Available Online at www.ijcrr.in Research International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review CrossRef DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383

ISSN 0976 – 4852 December, 2017|Volume 08|Issue 12|

Section: Engineering and Technology

A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business

Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida1, Rui Pedro Manita d’Antas Marques Batista1, Sandra Isabel Correia Gomes1, Pedro Manuel Nogueira Reis*1, Joaquim Gonçalves Antunes

1Polytechnic Institute of Viseu *Corresponding author: Received 2017-10-05; Accepted 2017-11-26

Abstract: The aim of this article is to provide a business case analysis of educational, pedagogical and biological farm incorporation in the center of Portugal (Penalva do Castelo) taking advantage of all its income potentialities. We conduct a quite large survey (413questionnaires) over two segments of population: random people and teaching community as a potential indirect channel of customers (the schools)to appraise the market opportunity. We applied descriptive analysis, where we used absolute and relative frequency, mean and standard deviation values; inferential analysis, where we used the unilateral, non-parametric Mann-Whitney test (M-W); Factor Analysis; and Structural Equations Model to reach conclusions about the motives of visiting a Pedagogical farm as well about the potential clients‟ features and, consequently, derive about the acceptance of the project. With an area of 173,078 sqm, the educational project of” Pedagogical Farm-The Owl” is based mainly on five services: education, animation, training, health and agriculture, designated by the programs: "The Owl teaches", "The Owl animates", "The Owl trains", “Health Owl” and “The farmer Owl”. The relationship between people's lifestyles and their potential interest in practicing activities related to Pedagogical Farms is also addressed in this study where we conclude that lifestyle influences the motivations to visit a pedagogical farm. This study further provides strong evidence for the acceptance and implementation of the project since it is proved to be viable and profitable with a payback period of 4 years. This project at the end of the second year of activity, with the results obtained, will also allow to expand the business through the creation of residential tourism, although this line of business isn´t studied in detail. Keywords: pedagogical, educational, biological, farm.

1. Introduction: With an area of 173,078 sqm, "Pedagogical Farm- and a vast area of forest, give it unparalleled The Owl“" will be located in Matela-Penalva do conditions to become a farm leader in teaching, Castelo, Portugal, and consists of a dwelling, protecting, caring and discovering nature. The several annexes, 2 stone ovens, vineyard, well with educational project of "Pedagogical Farm-The Owl" spring, reserve water tank for irrigation of gardens is based mainly on five services: education, International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20356 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business animation, training, health and agriculture, harmonize the knowledge of the grandparents with designated by the programs: "Owl teaches", "Owl grandchildren). animates", "Owl trains", “Heath Owl” and “The “Owl trains” consists in several programs to farmer Owl”. In the package "Owl teaches", we can essentially fill the weekends. These will be provide the following services: presented according to the opportunities and themes - At the discovery of the farm - it is possible to visit that may be requested, through workshops, seminars all the spaces of the farm (with a map), including all and training sessions. In this service "Pedagogical the animals, plants and observe and participate in farm The Owl" promotes the events, leases the the work of the biological garden, an experience space for hours, or days, while the necessary and an incentive to greater environmental material is the responsibility of the trainer, being responsibility. able by previous contract the farm provide the - Life on the farm – observes and lives with the necessary material. Payment by the participants will various animals‟ species (donkey, pony, cow, sheep, be made directly to the trainer. The room for the goats, pigs, rabbits, birds etc.). It is possible to workshops / training / colloquiums has a capacity of brush, feast, feed an animal, touch the wool of a 20 trainees. The room is equipped with white board, sheep, and mount a pony or take a donkey ride. projector, screen and have internet via wireless - Bread cycle - in these activity children and other network. The kitchen of the house is equipped with users become true bakers. In simplified way appliances and furniture where workshops can be students will learn the process of baking, from the held with a capacity of up to 5 students. sowing of cereals to the confection of bread, ending Through the service "Heath Owl", the farm aims to with a tasty tasting. Depending of the time of the develop activities for health and well-being, year it will be possible to sow, mow and defoliate suggesting to its visitors the following programs: maize; daily, weekly or monthly yoga practice; daily, - Food / fruit of the time of the year - With this weekly or monthly reiki practice. activity the farm intends to inform the children Throughout “The farmer Owl” the company provide about the origin of the food and to sensitize them to service of leisure and learning, with a strong socio the importance of a healthy diet. Includes dynamics cultural potential and for a good quality of life of its in the garden, namely: sowing, watering, harvesting users, through the following offers: Plot of land of and savoring the fruit of the time; 200 sqm where the user pays a monthly or annual - Thematic weeks - with activities on the theme of rent and can handle his lot or request the farm the week like healthy eating week; tree week; land services; sponsorship of a fruit tree (the user owns week; child's week; the tree while paying the rent and collects all the - Peddy-paper - In this fascinating adventure on the fruit); animals (this service offers the public an farm, grouped children have to answer questions animal shelter, to have the animal that they cannot and jokes during a course of the farm. In this have at home. The client can choose to treat and activity the group knows all the points of interest of care for the animal or the farm provide these the farm addressing topics explored in the services. The farm offers the veterinarian's regular classroom. In this product the public can visit the visits). ethnographic museum of the farm, take a wagon The farm will also sell Organic Products. The farm ride / buggy in the resident donkey or pony and has 15,000 sqm of lands for the production of choose two of the activities offered by the farm. organic products (carrots, lettuce, onions, cabbage, Considering "Owl animates”, this program aims to courgette, spinach, peas, fava beans, potatoes, fill some gaps created with the introduction of pumpkin, leeks, garlic and beans) for sale in the technology in our lives, changing the habits of life. farm directly to the consumer or to the retailer and We intend to foster the continuity of the corn crop for the agricultural activities and the interpersonal relationship from the youngest to the consumption of the animals. The 30,000 sqm of most adult, thus offering the choice of the following vineyard that the farm owns is for the sale of grapes activities: children's birthday parties; school to a cooperative. The farm will sale of live animals holidays (during school breaks during Carnival, (cow, pig, sheep, chicken, duck, and rabbit) to the Easter and Summer); leisure time occupation, for final consumer or for resale. periods of mornings, afternoons or weekends; rural The farm will have an Ethnographic Museum activities; outside cinema; grandparents' day (to providing visitors with an open space for dialogue, knowledge, culture and information; presents a International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20357 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business permanent exhibition of farming objects, tradition of the first pedagogical farms. About 19% agricultural implements, objects related to flax of the pedagogical farms also carries out sporting culture and portrays the professions of carpenter, activities, in addition to exploring the spaces that basket maker, blacksmith, cobbler and baker. The contain heritage with historical and ethnographic farm has ready for cut, 30,000 sqm of pine forest, interest, with an identical proportion in the work 40,000 sqm of eucalyptus trees, 20,000 sqm of oak with the arts and crafts (Eira, 2013). trees. In the first year of activity, "Pedagogical farm In order to appraise the cultural and economic The Owl" will sell all these trees. Of the free space, viability of a Pedagogical, Educational and about 20,000 sqm will be used for the parking and Biological farm in the center of Portugal capable of concierge of the farm, and the remaining remain as render a full scope of services even more detailed forest space. than the competitors in the west coast, we conduct a Approximately 15,000 sqm of land will be used for survey for the implementation of” Pedagogical certified organic production, intended for direct sale Farm The Owl”, between March and April 2017 to the consumer or to retailers on the farm. The that reveals the interest in pedagogical farms by the objective of this business is to respond to the needs general population and teachers. The surveys were evidenced by the population of the central zone of carried out through two questionnaires, one for each the country: environmental preservation, sustainable population sample. The sample consists of 276 development, the importance of activities with validated surveys of the general population and 137 children in the use of natural resources, alternative of the teaching population. We address questions therapies, healthy activities using animals and related with the motives for visiting and interacting plants and the concern to practice quality food, with a Pedagogical Farm, as well as questions among others. related with prices, life style, target market, Pedagogical farms emerged as educational biological products consumption. The survey responses, an appeal of the modern population to considered its dimension allowed us to conclude for rural life. These socio-educational spaces are recent a huge demand for all the services rendered by the in our country; the first to be incorporated was the Farm. This is not a traditional business but for Pedagogical farm from Oliva is, managed by the certain is an innovative approach to the population Lisbon City Council, and was inaugurated on April needs with a big market to explore. 16th, 1996. At the beginning of the activity of "Pedagogical The proliferation of these Farms is associated with farm The Owl", it will be necessary to acquire some the growth of the urban environment, the motivation equipment, animals, diverse machinery, as well as of the children to know the country life, and the build and restructure some buildings. In order to inherent curiosity in knowing how food is produced, finance the company, it will use its own capital and to see, touch and feel the smell of the animals that debt. The company may also make timely use of only know from the cartoons, and participating in cash to meet short-term borrowing requirements. the rural activities that takes them from the seed to All the trees in the forest will be sold, generating an the bread with butter. The new generations have immediate income and thus freeing 20,000 sqm for shown an increasing interest in these natural spaces the creation of the parking lot and the farmhouse's in order to learn and work in the garden, to make porterhouse. bread, to participate in grape harvesting, or just to 2. Background: relax. They are now found in Portugal from north to south from east to west, about 40 but located mostly It has been a concern of the Portuguese next the seaside (Eira, 2013). municipalities to give prestige to their lands in Almost all pedagogical farms carry out activities terms of heritage and culture, betting on cultural with live domestic animals, an activity that is tourism, with initiatives in the field of sports, predominant (in the totality of Farms), followed by adventure and landscape. Some municipalities are activities with plants (89.6% of Farms), which also already owners of farms, which they have reflects the nature of any Farms as an area of transformed into pedagogical spaces, or even agricultural production. The third type of activities museums, with the purpose of preserving the carried out in most of the pedagogical farms is memory of the old agricultural activities, through activities with foods of agricultural origin (60.4% of the utensils, equipment and tools once used by the the existing farms), clearly surpassing agricultural populations and that are living testimonies of a time and forestry activities, which seems to be a remnant and space and a culture of identity. International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20358 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business „Education‟ in a very simple meaning, is the In a study by Monaghan et al. (2015), pedagogical „understanding of life, materials and livelihood‟. farms have gained popularity but are often costly. It Furthermore, it may be mentioned that various is then important that they be used effectively. This subjects i.e. science, social science, languages, study presents some reasons why teachers use mathematics, geography, etc. are interwoven, and pedagogical farms in the teaching-learning process, be taught in an integrated way around some what their objectives are and how they integrate the concrete experience that a child has, and not in pedagogical farms in the curriculum. The study was isolation or as abstract thing (Yasin, 2013). conducted to teachers through an interview on six There is an increasing interest in the role that topics, of which the following stand out: (i) how the schools can play in promoting education for farm is used and, (ii) goals and objectives, sustainable development, and evidence is emerging representing fifteen institutions in the United States that schools can be influential in the emerging of America. According to the authors, teachers agenda around the ecological, ethical and social often say that they use pedagogical farms to provide aspects of food, diet and nutrition (Weitkamp et al., experiential learning to students through 2013). opportunities in a "learning by doing" methodology. According to Jolly (2005), agricultural and on-farm Although the theory of experimental learning nature tourism can be characterized as businesses suggests that students learn best when they are led by farmers on their working agricultural actively involved in subjects relevant to their operations for the enjoyment and education of personal interests, this teaching-learning process visitors. Agricultural and nature tourism present the involves much more than the simple practical potential to generate increased on-farm revenues application of techniques or skills. The result was a and farm increase profitability. The author gives the typology of the roles of pedagogical farms: example of California where agricultural and on- Enhancement role, Competency role, Management farm nature tourism has increased in popularity, in role and Foundation role.In the role of both supply and demand. The main motivations in Improvement, the pedagogical farm offers his study of motivations for visiting an educational complementary activities to a course mainly based farm were: buy fresh/homemade products, in the classroom. Faculty members usually want to educational, farm activities, nature, buy from achieve apprenticeship levels at farm, but the role farmer, visit friends/family, vacation/ and fits a wide range of learning outcomes. The relaxation. pedagogical farm, in the role of competence, serves Eira (2013) defends that in the United States, the fundamentally as a replica of an operational farm. United Kingdom and other northern European The learning outcomes highlight the technical skills countries, agriculture-environmental education of required for employment in agriculture. Teachers urban populations has been sought on farms located use the pedagogical farm as a critical component in in rural areas, especially in the context of formal the curriculum, often requiring a long and intense education, good examples are the state programs effort on the part of the students. In the role of "Farming and countryside education" in the United Management, pedagogical farm is a critical Kingdom and "The farm as a pedagogical resource" component to allow students to explore complex in Norway, or the international network "Farm- concepts that deal with the social, economic and based Education Association" , more than 700 environmental aspects of agriculture. Students' farms with pedagogic value. learning outcomes focus on higher cognitive In France, the pedagogical farms- "fermme abilities, such as analysis, assessment and, in some pédagogique" -are educational responses regulated cases, creation. Faculty members want students to jointly by the ministries of education, agriculture, identify problems and present potential solutions, as environment and spatial planning and youth and in the case of the role of competence, but the sport, comprising two types: "animation farms" and importance of learning discovery is much greater. In "agricultural holdings", the first dedicated the role of the Foundation, the pedagogical farm educational spaces, located mainly in urban and serves as the meeting point or organization for a peri-urban areas and the second, as productive holistic educational approach that focuses on giving agricultural units that frame educational services the student a foundation for their life career and provided in a multifunctional management of agri- personal development. The role of the farm is not environmental resources. particularly necessary to teach students about agriculture, or how to run a farm. Instead, the International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20359 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business pedagogic farm becomes the place of the teacher for relationships between environmental quality, social personal and professional development for students. welfare, and economic productivity that are at the The notion of multi functionality of agriculture heart of education for sustainable agriculture. The emerges as a new way of thinking about agriculture, ongoing use of pedagogic farms as a learning which starts to perform other functions in addition process should include a discussion of the desired to the primary production of food and raw materials level of student learning outcomes and the role of (Klein & Souza, 2013; Ohe, 2011). This feature the farm in preparing students to be good citizens, allows to put on scene other potential agricultural critical thinkers, and successful professionals. activities which until recently were not valued by In a work of Whitman (1902), the author stated for society. In this context, we highlight the one of the first times the important role of pedagogical rural tourism, characterized as a set of biological farms. The author says that the problems educational activities performed within the farm, of heredity, variation, adaptation and evolution which uses as teaching resource the agricultural cannot be wholly settled in the laboratory. Vital activities and natural resources found there (Klein processes known present in living organisms- & Souza, 2013). processes that are slow and cumulative in its effects A realization that societies need to move toward give origin to development, growth, species, habits, more sustainable lifestyles was very studied. This and intelligence can only be caught in the field, like need to address global environmental and social the pond, the sea, the island, where the forms problems sparked an interest in developing studied can be kept under natural conditions. That‟s approaches to address a perceived disconnect why biological farms can recreate the original between young people and the environment and to conditions and thus lead to better studies and help young people develop the skills and interest in comprehension of living organism‟s reality. participating in local and global decision making. In the omnipresent learning context, such as new Realizing the importance of environmental and learning affordances, the design of learning related social issues, schools have begun to adopt activities that moves outside the classroom is approaches to support pupil learning about becoming a well-established teaching practice as it environmental and sustainable development seems to promote significant learning through direct (Weitkamp et al., 2013). experience (Braund & Reiss, 2006). Science According to Monaghan et al. (2015), many learning places as museums, science centers, zoos teachers use terms like "practical learning" and and botanic gardens (Amos& Reiss, 2006) or "experiential learning" as if they were synonyms. pedagogical farms can be considered in a within a They also found that faculty members generally well-structured teaching program, as these places affirm learning objectives related to the use of can promote learning of specific topics, particularly pedagogic farms that reflect limited or low scientific subjects. cognitive levels. In their descriptions of how and New occasions occur in out-of-school environments what they teach versus what they actually expect because activities are less inhibited by school bells, students to do they suggest that this may be a times and spaces. Work can be more extensive and problem of expression rather than content. This is exhaustive and encourage more autonomy for particularly true for teachers who use teaching learners. There are chances for learners to take farms in the exploration and foundation roles. responsibility for themselves and others, by Teachers who use farms for the role of competence working in teams and for active consideration of the tend to focus on the cognitive level of the environment (Pace et al., 2014). application and often seem to confuse this level But, not only advantages arise form a pedagogical with analysis and evaluation or even create. farm. One of the downsides of a pedagogical farm is Teachers also emphasize professional skills like the potential to contamination of animal diseases to communication, responsibility and time humans as stated by Tissot-Dupon et al. (2005) in a management as the desired outcomes of the case of a Q fever contamination. Such farms are course.These farms offer extraordinary visited by people who would not have any other opportunities to provide students with rich and contact with farm animals. These farms require a varied learning experiences, teach basic scientific drastic hygiene and control to avoid individual research principles, and challenge students to behavioral risk factors. address complex issues. They are particularly appropriate to help students address the complex International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20360 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business 3. The Project: discovering and living the bread, sweet and butter The pedagogical farms in Portugal appeared to offer routes; 8) The Pedagogical Farm of Portimão - this the general public and, in particular, children, farm, which is open to various kinds of learning, agricultural activities and rural life. Thus, across the provides the public with the bread cycle, feeding the country generous pedagogues have emerged animals or thematic activities such as milking and seeking to respond to the little knowledge that cheese making, confectionery for cakes and sweets, children have about life in the field and how the as well as the practice of traditional crafts. food that comes to their tables is produced. As we can see agricultural production systems are Participation in agricultural activities, rather than an inherently not homogeneous, but vary in terms of act of learning, are real moments of fun that remain productivity and impacts on the environment forever in the memory. In this way, we find from (Yiridoe et al., 2010).Agriculture remains one of the North to South several Pedagogical Farms. The dominant activities in rural areas all over the most relevant are: 1) The Quinta dos Pentieiros in European Union, not only in respect of utilization of Ponte de Lima- In this pedagogical farm, we can land but also for its impact on landscapes. observe, for the youngest, daily life in a rural Agriculture operates within complex systems and is environment, at the same time allows a direct multifunctional in its nature (Todorova & Ikova, approach with the daily experiences of a northern 2014). side farm; 2) The Lavandeira Park in Oliveira do The agricultural activity is today one of the most Douro, Greater Porto - With a size of 11 acres, it important sectors of the Municipality of Penalva do provides several leisure areas, namely pedestrian Castelo, Viseu district, Center of Portugal. A paths, snack areas and theme gardens, handicraft traditional agriculture prevails; however, some fairs and yoga activities, among others; 3) The innovations are verified, mainly in the wine sector, Pedagogical Farm of Aveiro - comprising 4 acres, activity that already is of business character. Due to it offers programs from the preschool, adapting to the soil of granite nature and an aggressive climate, the different times of the year. With proposed but with Mediterranean characteristics, excellent activities for the whole family where you can go products such as the apple of Esmolfe and the horse riding / pony, treat animals, learn to work in famous Dão wine are grown in this region. These the garden, collect honey or produce bread; 4) The products are internationally recognized. Pastoralism Quinta da Maunça in the city of Guarda -this farm is also a relevant activity in this county, especially focuses its attention on the recovery of ancestral artisanal cheese production, since it belongs to the forms of agriculture as a demonstration of the Demarcated Region of the Serra da Estrela Cheese. possibility of producing quality food without the Every year, two major events are organized around use of pesticides. It has spaces dedicated to these activities: the Esmolfe Fair in October, and experiences, a greenhouse, wild garden and a picnic the "Serra da Estrela Sheep and Cheese Fair" in park; 5) The Pedagogical Farm of Cuco in Porto de February. There is some industrial diversity, small Mós - with agriculture in a sustainable and and medium-sized companies, linked to the biological way, with 2 acres, it is located in the extraction of natural resources such as granite, Natural Park of the Sierras de Aire and Candeeiros, wood and resin and, more seasonally, activities with activities of horticulture, feeding of animals, associated with wine or olive processing. There are production of bread, cheese and honey and also companies related to construction, carpentry, harvesting and drying of aromatic herbs; 6) The blacksmithing, carpentry, scattered throughout the Pedagogical Farm Armando Villar – Cascais - On county, these being the ones that create more jobs. this farm we can observe and interact with chickens, The textile industry is also present in this county, ducks, turkeys, geese, a donkey from Miranda, a providing some jobs, especially women. In the Merino sheep, pigs or goats. It includes a biological municipality there was also developed some artisan garden, served by a traditional irrigation system. activity connected to the basketry, with brown, oak We can still find orchards, herbal gardens or an and wicker wick. In the commerce predominate the operational windmill; 7) The Pedagogical farm of cafes and the restaurants, that are distributed by all the county. On Fridays, it's the municipal fair day. Olivais in Lisbon - since 1996 there are 2 acres where children can experience the farm's daily The county seat has a set of public and private activities such as farming, vegetable gardens and bodies that provide services to the population in orchards, handling domestic animals, composting, several areas: health, education, central and local administration, social assistance and private International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20361 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business consumption. In the social area there are three Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 and Regulation (EC) nursing homes. Some of these structures also No 889/2008. provide childcare services, both in the family The educational project of Pedagogical farm The support component and in the provision of leisure Owlis essentially structured into five services: spaces.Sport and culture are practiced in this region education, animation, training, health and by a group of associations distributed throughout agriculture. the county. The children and young people of this The target market will be educational county can also be part of the National Listening establishments (public and private), with special Body with headquarters in Ínsua, and the Young emphasis on the 1st and 2nd cycles of basic Convivial Movement of the core of the Dão area. education; teachers / educators; families and groups; The "Pedagogical Farm The Owl" will be a limited children, young people and adults; physicians; liability company incorporated in Matela-Penalva nurses; other health professionals and Institutions of do Castelo. This farm with 176,078 sqm, has a solidarity. house with 2 stone ovens, 30,000 sqm of vineyard, In the company's strategy to achieve competitive 1 well with spring, electric pump for irrigation advantages, we will operate in a market (children, system, reserve tank with capacity for 20,000 Liters, youth and adults) that is still little explored in our 30,000 sqm of pine forest, 40,000 sqm of geographical area, through the diversification, that eucalyptus, 20,000 sqm of oaks and 25,000 sqm of is, through the development of new services for new cultivated land, 2 annexes, public water, sanitation markets. With the strategy of differentiation, we and electricity. The villa has a covered area of 420 will bet on superior quality, where customers will sqm, distributed by the lower floor by an entrance have a truly perceived and appreciated benefit. The hall, two bathrooms, a kitchen, 4 large spaces and a concern to add value should exceed expectations; large space on the upper floor. This pleasant rural the team should be highly prepared and well space aims to bring together a set of playful remunerated. Only in this way we will achieve activities for all age groups. It is divided by superior performance over our competitors. different areas: vegetable gardens, forest, picnic 4. Sample, Data and Methodology: spaces, animal spaces, and events space inside and outside the farmhouse. The market study presented here has as main The donkey and the owl will be fixed inhabitants of objective to help in the feasibility study of a the farm. The first to be animal rooted in traditional Pedagogical Farm, located in the central zone of Portuguese culture and it will be one of the main Portugal, more concretely in Penalva do Castelo, in attractions for visitors, who can enjoy walks on the the Dão-Lafões region. The study was carried out farm. The second, for being the symbol created for based on the information contained in the surveys, the identity of this project. The company will have a which allowed to know the opinion of the people share capital of 180,000 euros. The Farm‟s aim is to about the degree of receptivity to the business to be promote a taste for contact with nature, near implemented and the aspects and values that they animals, agriculture and the sensations that flow consider fundamental. Thus, with this data it will be from it. It will also want to privilege customs and possible not only to know the interest and customs through teachings and traditions, to preferences of the general public, but also to draw a contribute to school programs and personal generic profile regarding the target audience of this development. The Mission is to become a Farm business. The survey was conducted between March leader in teaching, protecting, caring and and April 2017 to reveal the interest in pedagogical discovering nature. The company Values will be: farms by the general population and teachers. The respect: respect people, animals and nature; surveys were carried out through two responsibility: ensure the day-to-day commitments questionnaires, one for each population sample. The made; Always comply: sympathy: understanding sample consists of 276 validated surveys of the the client; interaction: working as a team, with general population and 137 of the teaching individual and group success; results: develop the population. The Statistical Package for Social business with profitability; innovation: Explore new Sciences (SPSS, version 21.0) was used for the ideas and solutions and create the future. treatment of the collected data. The data were The "Pedagogical farm The Owl" shall comply with treated according to different analysis procedures: all requirements relating to organic production and Descriptive analysis, where we used absolute (n), labeling of organic products in accordance with relative frequency (%), mean ̅ and standard International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20362 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business deviation (± s) values; inferential analysis, where the Teacher‟s sample and financial viability of the we used the unilateral, non-parametric Mann- project. Whitney test (M-W); Factor Analysis; and 5.1 Sample of the general population: Structural Equations Model. The sample of the general population consisted of We begin by analyzing the respondents' lifestyle 276 individuals, of which 175 (63.4%) were female through a set of 13 items related to eating habits and and 101 (36.6%) were male. Regarding the place of healthy practices. A 5-point likert scale was used residence, the respondents live in the districts of where they could respond from 1 - never to 5 - Viseu - 271 (98.19%), Guarda - 3 (1.09%) and many times. Aveiro - 2 (0.72%). From the Viseu district, the The results show that regarding the lifestyle of the majority belong to the municipalities of Viseu - 108 respondents we observed that most of them, 108 (39.13%), Sátão - 42 (15.22%), Mangualde - 39 (39.1%) do not usually prepare a food diary and 65 (14.13%) and Penalva do Castelo - 37 (13, (23.6%) rarely do so. Although the registration is 41%).Regarding the age of the individuals, they are not carried out, we can say that more than 50% of divided into six classes, where they are more respondents are concerned with the preparation of a concentrated in the ages between 31 and 50 years - careful diet, proven to set weekly goals for a healthy 172 (62.32%).The individuals regarding their life, organizing their daily routine, concern about gender, we have 175 (63.4%) that are women and the effect of food, among others. Following this 101 (36.6%) men. Regarding the academic desire, respondents are careful to keep themselves qualifications, we observed that 13 (4.7%) of the informed about what to eat, bothering about eating individuals have Basic Education, 120 (43.5%) fruits (216 (78.3%)) and vegetables (209 (75.7%)) Secondary Education and, most of them, 143 regularly and often. Parallel to the food care shown, (51.8%) Higher Education. As far as marital status the same is observed, the interest in the practice of is concerned, the majority are married, 148 (53.6%) physical exercise attested in the preference to wash and unmarried are 90 (32.6%).Of the 276 the car itself instead of taking it to a washing respondents, 185 (67%) have children and 91 (33%) service. It should be noted that only 13% of the do not have children. respondents responded by practicing alternative Regarding the sample of teachers interviewed - therapies, although 48.2% were clearly concerned 147,the individuals are distributed in 13 with the development of anxiety and stress. municipalities, the majority of which are Sátão 41 However, 193 (69.9%) of the individuals testified (27.9%) and 37 (25.2%) from Viseu. Regarding the the care in improving their self-esteem. recruitment group, the respondents are divided into Next, an exploratory factorial analysis of the main nineteen groups, with the majority of them in Early components was performed on this set of items, Childhood Education and Teachers of the 1st Cycle obtaining 4 factors, which explain, 61.772% of the of Basic Education (1st CEB), 46 (31.3%) and 48 variance. Only items with a loading greater than 0.5 (32.7% %), respectively. Teachers interviewed on were considered. In this case all are considered. We average have 2.17 classes. Of the 147 respondents, verified whether the data obtained were adequate 2.7% have as many as nine students, 67.3% have for the above-mentioned analysis. Both Bartlet‟s between 10 and 26 students, and 30% have more Sphericity Test (1034.203; p<0.000) and the index than 26 students in their classes. of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (0.811) showed good adequacy of the data for the main components 5. Results: analysis. To favor the interpretation of the factors, As mentioned above, the study was based on two Varimaxrotation was used, which is a standard distinct samples: the potential random clients of the procedure in similar investigations (González- pedagogical farm and the primary and secondary González, et al. (2015). school teachers. Thus, in relation to the first The main components final analysis shows the questionnaire, related to the sample of the general existence of 4 factors that explain 61,772% of the population, the results are in the next section. total variance, which can be considered acceptable, Afterwards, we analyze the results of concerning thus indicating a good summary of the 13 items (Table)

International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20363 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business Table 1 – Factor analysis of items related of lifestyle of the respondents Factor Itens Factor Variance Loading Explained Food Habits I eat vegetables regularly ,793 21,664 I eat fruits regularly ,772 I care about the effect of food ,643 I like to test new culinary recipes ,598 I follow an healthy diet ,584 I organize my daily routine ,551 I keep myself informed about what to eat Healthy Planning I usually prepare a food diary ,870 14,697 I draw weekly goals for healthy living ,784 Wellness and self- I worry in reducing anxiety and stress ,836 13,277 esteem I care about improving my self-esteem ,747 I practice alternative therapies ,552 Concern about I see physical exercise as a priority ,758 12,134 physical activity I prefer to wash my car to take it to a cleaning ,734 service

We also asked about the type of activities that were 33.6%. However, the preference of the respondents used to practice with some frequency, in a 5-point is directly to the producer with 61.6% of the Likert slave. We found that in the case of hunting, choices. Accordingly, we found that 19.2% of the 266 (96.4%) of the respondents do not practice this respondents showed interest in renting one or more activity, an overwhelming majority. The same lots of 200 sqm/ each, of which 45.3% are willing to happens with photography, where only 44 (15.9%) pay the monthly rent of each lot from 11 to 15 euros do it more regularly. In the observation of nature and 35.8% up to 10 euros. Regarding the distance to and pedestrian walks, respondents mostly only which they are willing to travel to the lot, 26.4% is practice sporadically, 119 (43.1%) and 104 (37.7%) arranged up to 5km, while the majority, 62.3% is respectively. As for the workshops, the make-up is willing to travel 6 to 15 km. We also found that mostly not an activity attended, since 251 (91.1%) many respondents never visited a pedagogical farm of respondents never respond or rarely respond. (34.1%), however, 33.7% said they had visited two Similarly, there is a poor adherence to this type of or three times a pedagogical farm. training for the photography, cooking and wine Regarding the reasons for visiting a pedagogical workshop. In the case of aromatic and medicinal farm, according to the analysis of table 2, we found plants, although the same line is already observed, that 49.3%, 33%, 36.2% of the individuals referred there is a positive evolution with more respondents to contact with nature, rest and contact with animals attending this type of activity. As far as health and as being very important, respectively. It should be well-being are concerned, only 17 (6.1%) admit noted that in the case of School Holidays and participating in yoga sessions regularly / many Retirement, the individuals classified in the times and, for reiki sessions, only 13 individuals majority, as nothing important, 26.1% and 31.2% participate (4.7% of respondents on a regular basis respectively. /oftentimes. In the relationship between gender and the reasons From the 253 respondents who buy organic food, for visiting a pedagogical farm (Table 2), we we observe regarding supermarkets or observed that there are significant differences with hypermarkets, 30.4% buy regularly or often. In regard to: Contact with nature, Rest, School specialized stores we found a much lower holidays, Gardening and plants, Curiosity and percentage in the amount of 14.2%, already in fairs Family outing (pvalue≤0.05). or local markets the values evolve positively up to

International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20364 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business

Table 2 – Relationship between Gender and the reasons for visiting a pedagogical farm Scale(1 –Nothing important a 5 – Quite important Test M-W Gender

1 2 3 4 5 Mean Observed Pvalue Rank value F 1,7% 2,3% 13,1% 29,1% 53,7% 146,92 Contact with nature 7364,00 0,006 M 7,9% 3,0% 18,8% 28,7% 41,6% 123,91 F 5,7% 5,7% 22,9% 26,9% 38,9% 146,83 Rest 7380,50 0,009 M 7,9% 8,9% 25,7% 34,7% 22,8% 124,07 F 9,1% 9,7% 22,3% 32,0% 26,9% 139,29 Nature sports 8700,00 0,412 M 9,9% 6,9% 24,8% 34,7% 23,8% 137,14 F 14,9% 19,4% 22,9% 28,6% 14,3% 140,59 Children anniversaries 8472,00 0,279 M 14,9% 18,8% 31,7% 20,8% 13,9% 134,88 F 4,0% 10,3% 21,1% 29,1% 35,4% 138,50 Contact with animals 8837,00 0,500 M 8,9% 8,9% 16,8% 27,7% 37,6% 138,50 F 18,3% 13,1% 24,6% 23,4% 20,6% 136,46 Training in agriculture 8480,00 0,283 M 13,9% 14,9% 27,7% 18,8% 24,8% 142,04 F 24,6% 13,1% 24,0% 24,6% 13,7% 146,74 School vacation 7396,00 0,010 M 28,7% 30,7% 13,9% 15,8% 10,9% 124,23 F 12,6% 9,7% 22,3% 29,1% 26,3% 146,14 Caring for the garden and plants 7500,50 0,016 M 15,8% 19,8% 23,8% 18,8% 21,8% 125,26 F 4,6% 10,3% 34,3% 28,6% 22,3% 147,53 Curiosity 7257,50 0,005 M 9,9% 19,8% 31,7% 21,8% 16,8% 122,86 F 16,0% 16,0% 30,3% 18,3% 19,4% 139,60 Remembering childhood 8645,50 0,379 M 19,8% 17,8% 20,8% 22,8% 18,8% 136,60 F 3,4% 7,4% 25,1% 30,9% 33,1% 144,67 Family trip 7757,50 0,039 M 10,9% 8,9% 21,8% 33,7% 24,8% 127,81 F 32,0% 15,4% 25,7% 14,9% 12,0% 139,12 Retreat 8728,50 0,430 M 29,7% 26,7% 15,8% 11,9% 15,8% 137,42

An exploratory factorial analysis for this set of items, whether the data obtained were adequate for the related to the motivation to visit a pedagogical farm, above-mentioned analysis. Both Bartlet‟s Sphericity was developed in this work. Test (896.823; p<0.000) and the index of Kaiser- We obtain 2 factors, which explain, 55.064 % of the Meyer-Olkin (0.858) showed good adequacy of the variance. Only items with a loading greater than 0.5 data for the main components analysis. To favor the were considered which led to the elimination of two interpretation of the factors, Varimax rotation was of the items. We verified used (Table 3).

International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20365 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business Table 3 – Factor analysis of items related of motivations to visit a pedagogical farm Factor Itens Factor Variance Loading Explained Relax activities Curiosity ,756 27,596 Rest ,753 Contact with nature ,726 Family trip ,693 Remembering childhood ,516 Agricultural activities Training in agriculture ,760 27,468 Caring for the garden and plants ,752 School vacation ,714 Children anniversaries ,656 Contact with animals ,510

Next, we checked whether there was any In order to improve the adjustment of the model, relationship between the lifestyle of the respondents changes suggested by the software output and the type of motivations to attend a pedagogical (Modification Indices) were gradually introduced. farm. For this purpose we used the structural These suggested changes were new direct equations model. relationships between e1 and e2 and e21 and e22. The four lifestyle factors are considered exogenous These changes to the model have come to change or independent variables and the factors related to the results of the goodness of the adjustment the reasons for visiting a pedagogical farm are significantly, which is a standard procedure in considered as endogenous variables or dependent similar investigations (González-González, et al., variables. Figure 1 contains the final estimates. 2015).

Figure 1–Structural Model

International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20366 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business The results of the model presented are quite TLI (Tucker-Lewis Index). These indices are significant. The value of the Chi-Square is considered satisfactory when they are close to 1 acceptable (χ2=356.737 with df=193 and p=0.0000. (Arbuckle and Wothke, 1999). The RMSEA (Root The value of CMIN/DF = 1,848 is good (≤2, Mean Square Error of Approximation) presents a according Toban, & Sjahruddin, 2016). The value of 0.056, which is also considered satisfactory adjustment indices also present very satisfactory (≤0.08, according Toban, & Sjahruddin, 2016; Hair values with 0.911 for the CFI (Comparative Fit et al. 2010). The results of the model, are presented Index); 0.827 for the NFI (Normed Fit Index); 0.912 in Table 4. for the IFI (Incremental Fit Index); 0.893 for the

Table 4 - Standardized Regression Weights: Default model Estimate S.E. C.R. P Relax activities <---- Food Habits -1.067 .560 -1.904 .057 Relax activities <---- Healthy planning .010 .127 .076 .939 Relax activities <---- Wellness -.190 .366 -.518 .604 Relax activities <---- Physical activity 1.885 .626 3.013 .003 Agricultural activities <---- Food Habits -1.674 .997 -1.679 .093 Agricultural activities <---- Healthy planning .029 .160 .181 .857 Agricultural activities <---- Wellness -.091 .485 -.188 .851 Agricultural activities <---- Physical activity 2.545 1.167 2.182 .029 Goodness of Fit Statistics CFI = 0.911 χ2 = 356,737 NFI = 0.827 DF =193 IFI = 0.912 p = 0.000 TLI = 0.893 CMIN/DF= 1,848 RMSEA = 0.056

Analyzing these results we can conclude that have 2.17 (± 1.96) classes. Of the 147 respondents, lifestyle influences, in a way, the motivations to 2.7% have as many as nine students, 67.3% have visit a pedagogical farm. There was a significant between 10 and 26 students, and 30% have more relationship between Food Habits (p <0.10) and than 26 students in their classes. We observe that, Physical activity (p <0.05) for the Relax activities for the most part, regardless of whether it is the 1st, factor. There was also a significant relationship 2nd or 3rd Period, they choose to visit a between the Foods Habits factor (p <0.10) and the pedagogical farm. Of note is a slight acceptance to Physical activity factor (p <0.05) for the visit a pedagogical farm twice by teachers with their Agricultural activities factor. classes, in the 2nd or 3rd Period. As for the most acceptable price for teachers, it is noteworthy that 5.2 Concerning the Teacher’s sample: 53.1% consider up to € 2 and 27.2% identifies as Regarding the sample of teachers interviewed, the acceptable from € 2.5 to € 3. individuals are distributed in 13 municipalities, the majority of which are Sátão 41 (27.9%) and 37 5.3 Financial viability of the project: (25.2%) from Viseu. Regarding the recruitment Concerning the financial viability of the project and group, the respondents are divided into nineteen considering the income statement on Table 5and groups, with most of them in Early Childhood Table 6, a capex of 259 thousand euros, we reach a Education and Teachers of the 1st Cycle of Basic IRR of 19% for all of the investment and a 36% Education (1st CEB), 46 (31.3%) and 48 (32.7% IRR for equity investor. %), respectively. Teachers interviewed on average

International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20367 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business Table5– Income Statement 2018-2023

Item 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Sales/services rendered 52 243,98 € 96 651,36 € 149 853,72 € 152 850,79 € 155 907,81 € 157 246,32 €

Grants 11 375,64 €

Turnover 63 619,62 € 96 651,36 € 149 853,72 € 152 850,79 € 155 907,81 € 157 246,32 €

COGS 2 221,51 € 4 109,80 € 6 370,18 € 6 497,59 € 6 627,54 € 6 693,82 €

Other variable third part costs 1 284,36 € 1 219,11 € 1 222,15 € 1 225,19 € 1 228,23 € 1 231,27 €

Contribuition margin 60 113,75 € 91 322,46 € 142 261,38 € 145 128,02 € 148 052,04 € 149 321,24 €

Fixed costs 23 932,42 € 23 992,25 € 24 052,08 € 24 111,91 € 24 171,74 € 24 231,57 €

Gross profit 36 181,33 € 67 330,21 € 118 209,31 € 121 016,11 € 123 880,30 € 125 089,66 €

Labor costs 34 116,02 € 40 364,57 € 40 641,88 € 41 084,19 € 41 510,63 € 41 943,46 €

Notary costs 7 586,87 € 0,00 € 0,00 € 0,00 € 0,00 € 0,00 €

Other income 107 446,77 € 2 946,77 € 2 946,77 € 2 837,27 € 2 730,65 € 2 730,65 €

EBITDA 101 925,21 € 29 912,41 € 80 514,20 € 82 769,19 € 85 100,32 € 85 876,85 €

Depreciation and amortization 15 120,51 € 15 120,51 € 15 120,51 € 14 901,51 € 14 371,56 € 14 298,62 €

EBIT 86 804,70 € 14 791,90 € 65 393,68 € 67 867,67 € 70 728,75 € 71 578,23 €

Financial costs 0,00 € -3 086,63 € -2 653,26 € -2 041,24 € -1 491,75 € -889,43 €

EBT 86 804,70 € 11 705,27 € 62 740,42 € 65 826,44 € 69 237,01 € 70 688,80 €

Corporate taxes 18 228,99 € 2 458,11 € 13 175,49 € 13 823,55 € 14 539,77 € 14 844,65 €

Net income/profit 68 575,71 € 9 247,16 € 49 564,93 € 52 002,89 € 54 697,24 € 55 844,15 €

Table 6– Statement of cash flow:

Item 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Cash flow

(EBIT) x (1-IRC) 68 575,71 € 11 685,60 € 51 661,01 € 53 615,46 € 55 875,72 € 56 546,80 €

Depreciation and amortizatio 15 120,51 € 15 120,51 € 15 120,51 € 14 901,51 € 14 371,56 € 14 298,62 €

83 696,22 € 26 806,12 € 66 781,52 € 68 516,98 € 70 247,28 € 70 845,42 €

Investment in working capital 1 306,12 € -1 977,05 € -1 076,08 € -91,53 € -91,58 € -58,87 €

Capex -259 263,65 € 0,00 € 0,00 € 0,00 € 0,00 € 0,00 €

Free cash-flow 82 390,11 € 28 783,16 € 67 857,60 € 68 608,50 € 70 338,85 € 70 904,29 €

CASHFLOW accumulated -176 873,54 € -148 090,38 € -80 232,78 € -11 624,28 € 58 714,58 € 129 618,87 €

International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue. 12, Page no: TC 20356-20370 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/383 Page | 20368 Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida et al. A Pedagogical, Educational and Biological Farm as a New Line of Profitable Business

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