Transit Cooperative Research Program Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration RESEARCH RESULTS DIGEST May 1997--Number 20

Subject Areas: IA Planning and Administration, Responsible Senior Program Officer: Christopher W. Jenks VI Public Transit, VII Rail

International Transit Studies Program Report on the First Three Missions

This TCRP digest summarizes the first three missions performed under TCRP Project J-3, "International Transit Studies Program. "Included in this digest are information on the cities visited, summaries of topics investigated, and discussions of policies and practices that could be used in the United States. The project is administered by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. This digest was prepared by the Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., on the basis of reports filed by the mission participants.

INTERNATIONAL TRANSIT STUDIES international contacts for addressing public PROGRAM transportation problems and issues. The program arranges study missions where About the Program teams of public transportation professionals visit transit operations in other countries. The ITSP also The International Transit Studies Program provides financial assistance to enable individuals (ITSP) is part of the Transit Cooperative Research engaged in U.S. public transportation management, Program (TCRP). The ITSP is managed by the Eno operations, planning, or research to participate in Transportation Foundation under contract to the international conferences and meetings held outside National Academy of Sciences (NAS). The TCRP North America. was authorized by the Intermodal Surface Each study mission has a central theme that Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. In May 1992, encompasses issues of concern in public a memorandum of agreement outlining TCRP transportation. Cities and transit systems to be visited operations was signed by the NAS, acting through its are selected on the basis of their ability to Transportation Research Board (TRB); the Transit demonstrate new ideas or unique approaches to Development Corporation, which is the education handling public transportation challenges reflected in and research arm of the American Public Transit the study mission's theme. Each study team begins Association (APTA); and the Federal Transit with a briefing before departing on an intensive, 2- Administration (FTA). The TCRP is funded annually week mission. After this stimulating professional by a grant from the FTA. interaction, study team members return home with The ITSP is designed to assist in the professional ideas for possible application in their own development of transit managers, public officials, communities. Team members are encouraged to share planners, and others charged with public their international experience and findings with peers transportation responsibilities in the United States. in the public transportation community throughout The program accomplishes this objective by the United States. Study mission experience also providing opportunities for participants to learn from helps to evaluate current and proposed transit foreign experience while expanding their network of improvements and can serve to identify potential domestic and public transportation research topics.

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 2

CONTENTS

International Transit Studies Program, 1 High-Tech Solutions to Transit Problems: Mission 3, About the Program, 1 November 1-18, 1995, 13 About the Report, 3 Introduction, 13 Metropolitan Rail Systems and AGT, 13 Enhancing the Attractiveness of Public Necessity of Rail Transit, 14 Transit: Mission 1, September 9-25, 1994, 3 Fixed Guideway Transit as a Tool of Regional Introduction, 3 Development, 14 London, 3 System Interconnectivity, 14 Bus Deregulation and Privatization, 3 "Third Sector" (Daisan) Public-Private Financing of Smart Cards, 4 Transit Infrastructure, 14 Electronic Information Displays at Bus Stops, 4 Lessons for the United States, 14 Docklands Light Railway--Automated Urban Bus Systems, 15 Guideway Transit (AGT) Systems, 4 Electronic Passenger Information System in Manchester, 4 Singapore, 15 Amsterdam, 4 Premier Bus Service in Singapore, 15 Paris, 4 "Key Routes" in Nagoya, 15 Proximity Smart Cards, 5 Lessons for the United States, 15 Meteor--Automated Rapid Transit, 5 Multimodal Fare Integration, 16 Lille, 5 Lessons for the United States, 16 Stuttgart, 5 Automobile Control Policies, 17 STORM--An Advanced Traffic Management Singapore's Area Licensing Scheme, 17 System, 5 Effects of the ALS on Traffic and Modal Split, 17 Electronic Parking Management Systems, 6 Lessons for the United States, 17 Karlsruhe, 6 Advanced Traffic Management and Information Systems, 18 Innovative Roles for Transit in Creating Livable Japan's Advanced Traffic Information Service Communities: Mission 2, May 18-June 4, 1995, 6 (ATIS), 18 Introduction, 6 Tokyo's Traffic Control Center, 18 Vienna, 7 Lessons for the United States, 19 Background, 7 What Makes Vienna Livable?, 7 APPENDIX A: Mission Participants and Their Titles and What Could Be Applicable to the United States?, 8 Affiliations at the Time of the Mission, 20 Salzburg, 8 Background, 8 What Makes Salzburg Livable?, 9 What Could Be Applicable to the United States?, 9 Munich, 9 Background, 9 What Makes Munich Livable?, 9 What Could Be Applicable to the United States?, 10 Zurich, 10 Background, 10 What Makes Zurich Livable?, 10 What Could Be Applicable to the United States?, 11 Freiburg, 11 Background, 11 What Makes Freiburg Livable?, 11 What Could Be Applicable to the United States?, 12 Strasbourg, 12 Background, 12 What Makes Strasbourg Livable?, 12 What Could Be Applicable to the United States?, 12 Lessons Learned, 13 3

Study missions normally are innovation. To learn about the latest Europe, but would be difficult in the conducted in the spring and fall of each European advances in urban large central business districts (CBDs) year. Study teams consist of up to 15 transportation, a delegation of U.S. of American cities. individuals, including a senior official transit officials visited several However, study mission designated as the group's spokesperson. European countries, from September 10 participants found many innovative Transit properties are contacted directly through 24, 1994. practices and technologies that are and requested to nominate candidates The study team visited the transferable. This report provides an for participation. Nominees are following cities: London, Manchester, overview of these innovations and of screened by a committee of transit Amsterdam, Paris, Lille, Stuttgart, and the visits to the communities in which officials, and the TCRP Project J-3 Karlsruhe. These cities have a long they have been applied. Oversight Panel approves the selection. tradition of public transportation and Study mission participants are up- were chosen for the exemplary and-coming transit management planning, management, and operation LONDON personnel with substantial, sustained of their transit systems. While a key knowledge and experience in transit purpose of the study mission was to Bus Deregulation and Privatization activities. Participants must identify practices and service demonstrate potential for advancement innovations that could be used in the In 1986, the British government to higher levels of public transportation United States, participants were keenly took steps to deregulate the bus responsibilities. Other selection criteria aware of differences in the industry outside London. Private bus include current responsibilities, career transportation environment that might operators were permitted to offer objectives, and the probable make it difficult to use certain commercial services wherever they professional development value of the European practices and innovations in believed they could make them mission for the participant and U.S. cities. For example, most profitable. Today, more than 75 percent sponsoring employer. Travel expenses Europeans live in densely developed of public bus services outside London for participants are paid through TCRP communities with easy access to public are operated commercially. Project J-3 funding. transportation. Transit corridors were Unprofitable services, often serving fixed long before widespread low-density routes and at low demand About the Report motorization, and the use of transit is times (evenings and weekends) are firmly established. In addition, gasoline provided through contracts with private The following is an overview of prices, which are three to four times operations when such services are the first three study missions. This those in the United States, discourage determined to be "socially necessary." report reflects the views of the use of cars. Strong central governments Local authorities have been encouraged contributing participants, who are set national transportation policy with a to sell their bus companies voluntarily; responsible for the facts and accuracy focus on encouraging the use of public so far about two-thirds of the of the data presented. The contents do transit. Although the automobile has companies have passed into private not necessarily reflect the views of the stretched metropolitan boundaries, hands. TCRP, TRB, NAS, APTA, FTA, or the cities remain relatively compact, which The deregulated public transport Eno Transportation Foundation. facilitates ubiquitous, efficient transit system has received both praise and Appendix A lists the names of service. criticism. According to official reports, study mission participants and their Given these differences, it is not bus mileage outside London is up by 21 titles and affiliations at the time of their possible to emulate every aspect of percent, operating costs are down by respective missions. European transportation policies in the one-third in real terms, and local U.S. context. For example, providing subsidies have more than halved. The transit service to most metropolitan one disappointment has been a ENHANCING THE residents may be achievable in Europe, downward trend in bus ridership, which ATTRACTIVENESS OF PUBLIC where most development is still has declined by 35 percent over the TRANSIT: MISSION 1, clustered within transit corridors, but past 10 years. While critics blame this SEPTEMBER 9-25, 1994 would be extraordinarily difficult and phenomenon on deregulation, other expensive in the spread out American observers tend to attribute it to growing INTRODUCTION suburbs. Creating dense transit car ownership and a dispersal of jobs networks modeled after those of and residences to the suburbs. Western European cities, European cities would require a Although London was not historically dependent on urban transit financial commitment that would be included in the original bus and with a tradition of government difficult to obtain in America, given deregulation of the mid-1980s, support of public transportation, have present funding constraints. Finally, competitive bidding of public bus long been at the forefront of excluding cars may be sensible in the service has since been made a transportation fragile medieval town centers of requirement in London. About 4 one-half of London's bus system has common sources of rider dissatisfaction own a bicycle. Of the total 2.5 million been put out to bid, and 23 private bus with public transit. London authorities daily trips, 27 percent are made on companies operate within Greater hope to have a quarter of London's bicycle, 39 percent on public transit, London. The remaining service is 17,000 bus stops equipped with and 34 percent by automobile. operated by London Buses Ltd. (LBL), electronic information displays within This modal split is, in part, the a subsidiary of the public London 10 years. result of Amsterdam's willingness to Regional Transport (LRT). The LBL Until recently, a big obstacle to regulate the use of private automobiles. network is operated by ten separate bus implementing bus stop passenger The streets of Amsterdam and its many companies, with a network of some information systems has been the high canals were never designed to 1,700 mi of routes and a fleet of 5,000 cost of hardwiring bus stops with accommodate motorized traffic. Yet for buses. dedicated cable links. This obstacle has many years, the city accommodated Pursuant to a 1984 act of been overcome in London with cellular ever-increasing numbers of legislature, the ten bus companies that wireless data transmission (Radio automobiles--with disastrous results for make up LBL were to be sold into the Determination Satellite [RDS]) the quality of the environment. Now, private sector (privatized) by the end of technology. public opinion has swung in favor of 1995. Three of the companies have traffic restrictions. Today, Amsterdam been sold. Ultimately, the British Docklands Light Railway-- is at the forefront of cities that are government intends to deregulate Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) limiting automobile traffic in their London's bus services and allow Systems historic centers. Automobile unrestricted entry in the same way as restrictions have also been adopted in has been done outside London. The Docklands Light Railway residential neighborhoods. The (DLR) is England's entry into the field Netherlands has pioneered the concept Smart Cards of automated guideway transit (AGT) of the Woonerf--residential areas in systems. Opened in 1987 to provide which through-traffic is discouraged In London, more than 200 buses, access to the Docklands' Canary Wharf and pedestrians have priority. operated by five private companies development, the 21.5-km system over 19 routes in the Harrow district of connects directly with the London northwest London, are equipped with Underground and carries 45,000 PARIS proximity smart-card readers. More passengers a day. The DLR recently than 15,000 passengers have obtained has been extended east to Beckton, to The group was briefed by officials the credit card-sized pass. The 18- provide a ground link to the new of the Regie Autonome des Transports month test involves two types of smart London City Airport. A 4.5-km Parisiens (RATP). The RATP operates cards--a prepaid seasonal pass and a extension is being planned as a joint one of the largest metropolitan transit proximity (contactless) debit fare card venture with the private sector. systems in the world. The network from which the cost of each trip is consists of 215 km of rail lines with deducted and which can be recharged MANCHESTER 438 stations. The rail system operates after its stored value is used up. more than 4,000 rail vehicles; 4,000 The group was briefed by officials of city and suburban buses operate over a Electronic Information Displays at Greater Manchester Passenger route network of 3,000 km. The annual Bus Stops Transport Executive (GMPTE). The operating budget of the RATP is briefing covered the automatic fare approximately $4 billion, and the In London, automated vehicle collection system, which uses smart system employs 38,000 people. The location (AVL) technology has been cards, and the Metrolink system. The study mission toured the regional put to work communicating bus group toured the Metrolink system, a express metro (RER) operations and schedule information to the public. light rail line that links northern and the Meteor line now under Microwave beacons that "talk to" southern suburbs with the city center. construction. The group was briefed by onboard transponders have been The infrastructure is owned by officials of the Societe des Transports installed on signposts along a 10-mi GMPTE, but the system is operated by Parisiens (STP), which is the transport bus route. The position of each bus as it a private company. The line carries 100 authority of the Paris metropolitan passes a beacon is flashed to a main million passengers annually. region. The STP coordinates four control center, which transmits the public and private operating authorities information to electronic dot matrix AMSTERDAM (i.e., RATP, SNCF, APTR, and displays at the bus stops to inform ADATRIF) with a combined total of waiting passengers of the arrival time Amsterdam is unique in its heavy 6,500 buses and 1,700 km of routes. It of the next bus as well as its reliance on the bicycle. Of the 700,000 is a policy-making body with authority destination--thus eliminating one of the residents in Amsterdam, 65 percent to determine public transit routes and most levels of 5 service, select private operators, set with eight subway lines and four RER development programs. The group was fares, and determine levels of operating commuter lines. also briefed by officials of Neoplan on subsidies. The totally automatic line will be the latest innovations in bus technology vibrationless because of rubber tires and toured the Neoplan facilities. Proximity Smart Cards and pneumatic suspension bogies. Following was a briefing by officials of Curved aluminum alloy cars will have SSB, the Stuttgart transit authority, and The use of proximity smart cards three extra-wide sliding doors. Initially, a tour of a suburban streetcar line that as a transit fare medium is expanding each train will consist of six cars was first established in 1887 and has rapidly overseas. Smart cards speed up carrying some 700 passengers at an been recently upgraded to light rail bus boardings, eliminate the need for average speed of 40 kmh. Platform standards. The line is 12 km long and cash transactions and cash collections, access will be by way of a mezzanine has 28 stations. It is part of SSB's effort reduce fraud, have safeguards against that straddles the tracks. The platforms to upgrade all traditional streetcar lines theft (when reported lost or stolen, the will be equipped with safety glass to increase comfort, performance, and card can be electronically "blacklisted" doors, similar to those used in the ridership. All of the converted lines to prevent further use), can support a Villeneuve d'Asq Line (VAL) system have gained ridership. The group rode more complex regional fare structure, in Lille and the Westinghouse airport on the Lufthansa airport train. and enable transportation operators to people movers. These safety doors will Lufthansa has arranged with the have more accurate ridership data. open automatically when the train German railways to provide short-haul The RATP--the Paris regional doors open. feeder services to the Frankfurt Airport, transit system that carries 9 million The funding for this massive its main European gateway. Only passengers a day--has developed and is project is shared by the national airline passengers with confirmed testing a smart card that will one day government, the Paris region, local Lufthansa reservations have access to replace the current magnetic-strip card, government, and the RATP. these trains, which are treated as a which has been in use since 1960. The flight segment. RATP smart card will combine the LILLE stored-value debit card features of the widely used French telephone card with The group was briefed by officials STORM--An Advanced Traffic the "contactless" reading capability of a of Transpole and Matra (the builders of Management System supermarket check-out counter. People the VAL system) and then toured the will be able to use the card for other system. The city of Lille holds the STORM, which stands for payment purposes, such as utility bills. distinction of having pioneered Stuttgart Transport Operations by One version of the card now being citywide AGT systems. The driverless Regional Management, is Europe's tested includes a digital display of the VAL system has been in operation most advanced regional integrated remaining stored value. The decision to more than 10 years and carries more electronic traffic management system. convert to smart cards has been driven than 50 million passengers a year over Elements of the STORM system by the increasingly complex regional a 25-km 35-station network. Over the include (1) a traveler information fare structure, which has swamped the past 10 years, ridership and labor system that uses variable message signs limited capacity of the magnetic-strip productivity have doubled. The entire and kiosks in transportation terminals system, and by the desire to make the system is operated by a staff of 200 and public places, (2) an in-vehicle card forgery-proof. employees. By the year 2000, the VAL route guidance system, (3) a real-time system is expected to almost double in parking information and guidance length, to 45 km. Other VAL-type system, (4) an incident management Meteor--Automated Rapid Transit systems operate at Orly airport in Paris system; (5) transit fleet management and in the French city of Toulouse. In using an AVL system; and (6) dynamic Meteor, now under construction, the United States, VAL systems have traffic signal control. will be Paris' first automated driverless been installed at O'Hare Airport in Variable message signs provide rapid transit line. The line, scheduled to Chicago, Illinois, and in Jacksonville, up-to-date information on traffic be completed in 1997, will reduce Florida. conditions ahead, parking availability congestion on the main east-west line in the city center and in peripheral of Paris' express rail network, which STUTTGART park-and-ride lots, and departure times now carries 62,000 passengers an hour of trains and transit. Electronic during the peak period. The 20-km The group was briefed by officials timetable information is provided Meteor line will have 20 stations and a of Studeingesellschaft Verkehr (SNV), through interactive kiosks. capacity of 40,000 passengers an hour, a German transportation research STORM is a public-private with headways of 85 sec during rush organization on major national research consortium that includes the Ministry hours. It will provide interconnections and of Transport for Baden-Wurttemberg, 6 the city of Stuttgart, Daimler-Benz, unfamiliar with the city. They may involved in building extensions-- Siemens, Bosch, and Hewlett-Packard. soon find application in the United provided that operational and States as part of intelligent advanced institutional barriers associated with Electronic Parking Management traffic management systems (ATMS). track sharing can be overcome. Systems KARLSRUHE The use of electronic parking INNOVATIVE ROLES FOR management and guidance systems is To extend the outreach of their TRANSIT IN CREATING increasing rapidly in the cities of light rail services, municipal transit LIVABLE COMMUNITIES: western Europe, where severe systems in several German cities have MISSION 2, MAY 18-JUNE 4, 1995 congestion and shortage of space in city entered into track sharing agreements centers are strong economic incentives with the German National Railways INTRODUCTION for technological innovation. (BAG). The agreements permit In Stuttgart, an advanced municipal transit systems to On May 18, 1995, 15 transit electronic parking management system interconnect their track with the professionals from around the United guides motorists entering the CBD to DBAG's intercity track and provide States embarked on a 2-week study the nearest parking garage with seamless, transferless service to and mission of Europe as part of the ITSP. unoccupied spaces. Variable message from the outer suburbs. The mission focused on innovative signs installed at key intersections on The first such arrangement was roles for transit in creating livable approaches to the CBD and at exit concluded in the city of Karlsruhe (pop. communities. The participants were to ramps from the autobahns indicate 840,000). The track sharing agreement identify concepts and procedures that which garages have vacant spaces and allowed the municipal light rail system have been successfully implemented in how many unoccupied spaces remain in to extend its service some 18 mi into six European communities, particularly each facility. The message signs are the surrounding region, using existing those applicable to public linked to a central computer that DBAG track. Specially designed rail transportation in the United States. The monitors all public underground and car units are equipped with on-board lessons learned were derived by surface parking facilities throughout the transformers and rectifiers that convert observing the workings of the city and updates the electronic displays DBAG's 15 kv AC current to the 750 communities rather than through study constantly. When all facilities are fully volt DC current used by the urban light of facts and figures alone. occupied, message signs direct rail system. The study mission participants motorists to commuter rail park-and- The new track sharing service represented agencies of various sizes. ride lots and indicate the headways of between the suburb of Bretten and The team was welcomed and briefed in commuter trains in the direction of the downtown Karlsruhe has eliminated an each city by a group of transit agency city center. Stuttgart's parking interline transfer and reduced and city representatives. These management system is part of the larger commuter trips from about 1 hr to 37 representatives provided an overview "intelligent" STORM system, which min. According to a recent survey, 34 of the political, economic, and aims to improve traffic flow and reduce percent of passengers on the new transportation situation, including some traffic congestion throughout the commuter rail line are former historical perspectives. The team was Stuttgart metropolitan area. automobile commuters. Track sharing divided into groups of two; each pair Similar areawide parking agreements are seen as a win-win was assigned a city upon which to management systems have been situation. They provide a source of concentrate. The role of each pair was installed in Cologne, Berlin, Geneva, income for the now privatized German to document the experiences in its and Grenoble. At Munich's new railways, while allowing the municipal respective city and identify the most international airport, an automated light rail systems to expand their important lessons learned. parking information system monitors outreach at a fraction of the cost that The cities visited by the team more than 9,000 parking spaces and they would have incurred in laying new ranged in size from 180,000 to guides drivers by the quickest route to track. 1,500,000 inhabitants. The cities were the nearest unoccupied parking space. Track sharing could significantly all superb examples of livable Illuminated digital displays show enhance the service potential of light communities, and each faced unique drivers the most direct route to the rail systems in U.S. cities. Track transportation problems. All have vacant spaces. sharing arrangements with commuter realized the importance of regional Parking information and guidance rail and other passenger rail operations planning and coordination and have systems are an effective demand may offer a cost-effective way of well-structured ways of dealing with management tool. They disperse extending the service outreach of light these challenges. Moreover, all the parking demand, relieve downtown rail systems at a fraction of the cost that communities appear to operate a well- congestion, and assist visitors who are would be planned and -funded transportation 7 system where intermodalism is far public transit in the central districts is a quality of life for residents. The more advanced than in the United policy objective. The same is true of planners also focused on air and water States. Mixing of all modes of the establishment of the Tempo 30 kmh quality and noise pollution. Projects transport--pedestrian, bicycling, transit, (18 mph) speed limitation for private were planned and implemented to and automobile--was well designed and vehicles in the city's residential preserve the natural resources of the implemented. Common to these cities neighborhoods. Fifty-seven percent of country. (The city consistently were large areas for pedestrian use the intersections in the city are capitalizes on its historic and only, where commercial, residential, equipped with signal preemption. To architectural heritage through historic and public spaces were blended to provide additional convenience to preservation.) Although the planning create a pleasant environment. The nighttime users of transit, bus drivers for infrastructure was well thought out, feeling created by these areas was that can call ahead on their radio phones at it was clear that a balance of economic of pride, belonging, and overall night to arrange for passengers activity was required to sustain a community. returning to their homes to be met by a livable community. The goal has been taxi at designated suburban bus stops. to keep a 50-50 balance between VIENNA One of Vienna's technical residential and commercial/industrial innovations in the public transit arena is activity. Background the introduction of the world's lowest To achieve a livable community low-floor light rail vehicle, roughly 6 and maintain this balance, the Viennese Vienna (pop. 1.5 mil), the capital in. off the pavement. A fleet of 150 of have used zoning regulations; long- of Austria, has a modal split of 37 the Vienna-built units, designed by range planning, including the percent public transit, 37 percent Porsche and Elin, will be phased in up development of an urban development private vehicles, and 26 percent non- to the turn of the century. The first two plan; the political process; and public motorized traffic. Its goal is to have are in service. Their hydraulic participation. The expectation is that, reduced private vehicle traffic to 25 suspension, which allows the floor by 2010, there will be a doubling or percent and cut CO2 emissions in half height to be lowered to 3.6 in. (or tripling of the demand for public by the year 2010. The focus of its raised to 7.6 in. in case snow blocks the transport. This is mostly due to the transport efforts is to reduce traffic entrance) is a revolutionary feature. increasing geopolitical importance of congestion by encouraging alternatives The city of Vienna and its Vienna since the fall of the Eastern to use of cars whenever possible. surrounding region (pop. 2.5 mil) were Bloc. Vienna's position as a center of The city has one of the largest and the first in Austria to form a regional multinational activity will test all most elegant pedestrian shopping transit association 10 years ago. VOR, aspects of the plan put in place in the streets in Europe, the Kaerntnerstrasse, the eastern regional transport Viennese region. which runs from the Opera to St. association, carried 741 million To ensure that the citizens of the Stephen's Cathedral. It has banned passengers in 1994, a gain of about 19 region buy into the long-range plans, as through-traffic in the inner city and percent since its inception. Like the well as the major projects under doubled the bicycle path network over other regional associations that consideration, a public participation the past 15 years to more than 300 mi. followed it, the integration of fares is process is used. Once a master plan is During this time, the number of traffic standard practice. Additional operating developed, it is discussed with the accidents has been reduced by 25 costs are absorbed equally by the community. This is followed by site percent and the number of fatalities by national and regional governments. plans that are debated between the 55 percent. A system of residential architects/planners and the community parking permits and short-term parking What Makes Vienna Livable? affected. A learning process for both rules limit access to the inner city. sides, this interaction is critical to Incentives to reduce private car The city and its suburbs are building grass roots support for the use in-city include 50 percent committed to improving the quality of projects. (One project has an 85 percent reductions in weekend car rental fees life in the whole region. They faced participation level by the local for owners of annual transit passes and declining population, poor air quality, residents.) a goal of 42,000 peripheral park-and- and serious congestion in the late 1960s The city of Vienna, the VOR, and ride spaces. Public transit (including and 1970s. These conditions led the individual transit service providers the U-Ban [metro], Schnellbahn planners to take a close look at are also changing and improving the [commuter rail], Strassenbahn [light solutions. They developed a plan to transportation system to ensure the rail], and a bus network) is being build a subway system and provide quality of service necessary to attract continually modernized and expanded. mobility and access to many popular and keep riders. Some of these changes Shared track for railroad and transit destinations. Officials believe that this are attempts to calm the traffic and use, as in Germany, is under plan has contributed greatly to the alleviate the threat to pedestrians. Some consideration. Expansion of improvement in mobility and the officials characterized existing traffic intersection priority for as "brutal." These changes include raising 8

the sidewalks at transit stops and change in the vision for most urban the city plans to use signalization reducing the floor height of buses and communities. The transit agencies, to stop car traffic behind buses at trams, installing islands to make it safer however, have within their control the pull-outs; for pedestrians and transit users to wait provision of better information and 4. Focus on improvements for bus in the street, and reducing speeds and quality service. Vienna's public lines with heavy loads; installing traffic-calming measures in transport agency is focused on who 5. Development of a parking some neighborhoods. Significant their market is and what is demanded management program that limits efforts to improve the speed of transit from their services. Such actions parking spaces and pricing of vehicles have been undertaken; they require relatively few resources but a spaces--there are about 25,000 include signalization and preemption high level of commitment by the transit parking spaces for more than for vehicles operating in city traffic. professionals to provide quality service. 110,000 jobs in the city; and Automatic vehicle control systems, 6. Implementing a Tempo 30 zone where a driver is not needed, have been SALZBURG program. implemented for the subway system and other transit modes that operate in Background Fifty-six Tempo 30 residential their own rights of way. These efforts neighborhoods have already been have been well received by the public, Noted for its baroque palaces, designated by the city authorities. and the public transit system is well music festival, and successful historic Twenty-two more are to be operating kept and well used. Information and preservation, Salzburg (pop. 144,000) by next year, with plans to add several transit maps can be found in all also shows a special concern for the more each subsequent year. The cost of stations, bus stops, and major public urban environment. It operates 74 converting the conventional through- places. The public transport system is electric trolley buses, one of western traffic to Tempo 30 neighborhoods easy to use. Europe's largest environmentally (which involves planting, street friendly electric fleets. It is extending furniture, and design features) is What Could Be Applicable to the its Tempo 30 (18 mph) speed absorbed by the city budget. United States? restrictions in residential Most of the inner city has been neighborhoods. The city has also just closed to through-traffic. Salzburg's To a large extent, the programs completed negotiations with principal shopping street is reserved for instituted in Vienna are transferable to surrounding jurisdictions for a regional pedestrian use, except for emergency the United States. Although the transit association with full fare vehicles and taxis, which are permitted municipality's control over zoning and integration. to drop off tourists at hotels. During the land use is considerably stronger than Residents of Salzburg like to walk, Christmas season, Salzburg encourages in an American city, the regional ride bicycles, and take public transit. a "ride-and-walk" attitude among transportation agency for Vienna is not Together, these three modes account shoppers by using a "package bus" unlike those in Chicago and New York for 63 percent of total travel, or a total parked in the main pedestrian square as City. The agency, however, has more of 68 million trips annually; private a parcel-checking facility. authority regarding fare structures and cars are used for 37 percent of total The city aims at a 20 percent fare collection. Another important travel, or 41 million trips a year. traffic participation by bicycles in this element for the success of public transit The city's goal to increase the decade. It has spent the equivalent of is the level of financial support modal split for transit, bicycles, and $7 million to expand its 120-km provided by the local, state, and--to pedestrians to 65 percent by the year network of bicycle paths over the past some extent--federal government in 2000 depends on implementation of six 10 years. It has also canceled the Austria. It was apparent that a high major strategies, which will reduce construction of a 3,000-space car park level of transit financing is well noise, pollution, and accidents as that was to have been built under the supported by the populace and follows: Salzach River, which traverses the city reinforced by policies of setting prices and gave it its name. Instead, the city so as to discourage the use of cars and 1. Use of bus-only lanes (8 km), has devoted funds to the completion of gasoline and to encourage cross which are promoted as a way to a missing bicycle path link along the subsidization from other government- get to one's destination faster; river in the historic city center. Since it operated services, such as utilities. 2. Development of a bus acceleration was finished 5 years ago, the daily Again, the most important factor for program--this program includes a bicycle count along the riverside path providing this level of support is grass simple staggering of stopping lines has risen from 900 to more than 5,000. roots affirmation from the populace on for cars and buses that allow a bus One-way streets have also been opened a nationwide basis. This affirmation to cross over and be positioned in to two-way bicycle traffic, and bicycle would require a significant level of first place for left turns; paths have been equipped with traffic outreach and marketing, as well as a 3. Use of bus pull-outs for new street signals and destination signs. construction and rebuilds-- 9

Salzburg's main railway station using diesel or other types of fuel. This employer. Another innovation, the has been modernized and updated as an level of quality is justified by the "combi ticket," allows transit use by intermodal terminal, and pedestrian average number of rides per capita-- ticket holders to major cultural or zones have been expanded. The city's about 330 per year. entertainment attractions without extra nighttime taxi connection, operated in charge; the ticket itself serves as the close cooperation with the private transit pass and is another way of Salzburg radio taxi association, has What Could Be Applicable to the promoting transit use. expanded to 13 routes and was used by United States? nearly 50,000 passengers last year. What Makes Munich Livable?

What Makes Salzburg Livable? Many of the small innovations that The city is a center of commerce Salzburg has implemented to improve and industry. The wide streets are The location of this picturesque the flow and speed of buses can be segmented so that pedestrians and city imposes geographic limitations on implemented in the United States. Such bicyclists move about without worrying its growth; therefore, the management innovations must be well promoted. about cars traveling at high speeds. The of growth is imperative. The Salzburg illustrates how bicycles can level of access and mobility is well cooperation of the traffic department, help reduce noise, pollution, and above expectations for a city of area businesses, and the region is accidents. Despite severe winters, Munich's size. The combination of the visible in the way transit is provided bicycles enjoy high use. Also, citizen S-Bahn, the U-Bahn and buses provides and in the sharing of transportation participation has been well defined and frequent, dependable service. The city's costs. implemented as an efficient process. commitment of funds to integrate To achieve this growth suburban railways into the transit management, there is an increasing system through construction of tunnels level of regional cooperation which MUNICH and formation of transit associations became reality with the formation of a also enhances the city's livability. This regional planning agency. Formerly, Background level of service and its integration, the duties of managing growth and along with the clear, well-positioned protecting greenfield areas were shared Munich (pop. 1.2 mil) boasts a 2- information kiosks, make it easy to use by the planning and traffic departments sq-mi pedestrian zone, one of the the system. in the city of Salzburg. largest and oldest in Europe. This zone Much of the city consists of green The city promotes public has become a boon to business and a space used for sports and participation. Salzburg holds monthly major tourist attraction. The city entertainment. The shopping streets, as forums to discuss traffic issues. The administration has been a strong well as areas where cultural institutions members of the forum are technical- advocate of public transit and a are housed, are surrounded by expert representatives of various promoter of the regional transport pedestrian-only areas. These provide a interested groups who debate an issue association (MVV). Double-decker relaxing setting for shopping, outdoor in order to achieve consensus. suburban railcars are now used to cope cafes, and so forth. Transit comes to the The financial support for transit is with increasing ridership demand. The borders of these areas; in the case of the fairly secure--it is subsidized by other city has gone so far as to ban all on- subterranean rail lines, stations are in profit-generating departments of the street parking in the downtown area, the middle of these high-activity city, especially the utilities. This except for residents of the historic old centers. Flowers, trees, and art enhance relationship ensures that the transit town. the environment and create a soothing department's operation is cost-effective. Curbside parking meters have effect in a city full of hustle and bustle. Although Salzburg pays a fee to the been eliminated and, contrary to U.S. The mode split for transit is more than highway department for the use of the practice, permission to build new 40 percent. roads, the city has a fare recovery ratio offices in the CBD is given only on The transit system is accessible of 64 percent. condition that no parking be provided. because of a commitment to using low- The Salzburg transit department Innovative public transit marketing floor vehicles. These make it easy to contributes to livability through its initiatives include the subsidized annual bring bicycles, strollers, and other operation of electric buses, which are "job ticket" negotiated with public and mobility devices aboard. The changes quiet and emission-free. The private employers, including the city of and programs that have been department is also concerned with Munich. This fare medium is provided implemented in Munich, while not on a providing a quality service to its by the private sector, which promotes grand scale, blend with the customers and the city overall. Its the use of public transportation rather environment and encourage interaction. desire to maintain high quality explains than private automobiles. In this The Munich transit system is very its commitment to operate the electric program, public transit becomes a aware of special markets, and they fleet, which is substantially more benefit provided by the conscientious expensive than buses 10 segment these markets to improve canton's goal is to have a bus stop ground and to make transit easy to use ridership. Good examples are the within 300 m of each doorstep. contributes to its high use. Because promotion of first-class seating for Since the passage of a 1988 public transit provides a competitive commuter rail and the use of different referendum supporting an integrated advantage for Zurich, it is supported by fare media to serve pensioners, rail network, daily public transit the populace and the government. The students, and art and theater patrons. passenger totals have increased by various transit agencies focus on transit The city has implemented programs to more than one-third in Zurich and by availability, speed, and reliability in encourage people to come to the center about 14 percent in the ZVV region, to order to maintain this position. of Munich. just under 1 million total. The transit The region, through the regional mode share among daily commuters to transportation agency, coordinates fares What Could Be Applicable to the Zurich has increased from 50 percent to and provides for services through long- United States? 59 percent in the last decade. Farebox range (10-year) contracts with private receipts cover 56 percent of the contractors. The region also strives for The commitment of the local, system's current annual operating costs, stability in the level of service. In this regional, and federal government to amounting to SFr 800 million ($715 way, people who depend on it are not public transportation is the driving million). The shortfall is covered in faced with a changed schedule as often force for the level of service of this equal parts by the canton and its 171 happens in the United States. city. The competitiveness of the city communities. Calculation of the local The commitment to availability, and the region depends on the quality contributions uses a complicated 80/20 speed, and reliability necessitates that of life that distinguishes this city from formula that takes into account the the transit agency spend significant its competitors. As a result, the issue of number of daily departures from station resources on providing high-quality transportation is high on the local and stops in each community, along with information that is well placed and regional governments' agendas. the community's tax base. complete. Meanwhile, it is also striving What can be implemented in the Unlike most transit operators, the to provide technological improvements United States, however, is the level of Zurich S-Bahn light rail system has the to ensure that the transit vehicles are involvement of the private sector. In avowed objective of offering a seat to moving through intersections and on Munich, the job ticket is a major fare every passenger. Standing is considered main streets without being impaired by medium. This is a win-win strategy for an exception to be tolerated only for the traffic lights, cars, or bicycles. It was the transit agencies and the employer. briefest of periods. This requirement interesting to watch a traffic police- The latter is contributing to a cleaner, reflects the desire for comfortable officer direct traffic, with the cars safer environment where competition is travel and an amenable egalitarian definitely getting second or third enhanced because mobility and access transit environment for all passengers, priority after trams and pedestrians. are improved. The combi ticket offers a whether they be top government The policy of not making trams wait at similar benefit. Also, commuter rail officials, bank presidents, white or blue traffic lights has improved the speed of could be developed in many U.S. cities. collar employees, homemakers, or trams so that they achieve higher students. speeds than cars in the city. ZURICH There is full fare integration The livability of the city and the throughout the region, which is divided level of transit services is also Background into 45 tariff zones. About 35 million increased because of a well-designed single, multiple, monthly, and annual method of financial participation by the The most populous urban region tickets are sold each year. According to beneficiaries of transit service. The in Switzerland, the canton of Zurich a study conducted by an independent federal government participates in the (pop. 1.2 mil) has been served since research institute (Social Data of subsidization of new transit rail 1990 by a transit association called Munich), this works out to about 400 services and facilities. However, it is Zuercher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV). public transit trips per inhabitant per the locals' responsibility to fund current This association comprises more than year, a level well above that registered services for both operating and capital 40 public and private transit providers, by other metropolitan regions in costs. Fares, which recover over 50 operating a total of 262 commuter rail, western Europe. percent of costs and are zone-based, light rail, mountain rail, bus, trolley provide the bulk of funding. However, bus, and cable car lines and passenger What Makes Zurich Livable? the canton and the individual ferries. The network consists of 2,700 municipalities must supply the rest. route km. The regional rail (S-Bahn) Zurich offers the most This approach allows a municipality to serves as the main distributor, with 27 comprehensive and customer-friendly establish its own level of support for station stops inside the city limits. transit system of all the cities that the transit services. As a policy, however, Neighborhood feeder buses and vans group visited. The policy decision to it must maintain a minimal level of bring passengers to the main stop. The keep most of the transit system above service. In many of the rural or suburban areas, buses must 11 meet trains that provide hourly service. signalization and the tram/bus The super-sized, triple-articulated The system of bus meeting train has management system, which can easily light rail transit vehicle--the backbone been perfected in Switzerland. be implemented in many cities here. of the Freiburg fleet--is 33 m (108 ft) Land use policy has also The benefits of such a system were so long, can carry 260 passengers, and has contributed to the livability of the city clear in Zurich that the costs became eight powered axles. It connects with by encouraging dense developments, secondary. Another critical element to the suburbs on its own grassy right of whether residential or commercial, providing quality service that can be way that blends into the environment. around transit facilities. In addition, implemented here is the "pulse" system The city's extensive network of planners and traffic engineers have of bus meeting train. This convenience bicycle paths, about 410 km at last been able to increase the level of transit creates a feeling that the passenger is count, is used by more than 100,000 without having to build roads or valued. The barriers to these programs bicyclists. acquire right of way. They were are mostly financial; the long-term successful in getting public support to benefits of such programs should be What Makes Freiburg Livable? implement their plans because they did examined carefully. not ignore the car. When they needed Another lesson that can be learned The most noticeable feature of this space for transit, whether it was a from Zurich is that clear roles for the small city is its "texture." The dedicated lane or a complete street, organizations involved (e.g., local, streetscape, street furniture, pavement they made improvements to the rest of canton, and federal governments, as variety, and artistic blend of color, the system to improve speed or increase well as the transit agency and the shape, and texture make walking capacity for the automobile. communities) result in better transit interesting. The sidewalks are A major accomplishment of the service. embedded with art to keep the Zurich transit agency is the level of use pedestrian interested. Flowering plants, of the assets of the company, especially trees, and shrubs enhance the view and the station areas. The largest shopping FREIBURG promote a feeling of belonging and of area in the central city, outside of the being part of the neighborhood. The Bahnhoffstrasse, is the large mall at the bicycle paths are similarly well defined main railroad station. The quality and Background and pleasant. quantity of shops equals that of many Car garages are hidden or large shopping centers in the United Freiburg (pop. 191,000) enjoys an obscured with rooftop shrubbery and States. The layout of this station, which international reputation as one of balcony plantings. These structures, is extremely accessible, especially to Europe's most environmental and which include some housing, become those people with visual impairments, ecology-minded cities. It pays heed to part of a neighborhood and are useful encourages people to stop and shop public art, amenities, and historic without being eyesores. The housing, before their trip home. The Swiss preservation. The business community partly dictated by the historic character Federal Railroad is so successful in this helps the city pay for the unique of the city, is close to the street and is area that 50 percent of their revenues sidewalk mosaics in front of most built within a rather strict zoning code. are from retail and other non-fare downtown stores. New structures, even though clearly revenue sources. For the past 10 years, Freiburg's modern, reflect the characteristics of Another major commitment of the light rail system has pioneered the the gothic look and enhance the texture Swiss government that improves the discounted "environment pass." This of the overall environment. Public livability of Zurich, and of Switzerland has helped change the modal split in buildings are primary examples of in general, is the commitment to use favor of public transport and has architecture that enhances the electric trains throughout the country. become a model for other German environment. The policy decision to This clean fuel does not result in odors cities. More than 4 million environment use public design competition for these at the stations, making it pleasant to do passes have been sold in the 10 years structures contributes to the livability errands and shopping. It also helps since it was introduced. Over this of the city. maintain the beauty of the countryside. period, the number of passengers The light rail system that bisects carried by the Freiburg public transit the city was designed to provide easy system has more than doubled. access while blending with the A regional transit association environment. The railbed is What Could Be Applicable to the started 3 years ago, covering Freiburg cobblestone, brick, or grass, depending United States? and three surrounding counties with a on the area that it crosses. This system, comprehensive network of transit lines. combined with a bus network, aims to It consists of 3 commuter rail, 5 urban provide access to 90 percent of the The most impressive program, light rail, and 77 bus lines--some 2,000 population with a walking distance of which also appears to have the highest line km that can be traveled with a about 300 m to a stop. The residential level of success, is that of traffic single, transferable flash pass. neighborhoods 12 are slowly, but carefully, converted to mainstay of the metropolitan region's dependent, polluted, old city to a Tempo 30 zones through the use of public transit system. The region has a modern metropolis with many large various traffic-calming methods. This population of 435,000, the city about plazas and people-friendly amenities commitment to transit and the 250,000. The light rail transit system, has given it a new character. The environment has made this city an described as revolutionary, is expected planning and execution of this vision example of a livable community. These to dramatically change the modal split are the major attributes of this livable programs have helped the city to by the 21st century. Prior to its recent city. decrease traffic accidents by 50 percent introduction, 75 percent of all daily The city is focusing on improving and to decrease the severity of trips in the region were made by private access and mobility. In addition to accidents by 60 percent. car, 11 percent by transit, and 15 transit and ride-sharing, the city has In recent years, after the percent by bicycle. introduced car-sharing. This concept unification of Germany, several To deal with congestion and allows people who do not use cars military bases have been closed. One pollution, the city banned through- extensively to participate in "car such base is in the outskirts of Freiburg. traffic by private cars in 1992. A series cooperatives." These arrangements The process for developing this of unconventional initiatives were increase the availability of cars while valuable land is a good example of launched, ranging from a rental bicycle reducing each individual's car costs. what good planning and regional fleet and electric rental cars downtown cooperation can achieve. The planning to a public works department that uses What Could Be Applicable to the process included much public horse-drawn farm equipment to United States? participation; a policy decision was maintain forest tracts along the Rhine. made that the development would take The light rail system consists of 26 Strasbourg is the only city visited place around a light rail line. The low-floor cars built by ABB Traction where evidence of transformation from mixed-use community was designed Ltd. The cars feature huge picture a congested and polluted city to a more with the best features of a windows and a spacious interior, have a livable, people-friendly city is visible. neotraditional approach, where the capacity of 290 passengers, and are The city faced significant deterioration residential streets are Tempo 30 zones expected to transport 75,000 people of its architectural marvels because of with the arterial streets feeding to the each work day along a 12.6-km route the recently achieved mobility of its rail line. Green spaces are located with 18 station stops. More than 1,000 citizens. The movement toward a new where they will benefit the most full-sized trees have been planted and vision for a sustainable community had people. nurtured along the tram route, which is to be well defined and executed decorated with works by well-known quickly. What Could Be Applicable to the artists. The process that Strasbourg used United States? The new line traverses the city in a to achieve its transformation is what north-south direction, on a 4-min can be transferred to the United States. Freiburg shows how to design and headway, including a tunnel segment of What happened in Strasbourg is a good implement new development so that it nearly 1 mi under the main railway example of "top-down" leadership. does not detract from a fragile gothic station. The line cost more than $400 Here a visionary political leader, the city. The focus of the city on its million at the current exchange rate, of mayor of the city, initiated a bold magnificent old architecture has not which the national government program, which included the stopped it from growing and providing supplied about $72 million, the introduction of pedestrian-only zones, new opportunities for industry and remaining coming from local funds. limitations on cars in the center of populace. The transit innovations and This action was part of a new public town, and construction of a new light expansion occurred even in the middle transit-oriented strategy designed to rail system and supporting of this historic environment. This city overcome the pollution and traffic infrastructure. The infrastructure would is a good example of how to improve congestion that has plagued the historic create a set of aesthetically pleasing the infrastructure without center of the Alsatian region. As a public spaces that would be supportive compromising a cultural heritage. The result, Place Kleber, the central square, of a light rail system. This leader had to changes made in this city are of human which used to be jammed with some convince a conservative, skeptical scale and encourage human interaction. 50,000 cars daily, now has been populace through extensive education returned entirely to pedestrian and and marketing of the benefits of this STRASBOURG supertram use. vision. The public eventually supported this vision, which was comprehensive, Background What Makes Strasbourg Livable? well defined, and detailed. The marketing campaign for this project The Strasbourg light rail transit The city has embraced a vision of explained clearly the benefits of the line, inaugurated in November 1994, itself as a competitive commercial program to all the stakeholders, has been designed to serve as the center. Its movement from a car- including 13 merchants, residents, and employees. transit is likely to be the greater reliance on public transportation Within 6 years, the vision was appropriate choice. and, conversely, inhibit the use of implemented, and the populace showed 10. High-quality, consistent customer automobiles. Indeed, Hong Kong's its support by recently re-electing the information (especially at the transportation system is used so mayor. The vision was positive, point of sale--usually the bus or intensively that it requires no public inspiring, and supported by the people. train stop) is essential for useful subsidies and has consistently shown The obstacle with such a process is, as and used public transportation an operating profit. Another usual, finding the money to pay for systems. disincentive to using cars in Asian such a project. This was accomplished 11. Electrically operated transit modes cities is the high price of gasoline, in Strasbourg. are valued for their environmental which is three to four times as high as contribution to livability, even in the United States. Finally, although LESSONS LEARNED though they may cost more to the automobile has stretched operate. metropolitan boundaries, the cities of The findings of the mission are as 12. The bicycle can be a significant the Far East remain relatively compact, follows: factor in the daily commute, even which encourages accessible, efficient in colder climates. transit service. 1. There must be a unified vision of There are also important the community's future, supported differences in the policy environments by a complementary action plan HIGH-TECH SOLUTIONS TO of Asia and the United States. In the and funding. Plans that are TRANSIT PROBLEMS: MISSION Far East, central government fiscal inconsistent with the vision must 3, NOVEMBER 1-18, 1995 policies strongly support public transit be discarded if progress is to be and discourage automobile use. In the made. INTRODUCTION United States, transit has never been a 2. Livable communities favor human strong government priority, and strict scale over grand scale. Direct The cities of Asia, whose high automobile controls--of the kind that human interaction is encouraged. population densities have made them have been adopted in Singapore, for 3. Plans and decisions concerning highly dependent on public example--would be politically transportation and land use must transportation, have been at the impossible. be made and implemented on a forefront of transportation innovation. Nevertheless, study mission regional basis. The central city To learn about the latest Asian participants found many examples of cannot go it alone. advances in urban transportation, a innovative practices and technologies 4. Individual choice and freedom are delegation of U.S. transit officials that are potentially transferable to U.S. strengthened and broadened by embarked on a 2-week study mission to cities. The report discusses those investing substantial public funds Far Eastern cities in November 1995. opportunities under five headings as in walking, bicycling, and public The study team's itinerary follows: transportation modes. included Tokyo, Yokohama, and 5. Changes can be implemented that Nagoya in Japan, as well as Hong Kong · Metropolitan Rail Systems and have tremendous effect on the and Singapore. These cities were AGT livability of a community, even chosen because of their established · Urban Bus Systems with old systems and reputation of excellence in public · Multimodal Fare Integration infrastructure. transportation and a record of · Automobile Control Policies 6. The goals of major capital pioneering innovative approaches to · Advanced Traffic Management investments must be clear and solving the problems of metropolitan and Information Systems derived from, and supportive of, mobility. the service philosophy of the While a key purpose of the study community. mission was to identify practices and METROPOLITAN RAIL 7. Consistent and adequate funding service innovations that could be SYSTEMS AND AGT must be available to provide high applicable to the United States, levels of service and routine participants were keenly aware that the In Asian cities, team members replacement and capital renewal of differences in the transportation found the following items particularly transit systems. environments of Asia and the United noteworthy: (1) the dominant role that 8. Transit services from various States might make a transplantation of rail transit plays in the life of the Asian carriers in a given region must be certain policies and practices cities; (2) the close coordination properly coordinated. impractical. For example, the densities between rail planning and regional 9. Transit systems cannot try to be all of development in the cities of the Far development; (3) the extensive use of things to all people. The markets East far exceed those found in the AGT technology (people movers) in pursued must be those where typical American cities. The high providing mobility in new suburban densities create a far 14 developments; (4) the symbiotic costly to build than full-fledged interconnection and track sharing, relationship of suburban (commuter) underground heavy rail systems. One which started back in 1964, extends the railways and urban rail transit as example is the just completed Rinkai metropolitan rail network more than 50 evidenced in physical interconnections (waterfront) New Transit System, a 12- km from the city center and expands its and track sharing; and (5) the large- km, 12-station people mover that will length to more than 630 km. scale participation of private capital in be the centerpiece of the planned construction and operation of rail waterfront Teleport Town, a new transit infrastructure. mixed-use "in-town new town" built on "Third Sector" (Daisan) Public- reclaimed land in the Tokyo harbor. Private Financing of Transit The computer-operated rubber-tired Infrastructure Necessity of Rail Transit people mover will run on 2-min headways and will have a capacity of Many of the aforementioned For Tokyo, Nagoya, and Hong 17,000 passengers per hour. Another Japanese projects are being financed by Kong, rail transit is not a luxury--it is new subcenter, Tama City, will have a public-private consortia (Daisan or an essential piece of urban 16-m monorail line circling the city Third Sector) in which local infrastructure without which these interconnected with a 93-km network jurisdictions are shareholders. At last cities could not function. In Tokyo, for of lines radiating from the city. The report, more than 5,400 Daisan example, the combined rail system Tokadai Line, serving Tokadai New ventures have been established in moves about 7.5 million passengers a Town, 14 km north of Nagoya, is Japan. They represent capital day and carries 72 percent of all trips. another example. This 7-km people investment in excess of $10 billion, of In Osaka, the rail system carries 61 mover system links Tokadai New which about one-half is contributed by percent of all travelers, and Nagoya's Town and its 24,000 residents to a central government and local public rail system carries more than 1 million commuter rail line. Other AGT systems agencies. Each Daisan project can have passengers each day. In Hong Kong, operate in Kobe (Portliner, Rokko anywhere from several to hundreds of the 43-km rail transit system carries 2.5 Line). private participants. The Tokadai Line, million passengers daily, and the entire Singapore has also embarked on for example, has been financed by the public transit system carries more than construction of feeder systems using prefecture (which holds controlling 90 percent of all journeys on trains, automated people mover technology. interest), several banks and public buses, minibuses, trams and ferries, The people movers, 10-km in length, utilities, the private Nagoya Railway making it one of the most heavily used will link housing estates on the Company, Mitsubishi, Toyota, Nippon transit systems in the world. Without outskirts of the city to suburban rapid Steel, and several other industrial these vast metropolitan rail networks, transit stations. companies. The greatest concentration the economies of these cities would of Daisan projects is in Yokohama, the collapse. port for the Tokyo area and now the System Interconnectivity second largest city in Japan. Yokohama's Century 21 Port project Fixed Guideway Transit as a Tool of Unlike U.S. cities, where rail (Minato Mirai) is one of the largest Regional Development transit is operated under a unified Daisan projects, transforming 460 acres management, the Tokyo system is of waterfront property into a high- Rail transit is an integral part of operated by two entities. The Teito technology urban center with a huge regional development, and all Rapid Transit (TRTA) jointly owned convention center. development schemes, whether by the national and metropolitan commercial or residential, must include governments, but in the process of a comprehensive transportation plan. privatization, operates 8 of the capital's Lessons for the United States To help balance the excessive 12 subway lines with a total length of concentration of activity in the center 162 km and 148 stations. The Although AGT technology has of Tokyo, for example, the Tokyo remaining four lines are operated been accepted in the United States Metropolitan Government has been directly by the Tokyo Metropolitan since the early 1980s, it has been developing new subcenters and Government. Suburban services, applied primarily in the context of transportation systems to serve them. operated by private commuter railway "downtown people movers" (e.g., Because land is scarce, there is a strong companies, are physically Detroit and Miami) and airport systems emphasis on AGT systems running on interconnected to seven of the Teito (e.g., Atlanta, Chicago, Orlando, and elevated structures, popularly known as lines and run on Teito tracks inside the Houston). The only truly suburban people movers. People movers reduce cities, thus eliminating the need for people mover--in Las Colinas, Texas-- right-of-way requirements and allow commuters to transfer from suburban to has been decommissioned because of use of streets during construction. They urban trains. This tradition of high operating costs and inadequate are also less 15 patronage. Several other suburban and the private bus operator, Trans- Lessons for the United States people mover projects (e.g., City Post Island Bus Service (TIBS)--have Oak, Texas; Irvine, California; and formed a consortium, TransitLink, Ltd., All three service innovations Montgomery County, Maryland) have for the purpose of integrating fares, mentioned above are eminently never progressed beyond the planning routes and customer information. One transferable to U.S. cities. Electronic stages. However, as our suburban element of this venture is the passenger information displays at bus centers expand and increase in density, TransitLink Guide--electronic touch- stops have been made feasible with the the use of people movers may become screen kiosks that provide information advent of AVL technology, which is economically more attractive as on bus fares, routes, and service being deployed by a growing number internal circulators in suburban changes. The kiosks also provide of urban bus systems. The remaining downtowns and suburban feeders to general information on schools, obstacle--the high cost of hardwiring rapid transit. libraries, hotels, and recreational bus stops with dedicated cable links-- The concept of track sharing and facilities. Systemwide installation of may soon be overcome with the advent interconnecting suburban and urban rail the kiosks is to be completed in 1996. of wireless data transmission networks is also of potential interest to A second element is an electronic technology. Bus arrival information U.S. cities. Given the expected passenger information system, to be displays inform waiting passengers of reductions in federal transit subsidies, installed during 1996-97. The system the arrival time of the next bus and its there will be less money available for will display estimated arrival and destination--thus eliminating one of the extensions to existing light rail systems. departure times of the next bus at bus most common sources of rider Track sharing arrangements with stops and bus terminals, using an AVL dissatisfaction with public transit. commuter rail and other passenger rail system that will monitor the location of Customized transit services that operations may offer a cost-effective individual buses in real time throughout target the discretionary transit rider are way of enhancing the service potential the system. also beginning to appear in the of light rail systems in U.S. cities and suburban communities of the United extending their service outreach at a States. These services employ smaller fraction of the cost that would be Premier Bus Service in Singapore capacity vehicles; offer more flexible, involved in building extensions. demand-responsive service; and use However, in order to make track Singapore's "Bus Plus" program, a advanced communications technology sharing a reality, numerous operational joint venture of the public and private to enhance system performance. Three and institutional barriers must be bus companies, offers deluxe transit examples of such services are Houston overcome. service from residential subdivisions METRO's FasTrak; OmniLink in directly to the CBD to customers Prince William County, Virginia; and willing to pay more for customized Seattle's LINC service. URBAN BUS SYSTEMS service. The Bus Plus program operates FasTrak is a jitney-like service air-conditioned minibuses during peak designed to complement METRO's Despite the unquestionable hours on weekdays, as well as on- existing fixed-route bus service and, importance accorded to rail transit, bus demand "maxi-cab" service. eventually, to replace unproductive bus services also receive a great deal of routes altogether. FasTrak vehicles, attention in Asian cities. The bus owned and operated by private systems of Singapore, Hong Kong, and "Key Routes" in Nagoya entrepreneurs, shuttle along METRO's the Japanese cities all use technical regular bus routes within designated innovation to enhance the quality of In Nagoya, buses form the major service areas. Individuals may flag service and attract more riders. Three component of the transit system. To FasTrak vehicles anywhere along the innovations particularly impressed the increase ridership, the bus company has route and be dropped off at destinations study team: (1) electronic passenger developed a "key route" system. The up to 1/4 mi off the assigned route. information systems; (2) customized key routes have dedicated bus lanes in OmniLink in Prince William County, bus services; and (3) the concept of the center median during the morning Virginia, combines "flag-stop" routes "key routes." and afternoon rush hours and receive feeding commuter rail stations and extra service enhancements, such as daytime "flex-route" (i.e., route electronic passenger information deviation) service. Seattle's LINC Electronic Passenger Information systems in bus shelters, bicycle parking service provides vans that deliver System in Singapore facilities, and other passenger passengers to any location within the amenities. To date, two of the most service zone. The vans operate without To make transit more customer- heavily patronized bus routes have specified bus stops, permitting friendly, the Singapore transit been converted, resulting in a 23-min passengers to hail, board, and get off providers--Singapore Mass Rapid reduction in travel time and a 38 the bus at any location along their Transit (SMRT); Singapore Bus percent increase in ridership. travel path. With Service (SBS); 16 more and more U.S. transit systems takes place in about one-third of a · The card will be accepted on all exploring "niche markets," there will be second, making it possible to handle forms of public transportation, increased emphasis on customizing high volumes of passenger traffic enabling transit users to transfer transit service and providing greater without any loss in productivity. from mode to mode with a single amenities. Electronic passenger Economics also favor the smart card. fare medium. information systems, flexible routing, Microchip costs have been declining by · Visual (and, for those with visual and equipping transit vehicles with 30 to 50 percent annually, and the cost impairments, audible) means will added creature comforts are among the per data bit now favors the smart card be used to inform the user of the bus service enhancements that deserve by a factor of 10. Finally, smart cards status and value of the transaction. serious attention. are reliable. The minimum guaranteed · Users will be able to verify the life of the cards is 100,000 transactions, remaining stored value and to add or 7 to 10 years. This compares to 120 value to their farecards at many MULTIMODAL FARE transactions for the life of the used convenient locations. INTEGRATION stored-value magnetic-strip cards. · Users will have a choice of adding value using either cash or Because of the multiplicity of The consortium identified several electronic funds transfer. A pre- modes and transit service providers, requirements that had to be met in arranged credit line will enable Hong Kong has a long tradition of order to satisfy the transit providers. users to complete a journey even if multimodal fare integration. The rail These requirements were as follows: the card shows a negative balance. transit company (MTRC) has been · The card will have a capability of using stored-value magnetic-strip · New components had to be being used for other transactions, farecards for the past 20 years. The integrated into existing equipment such as telephone, parking, road farecards are accepted on the commuter and revenue collection systems tolls, and payment of utility bills. rail (Kowloon Canton Railway), without disrupting normal revenue · To preserve privacy, users will be Citybus, and on certain bus feeder lines collection operation. able to obtain a personalized or an operated by the private Kowloon Motor · Downtime because of equipment anonymous farecard; all data Bus (KMB). However, the magnetic- failure had to be minimized; fault collected will be treated strip technology in use has limited data diagnostics and modular confidentially. storage capacity and is running out of replacement of components had to capacity to accommodate complex fare be provided for in order to The CSC system is being tested. structures. expedite system recovery. Full service is expected to begin toward To meet the demands of an ever- · Revenue and traffic data had to be the end of 1996. The system is expanding transportation system, these secure. designed to handle between 3 to 4 companies, together with the Hong · Each transit provider had to be million transactions per day. Three Kong and Yaumati Ferry, have formed allowed to determine its own fare million smart cards will be in use when an independent consortium to develop policy. the system is fully operational. and implement a "Contactless Smart- card" (CSC) system. In June 1995, the contract was Lessons for the United States Proximity smart cards combine the awarded to develop a CSC system for stored-value debit card features of the Hong Kong. Once the development The use of smart cards in the widely used telephone cards with the phase is completed, the consortium will United States has lagged behind the rest "contactless" reading capability of a contract with the rail transit company of the world. However, their use is supermarket check-out counter. The (MTRC) to manage the system. The expected to grow rapidly in the future. benefits of smart cards as a transit fare major players will be a Central Body to Proximity smart cards have found their medium are obvious. They speed up operate the central clearinghouse and first application in electronic toll bus boardings, eliminate the need for apportion the collected funds among collection (ETC) systems where they cash transactions and cash collections, the participating service providers; permit motorists to pass through toll reduce fraud, have safeguards against Service Providers, who will act as gates without stopping. The amount of theft (when reported lost or stolen, the agents for the sale of farecards and the toll is deducted electronically from card can be electronically "blacklisted" collection of fares; and the Acquirer, the stored value in the card. Thirteen to prevent further use), can support a who will negotiate commercial toll agencies in 10 states operate ETC more complex regional fare structure, arrangements with nontransport service systems; additional systems are planned and enable transportation operators to providers and collect transaction in another 11 states. The application of have more accurate ridership data. The records with such providers. smart card technology to transit is a transaction, including card-processor The CSC will have the following logical extension of the electronic fare authentication and data encryption, user-friendly features: payment systems. Prime candidates for 17 this technology are large metropolitan zone. Visual inspection is facilitated by during the afternoon peak period, after transportation systems, where the windshield stickers that come in truck restrictions went into effect in stored-value smart card could be used different shapes and colors for different 1989. to allow seamless transfer between months and types of vehicles. Taking Implementation of the ALS also transit modes and to pay for highway advantage of recent advances in affected modal split. Transit's share of and bridge tolls, parking charges, and electronics, Singapore authorities have work trips into the restricted zone possibly taxi fares. Some U.S. systems decided to automate the ALS. increased from 33 percent in the pre- are already conducting pilot smart card Beginning in 1997, an Electronic Road ALS years to 69 percent in 1983. The projects. Pricing (ERP) system will replace the opening of a rapid transit system in current visual inspection of windshield 1988 diverted about 11 percent of stickers. The system will involve former bus riders to rail, but the AUTOMOBILE CONTROL roadside transponders installed at entry auto/transit modal split remains roughly POLICIES points that will cause units installed in the same to this day. The volume of vehicles to deduct the amount of the carpools as a percentage of all Singapore's Area Licensing Scheme toll from a stored-value smart card. automobile traffic peaked at 54 percent Vehicles with no smart card or an in the early 1980s and has since In June 1975, Singapore insufficient balance of money on the declined to 34 percent, probably as a introduced a cordon road pricing smart card will be photographed and a result of the lifting of the carpool system called the Area Licensing collection notice will be sent to the exemption in 1989. Scheme (ALS). Originally aimed at vehicle owner by mail. With the discouraging commuter traffic from automation of the system, it will be Lessons for the United States entering the CBD, and applied only to possible to apply variable charges private cars during morning peak hours, varying with the time of day, thereby In operation for nearly two its objective was broadened in June endowing the system with a true decades, Singapore's ALS has proved 1989 to include the overall congestion pricing capability. to be an effective congestion management of traffic congestion. management tool. Is Singapore's Now, the ALS covers all vehicles (cars, experience transferable to the United taxis, delivery vehicles) and the Effects of the ALS on Traffic and States? Specifically, can the ALS afternoon as well as morning rush Modal Split concept be adapted for use in hours. congestion management systems The Singapore concept involves Initial implementation of the ALS (CMS) and other local efforts to four components: a restricted zone, in 1975 resulted in a 44 percent manage traffic? The following restricted hours, a restricted class of decrease in inbound morning traffic, important distinctions between vehicles, and license fees. The from 74,000 to 41,500 vehicles. Singapore and U.S. cities must be restricted zone is defined by an Subsequently, inbound traffic began to noted: imaginary cordon drawn around the creep up and eventually reached 60,000 most congested part of the city. During vehicles in 1985. The inclusion of 1. The Singapore congestion pricing the restricted hours (7:30 a.m. to 10:15 delivery vehicles in the revised ALS in scheme covers a well-defined and a.m. and 4:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.) all 1989 resulted in a dramatic 51 percent densely populated area of a vehicles except transit buses and reduction in inbound morning truck limited size (725 hectares or 2.8 sq emergency vehicles have to display traffic and a 60 percent reduction in mi). The geographic areas subject "area licenses" to enter the cordoned afternoon truck traffic. In addition, to congestion management in area, called the restricted zone. afternoon automobile traffic decreased American cities are likely to be far Originally, carpools were given free by 56 percent as a result of the more extensive. The larger the entry into the zone. The carpool afternoon restrictions on private cars. area, the more entry points must exemption was revoked with the The reduction in truck traffic had a be controlled, and the more costly introduction of the broadened ALS in noticeable effect on speeds within the and difficult it becomes to monitor June 1989. restricted zone. Afternoon travel speeds and enforce a cordon-based A daily license costs $3 Singapore increased by nearly 30 percent, from 25 congestion pricing scheme. Thus, ($1.87 U.S.) for private cars, taxis, and kmh to 32 kmh. However, truck even with the advent of ETC, delivery vehicles and double that restrictions caused a deterioration in areawide congestion pricing amount for company-owned cars, travel speeds in areas outside the would be far more difficult to which are often used to chauffeur restricted zone, as more delivery implement in a typical U.S. senior executives to and from work. vehicles began to use bypass routes. metropolitan area than in Monthly licenses are available for $60 Average speeds along the ring road, for Singapore. Singapore ($37.50 U.S.). example, declined from 31 kmh to 19 2. The key difference lies in the Enforcement is carried out by kmh vastly different political and policing entrances to the restricted institutional environments of the two countries. 18

Evidence so far indicates little from around the country that there may plans to add event, weather, and public support for areawide be a willingness to try differential tolls intermodal information soon. congestion pricing schemes in the on new and existing toll roads and Information is transmitted over United States. Faced with what it bridges, by experimenting with telephone wires, cellular phones and perceived as lack of local interest differential peak-hour surcharges cable to personal computers and in congestion pricing, Congress and/or off-peak discounts. Although the television monitors in homes, offices, rescinded the Congestion Pricing effect of such experiments would be and in-vehicle displays. Pilot Program after 2 years of limited to a single facility or a single The service via telephone line unsuccessful efforts to mount corridor, they would throw light on costs 2,000 yen ($20) per month, with a congestion pricing demonstration questions that should be answered one-time registration fee of 15,000 yen projects. A proposal by San before we engage in more ambitious ($150). Special service, using a Francisco's Metropolitan experimentation. Pilot projects would dedicated line, costs $200 per month, Transportation Commission to help to answer such questions as: How with a registration fee of $800. institute variable pricing on the would differential tolls affect The decision to go commercial Bay Bridge--the first project to be ridesharing and transit? What fraction was based on wide public acceptance of approved under the pilot program- of drivers would shift their travel to intelligent systems technology by -had to be shelved for lack of a off-peak times, and to what extent Japanese motorists. According to political sponsor. would time-sensitive commuters be Japanese transportation officials, ATIS willing to pay the higher tolls? To what has outpaced radio stations and variable The only other local initiative the extent would traffic be merely diverted message signs in providing information program was able to stimulate was a to "free" facilities? Would to motorists. series of "pre-implementation studies." environmental interests support Three of these studies involve congestion pricing despite its adverse evaluation of high-occupancy vehicle effect on low-income population? What Tokyo's Traffic Control Center (HOV) "Buy-In" or high-occupancy other constituencies would support and toll lane projects in North San Diego (I- oppose congestion pricing, and for What may be the most elaborate 15), Orange County (SR 91 Express what reasons? traffic management center in the world Lanes), and Houston (Katy These uncertainties can best be is in Tokyo. The Tokyo Traffic Control Expressway). Other feasibility studies resolved by means of carefully Center, which the study team visited of congestion pricing are underway in designed pilot demonstration projects. during its tour of the city, controls Boulder, Colorado; Minneapolis-St. Singapore's experience, especially with about 7,000 traffic signals on line (out Paul, Minnesota; New York State; its new ERP system, can help minimize of a total of 14,000 signals in the Portland, Oregon; and Los Angeles, the risk of experimentation and provide Tokyo metropolitan area). The Center's California. a benchmark against which to measure computer controls the timing of green Crucial to local and state officials' progress. lights to maximize traffic capacity and support of congestion pricing is the alleviate congestion by estimating attitude of the public. The Singapore traffic demands. Preference control evaluation noted that Singapore citizens ADVANCED TRAFFIC over conflicting traffic flow and inflow tend to view road pricing "as a MANAGEMENT AND control to the congested area are also necessary nuisance, and grudgingly INFORMATION SYSTEMS applied. accept it." In the United States, The traffic control center provides experience suggests that public reaction motorists with information on to congestion pricing would be far less Japan's Advanced Traffic congestion, travel times between restrained. Charging people for the use Information Service (ATIS) origins and destinations, traffic of formerly free roads is likely to regulation, and parking availability provoke intense public outcry, not Barely 6 months after it was through radio broadcasts, variable unlike the reaction provoked by "taking formed, Japan's Advanced Traffic message signs, fax, and call-in away" an existing freeway lane to Information Service (ATIS) telephone service. Center personnel create an HOV lane. Thus, even if the Corporation has become a major monitor traffic 24 hr a day with the theoretical benefits of an ALS seemed supplier of traveler information in the help of a battery of television monitors. overwhelmingly persuasive, it is Tokyo metropolitan region. Formed as The monitors show traffic on arterials doubtful that state or local officials a joint venture between the city of and freeways throughout the vast could be convinced to implement such Tokyo and private sector interests, metropolitan area. Center operators can a far-reaching scheme, especially if its ATIS began to provide real-time override the computer to trigger traffic primary objective were to limit entry information on traffic congestion, control functions and provide traffic into a CBD. travel time, parking lot availability, information from the consoles on their The Singapore experience is not traffic flow restrictions, and incidents desks. Each console is equipped with a entirely irrelevant--there are indications 24 hr a day. The company database showing past 19 and present traffic patterns on a map, Detroit have instrumented large is no concerted effort, as there is in graphs, and charts and can portions of their freeway networks with Japan, to provide real-time traffic communicate with safety, an array of roadway sensors, closed- information to the general public and to transportation, and police organizations circuit television cameras, and roadside motorists in their cars. It has been through telephone and wireless radio. beacons that send a continuous stream argued that U.S. commercial traffic The system includes some 120 of data to central traffic operations information providers, such as Metro computers on a local area network centers. Personnel in those centers can Networks and Shadow Traffic, keep the connected with high-speed fiber-optic monitor traffic, control the timing of traveling public sufficiently informed cables. signals and detect incidents. U.S. cities, and that investment in more elaborate however, seriously lag behind Japanese information delivery systems, Lessons for the United States cities in their ability to communicate therefore, would not be economically travel-related information to the public. justified. However, the success of Urban areas in the United States Although several metropolitan areas Tokyo's ATIS suggests that the U.S. are taking tentative steps to deploy can depict traffic conditions and appetite for accurate real-time traffic intelligent transportation infrastructure. transmit visual images from their video information may have been Cities such as Houston, Minneapolis, surveillance cameras, there underestimated. San Antonio, Seattle, and suburban 20

APPENDIX A

MISSION PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR TITLES AND AFFILIATIONS AT THE TIME OF THE MISSION

Mission 1--September 9-25, 1994: Enhancing the Attractiveness of Public Transit (Europe: London, Manchester, Amsterdam, Paris, Lille, Stuttgart, Karlsruhe)

Participants

Mr. Kenneth M. Gregor (Team Leader) Ms. Patricia V. McLaughlin General Manager (retired) Deputy Executive Officer Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority Multimodal Planning Atlanta, GA LA County Metropolitan Transp. Authority Los Angeles, CA Mr. Ronald L. Barnes Deputy General Manager Mr. Michael S. Townes Regional Transit Authority Executive Director Cleveland, OH Peninsula Transp. District Commission Hampton, VA Mr. Allen D. Biehler Director, Planning, Engineering, Construction Mr. Herman Volk Port Authority of Allegheny County Director, Urban & Community Relations Pittsburgh, PA NJ Transit Newark, NJ Mr. James F. Buckley Deputy Administrator Ms. Linda S. Watson Maryland Dept. of Transportation Assistant General Manager Mass Transit Administration Fort Worth Transit Authority Baltimore, MD Ft. Worth, TX

Mr. Kevin E. Desmond Ms. Carolyn D. Wylder Chief of Operations Planning Asst. General Manager Metropolitan Transportation Authority Transit System Development MARTA New York City Transit Atlanta, GA Brooklyn, NY Coordinator Mr. Rodney E. Ghearing Assistant Executive Director Mr. George G. Wynne Capital Area Transportation Authority Director, International Center Lansing, MI The Academy of State and Local Government Washington, DC Ms. Anne Y. Herzenberg Chief, Blue Line Operations Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Boston, MA 21

Mission 2--May 18-June 4, 1995: Innovative Roles for Transit in Creating Livable Communities (Europe: Vienna, Salzburg, Munich, Zurich, Freiburg, Strasbourg)

Participants

Mr. William M. Millar (Team Leader) Mr. William Lieberman Executive Director Director of Planning and Operations Port Authority of Allegheny County Metropolitan Transit Development Board Pittsburgh, PA San Diego, CA

Mr. Michael A. Allegra Ms. Jill L. Merrick Project Director Senior Transportation Planner Utah Transit Authority City of Tucson Dept. of Transportation Murray, UT Tucson, AZ

Mr. Douglas L. Brown Mr. Michael H. Mulhern Deputy General Manager Chief, Red Line Operations Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Atlanta, GA Boston, MA

Ms. Sherry C. Burford Mr. Robert B. Parks Director Manager of Science Planning Transit Services of Frederick County Dallas Area Rapid Transit Frederick, MD Dallas, TX

Ms. Toulla P. Constantinou Mr. John R. Post Deputy Executive Director, Planning Deputy General Manager Regional Transportation Authority Tri-County Metropolitan Transit District Chicago, IL Portland, OR

Mr. Ronald L. Freeland Ms. Karen J. Rae Director, Office of Transit Operations Deputy General Manager Maryland Department of Transportation Niagara Frontier Transit System Baltimore, MD Buffalo, NY

Ms. Susan J. Hafner Mr. David J. Vozzolo General Manager Director of Planning Riverside Transit Agency Greater Hartford Transit District Riverside, CA Hartford, CT

Mr. Jack M. Kanarek Coordinator Senior Director, Project Development NJ Transit Mr. George G. Wynne Newark, NJ Director, International Center The Academy of State and Local Government Washington, DC 22

Mission 3--November 1-18, 1995: High-Tech Solutions to Transit Problems (Asia: Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Hong Kong, Singapore)

Participants

Mr. Chester E. Colby (Team Leader) Director Metro-Dade Transit Agency Ms. Gloria Overgaard Miami, FL Manager of Transit Operations Metro, King County Dept. of Metro. Services Mr. Gordon A. Aoyagi Seattle, WA Senior Assistant Chief Administrative Officer Montgomery County Government Mr. Harry D. Reed, III Rockville, MD Administrator, Operations and Major Initiatives Florida Department of Transportation Mr. Michael Bolton Tallahassee, FL General Manager Capital Metropolitan Transit Authority Ms. Susan A. Stauder Austin, TX Special Assistant/Strategic Planning Bi-State Development Agency Mr. Fred M. Gilliam St. Louis, MO Deputy General Manager Metropolitan Transit Authority Mr. Wilfred T. Ussery Houston, TX Board of Directors Bay Area Rapid Transit District Mr. Joseph E. Hofmann San Francisco, CA Senior Vice President Department of Subways Mr. John P. Walsh MTA New York City Transit Deputy Assistant General Manager—Surface Brooklyn, NY Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Ms. Gwendolyn A. Mitchell Philadelphia, PA Assistant General Manager for Public Service Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Coordinator Washington, DC Mr. George G. Wynne Director, International Center The Academy of State and Local Government Washington, DC