Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(4): 1011-1028

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 4 (2015) pp. 1011-1028 http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article

Identification and Evaluation of Nutritional Status of some Edible and Medicinal in Akoko Area, Ondo State, Nigeria

T.O.Adejumo1, M.E.Coker2 and V.O.Akinmoladun1

1Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 01, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State 2Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan *Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Nineteen edible, medicinal and poisonous mushrooms collected from different

locations in Akoko Area of Ondo State, Nigeria were identified using the habitat, morphological and physical characteristics such as gills, presence of annulus, spore colour, cap type, cap colour, shape of cap, stem size and colour change with Potassium hydroxide. The edible ones include Chanterelles spp, Flammulina

K eywo rd s velutipes, Termitomyces microcarpus, T. letestui, T. robusta, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. populinus, P. pulmonarius, Volvariella vovacea,, Lentinus squarrusulus, Edible, Psathyrella delineata and vesca, while the medicinal and poisonous ones Medicinal and are: Ganoderma applanatum, G. lucidium, Absorporus biennis, Trametes Poisonous versicolor, Trichaptum bioforme, Amanita caesarea and Amanita sp. The results of mushrooms, edible mushrooms showed that the samples contained appreciable amount of Nutrients, essential nutrients, V. volvacea was the richest in protein content (42.63%) and Akoko people, highest moisture content (13.36%). P. ostreatus was rich in fat (15.38%), calcium (87.50mg/g), sodium (6.52mg/g) and magnesium (51.27mg/g), T. microcapus was Nigeria the richest in ash content (8.16%), while P. pulmonarius was rich in crude fibre

(8.16%), carbohydrate (37.64%), potassium (7.25mg/g), and vitamin C (14.10mg/g). Ganoderma lucidium, G. applanatum and Amanita caesarea were also found to contain high food content, they are mainly used for medicinal purposes. Production and consumption of mushrooms can fetch growers its

attractive potential, economic benefit, as well as nutritional value if used as drugs and alternative food item.

Introduction

Mushrooms are fruit bodies of macroscopic, a tree trunk, on a fallen log of wood or in filamentous and epigeal fungi. They are other nourishing substrates (Ingold, 1993). made up of hypha which form interwoven They are cosmopolitan, heterotrophic web of tissue known as mycelium in the organisms that are specific in their substrate upon which the feeds. Most nutritional and ecological requirements. often their mycelia are buried in the tissue of Presently, mushrooms have continued to

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(4): 1011-1028 generate a lot of interest, and this is mainly grassland in the rainy season (April to in the areas of their use as food (Chang, September), and marketed along major 1980), to cure of diseases (Rambelli and highways and urban centers. They are Menini, 1983; Oei, 1991; Buswell and cooked and used for various soup Chang, 1993; Stamets, 1993), in preparations or are sun-dried or smoked for bioremediation and as important item of preservation. hunting used to be commerce (Smith, 1972; Stamets, 1993). a popular hobby among the village youths, Out of the 14,000 species of mushrooms who use it as a source of income. Many known, 2,000 are safe for human edible species have been described and consumption, and about 650 of these possess identified in Nigeria (Oso, 1975, 1977, medicinal values (Rai et al., 1988). Zoberi, 1972, Alabi, 1991). Although, in According to Aletor (1995), Fasidi (1996) some quarters in Nigeria and most African and Okwulehie and Odunze (2004), countries, mushrooms have been associated mushrooms are rich in protein, minerals and with negative event (allergy) (Yongabi et al., vitamins. The protein content of mushrooms 2004). has been reported to be twice that of vegetables and four times that of oranges The common mushrooms in Nigeria include (Bano, 1993), significantly higher than those Termitomyces, Pleurotus, Lentinus, Lenzites, of wheat (Aletor, 1990), and of high Trametes, Ganoderma, Pycnoporus, nutritional quality comparing favourably Coriolopsis and others (Aletor, 1993., Alofe with meat, egg and milk (Thatoi and et al., 1996; Ola and Oboh, 2001). In most Singdevsachan, 2014). It is not surprising parts of Africa, consumption of mushrooms therefore that Okwulehie and Odunze (2004) by many people is based on their reported that the increased demand for organoleptic properties such as aroma, taste, mushrooms could be contingent upon the flavour and texture and not on the nutritional phenomenal rise in the unit costs of the and medicinal properties (Osemwegie et al., conventional sources of animal proteins. 2006). Pleurotus species are edible They have been found to be relatively much mushrooms commonly known as oyster cheaper than beef, pork and chicken that mushrooms. Pleurotus species contain high contain similar nutrients (Adejumo and amounts of Glyco-Amino Butyric Acid Awosanya, 2005). The crude fibre contents (GABA) and ornithine. GABA is a non- values reported by many authors, suggest essential amino acid that functions as a that mushrooms are potential sources of neuro transmitter, whereas ornithine is a dietary fibers (Crisan and Sands, 1978; precursor in the synthesis of arginine (Manzi Kurasawa et al., 1982). According to (Alofe et al., 1999). They grow widely in the et al., 1996), regular consumption of tropical and subtropical rainforests mushroom could increase protein intake. (Chirinang and Intarapichet, 2009). The authors also reported that mushrooms Pleurotus species can be used industrially are better source of crude protein than some for mycoremediation purposes; its protein rich Nigerian foods such as shelled cultivation can play an important role in melon seeds and groundnuts. managing organic wastes whose disposal has become a problem (Das and Mukherjee, In Nigeria many species of mushrooms are 2007). P. tuber-regium is a common species popular and acceptable to the people, which in southern part of Nigeria and it is useful in they collect from the wild, either from the some combinations to cure headache, forest floor on decayed wood and soil stomach ailments, colds and fever (Oso,

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1977) asthma, smallpox and high blood Mushrooms are rich in protein, very low in pressure (Fasidi and Olorunmaiye, 1994; simple carbohydrates, rich in high molecular Oso, 1977) and for bioremediation purposes weight complex carbohydrates (Adenipekun, 2008), while Lentinus tuber- (polysaccharides), high in antioxidants. regium and L. tigrinus are used for treating They lack cholesterol and they are a good dysentery and blood cleansing respectively. source of some B vitamins-riboflavin (B2), Auricularia species have been traditionally niacin (B3), and pantothenic acid (B5) - as used for treating hemorrhoids and various well as ergosterols (which upon exposure to stomach ailments (Chang and Buswell, ultraviolet light convert to vitamin (D2). 1996). Chanterelles, Boletus edulis and They’re high in dietary fiber, with edible Lactarius spp. are used for killing flies, varieties ranging from 20 percent fiber (by while the puffballs (Calvatia gigantea) are dry weight) for Agaricus species (such as used for healing wounds (Harkonen, 1998; button mushrooms) up to 50 percent for Delena, 1999). They are also recommended Pleurotus species (such as the phoenix to diabetic and anemic persons, owing to oyster) (Ayodele and Okhuoya, 2007). They their low carbohydrate and high folic acid are good sources of essential minerals- content. Some mushrooms are reputed to especially selenium, copper, and potassium- possess anti-allergic, anticholesterol, anti- elements important for immune function and tumor and anti-cancer (Jiskani, 2001). for producing antioxidants to reduce free radicals. Mushrooms also contain numerous Termitomyces species is a well-known medicinal compounds such as triterpenoids, edible mushroom in Nigeria. They are glycoprotein`s, natural antibiotics, enzyme known to have high protein content (31.4- inhibitors that fortify health (Okhuoya, 36.4%) (Ogundana and Fagade,1982). These 1995). They also appear to be a good source mushrooms make their appearance after of vitamins, including thiamine, riboflavin, heavy rains and grow in contact with termite niacin, biotin and ascorbic acid, and of nests in forest soil. They usually appear minerals. Although most fresh mushrooms between the months of April through are 90% water, they can vary in their October. In Nigeria, most information on individual moisture content, so it’s best to Termitomyces species have been on the look at them in terms of dry weight nutrient and antinutrient compositions (Ayodele and Okhuoya, 2007). Ganoderma (Aletor, 1993; Alofe et al., 1996; Ola and spp, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus spp, Oboh, 2000; 2001). It has also been found Coriolus spp, and Schizophyllum spp are that Termitomyces species are important well known examples of medicinal source of enzymes such as xylanase, mushrooms (Sanchita, 2008). A species of amylase and cellulase (Khowala and mushroom (Inonotus obliges) was used in Sengupta, 1992). The nutritional values of T. folk medicine to treat cancers (Chung et al., clypetus include carbohydrates (32%), 2010). A species of Pleurotus was proteins (31%), ascorbic acid (10-14%) and confirmed to have chemopreventive effect anti-oxidants (Ogundana and Fagade,1982), on inflammation-associated colon while the ability of water-soluble carcinogenesis induced 2-amino-1-methyl-6- polysaccharide isolated from T. striatus to phenylimibazol, pyridine and promoted by activate splenocytes at dose of 10 μg/ml had dextran sodium sulfate (Jedinak et al., been demonstrated (Mondal et al., 2006). In 2010). Novel Medicinal mushroom blend essence, Termitomyces species has been suppresses growth and invasiveness of found to be of great economic importance. human breast cancer cells. According to

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Alofe et al. (1996), regular consumption of Macroscopic identification will be based on mushroom decrease the incidence of colour, odour, morphological characteristics pyrogenic related disease called pimples, and also the cap of the collected mushroom which is linked with cowpea consumption species where applicable was cut off and among the Nigerian adolescents. placed gill-side-down overnight, a powdery impression reflecting the shape of the gills Among the problems of mushroom resource (or pores, or spines, and others.) was formed exploration and exploitation in Africa is the (when the fruit body was sporulating) lack of infrastructure and technical supports (Wasser, 2007). The colour of the powdery from national and international agencies, print (spore print) was used for scarcity of mushroom scientists, poor identification. political and legislative support, poor knowledge of mushroom biodiversity due to Microscopic examinations (spore shape), death of mushroom taxonomists and bad Spores of collected mushroom species was press reports (Labarère and Menini, 2000). collected from their spore print where African nations are seldom listed among the applicable and mounted on a glass slide largest producers and exporters of edible using lacto phenol in cotton blue. The mushrooms and mushroom products (Chang prepared slide will be viewed progressively and Miles, 1991; Flegg, 1992). The aim of under the objective lens. The identification this study was to assess the potential of of the species will be done according to the edible mushrooms in Akoko Community, as above systematical criteria obtained from well as determining their nutritional status macroscopic and microscopic examination. on the basis of their chemical composition. Proximate analysis of the samples Materials and Methods

Collection of edible Mushrooms Fresh samples of the mushrooms were used to determine moisture content using the The fully matured mushroom species were method of A.O.A.C., (1980). Ash content collected from different parts of Akoko was done as described by AOAC (1990), North-west (Arigidi and Ogbagi), Akoko while Crude fibre was determined using the

South-west (Akungba-Akoko and Oka), method of Pearson, 1976. Crude protein was Akoko North-east (Ikare and Ugbe), Akoko determined by modified Kjeldhal method South-east (Isua and Epinmi). The (Bradstreet, 1965), while fat content and photographs of the specimen were taken and carbohydrate were determined using AOAC, the substratum of the mushroom was 1995). uprooted with the aid of a scalpel. The mushrooms were immediately transported to Results and Discussion the Department of Microbiology`s laboratory, Adekunle Ajasin University Table 1 shows identification of twelve Akungba–Akoko where it was preserved in edible mushrooms from Akoko Local formaldehyde (formalin), oven-dried at 600C Governments. They include Chanterelles and kept on the shelf for further analysis. spp, Flammulina velutipes, Termitomyces robusta, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Volvariella Identification of the samples volvacea, Lentinus squarrosulus, Termitomyces microcarpus, Psathyrella Identification of the samples was done delineata, P. populinus, Russula vesca, macroscopically and microscopically. Termitomyces letestui and P. ostreatus. All 1014

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(4): 1011-1028 these mushrooms showed no colour change bioforme, Trametes versicolor, Amanita with KOH, confirming that they are edible caesarea and Amanita spp. (Plate 2). All the ones which can be found on the soil or dead mushrooms changed colours ranging from wood. Among these mushrooms, only V. black, yellowish and white in reaction to volvacea had annulus. The stem and cap KOH confirming that they were non edible, sizes ranged between 1 to 12 cm. The shape but poisonous. The size of these mushrooms of the cap of Chanterellus spp, F. velutipe, ranged between 5 and 15cm. T. robusta, T. microcarpus, L. squarrosulus, Psathyrella delineata, R. vesca, T. letestui, Table 3 shows proximate analysis of five and P. pulmonarius were tapering, P. edible mushrooms. V. volvacea had the pulmonarius and populinus appeared short, highest in both the crude protein (42.63%) while V. volvacea had club shape (Plate 1). and moisture contents (12.36%). P. The spore colour of Chanterellus spp, T. pulmonarius was also observed to have the robusta, Psathyrella delineata, P. ostreatus highest carbohydrate content (37.64%) and were brown, those of F. velutipes and R. highest crude fibre (8.16%). T. microcarpus vesca were cream, and those of P. had the highest ash content (24.19%), while pulmonarius, T. microcarpus, L. the highest fat content (15.38%) was squarrosulus, P. populinus and P. ostreatus observed in P. ostreatus. However, the least were white. The spore colour of only V. crude protein of 23.63% was observed for P. volvacea appeared pinkish brown. pulmonarius, 7.12% moisture content for P. ostreatus, 8.27% carbohydrate content for T. The stem colour of Chanterellus spp, and V. Microcarpus, and 5.14% crude fibre content volvacea were brown, T. letestui, F. for Volvariella volvacea, 5.65% ash content velutipes, T. robusta were cream, P. for P. ostreatus, while T. robusta had the populinus, P. pulmonarius, L. squarrosulus, least fat content (9.07%). Psathyrella delineata, R. vesca and P. ostreatus were white. The shape of cap of Table 4 shows the minerals and vitamin C Chanterellus spp, T. robusta, P. composition. P. ostreatus had the highest pulmonarius, T. microcarpus were flat, F. calcium content (87mg/100g), highest velutipes, T. letestui were convex, L. sodium content (6.25mg/100g), highest squarrusulus and P. populinus were kidney magnesium content (51.27mg/100g), P. shaped, V. volvacea was conical, while P. pulmonarius had the highest potassium ostreatus was offset. The variation in the content (7.25mg/100g), highest vitamin C spacing of gills was also observed. Gills of (14.10mg/100g). V. volvacea was observed Chanterellus spp, P. pulmonarius, T. to have the lowest contents in calcium microcarpus, R. vesca, and T. letestui, were (37.15mg/100g), sodium (1.58mg/100g), widely spread, F. velutipes, V. volvacea, potassium (2.62mg/100g) and vitamin C Psathyrella delineata were closely spaced, (6.57mg/100g), while P. pulmonarius had T. robusta, P. populinus, L. squarrosulus, the least magnesium content and P. ostreatus were crowded. (20.75mg/100g).

Table 2 shows identification of Table 5 shows different chemical medicinal/poisonous mushrooms. Seven composition of the identified mushrooms were identified. They include medicinal/poisonous mushrooms. Among Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma these are the heavy metals including arsenic, lucidium, Absorporus biennis, Trichaptum lead, mercury, cadmium, organic acid (citric

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(4): 1011-1028 acid, malic acid, succinic acid) and work (7.12 to 12.36%) is an indication that ergosterol in Amanita caesaria and Amanita fresh mushrooms cannot be kept for a long spp. and polysaccharides in Ganoderma time, as high water activity enhances applanatum, Ganoderma lucidium and microbial growth (Aletor, 1995). The fat Trametes versicolor. contents obtained (9.07 to 15.38%), especially for P. ostreatus was higher than Mycophagy or acceptance and consumption those reported by Crisan and Sands (1978), of mushrooms vary from one state to Kalac (2009) and Aletor (1995). another in Nigeria. The mushroom consumption patterns across the states The protein contents of mushrooms have appear to be directly related to availability been reported to vary according to the of wild edible species, with high level of genetic structure of species, the physical and importance attached to its use as food or chemical differences of the growing medium sold in local markets to augment family (Sanme et al., 2003). This result is in income (Osemwegie et al., 2010). The agreement with the report of Fasidi and above statement is also true for Akoko land, Kadiri (1990) for V. volvacea and Ola and and it is in agreement with other reports that Oboh (2001) for T. Robusta, where higher mushrooms are used as foods and medicine protein contents were observed. The protein (Odebode, 2005). In this study a total of content of edible mushroom has been twelve edible mushrooms were identified, claimed to be twice that of onion (14%), these include Chanterellus spp, Flammulina cabbage (1.4%), potatoes (1.6%), and four to velutipes, Termitomyces robusta, Pleurotus six times that of oranges (1.0%) and apple pulmonarius, Volvariella volvacea, Lentinus (0.3%). Therefore, in terms of the relative squarrosulus, Termitomyces microcarpus, amount of crude protein, mushroom rank Psathyrella delineata, Pleurotus ostreatus, above the aforementioned vegetables and Pleurotus populinus, Russula vesca and cereal foods (Crisan and Sands, 1978, Chang Termitomyces letestui. and Miles 1989). In this study, the high fiber content obtained for V. volvacea (5.14%) The occurrence of some of these species has compared favourably with those earlier been reported by several workers, including reported by Obodai, 1992. T. letestui and T. microcarpus (Harkonen et al., 1995), T. robusta (Buyck, 1994), V. The vitamin content is an important factor in volvacea (Oei, 2003) and Pleurotus species the overall nutritional value of food, because (Elliott, 1991). of its antioxidant and therapeutic properties; therefore ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a The relatively high carbohydrate contents valuable food component (Bernas and recorded in P. pulmonarius, P. ostreatus and Jawarska, 2006). The mushroom species in T. robusta (Table 3) was a proof of their this present study contained a relatively high being highly nutritious and good for human amount of vitamin C. Those obtained in consumption. This is in line with the report Pleurotus pulmonarius is similar to the obtained by Marlow Foods Ltd. (2001) on results reported for cultivated Pleurotus spp their study on mycoproteins, which shares (Bernas and Jawarska, 2006), while those of much of its value with mushrooms, V. volvacea obtained fell within the range of especially in their nutritional composition those reported in the previous studies on (Trinci, 1992). The high moisture content of cultivated Volvariella spp (FAO, 1972). some of the mushrooms obtained in this

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Table.1 Identification of Edible Mushroom

Colour change Sample Location Habitat Gills Cap Shape of Cap Stem Shape Stem Annulus Spore with color cap size color of stem size print KOH Chanterelles AKNW widely spp Arigidi Soil spaced Brown Flat 5cm Brown tapering 12cm Absent Brown None reddish Flammulina AKSW dead closely to 1.5- velutipes Oka wood spaced brownish Convex 1cm Cream tapering 10cm Absent cream None Termitomyces AKNE robusta Ikare Soil Crowded brown Flat 10cm Cream tapering 8cm Absent brown None Pleurotus AKNE dead widely pulmonarius Ugbe wood spaced White Flat 2-2.5 White short 1cm Absent white None Volvariella AKSW dead closely grayish whitish to club pinkish volvacea Akungba wood spaced brown Conical 3-6cm brownish shape 2-5cm Present brown None Termitomyces AKSW widely microcarpus Akungba Soil spaced White Flat 1cm White tapering 4cm Absent White None Lentinus AKSW dead kidney squarrosulus Akungba wood Crowded White shape 5-7cm White tapering 5cm Absent White None reddish Psathyrella AKSW dead closely to delineata Akungba wood spaced brownish Conical 1cm White tapering 4cm Absent Brown None Pleurotus AKNW dead Crowded White flat or 6.5- White short 1- Absent White None populinus Arigidi wood kidney 7cm 1.5cm shape Russula AKSW dead widely reddish vesca Oka wood spaced blue Flat 3-4cm White tapering 4cm Absent Cream None Termitomyces AKSW widely convex to 1.5- letestui Oka Soil spaced Brown flat 7cm Creamy tapering 6cm Absent Brown None Pleurotus AKSW dead whitish ostreatus Akungba wood Crowded grey Offset 5cm White tapering 8cm Absent White None

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Table.2 Identification of Medicinal/Poisonous mushrooms

Sample Location Habitat Stem Shape of Cap Cap Spore Color colour Size Print change with KOH Ganoderma Akoko Dead White, Rudimentary 5- Dingy Flesh and applanatum NEast, wood dirty 25cm brown tube black Ugbe yellow Ganoderma Akoko Dead Brown or Hemispherical 5- Yellow Black lucidium SW, wood yellow 15cm or brown Arigidi Akoko Dead White to Lateral 5- White, Black Absorporus NW, wood cream 20cm cream or biennis Oke Agbe yellow Akoko Hard White and Absent Up to White Yellowish Trichaptum SE, Isua. wood cream 6cm in flesh bioforme and cap with KOH Trametes Akoko Hard Whitish, Absent 5- Whitish, Yellowish versicolor SW, Oka wood grayish 15cm tough and leather Amanita Akoko Hard Yellowish Convex 5- Whitish on caesarea SW, wood 15cm flesh Akungba Amanita spp. Akoko Hard Yellowish Convex 5- Whitish on NW, Irun wood 15cm flesh

Table.3 Proximate composition of edible mushrooms

Sample Moisture Ash (%) Crude Crude Fat (%) Carbohydrate (%) protein fibre (%) (%) (%) Pleurotus 7.12 5.65 32.31 5.97 15.38 33.57 ostreatus Termitomyces 11.40 13.71 41.19 5.27 9.07 19.36 robusta Volvariella 12.36 16.10 42.63 5.14 10.60 13.17 volvacea Termitomyces 9.69 24.19 38.14 5.92 13.81 8.27 microcarpus Pleurotus 10.99 7.95 23.63 8.16 11.63 37.64 pulmonarius

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Table.4 Minerals and Vitamin C composition of edible mushrooms

Sample Calcium Sodium Potassium Magnesium Vitamin C (mg/100g) (mg/100g) (mg/100g) (mg/100g) Pleurotus 87.50 6.52 2.68 51.27 10.16 ostreatus Termitomyces 54.10 3.92 4.56 32.42 10.25 robusta Volvariella 37.15 1.58 2.62 25.22 6.57 volvacea Termitomyces 38.45 2.67 4.34 40.75 12.15 microcarpus Pleurotus 40.25 3.59 7.25 20.75 14.10 pulmonarius

Table.5 Chemical composition of medicinal/poisonous mushrooms m Mushroom identified Chemical composition References IDENTIFIED Abortiporus biennis Thiols, oxalate, laccase Jarosz-Wilkołazka et al., 1998

Amanita caesarea Heavy metals Valentao et al., 2005 (arsenic,lead,mercury,cadmium), Organic acid ( citric acid, malic, succinic acid), Ergosterol Ganoderma applanatum Saponins, flavonoids, cardiac Manasseh et al., 2012 glycosides, phenols, glycopeptides, Wu and Wang, 2009 sterols Mazzio and Soliman, 2010, Kim et al., 2008 Ganoderma lucidium Polysacchrides, peptidoglycans, Kim et al., 2006, Zhang and triterpenes, ganoderic acid, steroids, Tang, 2008, Borchers et al., phenols, nucleotides, minerals 1999. Sanodiya et al., 2009. Trichaptum bioforme Biformin Zjawiony (2004) Trametes versicolor Polysaccharide Kureha (PSK) Dong et al., 1997 Amanita spp Heavy metals (arsenic, lead, mecury, Jarosz-Wilkołazka et al., 2008 cadmiun), organic acid (citric acid , malic acid, succinic acid), Ergosterol

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Plate.1 Photograph of Edible Mushroom

(a) Termitomyces robusta (b) Termitomyces letestui (c) Volvariella volvacea (d) Lentinus squarrosulus

(e) Pleurotus populinus (f) Pleurotus ostreatus (g) Termitomyces microcarpus (h) Cantherellus spp

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Plate.1 Photograph of Edible Mushrooms contd

(i) Psathyrella delineata (j) Flammulina velutipes

(k) Pleurotus pulmonarius (l) Russula vesca

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Plate.2 Photograph of Medicinal/Poisonous Mushrooms

(a) Ganoderma applanatum (b) Ganoderma lucidium (c) Trichaptum bioforme (d) Amanita caesarea

(e) Trametes versicolor (f) Amanita spp (g) Absorporus bienni

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Mushrooms are known to contain calcium, pharmaceutical industry due to its foaming potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and ability that produces frothy effect in the food sodium and these elements are very industry. Tannin concentration detected in important in human nutrition. They are the mushrooms have been found to possess’ required in repairing worn-out cells, strong astringent properties, which hasten the bone and teeth, building blood cells and healing of wounds and inflamed mucous maintaining osmotic balance (WHO, 1996). membrane (Okwu, 2004). Mushrooms are The results on nutritionally valuable great sources of medicines but they can also minerals show that the five mushrooms concentrate heavy metals, especially if their species were rich in calcium and culture is proximate to an industrialized area magnesium. This is in agreement with the (Wu et al., 1996). Pollutants from air and reports of analysis of cultivated mushrooms water can be taken up from soil and passed like P. ostreatus (Mattila et al., 2001). V. directly into the mycelial network volvacea was observed to have low calcium, (www.purejoyplanet.com), therefore they sodium, potassium and vitamin C. Minerals should be grown organically in the diet are required for metabolic reactions, transmission of nerve impulses, Eating mushrooms gathered in the wild is rigid bone formation and regulation of water risky. More generally, and particularly with and salt balance among others. gilled mushrooms, separating edible from poisonous species requires meticulous Some mushrooms like Ganoderma lucidium attention to details; there is no single trait by and Ganoderma applanatum are being used which all toxic mushrooms can be for their medicinal importance. These have identified, nor one by which all edible been found to contain phytochemicals such mushrooms can be identified. Additionally, as tannins and saponin. Edeoga and Eriata even edible mushrooms may produce (2001) observed powerful effect of alkaloids allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, in animal physiology and showed their from a mild asthmatic response to severe considerable pharmacological activities. anaphylactic shock. Alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives are used as basic medicinal agents for analgesic The knowledge of mushroom identification antispasmodic and bactericidal effect (Stary, through their morphological characteristics, 1998). Also, phenols are useful as they form spore sprint and other mushroom guides had the main constituents of most antiseptics and provided a means differentiating poisonous disinfectants. Thus the presence of phenolic from edible mushrooms. As the population compounds in the mushrooms species may of the world continue to increase, the be the reason for the antifungal, antiseptic amount of food and the level of medicinal and therapeutic properties (Gill, 1992). care available to individual become limiting, especially those living in the less developed The presence of flavonoids in the countries, edible mushrooms constitute a mushrooms indicates their medicinal value cost effective means of supplementing the too. Flavonoids have antioxidants properties nutrition of majority of humans. Mushrooms against free radical scavengers which in Nigeria are underutilized; steps must be prevent oxidative cell damage and have taken to bring about maximum and strong anticancer activity (Okwu, 2004). sustainable exploitation. The proximate The high content of saponin in the analyses indicated the presence of proteins, mushroom is useful in medicinal and fat and carbohydrate in all the samples.

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