 1,093,615 - (1,093,615) - Foundation expenses - 949,248 - 949,248 - 958,838 - 958,838

Total program services $ 31,374,066 $ 949,248 $ (1,117,049) $ 31,206,265 $ 27,841,451 $ 958,838 $ (1,093,615) $ 27,706,674

Supporting services Member services 1,150,837 - - 1,150,837 1,578,958 - - 1,578,958 Building management 378,131 - - 378,131 314,861 - - 314,861 Business development group 178,103 - - 178,103 351,369 - - 351,369 Investment expenses 152,029 - - 152,029 144,907 - - 144,907

Total supporting services 1,859,100 - - 1,859,100 2,390,095 - - 2,390,095 Total expenses $ 33,233,166 $ 949,248 $ (1,117,049) $ 33,065,365 $ 30,231,546 $ 958,838 $ (1,093,615) $ 30,096,769 Change in unrestricted net assets $ 7,404,232 $ 749,087 $ - $ 8,153,319 $ 1,530,019 $ 390,986 $ - $ 1,921,005

Changes in temporarily restricted net assets Contributions - 24,024 - 24,024 - 80,652 - 80,652 Investment return - 302,485 - 302,485 - 21,500 - 21,500 Net assets released from restrictions - (109,076) - (109,076) - (173,258) - (173,258)

Change in temporarily restricted net assets - 217,433 - 217,433 - (71,106) - (71,106)

Changes in permanently restricted net assets Contributions - 429,092 - 429,092 - 327,200 - 327,200

Change in permanently restricted net assets - 429,092 - 429,092 - 327,200 - 327,200 Change in net assets $ 7,404,232 $ 1,395,612 $ - $ 8,799,844 $ 1,530,019 $ 647,080 $ - $ 2,177,099

56 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS SEPTEMBER 2013 The Optical Society and OSA Foundation Audited Comparative Consolidating Statements of Changes in Net Assets

Temporarily Permanently Unrestricted restricted restricted Total OSA Net assets, December 31, 2010 $ 54,475,864 $ - $ - $ 54,475,864 Change in net assets 1,530,019 - - 1,530,019 Net assets, December 31, 2011 56,005,883 - - 56,005,883 Change in net assets 7,404,232 - - 7,404,232

Net assets, December 31, 2012 63,410,115 - - 63,410,115

Foundation Net assets, December 31, 2010 3,027,417 543,217 1,452,655 5,023,289 Change in net assets 390,986 (71,106) 327,220 647,100 Net assets, December 31, 2011 3,418,403 472,111 1,779,875 5,670,389 Change in net assets 749,087 217,433 429,092 1,395,612

Net assets, December 31, 2012 4,167,490 689,544 2,208,967 7,066,001

Consolidated net assets, December 31, 2012 $ 67,577,605 $ 689,544 $ 2,208,967 $ 70,476,116

Net Assets Net Income from (Fund Balance or Net Worth) All Activities $ Millions $ Thousands $70.5 70.0 15,000 7.1 $61.7 $59.5 63.4 60.0 5.7 $9,900 5.0 10,000 $52.7 1,060 $8,800 56.0 50.0 4.3 54.5 8,840 $6,790 1,400 710 $42.8 48.4 7,400 5,000 6,080 3.2 40.0 $2,177 39.6 647 1,530 30.0 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20.0 (5,000) 10.0

(10,000) 0 (11,370) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (870) ($12,240) OSA Net Assets (15,000) OSA Foundation Net Assets OSA OSA Foundation

SEPTEMBER 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 57 Employment

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The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) is the result of the merger of the Universität Karlsruhe and the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. It is a unique institution in Germany, which combines the mission of a university with that of a national research center of the Helmholtz Association. With 9.000 employees KIT is one of the largest research and education institutions worldwide. The Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) is seeking nominations and applications for the tenured Professorship Professor (W3) in Photonic Communications and Teratronics The position is open at the Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ). Candidates must be outstanding researchers, be eligible for appointment as a Full Professor, and have a distinguished publication record. They should possess the necessary technical, professional and organizational leadership skills, have experience in acquisition of third-party funding, and be committed to excellence in teaching. Possible research areas cover high-speed optical communications as well as related areas of optical, analog and digital signal processing. Applicants should have experience in at least one of the following fields: l Photonic terabit communication systems l Digital signal processing for photonic communications l Millimeter and micrometer wave photonics l Terahertz-technologies l Plasmonics Research will rely on a close cooperation with partners from both academia and industry. In particular, we expect active participation in further developing the research focus “Teratronics”. This activity led to establishing the “Helmholtz International Research School of Teratronics“ (HIRST), a graduate school, which is funded by the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres. The field of Teratronics comprises concepts, methods and technologies that are needed to generate, process and characterize electromagnetic waveforms with terahertz bandwidths or carrier frequencies. KIT is an equal opportunity employer. Women are especially encouraged to apply. Handicapped persons will be preferentially considered if equally qualified. Applications with the usual documentation should be received until 27th September 2013 by the Dean of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, E-Mail: [email protected].

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58 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS September 2013 The Richard N Claytor Distinguished Professor of Optics The University of Texas at Arlington Search Code: SCI061313Optics

The Department of Physics at the University of Texas at Arlington is seeking exceptionally qualified candidates for a senior endowed faculty position, the Richard N. Claytor Distinguished Professor of Optics.

Preference will be given to candidates with distinguished scholarly work in experimental quantum optics, nonlinear optics, optical materials, photonics, biophotonics, optical sensing, optical imaging or laser physics. The individual must have a track record of high level research accomplishments, extramural funding, professional leadership, and excellence in teaching and mentoring of students. A PhD in Physics, Optics or closely related areas is required. The appointment will be at the full Professor level with tenure.

The University of Texas at Arlington is a Carnegie-I university with more than 34,000 students. Its location in the heart of the Dallas Fort Worth (DFW) area provides excellent opportunities for collaborations with high-tech industries and several neighboring universities, and offers the cultural benefits of a vibrant metropolitan area.

The Department of Physics has 21 tenured and tenure track faculty members actively engaged in research in experimental and theoretical condensed matter physics, biophysics, high-energy physics, astrophysics, and space physics – see http://www.uta.edu/physics/.

Each candidate should forward an application, curriculum vita, bibliography, and statement of research and teaching plans, as well as contact information for at least five references to: Professor Jaehoon Yu, Chair of the Optics Search Committee, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, [email protected]. The review of the applications will begin immediately and will continue until the position is filled.

A criminal background check will be conducted on the finalists. The University of Texas at Arlington is an Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action Employer. Women and minority candidates are encouraged to apply. The use of tobacco products is prohibited on UT Arlington prosperities.

Izar Solar, Inc.

Izar Solar, Inc. seeks applicants for the position of Solar Cell Development Engineer (SCDE). The SCDE leads our effort to develop a more efficient solar cell. He or she must: Create high efficiency solar cell designs; Use standard software to create and run computer Job Searching? Opportunities Await. simulations of solar cell performance to test the effectiveness of various design features; Design and Optical Integration Engineer ...... Seagate execute physical experiments on solar cell prototypes Senior Manager, Semiconductor/Optical Sci . . . . . Sandia Natl . Labs to identify performance enhancing design features; Opto-Mechanical Engineer ...... Light Age, Inc Interact with other engineers and scientists; Interact with the fabrication team to develop prototypes and Member Technical Staff – Applications Engineer . . . Zygo Corporation ensure the product that results from the development Vice President Engineering ...... Zygo Corporation efforts can be efficiently manufactured. Senior Electrical Engineer ...... Zygo Corporation To qualify, applicants must have a Ph.D. in Electrical Software Engineer ...... Northwestern University Engineering or Materials Science. Applicants must in Senior Engineer ...... Zygo Corporation addition have at least 2 years of post Ph.D. experience Senior Project Manager ...... Zygo Corporation involving solar cell design, computer modeling of solar cell performance, development and testing of new ANd MOrE… (AS Of AUGUST 2013) devices, and fabrication of solar cells.

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September 2013 OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS 59 After Image

Part of a 2-D crystal lattice containing 300 trapped beryllium ions and viewed using fluorescence at 313 nm in an ion crystal, which is spinning at 43.800 kHz. The ion separation of 20 mm is a balance between trapping forces and Coulomb repulsion. The lattice is being studied for quantum simulations. —Joe Britton, NIST, U.S.A. ™

Winners announced for firsT annual enabled by opTics conTesT

Optics technology is a critical component in products we use every day. However some may ask: “What’s optics have to do with it?” OSA’s Annual Enabled by Optics Contest provides companies and students with a platform to explain how optics technology has impacted our world. Congratulations to the winners! Corporate Contest Winner Trojan Technologies Honorable Mention: Eyejusters

Student Contest Winner Sarah Jaye Oliva, Ateneo de Manila University

Visit www.osa.org/enabledbyoptics to see the winning entries

Media Sponsor: Presented by:

Questions? Email [email protected]; call +1 202.416.1982; visit www.osa.org/enabledbyoptics CALL FOR PAPERS Submission deadline 15 October 2013 12:00 EDT | 16.00 GMT

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