KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

CONTENTS Page Survey on Adolescent Reproductive Health Awareness among Students of the Department of Midwifery and Applied Technology (DMAT) in the Kalinga–Apayao State College ………………………………………… 5 Cristina L. Ammakiw Marymina P. Odiem

An Assessment on the Career Interests and Aspirations of the Kalinga-Apayao State College Laboratory High School Grade 10 Students S.Y. 2015-2016 ……………………… 78 Aida P. Cawili Emalyn Puyoc Stallin Puyoc Sudemai Pauline Buen

Bayanihan: Communal Practices Associated with the Rural Folks of the Kalinga Hill Tribes in the Philippines …………………… 86 Joy Grace P. Doctor Jessie Grace M. Sannadan

The Implication of Child Development Center to Teachers Education in Tabuk City ……………………………………. 9 Jovy C. Ao-wat Florentina B. Carbonel Nelly S. Oman

Citizen Satisfaction Report “Tabuk City” ……………………….……. 1068 Amado Imper Lope Buen Jonathan Belandres John John C. Venus Jr.

Typology of the Gangsa: Traditional Musical Instrument of the Kalingas of Northern Philippines ………………….……………. 11 Jessie Grace M. Sannadan

Language Function Analysis in the Speech Acts among Kalinga-Apayao State College (KASC) Teachers ……….…………….. 127 Sheila F. Malao Helen F. Bais Mercy Grace T. Igadna

Learning Style Preferences of Chemistry Students of the Institute of Business, Accountancy and Entrepreneurship in Kalinga-Apayao State College ………………….. 13 Imelda C. Agbisit

Perception of Entrepreneurs on the Effect of Tourism on the Socio-Economic Development of Tabuk City, Kalinga ………….……. 14 Edna P. Yumol

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

Poor Reading Habit: Effect to Patronage of Libraries in Tabuk City, Kalinga …………………………………………………….. 158 Jovy C. Ao-wat Leonora G. Bruno Edna P. Yumol

Opportunities for Value Addition and Market Linkage for Kalinga Heirloom Rice Using Rapid Value Chain Analysis …………………………………………………………… 16 Ferdinand L. Ganotice Romualdo U. Wacas Loreto B. Juan Estrella C. Yadyadoc

Realigning Tourism Resources through Place Marketing: The Ingenuity of the Matagoan Festival in Tabuk City ……………… 18 Raquel J. Dulliyao Edna P. Yumol Norfredo M. Dulay Diyah Gwenn Alejandrino Ethel Jovy M. Garcia

The English Language Proficiency of Freshmen Students in the Institute Of Teacher Education, Kalinga-Apayao State College …………………………….…………… 21 Rhonda Vail G. Leyaley

Self-Efficacy and Spoken English Performance of the IBAE Sophomores ………………………………………………………. 229 Ethel Jovy M. Garcia

The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on the Economic Development of Tabuk City ………………………………... 23 Jovy C. Ao-wat Edna P. Yumol

The Characteristics of Muslim Entrepreneurs in Tabuk City based on their Belief to Al-Qu’ran …………………………………… 24 Jovy C. Ao-wat Edna P. Yumol

“Sapit” Peace Accord of the Bago Tribe ……………………………… 25 Aida P. Cawili Emmalyn B. Puyoc

Values Formation Practices among the Elementary School Teachers in Kalinga Division ………………………………… . 26 Marilou B. Adora Paulino P. Reyes II

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

Women Entrepreneurs in Kalinga: Their Motivations and Gains in Business ………………………………………………… 28 Gretchen C. Dawaton

The Research and Extension Capabilities of the KASC Faculty Members ………………………………………………………. 29 Irene S. Calsiyao Robert A. Rodolfo

The Students’ Field of Study, Entrepreneurial Skills and Motivations at Kalinga-Apayao State College: A Model for Curriculum Development ………………………………. 31 Loneza G. Carbonel Lourdes Angalao Jovita E. Saguibo Imelda C. Agbisit Joy Grace P. Doctor Eduardo T. Bagtang Marilou B. Adora

CD-based Instructional Materials in Teaching Statistics at the Kalinga-Apayao State College …………………………………. 33 Loneza G. Carbonel

Global Environmental Issues Awareness and the Perceived Remedial Measures ………………………………………… 35 Loneza G. Carbonel Lourdes A.Angalao Divina A. Balocnit

Different Methods of Pasteurization on Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Culture …………………………………………. 37 Maria Cyrila C.Bawer Ernesto T. Miguel Cris Ramos Brenda Lumines Elam Nace Battikin Erwin Poking

Effect of Biofertilizers on the Growth and Development of Onion (Allium Fistolosum) on Planting Distances …………………. 38 Jameson Lopez Monica P. Sinumlag Geraldine Mandate Brenda Lumines

The Adaptability of Thysanolaena Maxima (Tiger Grass) to Microclimatic Changes …………………………………………….. 396 Leah D. Bartolome Tules P. Banwa Object of Memory: Shapes and Cultural Significance in the Kalinga Heirloom Beads ………………………………………... 40 Lalin A.Tuguic Sanyata B. Luminte

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

Earthenware: The Art of Traditional Pottery of Pasil, Kalinga ……………………………………………….………... 41 Lalin Abbacan-Tuguic Raymar M. Galinggan

Vernacular Architecture: Upholding Tradition through Mathematical Expression of Artistry in the Construction Of Kalinga Houses …………………………………………………….. 426 Lalin Abbacan-Tuguic Nino Wangiwang

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

8SURVEY ON ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AWARENESS AMONG STUDENTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MIDWIFERY AND APPLIED TECHNOLOGY (DMAT) IN THE KALINGA–APAYAO STATE COLLEGE

Cristina L. Ammakiw Marymina P. Odiem

ABSTRACT

The survey on adolescent reproductive health awareness among students of the Department of Midwifery and Applied Technology (DMAT) in the Kalinga– Apayao State College was conducted to 80 adolescents enrolled in the Department of Midwifery and Applied Technology of the KASC during the period June 2013 to October 2014. The study described the profile/characteristics of the adolescent respondents as to age, gender, who raised them in their childhood, present residence, and activities after school work; gathered information on the knowledge of the adolescents regarding reproductive health along: a) Pregnancy and Sex, b) Use of Contraceptive Methods, c)Smoking, d) Drinking Alcohol, and e) Drugs and Drug addiction; determined opinions of the adolescent respondents on the degree of seriousness of identified societal problems; and determined opinions of the adolescents on identified reproductive health related issues/concepts. The researchers used the descriptive method under the qualitative type of research which gathered facts with adequate interpretation with the questionnaire as the main data gathering tool. Data gathered using the questionnaire were organized and analyzed through Descriptive statistical measurements such as Frequency, Percentage, Ranking and the Mean. Findings revealed that the adolescent respondents varied in their profile as to age, gender, mostly raised by both of their parents when they were young, but presently residing in boarding houses, and mostly staying at home after school hours; a big number of the adolescents were not knowledgeable on when pregnancy will likely to happen during a woman’s menstrual cycle and knowledgeable that both boy and girl should be responsible in ensuring safe sex, more than 50% had boy or girl friend who seldom go outside for dates, instead stay at home or at their friend’s house. On the use of contraceptive methods, from the 80 students surveyed 22 or 27.50 percent each were knowledgeable of condom and pills; followed by the use of depot and IUD with 14 or 17.50 percent each knowledgeable of these methods learned from their teachers in the subjects taught; and during seminars; on smoking, 54 or 67.50% never smoked while the remaining 26 or 32.50 percent tried smoking at age 16 influenced by their friends/peers/barkadas, presently about 77% are still smoking, with about 58% undecided weather to stop or continue smoking.; on drinking alcohol, 27 or 33.75 composed of 87% of the males drink alcoholic beverages such as gin and beer during; and on drug and drug addiction,74 of the 80 adolescents never tried

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1 taking drugs while 6 admitted that they tried taking drugs at the age of 16 (66.67%) as influenced by their friends/peers/barkadas. The societal problems related to reproductive health were moderately serious with abortion, drug addiction, and teen pregnancies as the ranking problems while sexually transmitted diseases was the least serious among the problems; and the adolescent respondents generally disagreed with the statement indicators related to reproductive health asked in the survey. Recommendations formulated from the findings were; adoption of culturally accepted measures in the implementation of health programs and activities for adolescents; strengthening collaborative information dissemination activities for the adolescents with other line agencies such as DSWD, POPCOM, Government Hospitals, and the Rural Health Units; intensifying activities that promote awareness on reproductive health among the adolescents; and establishment of Center for Teenagers’ Learning in the KASC for a more responsive Millennium Program Outcome on reproductive health.

Keywords: adolescent reproductive health, child rights, Millennium development goals

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

AN ASSESSMENT ON THE CAREER INTERESTS AND ASPIRATIONS OF THE KALINGA-APAYAO STATE COLLEGE LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 10 STUDENTS S.Y. 2015-2016

Aida P. Cawili Emalyn Puyoc Stallin Puyoc Sudemai Pauline Buen

ABSTRACT

This study was primarily conceived to assess the career interests and aspirations of the KASCLHS Grade 10 students S.Y. 2015-2016, as a baseline data in developing a more workable career intervention program for the students with the goal of decreasing career indecision and increasing effective decision making and self evaluation. The Grade 10 students were the respondents of the study and as a first batch that will undergo the K to 12 Curriculum. The result of the study described their career interests which may guide them in choosing the right tract they will undergo in the senior high and to the university. Specifically the researchers were guided by the following objectives; 1. Determined the career interest and aspirations of the KASCLHS Grade 10 pupils. 2. Determined the differences of the career interest of KASCLHS Grade 10 male and female students. 3. Developed a more responsive KASCLHS Career Intervention Program. The researchers used the qualitative study. The RIASEC Test was used as a tool in determining the career interest of the KASCLHS Grade 10 students whether they are realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional. To quantify the results, frequency, percentage, and descriptive words were used to describe findings in a pie graph presentations. The findings showed that the courses chosen by students are quite varied understandably they are from a more diverse family background. There are 19 or 44% boys, who preferred the REALISTIC courses, no one among the boys was interested in enterprising courses while their female counterpart 23 or 31% preferred SOCIAL courses and only 8 or 6% chose REALISTIC courses. These findings explains that there are more boys who prefer manipulative courses and they are good at mechanical or athletic job while girls prefer social science courses and that they like to work with other people rather tinker things. Majority of the students see themselves as continuing school and proceeding to college after their senior high and generally optimistic about pursuing their educational plans and aspiration in life.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

BAYANIHAN: COMMUNAL PRACTICES ASSOCIATED WITH THE RURAL FOLKS OF THE KALINGA HILL TRIBES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Joy Grace P. Doctor Jessie Grace M. Sannadan

ABSTRACT

This study is grounded on the concept that a society’s folkways are the norms which the members have come to accept as the proper way of dealing with their day to day problems or activities of living and interacting with each other. Once established and accepted these patterns are endorsed by most members of the society and become the way of the folk or folkways. This study aimed to describe the communal folkways associated with the agricultural activities of Kalinga hill tribes of Northern Philippines. A description of these folkways is presented using ethnographic data gathered and inferred from the researchers’ view. Triangulation was employed in this study wherein questions were asked from key informants, causal and informal conversations with other participants, collecting and analyzing field notes of what people do and know and the things they made and used which they shared as a community. The study also made use of a questionnaire to determine the extent by which factors affect the communal practices associated with rural folks of the Kalinga hill tribes in Northern Philippines. The study found that communal folkways are still practiced not only because these are the practical s o lutions to daily problems and financial shortage but most importantly, these practices demand unity of spirit, heart and mind among members of the group directed towards the group’s welfare. These folkways are still significant in the life of the people of Kalinga, Philippines. Keywords: Communal Practices associated with the Rural Folks in Kalinga, Philippines

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

THE IMPLICATION OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTER TO TEACHERS EDUCATION IN TABUK CITY

Jovy C. Ao-wat Florentina B. Carbonel Nelly S. Oman

ABSTRACT

This study used documentary analysis of legislative literature as well as current articles to know and survey the status of operations of all the Child Development Centers located in Tabuk City, the assigned classroom and monitoring teachers were requested to answer the survey interview. Based on the gathered data, the study searched its implications to teachers’ education in Tabuk City, Kalinga. The study showed that the creation of the child development centers in the country proved that the state is very sincere to have early childhood education. However, it is clear that despite the long administration of the centers’ academic programs, including appropriations of budget to meet with the demands of the increasing target beneficiaries nationwide it is still dreaming much of the political will of the Congress to ensure standard operations of the centers as a pre-school and fair employment for the workers. The physical facilities of the centers need attention from the local government units responsible for them — the classrooms, space tor outdoor activities, comfort rooms and others. As to the other activities, both academic and non-academic, the teachers were relatively implementing these at par with the comparable pre-school operation. However, there is no standard academic curriculum being followed. The majority of the workers expressed satisfaction with their work even they are underpaid. The most common problems like inadequate teaching materials and lack of involvement from the parents were manifested by the teachers to be important. Trainings of teachers of day care center have crucial implications to teachers education. The study further recommended that the Local Government and Kalinga- Apayao State College serve as the partners of the Department of Education and Department of Social welfare Development in conducting training programs to promote competencies of teachers of day care centers.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

CITIZEN SATISFACTION REPORT “TABUK CITY”

Amado Imper Lope Buen Jonathan Belandres John John C. Venus Jr.

ABSTRACT

The study covered the City of Tabuk, Kalinga Province in relation to the Citizen Satisfaction Index System (CSIS) which is a component of the Social Accountability initiative of the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), the Local Governance Watch. This study aimed: to gather citizens’ perspectives on the reach and quality of basic public services and to provide information handle for citizens and the civil society to allow an informed engagement in the workings of a local government. It is implemented by a team of qualified personnel from the Kalinga-Apayao State College through interviews of target respondents. The overall finding on the eight programs and services delivered by Tabuk City is fair. It is concluded that, all the eight (8) basic service areas fall in the first quadrant in the satisfaction action grid, which indicates high need and high satisfaction. Finally it is recommended that Tabuk City shall highlight on information campaign to improve citizens’ perception of Tabuk City’s aforementioned programs; given the fair overall availment and the overall satisfaction net score is fair, Tabuk City should exert additional effort and intervention to increase users and improve services.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

TYPOLOGY OF THE GANGSA: TRADITIONAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENT OF THE KALINGAS OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES

Jessie Grace M. Sannadan

ABSTRACT

As traditional or indigenous knowledge of the Kalingas of Northern Philippines is being rapidly replaced by those of dominant languages, the researcher deemed it an urgent task to document important linguistic data before they are completely forgotten. The researcher examined the gangsa beyond its purely physical form and looked at such aspects as cultural meaning, symbolism, and mythology seeing the musical instrument more as signifying objects of music material culture than as sound-producing objects alone. In- depth interviews with the selected key informants and number checking in which the participants reviewed what the researchers have written to check for accuracy and completeness was undertaken. Visual representation through photography was also emphasized. Focused group discussions were arranged in order to determine whether the typologies revealed were generally used and observed by the participants. The study concludes that the Kalinga tradition grew up around gongs. Being touched by one was thought to bring happiness and strength. That association with strength and power continues into their use in modern ceremonies and sports, evoking a link to the strong and successful through the ages. It is recommended that Inclusion in school curricula should be regulated as a means for the capture and validation, as well as for the eventual exchange, transfer and dissemination of Kalinga indigenous knowledge in general and of the gangsa in particular.

Keywords: Kalinga Gongs/ Gangsa Typology

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

LANGUAGE FUNCTION ANALYSIS IN THE SPEECH ACTS AMONG KALINGA-APAYAO STATE COLLEGE (KASC) TEACHERS

Sheila Fesway-Malao Helen Flores-Bais Mercy Grace Tubban-Igadna

ABSTRACT

This observational/qualitative-descriptive research was conducted primarily to make an analysis of the language functions in speech acts among teachers in Kalinga-Apayao State College (KASC) for the school year 2014-2015 with the following objectives: (a) to identify the different language functions in speech events/ acts explicit among KASC teachers; (b) to determine the teachers’ manifestation of their language functions in the different speech events/acts; and (c) to determine how identity affects language functions in speech acts manifested by KASC teachers. Based on the data, the following findings were made :( 1) Kalinga- Apayao State College Teachers always regulate a conversation using different language functions in their speech acts however; their conversations with their students show that most of the time the instrumental and regulatory functions are being demonstrated. Furthermore, language functions in the speech acts of KASC teachers vary from one situation to another. (2) As to KASC teachers’ manifestation of their language functions in their speech acts, they always regulate a conversation using different language functions. Along this, the authority matters whatever the speech event is. It is also apparent in the conversations that the emotive or expressive function has been stressed since the attitude of the teacher towards the student or the student towards the teacher has been clearly demonstrated. (3) As to identity and language functions in speech acts as manifested by KASC teachers, the conversational exchanges have shown the identity being maintained by the teachers through the formality of their speech, the distance they have maintained, and the power of their language, with how they have stressed what they want to happen. The occasion and mood are also great factors that influence the language functions in speech acts of the KASC teachers.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCES OFCHEMISTRY STUDENTS OF THE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS, ACCOUNTANCY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KALINGA APAYAO STATE COLLEGE

Imelda C. Agbisit

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted at the Institute of Business, Accountancy and Entrepreneurship of Kalinga-Apayao State College, Dagupan Campus The respondents of the study are sixty one students who are enrollees of Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship for the first semester of the school year 2015-2016. The researcher made use of a descriptive survey using Learning Styles questionnaire to identify the Learning Styles preferences of the respondents.The study found out that the Learning Style preferences of the Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship who are taking Chemistryprefer Visual Learning Style followed by Auditory and tactile. It was also found out that the Learning style preferences of students is individual learning to encourage students to be dependent in doing work and group learning which make other students dependent to their classmates. The teacher in Chemistry should take note of the different activities in teaching Chemistry to increase the interest of the students to strive more in their studies, prepare instructional materials and introduce Chemistry activities for individual to avail and keep a record of their observations on the learning style preferences of the students to serve guide in the choice of strategies of teaching and in preparation of learning activities.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

PERCEPTION OF ENTREPRENEURS ON THE EFFECT OF TOURISM ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTOF TABUK CITY, KALINGA

Edna P. Yumol

ABSTRACT

The study determined the effect of tourism and entrepreneurship to the socio-economic development of Tabuk City and its effect to the personal development of the entrepreneurs. Descriptive method of research was used in this study. Data gathered were analyzed using frequency count and percentage. Findings revealed that most of the respondents are in the middle-aged, more male, college graduates and had been in business for more than 15 years. Tourism and entrepreneurships “much affect” the socio-economic development of Tabuk City. Majority of the entrepreneurs’ perceived that tourism and entrepreneurship enhanced their socio-economic condition.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

POOR READING HABIT: EFFECT TO PATRONAGE OF LIBRARIES IN TABUK CITY, KALINGA

Jovy C. Ao-wat Leonora G. Bruno Edna P. Yumol

ABSTRACT

The study examines poor reading habit: effect to patronage of libraries in Tabuk city, Kalinga. The design of the study is descriptive survey which utilizes questionnaire to collect data. Oral interview was also conducted. Tables and simple percentage were adopted in the data analysis. Results of the analysis show that computer and other media, harsh economic reality, societal demand for materialism, inadequate library materials among others are causes of poor reading habit. It was also revealed that materials in the library are not organized, inadequate, and irrelevant librarians not readily available among others constitute the reasons for poor patronage of libraries. It concluded by giving recommendations towards improvement of reading habit of students and the enhancement of the patronage of libraries.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

OPPORTUNITIES FOR VALUE ADDITION AND MARKET LINKAGE FOR KALINGA HEIRLOOM RICE USING RAPID VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

Ferdinand L. Ganotice Romualdo U. Wacas Loreto B. Juan Estrella C. Yadyadoc

ABSTRACT

Using a value chain approach called sustainable food value chain analysis (SVCA), the study looked for other market potentials and opportunities for value addition and market linkages of Kalinga traditional/heirloom rice. A brief production cost and profit analysis was conducted to determine the costs incurred as the product moves from conception until it reaches the final consumers as well as the profit actually received by the farmer. A value chain map was also illustrated where actors, their functions and activities in the different stages of the chain were identified. Likewise, the end markets, business enabling environment, vertical and horizontal linkages, major constraints as well as opportunities for upgrading were also identified. Because of the nature of traditional rice farming which is labor intensive, the production cost on the part of the farmers is excessive and the period for cultivating even small areas of farm is extensive. Labor resources used during farming activities used to be sourced out from family members and other close relatives while unmet labor requirements are filled in by a system called abbuyug, a mechanism of contributing the equivalent of one-day work for another person is done without pecuniary remuneration. (PIP, CHARM2) It is the understanding of the farmers that work rendered by the members of their family in the farm is free hence should not be taken into account in calculating their production costs. After taking into account all costs attributed to their farming activities, seemingly the farmers who are supposed to benefit by and large from the crop that they are producing are at a loss when they directly sell their palay to millers such as the Rice Terraces Farmers Cooperative. The same is true when they export their produce as clean rice to foreign markets where demand is stable but price is relatively lower. There is a high demand for traditional rice both in the local and foreign market however the supply is hardly met by the farmers because of factors such as limited farm areas for production, high production cost attributed to manual farming, high transportation costs, lack of processing facilities and lack of training on quality control. The value of traditional rice rapidly increases after milling until it reaches the final consumers hence more often than not, it is the wholesalers of palay or clean rice who buy from the farmers and retail it to final consumers who most likely benefit or received higher revenue instead of the farmers.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

The high demand for traditional rice is substantiated by numerous end markets identified during the value chain analysis including local markets such as rice terraces farmers’ cooperatives, processors, groceries, pasalubong outlets, trade fairs, hotels, restaurants, and individual consumers while export market include countries that are identified by RICE, Inc. and 8th Wonder to which they have commercial dealings. There are numerous major constraints that were identified during the value chain analysis. At the farm level, the major constraints identified by the farmers are pests and diseases (Birds, rats, snails, chicken, rice bug, stemborer, mole cricket), lack of draft animal and farm implements (multi-tiller for land preparation), lack of pre and post-harvest facilities, damaged irrigation canals and rice terraces and soil nutrients deficiency. There is also low level of milling technology as the only customized rice mill used by the farmers has fully depreciated. The unpredictable demand for traditional rice in the local market as well as the stricter requirements of the foreign market on quality control are also identified by the farmers as major constraints in the marketing of their product.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

REALIGNING TOURISM RESOURCES THROUGH PLACE MARKETING: THE INGENUITY OF THE MATAGOAN FESTIVAL IN TABUK CITY

Raquel J. Dulliyao Edna P. Yumol Norfredo M. Dulay Diyah Gwenn Alejandrino Ethel Jovy M. Garcia

ABSTRACT

The study focused on the realigning of tourism resources through place marketing specifically on the annual celebration of the Matagoan Festival in Tabuk city. In particular, the research identified the background, rationale and reasons of the city government and other stakeholders in establishing and celebrating the “Matagoan” festival; the processes, activities and the eventual impact of the festival from the perspective of place marketing and finally, the research stressed the policy implications for the city government relative to the annual celebration of the “Matagoan” festival. The conversion of Tabuk Municipality into a city ws achieved with the ratification of RA 9404 on June 24, 2007. Eventually, the first founding anniversary was held on June 23-27, 2008 which is continuously commemorated and celebrated every year. The first founding anniversary celebration is alternately called the Matagoan festival. The Matagoan zone is comprised of seven barangays of the city which became the seat of the festival. The annual celebration is intended to preserve the best indigenous values and practices while continuing the journey towards full urbanization. Further, it sought to strike a happy balance between the old and new culture. Matagoan Festival is yearly celebrated to strengthen the unanimous pursuit of the constituents to promote the abundance of blessings in Tabuk city. The core of the festivity is the city advocacy of unity and equality which is exemplified in the promotion of the rich culture and positive attitude to work and greatness. Possitively, the annual celebration of the Matagoan Festival have successfully drawn a collaborative effort and participation of all agencies both by the government and private. Programs and activities were crafted in the best interest of the constituents. The festival centered on replications, ensembles, culmination and the display of native and local products particularly in the P.A.T.A.W.I.D agro- industrial fairs. Among the programs which were enthusiastically celebrated included the Matagoan Call of “Ayag”, Ecumenical dance formation(Tabuk), Matagoan bikefest, Kariada constest, Matagoan Taekwondo, Horseracing, Rodeo, Pigcatching, bottle of the band and the Search for Miss Tabuk Beauty. Also, the

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1 festival slated the promotion of the various beautiful tourist spots in Tabuk city. Also, famous beautiful tourist spots and attractions in the place. Likewise, the “much desired” organic products and foods were displayed and offered including Inandila(glutinous rice), Kalinga coffe, Tabuk/Red rice, Bugnay fruits and Bugnay wine as well as the creative native clothing apparels. The Matagoan Festival in its totality embodied the so-called “Place Marketing” that has promoted effectively the tourism industry in the city that has captured greatly the attention and interest of the local and international market. As a result, a consistent remarkable increase on the total number of visitors and tourists both from local and overseas were enlisted with the corresponding growth of business volume. Likewise, it resulted in the creation of more employment as well as the bringing-in of more cash in the place that contributed to the general growth of economy. The increasing number of visitors and tourists coming-in and out of the city has led to the increased sales and income of the business entities in the area including those of the small and medium enterprises(DTI Kalinga Accomplishment Report,2014). The annual celebration of the Matagoan Festival have helped much in the crafting of policies that seek to preserve the over-all goodness of the place while taking into consideration in the formulation of plans and necessary interventions that seek to address the identified weakness and needs inherent in the satisfactory and expected eventual result of the festivity. In conclusion, the Annual Celebration of the Matagoan Festival is an excellent opportunity to educate, build friendship among the tribal communities as well as between the binodngans and non-binodngans. It likewise fostered a sense of community pride among the constituents having involved themselves enthusiastically that lead to the fruitful result of the festival. Also, the holding of the Matagoan Festival became a key player in international, regional and local tourism destination planning. Likewise, the Matagoan Festival and its celebration substantially acted as an attraction, image- maker, static attraction and catalyst for further tourism deck in the city. In consideration of aforementioned results, planners and organizers need to conduct a periodic assessment on the Matagoan Festival to evaluate the results and impact of the events with reference tods the obhjectives and purpose previously set. Furthermore, as an arm for the advancement of tourism in Tabuk city, the concept of place marketing shall be incorporated in the conceptualization, planning and launching of the activities for the Matagoan festival to maximize the economic benefit that may be derived from the different activities either as single or collective. Liewise, there is a need to conduct a further study to look extensively into the effects and contributions of every single event being held during the festival that draw more attention and support by the stakeholders, and to determine the response of guests and visitors on the different tourism spot of the city. As such, the results shall serve as determinant Finally, there is a need for the policy-makers and legislators to formulate and enact policies, rules and regulations that seek safeguard and preserve the

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1 rich cultural heritage including the natural endowments of the place. Likewise, plans and programs are to be deduced aimed at fostering tourism industry in the place maximizing the effect of the festival as a place marketing to promote and foster the goodwill of the city.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY OF FRESHMEN STUDENTS IN THE INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, KALINGA APAYAO STATE COLLEGE

Rhonda Vail G. Leyaley

ABSTRACT

This research aimed to find the English language proficiency of freshmen students enrolled in the Institute of Teacher Education,Kalinga- Apayao State College for school years 2014-2015 and 2015 – 2016. It looked into their level of proficiency as to program, type of school graduated from, and honors received during graduation. The findings led to the conclusion that the English language proficiency of freshmen students who are enrolled in the Institute of Teacher Education is described as Early Intermediate regardless of the type of school they graduated from, the program they are enrolled in,and the honors they have received.They are described to identify and understand more concrete details during unmodified instruction. They may be able to respond with increasing ease to more varied communication and learning demands with a reduced number of errors. Oral and written production is usually limited to phrases and memorized statements and questions. Frequent errors still reduce communication. It is therefore recommended that the English teachers of the Institute of Teacher Education should come up with a remedial program for their students; English proficiency Capability Building programs for English Teachers in both the Elementary and Secondary Schools should be one of the extension programs of the Institute of Teacher Education in corroboration with the City Division of Tabuk and the Kalinga Division; The Department of Education will consider English language proficiency as acriteria in the selection of honor students and; Other researchers should conduct a similar study to corroborate the results of this study.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

SELF-EFFICACY AND SPOKEN ENGLISH PERFORMANCE OF THE IBAE SOPHOMORES

Ethel Jovy M. Garcia

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted at the Institute of Business, Accountancy and Entrepreneurship of the Kalinga-Apayao State College- Dagupan Campus the respondents of the study are thirty two (32) sophomore students who are enrolled in Speech Communication during the first semester of school year 2014-2015. This study used descriptive-correlation method of research. The researcher employs correlation to determine how variable varies with another variable by means of computing the sets of scores on a sample of participants and the relationship between these sets. These methods determine how levels of self- efficacy using the Self-efficacy Scale affect the performance level of students in spoken English with the use of the structured Speech Evaluation Rubric. The researcher’s findings show that the sophomores had moderate level of self-efficacy and a fair level of spoken English performance. Based on the gathered data, the computation revealed no significant correlation between self- efficacy and spoken English performance of respondents since the computed R- value (-0.227) was less than the significance level which is 5, the computed correlation coefficient is not significant which means there is no significant correlation between students’ self-efficacy and spoken English performance.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

THE IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TABUK CITY

Jovy C. Ao-wat Edna P. Yumol

ABSTRACT

The growth and development of a country depends on the level of the resourcefulness of the people related to the level of training and the purpose of education. The growth and development take place when an individual in the society are profitably hired or engaged in a service and his/her income is increased. This can be achieved if the policies of the government are implemented towards functional education leading to job creation and self-reliance. Entrepreneurship education is a way by which the government could achieve progress in the society. Thus, this study looked into the impact of entrepreneurship education to the development of Tabuk City, Kalinga. Descriptive survey method was used in this study. Findings revealed that most of the respondents are female, married, and college graduates and have sufficient income. Entrepreneurship education “much affect” the economic development of Tabuk City. Through quality entrepreneurship education, the economic growth of the city increased because the youth who will finish their studies in college are the hope of the economic growth and development of the city, and the graduates of entrepreneurship education will be imparting their knowledge on modern technologies and in return there will be innovation that will be introduced in the city. Thus, quality of life is a promise of an entrepreneurship education.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSLIM ENTREPRENEURS IN TABUK CITYBASED ON THEIR BELIEF TO AL-QU’RAN

Jovy C. Ao-wat Edna P. Yumol

ABSTRACT

Entrepreneurship is the quest of opportunity through utilizing the resources of the society and it is considered as a part of Islamic economics and businesses. Many Muslims are achiever entrepreneurs and their religion Islam encourages them to be creative in the world of business. This study sought to answer what are the characteristics of Muslim entrepreneurs in Tabuk City based on their beliefs to Al-Quran. In the realization of the study, it used the descriptive method and developed a semi-structured questionnaire. The Muslim Entrepreneurs were considered and involved as the respondents, data were collected were collected from them, and personal interview were conducted for more information in order to enhance the study. Frequency count and simple percentage were also utilized to analyze the gathered data.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

“SAPIT” PEACE ACCORD OF THE BAGO TRIBE

Aida P. Cawili Emmalyn B. Puyoc

ABSTRACT

Culture is a basic determinant of personality because man is very part of the environment he creates as he conforms to his culture. It is through culture that men discern values and makes choices as he seeks untiringly for new meaning through which he transcends his limitations. The peace accord of indigenous people is considered part of their non material culture of which they adhere to. This study aimed to find out and describes the strength and uniqueness of the “Sapit” as a peace accord of the Bago tribe. The researchers were guided by the following 1.The processes in the practice of “Sapit”. 2. The Christian and social tenets revealed in the practice of “Sapit”. 3. The “Sapit” in the psychosocial life and development of the Bagos. This qualitative study made used of phenomenological method, focus group discussion, immersion, interview, photo documentation and unstructured questionnaires were used to collect necessary information for the presentation of the processes involved in the “Sapit”. The “Sapit” is an alternative peace accord, an intelligent way of settling any differences, conflicts, disputes and irrational actions among the “Bagos” which is anchored in the tenets of Christianity and social life. It is highly recognized, appreciated and being manifested by the “Bagos” as a legal justice system of their tribe. Bagos become aware as they realize and discern about their actions which does not conform to their culture and may affect or severe their association with their co- Bagos. During the process of Sapit one realizes who he is, describing his total personality as a Bago who manifest a docile peace loving personality as he gives importance to others in his daily life.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

VALUES FORMATION PRACTICES AMONG THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLTEACHERS IN KALINGA DIVISION

Marilou B. Adora Paul P. Reyes II

ABSTRACT

The descriptive research looked into the values formation practices among the elementary school teachers in Western Tabuk District, Division of Kalinga. It specifically looked into the awareness of teachers of the practices of values formation, extent of practices for values formation, extent of effectiveness of the practices for values formation, and extent of factors affecting the practices for values formation. The data needed were gathered through the questionnaire quantified using the three-point scale. The weighted mean was used to give statistical meaning to the responses. The T-test was used to determine the significant differences as to gender. The teachers are much aware of the practices for values formation AS signified by the Total Average Weighted Mean 2.69. Community-based practices had the first ranked area mean of 2.84 and the lowest area mean of 2.44 was noticed along school-based practices. The respondents claimed that the practices for values formation are moderately used based from the Total Average Weighted Mean of 2.33. The first ranked area mean of 2.61 of the much used was along family-based practices and the lowest mean of 2.18 of the moderately used was along community-based practices. The respondents claimed that the practices for values formation are much effective based from the obtained Total Average Weighted Mean of 2.35. The first ranked area mean of 2.59 was along family-based practices and the lowest area mean of 2.21 was along community-based practices. The respondents claimed that the practices for values formation was much affected by factors based from the Total Average Weighted Mean of 2.68. The first ranked area mean of 2.84 along teacher-related factors and the lowest area mean of 2.57 was along pupil-related factors. It is concluded that the teachers are much aware of the practices for values formation; that the practices for values formation are moderately practiced; the practices for values formation are much effective; and the factors much affect the practices for values formation. Among the recommendations are: teachers should establish more activities that could link the school and the community and also to provide opportunity for parents and teachers to exchange ideas and opinions; school heads should conduct regular observations on how often the teachers use the practices for values formation; school heads should conduct seminars to help the teachers on how to use the practices effectively for values formation; close collaboration with

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1 the community should be established and sustained to solve the problems that could affect the practices for values formation; pupils should be provided with opportunities to evaluate their behaviour and make rightful choices; and, a follow-up study and more in-depth analysis regarding this research should be endeavoured.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN KALINGA: THEIR MOTIVATIONS AND GAINS IN BUSINESS

Gretchen C. Dawaton

ABSTRACT

Gretchen C. Dawaton, May, 2015. “Kalinga Women Entrepreneurs: Their Motivations and Gains in Business.” Institute of Graduate Studies , Kalinga-Apayao State College, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga Province. Adviser: Norfredo M. Dulay, Ph. D. The study determined the profiles, motivations and gains of the Kalinga women entrepreneurs. Specifically, it sought to answer the following objectives: (1) To find the socio-economic and business profile of women entrepreneurs; (2) To determine the relationship between the pull and push factors of motivations and women’s willingness to venture into businesses; (3) To determine the extent of the socio-economic implications of the business operations to the women entrepreneurs. The descriptive type of research was used by the researcher. The responses were gathered through sets of questionnaire that were administered to one hundred fifty (150) respondents. The responses were measured through the Three-Point Likert Scale. The frequency and percentage was used to quantify the percent of respondents answering each item of the demographic variables. The correlation was used to see the relationship between the pull and push factors of motivation and the willingness of women entrepreneurs and lastly, the weighted mean to quantify the extent of the socio and economic implications of the business operations to the respondents. The result revealed that the Kalinga women entrepreneurs are generally at their mid-thirties and mid-forties, married and educated. All the business establishments of the women entrepreneurs are registered as sole proprietorship and majority of these belong to the micro enterprise category. Most of the women entrepreneurs used their own savings in starting their own businesses. There is a positive correlation between the pull and push factors of motivation and willingness of the Kalinga women entrepreneurs in venturing into business. Furthermore, it revealed that the extent of social and economic implications of the business operations to the entrepreneurs is both satisfactory. And lastly, there are no significant differences in the perceptions of the respondents on the extent of social and economic implications of business operations along the variables of age, educational attainment, marital status and business size (capital and numbers of employees).

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

THE RESEARCH AND EXTENSION CAPABILITIES OF THE KASC FACULTY MEMBERS

Irene S. Calsiyao Robert A. Rodolfo

ABSTRACT

It is among the mandates of faculty members in SUCs to generate technologies through research and to transfer such technologies to its stakeholders. How prepared are the faculty members of KASC to perform these tasks? This study surveyed the personal traits and professional characteristics of the KASC faculty members. It also looked into the level of acuity of the faculty members in performing research and extension. The sufficiency of trainings in research and extension and the problems encountered were also studied. The study also investigated the relation among the personal and professional profile, level of acuity in research and extension, the training needs and the problems encountered. The study used the descriptive-correlation method. It utilized a structured questionnaire as primary tool to gather indispensable data and to describe the relationship present among the variables. There were 77 respondents. The gathered data were processed with the used of the GenStat Computer Statistical Package and descriptive statistics. The faculty members of KASC are generally matured; married; most are female, with medium size of household, belonging to the Kalinga tribe, with at least 15 years in the service and member of at least one socio-civic organization and are very much qualified to practice their profession. The professional characteristics of the KASC faculty members show that they are qualified to perform their functions in research and extension; however, much room is present for professional development. The level of acuity in performing research is moderate. The KASC faculty members are equipped with the required knowledge and skills in research skills and process, research dissemination and utilization, organizational skills, and professional orientation. The KASC faculty members’ level of acuity in performing extension is moderate. They have the necessary knowledge and skills in doing program evaluation; program implementation, coordination, and monitoring; communication method and techniques; program planning and development; community relation and leadership; and program linkages development. The trainings in research and extension provided to the KASC faculty members for the last three years are moderately sufficient. The application of these trainings in research and extension in line with thrusts of the state college is also moderate.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

The problems in research and extension were perceived to be slightly serious with lack of vehicle for greater mobility being the highest followed by insufficient involvement of faculty in the implementation of research/extension activities and too many designations of faculty involved in research/extension program. The correlation coefficient among the personal characteristics, acuity in research and extension, training needs, and problems encountered range from 0.00002 to 0.22 depicts very low correlation. It means that age, gender, civil status, household size, ethnic group, educational attainment, eligibility, length of service, honors/awards received and membership in socio-civic organization has no or very little impact to the faculty members acuity in research and extension, training needs and problems encountered. The correlation among the professional characteristics, acuity in research and extension, training needs, and problems encountered range from 0.0004 to 0.36 depicts low correlation. It connotes that specialization, workload assignment, status of appointment, academic rank, number of designation, number of trainings in research and extension, experience in research and extension, and membership in professional organization has little influence to the acuity of the KASC faculty members in research and extension, training needs and problems encountered. It is highly recommended that the professional profile of the KASC faculty members should be upgraded. The KASC faculty members should increase their level of acuity in performing research and extension. There is also a need to identify faculty members who have not been involved in research and extension and encourage them to perform their mandates. The identification of the problems encountered in research and extension should be reviewed by institute to determine which problems can be addressed in the institute level and those in the college level.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

THE STUDENTS’ FIELD OF STUDY, ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS AND MOTIVATIONS AT KALINGA-APAYAO STATE COLLEGE: A MODEL FOR CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Loneza G. Carbonel Lourdes Angalao Jovita E. Saguibo Imelda C. Agbisit Joy Grace P. Doctor Eduardo T. Bagtang Marilou B. Adora

ABSTRACT

Today’s educational system is trying to consider and adopt a system which the skills and interest of students are very much considered like that of the K-12 system because in the system it involved acquisition of both theoretical and applied (skill learning) know how. This study dealt with the assessment of Students’ Field of Study, Entrepreneurial Skills and Motivations in order to get answers to the following problems: 1. to identify the influential set of entrepreneurial skills possessed by the sample respondent-college students located in the study area. 2. To determine whether the sample respondents differ significantly over the influential entrepreneurial skills based on their fields of study.2.1 There is no significant difference between the respondents’ entrepreneurial skills and fields of study; 3. To determine the motivation factors to be adopted at the different campuses. It adopted descriptive method of research using survey questionnaire on the profile, entrepreneurial skills and motivation factors of students at Kalinga-Apayao State College. It further analyzed the correlations of the entrepreneurial skills of students over their chosen fields of study. To achieve the objectives of the study, a sample of 300 students from 3 colleges offering all the fields of study Accountancy & Financial Management, Arts and letters at KASC, Tabuk City was taken as respondents of the study. The required data was collected from the respondents using the well designed pre- tested schedule containing statements expressing the basic entrepreneurial skills along the following indices: 1. Innovation, 2. hard work, 3. Leadership, 4. Need for achievement, 5. Risk-taking, 6. Decision-making, 7. Problem solving, and 8. Information seeking . It also gathered data on the motivation factors that influence students to enroll in the said State College. The respondent’s responses were described based on the counts under the categories of respondents’ profile and the entrepreneurial skills which are categorized as: F1- quest for achievement ability, F2) management ability skills, and F3- interpersonal skills. Thus, findings of the study identified eight entrepreneurial skills are taken for further analysis to test whether the respondents belonging to the fields of study possess these skills equally. The analysis further revealed that the respondents belonging to the Commerce & Management field possess the

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1 entrepreneurial skills like Need for Achievement, Risk-Taking, Positive self- concept, Innovation, Decision-making and Problem Solving at higher level as their mean-rank values are higher.Finally, it was noted by the respondents that school location is the foremost reason for enrolling at Kalinga-Apayao State College.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

CD-BASED INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN TEACHING STATISTICS AT KALINGA-APAYAO STATE COLLEGE

Loneza G. Carbonel

ABSTRACT

The use of computer-aided instructional materials in the modern educational trend is very essential to address the gaps between knowledge and technology. This study endeavored to experiment the use of a CD-based instructional material in teaching Statistics in the graduate level of education. It sought to answer the following problems: 1. To determine the academic performances(mean scores) of the two groups respondents on the Pre-test and Post-test under the experimental ( with CD material) and control group ( non- experimental);1.1 To determine if there is a significant difference in the academic performance ( mean scores) of the students in the Pre-test and Post-test for both the experimental and control group;1.2 there is no significant difference in the academic performance ( mean scores) of the students in the Pre-test and Post-test for both the experimental and control group;2. To determine the perceived extent of need by the respondents on the use of a CD-based instructional material in Statistics along the areas in Statistics in the graduate level; 3.To determine the preferences of the respondents on the proposed CD-based instructional materials in teaching Statistics in the graduate leve;.4.To find out what is the general reactions or attitudes of the respondents on the different parts of the CD-based instructional materials in Statistics. Sixty MAED students were evaluated under the experimental and control group classes in Statistics. The Pre-test and Post-test questionnaire was used to determine the academic performances (mean scores) of both the respondents. While the survey questionnaire was used to assess the need and preferences of students over the CD-based form of instructional materials, and lastly, the reactions of the students towards the CD-based instructional materials was also gathered. The data on the mean scores were categorized according to 5-point grading scale, and data on the extent of needs, preferences and attitudes of students were classified using the 3-point scale and described as “much need/much preferred/much favorable, moderately needed/ moderately preferred/ moderately favorable and less needed/ less preferred/ less favorable. Frequency counts, mean, t-test, correlation and weighted were used to compute and analyze the data gathered in this study. The study found out the mean scores of the respondents in the Pre-test and Post test are described as “outstanding” and “highly outstanding” respectively. The hypothesis of significant difference between the mean scores of the students in the pre and post tests was found to be significant with high positive correlation. It also revealed that the use of CD-based instructional materials in Statistics is “much needed” and “much preferred “respectively. While,the

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1 students’ reaction toward the use of the CD-based instructional materials in Statistics is “much favorable.” Therefore the results of the study are generally confirmed that the CD- based instructional material in teaching Statistics is effective.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AWARENESS AND THE PERCEIVED REMEDIAL MEASURES

Loneza G. Carbonel Lourdes A.Angalao Divina A. Balocnit

ABSTRACT

Environment can have formative impacts on students and employees perspectives regarding environment issues. This study was conducted to explore the awareness of the students and government employees on the different environmental issues and problems and the perceived remedial measures. Specifically it sought for the answers of the following problems: 1.To determine if the two groups of respondents are aware of the environmental issues.2.To find out the reasons why do the respondents are not fully aware of the environmental issues;3.To determine what environmental issues do the two groups of respondents aware of;4.To find out what are the actions or initiatives were taken by the government that the respondents aware of; 4.1There is no significant difference of the responses of the two groups of respondents on the actions or initiatives were taken by the government that the respondents aware of; 5)To determine what remedial measures can be further done to reduce environmental problems.5.1 To determine if there is a significant difference between the responses of the two groups of respondents on what remedial measures can be further done to reduce environmental problems. This study surveyed 90 undergraduate students and 30 graduate students and 30 government employees at Dagupan, Tabuk City in October 2014. Results of the study revealed that the respondents are aware of the environmental issues but may be they are not fully aware of the issues due to insufficient role of media/public forum, lack of environmental education, lack of government initiatives to make people aware. On what they are most aware, both the responded that they are most aware of the following environmental issues/ problems such as air pollution, deforestation, water pollution, and depletion of ozone layer. The respondents said that the following actions were taken by the government to control the environmental issues such as sanitation program, agriculture fair, anti-smoking law, social forestry, and Prohibition of using Poly bag (plastic bags). The correlation showed that there is significant difference between the responses of the two groups of respondents on the actions taken by the government to control environmental issues It was found out that the following remedial measures are suggested: Efficient public awareness, Promoting Urban Green Spaces, Enhance the promotion of Clean Energy Vehicles and high efficiency vehicles, Enhance the promotion and development of New Energy Saving Technologies, Promote Efficiency of Distribution System Nationwide to minimize traffic issues are to be considered. Based on this, the correlation showed that there is significant

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1 difference between the responses of the two groups of respondents on the remedial measures to control environmental issues.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

DIFFERENT METHODS OF PASTEURIZATION ON OYSTER MUSHROOM (Pleurotus ostreatus) CULTURE

Maria Cyrila C.Bawer Ernesto T. Miguel Cris Ramos Brenda Lumines Elam Nace Battikin Erwin Poking .

ABSTRACT

The study determined the most efficient methods of pasteurization for cellulosic substrate as growing media for oyster mushroom (Pleurotusostreatus). Treatment (1) was pasteurized for one (1) hour, treatment two (2) for ten (10) minutes, treatment three(3) was scalded with boiling water, and treatment four (4) was soaked in fresh water for twenty four (24) hours. Rice bran at the ratio of 60% was added to the substrate with the agricultural lime (CaCO3) at a ratio (1%), spawned and filled in a polypropylene plastic bag weighted ninety (90) grams apiece. Bags were hung and arranged in a complete randomized design in a constructed barb wire. Information collected on spawn run, pinheads, amount of fruiting body weight of the mushroom and yield per bag in three flushes were taken from ten (10) samples of growing bags analyzed using the computerize crop stat technology. The contamination of growing bag’s percentage was taken from the sixty (60) bags to note differences. Treatment1 was the highest in terms of mycelia developed into pinheads while scalded (T3) was lowest. The fastest mycelia pinhead growth in the growing bags was found in replication three of T1 at 66.90 pinheads while the lowest number of pinheads counted was found in replication three (3) at 29.30 of treatment T3, the scalded substrate. The one hour pasteurization of substrate was highest in terms of developed mushroom from the pinheads. Treatment four (T4), soaked substrate was the lowest at 8.58. Consistently, treatment 1 on replication tree (3) depicts the number of developed mushroom from mycelia growth in the growing bags at the most eminent. The lowest number of developed mushroom from the pinheads counted was found in replication four (4), the substrate that was soaked for 24 hours. Analysis of variance shows significant effects. Treatment 1 (one) was heavy with a mean weight of 127 gm., while scalded substrate (T3) was lowest at 112.47 cm. It was discovered that the great weight of mushroom was found in treatment 2 (two) of replication tree (3). The Result of the pasteurization method indicates that the substrate that was pasteurized for longer hour was better; however, when the pasteurization period was shortened, soaked and scalded, there was an effect on the weight of mushroom harvested.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

EFFECT OF BIOFERTILIZERS ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ONION (ALLIUM FISTOLOSUM) ON PLANTING DISTANCES

Jameson Lopez Monica P. Sinumlag Geraldine Mandate Brenda Lumines

ABSTRACT

A Randomized Complete Block Design in Factorial lay-out was used to the Bioorganic fertilizers (fermented banana and KASC compost) and distance of planting. Banana bioferment at distance 10 cm x 15 cm was the tallest followed by distance 30x10 second and the shortest was 10 x 20 cm,however no significant difference was noted on fertilizers used and distances of plant made.Organic fertilizer was better at 10 x 30 followed by 10 x 20 and 10 x 15 distances respectively. Distance 20 x 10 had the most number of slips for banana bioferment and in the organic fertilizer,distance 30 x 10 was the highest,no significant difference was noted on fertilizers used and distances of plant made.Weight of sample plant at maturity was high in distance 3 of banana Bioferment while organic fertilizer was better at distance 2(20 x 10, no significant difference was noted on fertilizers used and distances of plant made.Yield per plot was better at distance 10 x 15 was better for banana bioferment while the used of organic was better in the distance of plant 10 x 15 also, no significant difference was noted on fertilizers used and distances of plant made. Application of banana biofertilizer at distance 10 x 15 is recommended for plot yield but for quality of the onion, distance 10 x 30 is recommended

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

THE ADAPTABILITY OF THYSANOLAENA MAXIMA (TIGER GRASS) TO MICROCLIMATIC CHANGES

Leah D. Bartolome Tules P. Banwa

ABSTRACT

Thysanolaena Maxima (Talagajew) is one of the widely cultivated grass species in the uplands of the cordillera Region. This study determined the microclimatic properties of the sites, the survival time of T.Maxima, the length of the stem of T. Maxima and the number of shoots produced by T.Maxima in adapting to microclimatic changes. The complete Randomized Design was adopted in this study with the soil sources placed in different elevation as treatment with 6 replications. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the different treatments and elevation while Least Significance Difference was used to compare significantly the different mean. The results revealed that T. Maxima that grows in the potted lowland and upland soils showed no significant difference in terms of survival time and number of shoots produced. However, the length of stem planted in upland soils are significantly longer than that of lowland soils. T.Maxima grows in areas with varied temperature, elevation and with different soil contents. These remarkable adaptability of T.Maxima has a great advantage as an alternative source of livelihood.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

OBJECT OF MEMORY: SHAPES AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE IN THE KALINGA HEIRLOOM BEADS

Lalin A.Tuguic Sanyata B. Luminte

ABSTRACT

The word bead comes from the word “bidden,” an Anglo-Saxon word meaning “to pray” or from the word “bede” which also means “prayer.”Kalinga Heirloom Beads (bongey) are intriguing cultural items of beauty and bead(bongol in ) Kalinga is a phenomenally rich medium for creating mathematical arts; thus, this paper was primarily conceived to provide better understanding of the characteristics of Kalinga heirloom beads as to the color,shape and size, its uses and traditional value, and its socio-cultural significant role The study employed the descriptive ethnographic approach, unstructured interviews and documentary analysis of the different designs of Kalinga heirloom beads .The study revealed that the heirloom beads of Ikalinga possess different shapes, size and colors in one bead formation but some are simple and plane. Beads are use by Kalinga men and women in different ways. The use of beads are not just anything necessary to human existence but to make more things becoming, fitting, uplifting, as well as bringing a different dimension to human experience.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

EARTHENWARE: THE ART OF TRADITIONAL POTTERY OF PASIL KALINGA

Lalin Abbacan-Tuguic Raymar M. Galinggan

ABSTRACT

Pottery is a traditional craft of the local tribes in Pasi,l Kalinga. Clay is the most important and earth’s most abundant raw materials .The study was designed to document, notate the recognized indigenous tools or materials used, and the traditional procedures in Kalinga pottery; recognize the uses of the of the pots and the designs in earthenware; and determine the implication of pottery in the life of the people of Pasil. The study employed the descriptive approach to gather relevant information, unstructured interviews and documentary analysis of the different designs of traditional pottery of the Ikalinga. The study revealed that Potters of Pasil use natural and locally available raw materials and indigenous tools and with the use of the bare hand in doing the said craft; the globular form is multi- functional but the transformations or modification in ceramic patterns is not a major deviation from the conventional pot; The new designs and craft are known as ay ay-ayam- they are the embodiment of individual creativity to serve other forms and functions.; ottery depicts the type of living and the kind of environment people have in Pasil, Kalinga and redesigning and technical adaptation of traditional pottery has marked a major improvement in the life of the community at large, while at the same time, empowering men and women in creating opportunities for income generation.

KSU Research Journal 2015 Vol. XII No. 1

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: UPHOLDING TRADITION THROUGH MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF ARTISTRY IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF KALINGA HOUSES

Lalin Abbacan-Tuguic Nino Wangiwang

ABSTRACT

Kalinga indigenous house construction is one of the most well-liked ethnic structural designs for having make use of traditional system of construction that is more multipart than its seeming simplicity. The research set out to attain such intention, to visit and document the details on traditional houses for comparison as to the following areas: structural framework that make the various parts of the house, manifestation of mathematical concepts in planning and assembly of the pre-fabricated and nail-free individual parts, types and quality of materials used ; describe the layered structure and the functionality of space of the folk architectural design; and identify the socio-cultural values attached to the house. The research is descriptive narrative type and were supported by documentation and personal interviews with the indigenous knowledge holders The study discloses that, the way of life of occupants is of great influence on vernacular house forms. The Kalinga traditional most vital feature that evokes artistic expression in construction is its suitability to the ecology of the place. The Kalinga ancestors may not have acquired a particular education in engineering and architecture, but closer examination of the structure reveals that indigenous carpenters clearly understand and apply principles in construction that give beauty and durability to a building such as balance, proportion, synchronization, space, and among others and built environment, spaces, and the activities of people are inter-related and inseparable.