South Wales Gas Pipeline Project Site 293 Land South-West of Felindre Mawr Swansea

Archaeological Watching Brief

for Rhead Group on behalf of National Grid

CA Project: 9150 CA Report: 13241 Event: E000086

June 2013

South Wales Gas Pipeline Project Site 293

Archaeological Watching Brief

CA Project: 9150 CA Report: 13241 Event: E000086

prepared by Christopher Leonard, Project Supervisor

date 10 June 2013

checked by Karen E Walker, Post-Excavation Manager

date 4 July 2013

approved by Martin Watts, Project Director, Head of Publications

signed

date 4 July 2013

issue 01

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

Cirencester Milton Keynes Andover Building 11 Unit 4 Office 49 Kemble Enterprise Park Cromwell Business Centre Basepoint Business Centre Kemble, Cirencester Howard Way, Newport Pagnell Caxton Close, Andover Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ MK16 9QS Hampshire, SP10 3FG t. 01285 771022 t. 01908 218320 t. 01264 326549 f. 01285 771033 e. [email protected] © Cotswold Archaeology South Wales Gas Pipeline Project Site 293: Archaeological Watching Brief

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

The site ...... 3 Archaeological background ...... 4 Archaeological objectives ...... 4 Methodology...... 4

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2–6) ...... 5

3. PROJECT TEAM ...... 8

4. REFERENCES ...... 9

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 12

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS ...... 13

APPENDIX C: PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE BY JAMES RACKHAM ...... 13

APPENDIX D: RADIOCARBON DATES BY SEREN GRITHIFFS ...... 22

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 Plan, section and profile of crop-drying oven 293003 (1:20) Fig. 3 Plan and section of crop-drying oven 293010 (1:20) Fig. 4 Plan of pit 293005 (1:20) Fig. 5 Plan of burnt layer 293021 (1:20) Fig. 6 Plan of pits/postholes 293015, 293017 and 293013 (1:20)

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SUMMARY

Project Name: South Wales Gas Pipeline Project Location: Site 293, Land South-West of Felindre, Mawr, Swansea NGR: SN 6344 0232 Type: Watching Brief Date: 6–25 October 2006 Location of Archive: To be deposited with RCAHMW (original paper archive) and Swansea Museum (material archive and digital copy of paper archive; accession number SM 2007.191) Site Code: MHA06

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology during groundworks associated with construction of gas pipelines (part of the South Wales high pressure gas pipeline scheme) between Milford Haven and Aberdulais, and Felindre and Brecon, which were conducted between 2005 and 2007.

Two crop-drying ovens containing charcoal-rich fills were recorded; one oven was surrounded by a metalled surface. A pit and a layer of burnt material were probably associated with the ovens. All of these remains contained charred plant assemblages including free-threshing (probably bread-type) wheat, hulled barley and oats, which are typically associated with post-Roman cereal processing. These charred cereal assemblages comprised cleaned grains ready for use or storage. Radiocarbon dating on grains from one of the ovens indicated a date of cal. AD 410–550 for the crop processing, a date within the early medieval period. Three undated pits/postholes were also identified.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 NACAP Land and Marine Joint Venture (NLMJV), on behalf of National Grid, commissioned RSK Environment (part of the RSK Group) to manage the archaeological works (non-invasive surveys, desk based assessment, evaluation, watching brief, and open area excavation) on a 216km-long section of pipeline from Milford Haven (Pembrokeshire) to Brecon (in Powys). The high pressure gas pipeline (part of the 316km-long pipeline route from Milford Haven to Tirley in Gloucestershire) was required to reinforce the gas transmission network. The archaeological work performed in advance of this pipeline was undertaken in a number of sections by a number of archaeological companies. The westernmost section of 122km, from Milford Haven to Aberdulais, was investigated by Cotswold Archaeology (CA; then Cotswold Archaeological Trust) during 2005–2007 with some additional excavation work carried out by Cambrian Archaeological Projects (CAP). The section of 89km, from Felindre to Brecon was investigated by CA during 2006– 2007 and CAP during 2007. Assessment reports on the works were completed in January 2012 (NLM 2012a, 2012b) and the current reporting stage was commissioned in February 2013.

1.2 In October 2006 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological watching brief at Site 293, Land South-West of Felindre, Mawr, Swansea (centred on NGR: SN 6344 0232; Fig. 1). The objective of the watching brief was to record all archaeological remains exposed during the pipeline construction.

1.3 The watching brief was carried out in accordance with professional codes, standards and guidance documents (EH 1991; IfA 1999a, 1999b, 2001a, 2001b and IfA Wales 2008). The methodologies were laid out in an Archaeological Management Plan (AMP) (RSK 2006) and associated Written Statements of Investigation (WSIs) and Method Statements.

The site 1.4 The site is located within two adjacent fields south-west of Felindre (Fig. 1). It lies at approximately 120m AOD on an east/west aligned ridge overlooking the River Lliw to the north and Nant y Crimp to the south.

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1.5 The underlying solid geology of the area is mapped as the Swansea Member (Sandstone) of the Carboniferous Period, overlain by superficial Quaternary Till deposits (BGS 2013).

Archaeological background 1.6 No archaeological remains were identified within the site during the preliminary Archaeology and Heritage Survey (CA 2005). The survey did identify circular cropmarks of uncertain date and type 350m north-west and 200m south of the site (CA 2005, ref. IDs 708 and 712). Four undated pits containing burnt material were excavated at pipelines Sites 287 and 288, approximately 500m to the east. A further pit containing burnt deposits, including hazel nutshells dated to the Late Neolithic period was excavated at Site 238, 1.5km to the south-west.

Archaeological objectives 1.7 The objectives of the archaeological works were:- • to monitor groundworks, and to identify, investigate and record all significant buried archaeological deposits revealed on the site during the course of the development groundworks; and • at the conclusion of the project, to produce an integrated archive for the project work and a report setting out the results of the project and the archaeological conclusions that can be drawn from the recorded data.

Methodology 1.8 The fieldwork followed the methodology set out within the WSI (NLM 2006). An archaeologist was present during intrusive groundworks comprising stripping of the pipeline easement to the natural substrate.

1.9 The post-excavation analysis and reporting was undertaken following the production of the UPD (GA 2012) and included re-examination of the original site records. Finds, environmental and radiocarbon-dating evidence was taken from the assessment reports (NLM 2012b) except where the UPD recommended further work, in which case the updated reports were used. The archaeological background to the site was assessed using the following resources:- • the Archaeology and Heritage Survey which was undertaken in advance of the pipeline construction and which examined a 1km-wide corridor centred on the pipeline centre line, including the then existing HER record (CA 2006);

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• Glamorgan- Gwent Archaeological Trust Historic Environment (GGAT HER) data (received July 2014); and • other online resources, such as Google Earth and Ordnance Survey maps available at http://www.old-maps.co.uk/index.html. All monuments thus identified that were relevant to the site were taken into account when considering the results of the fieldwork.

1.10 The archive from the watching brief is currently held by CA at their offices in Kemble. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner, the finds will be deposited with Swansea Museum along with a digital copy of the paper archive (accession number SM 2007.191). The original paper archive will be deposited with the RCAHMW.

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2–6)

2.1 This section provides an overview of the results of the watching brief; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts, finds and palaeoenvironmental evidence are to be found in Appendices A, B and C. Full versions of the specialist reports are contained within the site archive.

2.2 The natural geological substrate (293002), comprising orange clay, was cut by two crop-drying ovens and a small number of pits/postholes and was overlain by a metalled surface and a layer of burnt material. These features were spread over a distance of 95m. In addition to the features described below, two unstratified pieces of flint were recovered, neither of which was closely dateable.

2.3 Crop-drying ovens 293003 and 293010 were found 30m apart. They consisted of keyhole-shaped cuts 2.85m–3.6m long, 0.85m–1m wide and 0.2m–0.3m deep with steep sides and flat bases (Figs 2 and 3). Both cuts included deeper bowl-shaped pits at one end, and flues extending from these. The pits of both included the remains of stone linings and further stones in the fills of both ovens may have derived from linings or superstructures. Oven 290003 was adjoined by metalled surface 293009 which survived as patches of small stones surrounding the pit end of the oven and was presumably an associated work surface.

2.4 The ovens had dark, charcoal-rich lower fills and brown silty clay upper fills containing charcoal flecks and burnt stones. The charred grain assemblage from the

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lower fills of oven 293003 (fills 293004 and 293008) were comprised mostly of barley (including six-row hulled barley), with a good representation of oats and very little wheat. Fill 293012 of oven 293010 was still dominated by barley, but contained higher proportions of wheat (particularly bread wheat-type) and oats (Appendix C). As well as cereal grains, both ovens contained very small amounts of charred hazelnut shells, weed seeds and chaff. Charred barley seeds from fill 293004 returned radiocarbon dates of cal. AD 390–560 and 392–553 (SUERC-56389; 95% confidence) and oat seeds from the same fill were dated to cal. AD 400–580 and 407–572 (SUERC-56389; 95% confidence). These dates are statistically consistent and could represent a single event occurring in cal. AD 410–550 (Appendix D).

2.5 Pit 293005 was located 17m west of crop-drying oven 293003 and was oval in plan, 2.9m long, 1.2m wide and 0.65m deep, with steep sides and a flat base (Fig 4). It contained two yellow-brown clay-silt fills, both of which included frequent charcoal and burnt stone inclusions. From the charcoal, grains were recovered, dominated by oats along with traces of barley and wheat.

2.6 Layer 293021 was located 37m east of oven 293010 and comprised a charcoal-rich deposit 1.2m long, 0.5m wide and 0.05m thick (Fig 5). A sample from this deposit yielded charred barley, wheat, and oat grains and charred weed seeds, suggesting that this could be redeposited crop-drying oven debris. Free-threshing wheat was the dominant identifiable grain in the charred plant assemblage from the layer, with lesser amounts of barley and oats. Three very tiny fragments of indeterminate burnt bone were also recovered from the sample.

2.7 Pits/postholes 293013, 293015 and 293017 were located in close proximity to each other and 60m west of the crop-drying ovens. They were oval in plan, 0.35m–0.45m long, 0.25m–0.3m wide and 0.15m deep with steep sides and flat bases (Fig 6). Pit/posthole 293015 contained possible post-packing stones. None of these features contained significant quantities of burnt material.

Discussion 2.8 The ovens are comparable in form to the keyhole-shaped ovens commonly found on sites in England and Wales spanning the Iron Age to medieval periods and which are generally interpreted as crop-drying ovens used in primary cereal processing (Crane 2006). Several keyhole-shaped ovens were excavated at South Wales Pipelines Site 50.05, one of which contained charred grain dating to the Roman

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period (cal. AD 80–330; CA 2014a) and ovens excavated at Site 221 (CA 2013a) and at Blaenporth near Cardigan have produced early post-Roman dates (Crane 2006). The radiocarbon dating obtained from oven 239003 indicates a date range of cal. AD 410–550, a range within the early post-Roman periods.

2.9 It is possible that pit 239005 represented the truncated remains of a further oven; however small pits with similar characteristically post-Roman charred grain assemblages have been excavated at Sites 4.22 and 201 (CA 2014b, CA 2013b). While it is possible that all of these pits were truncated ovens, they may equally represent pits used either for the temporary storage of processed grains, or for the disposal of unwanted processed material or oven-debris.

2.10 The cereal grains from all of the features derive from clean crops, with proportionately few weed seeds or cereal chaff in the assemblage. This is a clear indication that the ovens were used for crop processing, probably the drying of cereals prior to storage or use. The ovens were most likely to have been used for primary processing of crops in the fields in which they were grown; there was no evidence for buildings such as mills at the site and it is assumed that secondary processing of the grains was done elsewhere.

2.11 Site 293 draws interesting parallels with Site 50.05, where a cluster of similar ovens appeared to be located within fields with no associated structural or other settlement remains. The ovens at Site 50.05 were radiocarbon dated to the first to fourth centuries AD. A date within the Roman period was supported by the charred grain assemblage, which was dominated by spelt wheat. This may suggest that the sites shared a common function which, although little seen in the archaeological record, may have been a durable tradition in western Wales. Field kilns are known in Wales, but only in the later medieval and post-medieval periods, when they form part of a highly structured system of crop processing (see Appendix C, discussion).

2.12 It is tempting to interpret the kilns at Sites 50.05 and 293 as early antecedents of these field kilns, although there is little firm evidence for this other than the apparent location of the kilns in fields away from settlement. One of the advantages of the pipeline scheme is that it affords a chance to investigate sites that may be missed by traditional archaeological means. However it also provides a very narrow slice through the landscape and the apparent isolation of features such as these kilns should be treated with caution as a settlement would not have to be located too far

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to the north or south of the kilns to fall outside the pipeline easement and therefore not be recognised.

3. PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Sian Reynish, assisted by Jerry Austin, Claire Jones- Davis and Dave Roberts. This report was written by Christopher Leonard with comments by Jonathan Hart and illustrations prepared by Daniel Bashford. The archive has been compiled by Jonathan Hart and prepared for deposition by Hazel O’Neill. The fieldwork was managed for CA by Clifford Bateman and the post- excavation work was managed for CA by Karen Walker.

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4. REFERENCES

Ashmore, P. 1999 ‘Radiocarbon dating: avoiding errors by avoiding mixed samples’, in Antiquity 73, 124–30 BGS (British Geological Survey) 2013 Geology of Britain Viewer. Online resource at http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html accessed 10 June 2013 Britnell, W. 1984 ‘A 15th-century corn drying kiln from Collfryn, Llansantffraid Deuddwr, Powys’, in Medieval Archaeology XXVIII, 190-194 Bronk Ramsey, C. 1995 ‘Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy: the OxCal program’, Radiocarbon 37(2), 425–30 Bronk Ramsey, C. 1998 ‘Probability and dating’, in Radiocarbon 40(1), 461–74 Bronk Ramsey, C. 2001 ‘Development of the radiocarbon calibration program OxCal.’, in Radiocarbon 43(2A), 355–63 Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009 ‘Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates’, in Radiocarbon 51(1), 337–60 CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2005 Milford Haven to Aberdulais Gas Pipeline: Archaeology and Heritage Survey. CA typescript report 04147 CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2013a South Wales Pipeline Project Site 221, Land West of Maes-y-Lan, Llanddowror, Carmarthenshire. CA typescript report 13148 CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2013b South Wales Pipeline Site 201, Land North of Gwempa, Llangyndeyrn, Carmarthenshire. CA typescript report 13341 CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2013c South Wales Pipeline Project Sites 24.06 and 24.07, Land North-East of Gurrey Cottage, Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire. CA typescript report 13274 CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2014a South Wales Pipeline Project Site Site 50.05, Land West of Aberyscir Court, Yscir, Powys. CA typescript report 13256 CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2014b South Wales Pipeline Project Site 04.22, Land East of Llanedi, Llanedi, Carmarthenshire. CA typescript report 13317 Crane, P. 2006 ‘Tanyreglwys, Blaenport’, Archaeology in Wales 46 GA (Groundwork Archaeology) 2012 Milford Haven to Aberdulais and Felindre to Brecon High Pressure Gas Pipelines: Updated Project Design EH (English Heritage) 1991 The Management of Archaeological Projects 2 Freeman, S., G. Cook, A. Dougans, P. Naysmith, K. Wicken and S. Xu 2010 ‘Improved SSAMS performance’, in Nuclear Instruments and Methods Physics Research B 268, 715–17

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Gale, R. and Cutler, D. 2000 Plants in Archaeology. Otley/London, Westbury/Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Giorgi, J. and Martin, G. 2009 ‘Assessment Report for the Archaeobotanical Remains’ in NLM 2012a Greig, J, 1991 ‘The British Isles’, in W van Zeist, K Wasylikowa and K-E. Behre (eds) Progress in Old World Palaeoethnobotany. Rotterdam, 229-334 Hather, J.G. 2000 The Identification of the Northern European Woods: A Guide for archaeologists and conservators. London, Archetype Publications Ltd. Kenney, J. 2008 Recent Excavations at Parc Bryn Cegin, Llandygai, near Bangor, North Wales. Vol. 1. GAT Report 764 IfA (Institute for Archaeologists) 1999a Guidelines for Finds Work. IfA, Birmingham IfA (Institute for Archaeologists) 1999b Standard and Guidance for Finds and Ecofact Studies and Curation. IfA, Reading IfA (Institute for Archaeologists) 2001a Standard and Guidance for the Collection, Documentation, Conservation and Research of Archaeological Materials. IfA, Reading IfA (Institute for Archaeologists) 2001b Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief IfA Wales (Institute for Archaeologists of Wales/Cymru) 2008 Introducing a Research Framework for the Archaeology of Wales, online resource at http://www.archaeoleg.org.uk/intro.html accessed December 2008 Moffett, L. 2006 ‘The Archaeology of Medieval Plant Foods’, in CM Woolgar, D Serjeantson and T Waldron (eds) Food in Medieval England: Diet and Nutrition, 41-55 Mook, W. G. and H. T. Waterbolk 1985 Handbook for archaeologists. No 3. Radiocarbon dating. Strasbourg; European Science Foundation NLM (Nacap Land and Marine) 2006 Milford Haven to Aberdulais Natural Gas Pipeline: Scheme of investigation for a programme of archaeological works NLM (Nacap Land and Marine) 2012a Milford Haven to Aberdulais High Pressure Gas Pipeline: Archaeology Assessment of Potential for Analysis NLM (Nacap Land and Marine) 2012b Felindre to Brecon High Pressure Gas Pipeline: Archaeology Assessment of Potential for Analysis Pannett, A. 2009 ‘Lithics’, in NLM 2012a RSK (RSKENSR) 2006 Milford Haven to Aberdulais Natural Gas Pipeline: Archaeological Management Plan. Nacap Land and Marine Final, RSKENSR Environmental Ltd Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., & Kienast, F. 2004 Wood Anatomy of Central European Species available online at www.woodanatomy.ch Stace, C. 2010 New Flora of the British Isles. Third Edition. Cambridge, CUP

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Stuiver, M. and R. S. Kra 1986 ‘Editorial comment’, in Radiocarbon 28(2B), ii Stuiver, M. and H. A. Polach 1977 ‘Discussion, reporting of 14C data’, in Radiocarbon 19(3), 355–63 Stuiver, M. and P. J. Reimer 1986 ‘A computer program for radiocarbon age calculation’, in Radiocarbon 28, 1022–30 Stuiver, M. and P. J. Reimer 1993 ‘Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program’ in Radiocarbon 35, 215–30 Taylor, M. 1981. Wood in Archaeology. Aylesbury, Shire Publications. Vandeputte, K., L. Moens and R. Dams 1996 ‘Improved sealed-tube combustion of organic samples to CO2 for stable isotope analysis, radiocarbon dating and percent carbon determinations’, in Analytical Letters 29, 2761–73 Ward, G.K. and, Wilson, S.R. 1978 ‘Procedures for Comparing and Combining Radiocarbon Age Determinations: a critique’, in Archaeometry 20, 19–31 Wiliam, E. 1984 ‘Some literary evidence from Wales’, in Britnell 1984 Xu, S., R. Anderson, C. Bryant, G. T. Cook, A. Dougans, S. Freeman, P. Naysmith, C. Schnabel and E. M. Scott 2004 ‘Capabilities of the new SUERC 5MV AMS facility for 14C dating’ in Radiocarbon 46, 59–64

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APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Context Fill of Context Description L W Depth Spot date No. interpretation (m) (m) (m) 293000 Topsoil Orange-brown sandy silt 0.27 293001 Subsoil Orange-brown sandy silt 0.28 293002 Natural Orange silty clay 293003 Crop-drying Oval in plan, steep sides, flat 3.6 1.0 0.3 oven base 293004 293003 Crop-drying Upper fill: mid yellow-brown 3.6 1.0 0.3 cal AD 400-580 oven fill clayey silt, common charcoal and cal AD 407-572 small stones, occasional small cal AD 392-553 burnt stones cal AD 390-560 293005 Pit Oval in plan, irregular, steep 2.9 1.2 0.65 sides, flat base 293006 293005 Pit fill Lower fill: mid yellow-brown 2.9 1.2 0.25 clayey silt, frequent charcoal, occasional small burnt stones 293007 293005 Pit fill Upper fill: mid yellow-brown 2.9 1.2 0.45 clayey silt, common charcoal, occasional small burnt stone 293008 293003 Crop-drying Lower fill: charcoal 3.0 1.0 0.05 oven fill 293009 Metalled Circular in plan, layer of stones 3.2 2.1 0.1 surface surrounding west end of pit 293003 293010 Crop-drying Oval in plan, step sides, flat base 2.85 0.85 0.2 oven 293011 293010 Crop-drying Upper fill: grey-brown silty clay, 1.35 0.85 0.15 oven fill common charcoal and large burnt stones 293012 293010 Crop-drying Dark brown, frequent charcoal 2.85 0.85 0.05 oven fill 293013 Pit/posthole Oval in plan, steep sides, flat 0.7 0.35 0.25 base 293014 293013 Pit/posthole Mid brown silty clay, occasional 0.7 0.35 0.25 fill stones and charcoal 293015 Pit/posthole Oval in plan, steep sides, flat 0.45 0.25 0.15 base 293016 293015 Pit/posthole Green-brown silty clay, occasional 0.45 0.25 0.15 fill charcoal, occasional medium packing stones 293017 Pit/posthole Oval in plan, steep sides, flat 0.35 0.3 0.15 base 293018 293017 Pit/posthole Upper fill: light grey silty clay, 0.35 0.3 0.15 fill occasional charcoal 293019 293017 Pit/posthole 2nd fill: red-orange clay, 0.35 0.15 0.05 fill occasional small stones 293020 293017 Pit/posthole Lower fill: orange-brown clay 0.35 0.2 0.1 fill 293021 Burnt Oval in plan, black silty clay, 1.2 0.5 0.05 Spread frequent charcoal, occasional stones

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APPENDIX B: THE FINDS

Lithics (Pannett 2009) Context Description Date Unstrat Lithic: burnt chunk undated Unstrat Lithic: flake undated

APPENDIX C: PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE BY JAMES RACKHAM

Animal or Human Bone Two of the environmental samples produced very small assemblages of burnt bone (see below Table 2). Thirty two very tiny fragments of indeterminate burnt bone (0.1g) were recovered from sample 293002 (context 293008), the fill of crop drying oven 293003.

Three very tiny fragments of indeterminate burnt bone (<0.1g) were recovered from sample 293003 (context 293021), a burnt spread.

Environmental soil samples A series of five samples were taken during excavations at this site (Table 1). The features were scattered across 40m of the easement. Two of the sampled features are interpreted as corn drying ovens, and the charred cereal evidence suggests that these are post-Roman in date. Samples of barley and oat grains from the secondary fill of ‘drying oven’ 293003 have produced radiocarbon dates suggesting a very late Roman or early post-Roman date for the feature, and the latter is proposed. The cereal assemblages from pit 293005 and spread 293021 also suggest a post-Roman date and may be associated with the same phase of activity as the corn driers.

Table 1. Bulk environmental samples from Site 293 sample context processed processed date (C14 dates at feature description no no wt kg vol l 95% probability) 293000 293006 293005 Primary pit fill 10 8 Post-Roman? 293001 293004 293003 Crop drying oven 2nd 13 10 392-553 cal AD fill (barley) 407-572 cal AD (oats) 293002 293008 293003 Crop drying oven 1st fill 55 50 Post-Roman? 293003 293021 Burnt spread 1 2 Post-Roman? 293004 293012 293010 Crop drying oven 1st fill 15 10 Post-Roman?

The samples were processed in the manner described in the assessment report (Giorgi and Martin 2009) with the additional refloating of the dried <2mm sample residues that had been retained whose flot volume is indicated in Table 2 as ‘2nd flot’. The second flots were then sorted for charred macrofossils and the residue re-dried and checked with a magnet to recover any further magnetic material. The samples from pit 293005 and corn drying oven 293003 contained exceptionally rich botanical assemblages. These were thus sub-sampled, charred plant remains being sorted and quantified from a fraction (3.125% and 6.25%) of each flot and the remaining fractions scanned and presence and approximate abundance of identifiable remains recorded (Table 3).

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Table 2. Data for the environmental samples from Site 293 1st pro- 2nd sample context flot residue burnt burnt burnt cessed flot pottery coal flint magnetic comments no no vol wt g clay stone bone vol l vol ml 293000 293006 8 115 13 nd E A HNS 293001 293004 10 168 25 nd E B HNS 293002 293008 50 700 75 nd C A D HNS 293003 293021 2 35 3 nd E C E 293004 293012 10 14 14 nd E E A HNS * abundance rating – E= 1-10 items; D=11-50, C=51=100, B=101-200, A=>200; nd – no data; HNS – hazel nutshell

All the sample residues produced a magnetic component and a little coal, although the latter is likely to be natural in the soils. The sample from corn drier 293010 produced a little burnt stone, and unidentifiable burnt bone was recovered from the primary fill of corn drier 293003 and spread 293021 (Table 2).

Charred plant remains (John Giorgi) Large quantities of charred plant remains were recovered from the five samples with particularly rich assemblages in the two fills of corn drying oven 293003 and pit fill 293006, only small fractions of which were sorted and quantified although the remaining larger flot fractions were also scanned (see above). Cereal grains were the dominant feature of the charred plant assemblage, accounting for 95% of the quantified items with a relatively small number of wild plant/weed seeds (5%) and only traces of chaff (<0.1%) (Table 3).

Grain preservation was variable although there was a high degree of fragmentation and well over half (65%) of the grains could not be identified further. Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Avena (oats) were the best and almost equally represented cereals followed by Triticum aestivum type (free-threshing wheat) grains with an overall ratio of barley to oats to wheat grains of approximately 5:4:1. Hulled and lateral (twisted) grains of barley provided evidence for the presence of six-row hulled barley with traces of barley rachis fragments also recovered from one sample.

The absence of wheat chaff meant that it was not possible to establish whether the free-threshing wheat grains were from hexaploid and/or tetraploid species although the well preserved wheat grains with a rounded squat morphology and a flat dorsal side, are more indicative of hexaploid Triticum aestivum (bread type wheat) than tetraploid Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat). Oat chaff was limited to a single floret base belonging to Avena sativa (common oat) and very occasional oat awn fragments in several samples. It was therefore difficult to reliably establish whether the large numbers of oat grains were from cultivated species, Avena sativa (common oat), Avena strigosa (bristle oat), wild oats (Avena fatua) or a mixture of all three because grain morphology can only tentatively be used to separate out the different species of oats. An initial scan of the well-preserved remains showed a size range of between 3.5mm and 5.5mm for most of the oat grains in pit fill 293000 and the possible presence of both cultivated species, while the two fill samples from oven 293003 contained mainly larger oat grains (ranging in size from 4mm to almost 7mm) with other morphological characteristics suggesting a good representation of common oat. Further analysis of the well-preserved grains may provide a better indication of the relative proportions of the different oat species.

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Table 3. Charred plant remains identified in the samples from Site 293 Feature number 293005 293003 293003 293010 Feature type Primary pit fill Corn drying oven 2nd fill Corn drying oven 1st fill Burnt spread Oven 1st fill Context number 293006 293004 293008 293021 293012 Sample number 293000 293001 293002 293003 293004 Flot 1st 1st 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd Proc. Vol. (l) 8 10 50 2 10 Vol. flot (ml) 140 13 115 26 600 98 30 3 41 14 6.25 100 100 100 % flot sorted 6.25% 3.125% 100% 100% 100% 100% % % % % 93.75 % flot scanned 93.75% 96.875% % Cereal grains free-threshing Triticum aestivum s.l. 3 8 13 12 wheat ?free-threshing T. cf. aestivum type 2 4 16 7 wheat ++ +++ Triticum sp(p). wheat 1 1 5 20 15 cf. Triticum spp. ?wheat 8 1 16 5 1 barley hulled Hordeum vulgare L. 16 21 3 7 14 2 twisted barley hulled H. vulgare L. 11 7 2 straight barley hulled + +++++ +++++ H. vulgare L. 1 41 101 8 7 37 11 indet. H. vulgare L. barley indet 1 20 64 2 5 27 2 cf. H. vulgare ?barley 2 25 51 3 6 6 1 Avena sp(p). oat 77 10 5 1 21 6 13 9 4 +++++ ++++ +++++ cf. Avena spp. ?oat 170 87 9 2 17 6 28 13 4 Indeterminate Cerealia indet. 117 +++ 226 156 +++++ 126 424 +++++ 492 120 10 235 133 grains (estimate) Chaff barley rachis Hordeum sp(p). + 1 internode common oat Avena sativa L. 1 floret base oat floret Avena spp. + fragments Avena spp. oat awns + + +

15 © Cotswold Archaeology South Wales Gas Pipeline Project Site 293: Archaeological Watching Brief

Indet. cereal Cerealia indet + rachis fragments Other plants Ranunculus spp. buttercups + hazel nut shell Corylus avellana L. fragments 1 1 36/0.4g + 1 2 nos/wt. Sample number 293000 293001 293002 293003 293004 Flot 1st 1st 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd Chenopodium spp. goosefoots etc. + +++ Atriplex spp. orache ++ Spergula arvensis L. corn spurrey + ++ Persicaria maculosa redshank + 1 1 ++ 3 1 1 Gray P. lapathifoilia (L.) Gray pale persicaria + 2 ++ 1 1 1 Persicaria sp(p). knotweed 3 ++ 1 4 ++ 1 15 +++ 8 8 5 3 Polygonum aviculare L. knotgrass ++ ++ 8 +++ 1 2 1 Fallopia convuluvulus (L.) black bindweed + A Love Polygonum spp. knotgrasses +++ Rumex acetosella agg. sheep’s sorrel + ++ Rumex sp(p). dock + ++ 2 ++ 2 1 1 3 Indet. Polygonaceae indet. 1 + ++ 1 ++ 5 knotweeds Raphanus raphanistrum wild radish 1 + 4 ++ 3 1 L. capsule Crateagus monogyna hawthorn 1 Jacq. Medicago/Trifolium spp. medicks/clovers + + 1 Indet. large Fabaceae indet. legume + fragments cf. Galeopsis spp. ?hemp-nettle + 2 ++ Plantago lanceolata L. ribwort plantain 1 + 1 ++ 1 cf. P. lanceolata ribwort plantain + Plantago spp. plantain + Lapsana communis L. nipplewort + +++ Asteraceae indet. daisy family + + Festuca/Lolium sp. fescue/rye-grass 1

16 © Cotswold Archaeology South Wales Gas Pipeline Project Site 293: Archaeological Watching Brief

Lolium spp. rye-grass ++ Bromus sp(p). brome + Poaceae indet. grasses (large) + 3 ++ Poaceae indet. grasses (small) + 3 +++ 1 3 Indet seeds + 2 1 + + 2 grass/cereal Poaceae/Cerealia indet. culm + stem fragments nodes/internodes Charcoal +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ Total nos. of items 376 - 326 296 - 133 808 - 550 267 10 393 167 Item density (per litre of processed soil) 792 (e) 486 (e) 528 (e) 138.5 56 Item frequency: + =1-10; ++=11-50; +++=51-150; ++++=151-250; +++++=>250 items; e = projected item density per litre of soil

17 © Cotswold Archaeology South Wales Gas Pipeline Project Site 293: Archaeological Watching Brief

The only other potential food remains were represented by occasional or small amounts of Corylus avellana (hazel nut) shell in four samples, a common find on many of the sites along the route of the pipeline and a wild food resource frequently found in Wales from the prehistoric period onwards. A single fruit stone of Crateagus monogyna (hawthorn), an edible berry, was also identified from pit 293005. These two plants may be indicative of hedgerow, scrub and woodland border habitats close-by.

The majority of the identifiable wild plant/weed seeds suggest the cultivation of sandy acidic soils, including Spergula arvensis (corn spurrey) and Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish) (both acid soil indicators) and a very good representation of Polygonaceae, particularly Persicaria maculosa (redshank), Persicaria lapathifolia (pale persicaria) and Polygonum aviculare (knotgrass). Several weeds, for example Spergula arvensis, Fallopia convolvulus (black bindweed) and Raphanus raphanistrum, may point to the spring-sowing of cereal crops.

The presence of free-threshing, probably bread type wheat, hulled barley and oats suggest a post-Roman date for this assemblage, these three cereals being typically found together from the early medieval period onwards (Greig 1991, 314), and the radiocarbon dates indicate a 5th–6th century date. These three grains have been recorded together at a number of sites along the route of the pipeline, for example at currently undated sites of 4.22 (CA 2014b), 201 (CA 2013b) and 221 (CA 2013a), and a post-medieval site 24.06 (CA 2013c), all of which also produced weed seed evidence for the cultivation of sandy soils.

All the samples contained high densities of charred plant remains, the densest concentrations being from pit fill 293006 and the two oven fills 293008, 293004, with projected item estimates of 792, 528 and 486 respectively per litre of processed soil. Cereal grains made up between 95% and 99% of the quantified remains in the five samples (excluding hazel nut shell) with weed seeds (1% to 5%) accounting for the remaining fraction and only traces of chaff in each of the samples. Hulled barley and oats are the two best represented cereals in the samples although individual charred plant assemblages show a dominance of particular cereals in some sampled features and greater mixing of the different grains in others.

Virtually all the identifiable grains from the sampled fill of pit 293005 were oat, with only traces of hulled barley and wheat, grains making up almost 99% of the quantified charred plant remains from this fill. These clean grains may have originally been accidentally burnt in the crop-drying oven 293003 to the east, and subsequently dumped into the pit.

18 © Cotswold Archaeology South Wales Gas Pipeline Project Site 293: Archaeological Watching Brief

The quantified fractions of the two fills 293004, 293008 of corn drying oven 293003, produced fairly similar results, showing hulled barley to be the main cereal (80% to 85% of identifiable grains) in the sorted fractions, while scanning the larger flot fractions also show hulled barley to be the dominant grain although with a good representation of oats. There were relatively few wheat grains in both fills. Grains dominated the charred plant assemblages in these two oven fills making up 95% to 98% of the quantified fractions. There were slightly more weed seeds from a wider range of species in these two fills compared to pit 293005 although the weed seeds still only accounted for between 2% and 5% of the quantified remains.

The fill of the other corn drying oven 293010 contained a smaller charred plant assemblage, a lower concentration of remains and a greater mix of cereals, barley making up 60% of the identifiable grains followed by wheat (23%) and oats (17%). Cereal grains, however, were still the dominant feature, accounting for 96% of the quantified remains. The burnt spread 293021 also contained a mix of the three cereals with (free-threshing) wheat being the best represented of the identifiable grains (50%) followed by oats (31%) and then barley (19%).

The almost fully cleaned cereal grains in the two corn drying ovens may have been accidentally burnt while being dried before storage and/or milling, and may represent the charred debris from the final uses of the two features. The charred grains in the other two sampled features, the burnt spread 293021 and pit 293005, may represent re-deposited burnt domestic waste material from the cleaning out of the corn-drying ovens. Both these features, however, lie at some distance from the two sampled ovens and it is possible that the burnt grains in the charcoal spread and pit originate from other cooking or grain drying accidents closer-by. In any event the charred assemblages in all five samples represent virtually cleaned grains ready for use or storage while the traces of chaff and relatively few weed seeds may represent crop-processing waste used as fuel for the ovens.

The grains may be from cereals grown separately and/or together. While the evidence from pit 293005 points to the separate cultivation of oats it is possible that the barley and oat grains from the corn drying oven 293003 may be from the mixed cultivation of these two cereals as dredge (spring barley and oat) as also tentatively suggested for the oats and barley grains from a post-medieval oven fill from site 24.06 (CA 2013c). It is, however, difficult to establish mixed cultivation of cereals on the basis of the archaeobotanical remains alone (Moffett 2006, 50) and the grains may simply derive from distinct and separate uses of oven 293003, with subsequent mixing of the different cereals because of inadequate cleaning out of the feature between uses. This may also explain the presence of mixed grains in the other corn drying oven 293010.

Charcoal (Dawn Elise Mooney) Charcoal from the two samples, primary and secondary fills, from corn drier 293003 has been studied as a contribution to the wider project study of the charcoal remains along the pipeline route and to consider the woods used to fuel the corn driers.

Charcoal fragments recovered from samples 293001 and 293002 were fractured along three planes (transverse, radial and tangential) according to standardised procedures (Gale & Cutler 2000). Specimens were viewed under a stereozoom microscope for initial grouping, and an incident light microscope at magnifications up to 400x to facilitate identification of the woody taxa present. Taxonomic identifications were assigned by comparing suites of anatomical characteristics visible with those documented in reference atlases (Hather 2000, Schoch et al. 2004), and by comparison with modern reference material held at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. Identifications have been given to species where possible, however genera, family or group names have

19 © Cotswold Archaeology South Wales Gas Pipeline Project Site 293: Archaeological Watching Brief

been given where anatomical differences between taxa are not significant enough to permit satisfactory identification (Table 4). Nomenclature used follows Stace (1997).

Table 4 Charcoal identifications from samples 293001 and 293002, Site 293 Feature type Corn drier Corn drier Deposit type Primary fill Secondary fill Context number 293004 293008 Sample number 293001 293002 Quercus sp. oak 11 22 hawthorn, rowan, Maloideae 1 apple family Alnus sp. Alder 2 Alnus/Corylus Alder/hazel 1 Corylus avellana Hazel 17 14 Prunus sp. Cherry/blackthorn 9 Indet. bark 1 Indet diffuse 1 1 Total 40 40 s=sapwood; h=heartwood; r=roundwood; (brackets denotes presence in some fragments only)

While a large quantity of charcoal was recorded in sample 293002, the primary fill, a much smaller quantity was noted in the secondary fill, sample 293001. Both contained significant quantities of hazel (Corylus avellana) and oak (Quercus sp.) wood, although cherry/blackthorn (Prunus sp.) and alder (Alnus sp.) were also noted, along with wood of the Maloideae subfamily which includes hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), rowan, service and whitebeam (Sorbus sp.), apple (Malus sp.) and pear (Pyrus sp.).

The charcoal in the samples examined is likely to comprise the remains of the fuel used in the ovens. Both hazel and oak are known to be good fuel woods (Taylor 1981), and as such are likely to have been specifically selected for use as firewood. The hazelnut shell fragments noted in the assessment of charred plant remains from the crop drying oven may derive from the burning of hazel wood as fuel. Although given the post-Roman date it is likely that the fuel wood used was procured from managed woodlands, the ring curvature of the fragments examined indicates the burning of a mixture of heartwood and roundwood. However, a broader analysis of the assemblage may shed further light upon local woodland management practices. Most of the taxa present are likely to have been found in local mixed deciduous woodland, although woodland margins and hedgerows may also have been exploited. The presence of alder may indicate the acquisition of firewood from damp woodland or wetland margin environments.

Discussion The results of the analyses of the charred plant remains suggest a degree of similarity in the character of the assemblages from all the sampled features. Although the proportions of the different cereal varieties clearly change across the five samples the very low incidence of weed seeds and even lower occurrence of cereal chaff points to the cereals deriving from cleaned crops, being dried prior to storage or use, and the discard of such assemblages accidentally charred in the process of drying or food preparation. The pattern across all four sampled features may suggest a similar origin (i.e. all the deposits derive from the corn driers) but those in pit 293005 and burnt spread 293021 could derive from material accidently burnt during food preparation. The site lies on the top of a ridge of ground in an area of arable fields with 19th century or earlier farms (OS 1st edition) to the north-east, south-west and west, but none within 250m. Such a location on the edge of a large arable field

20 © Cotswold Archaeology South Wales Gas Pipeline Project Site 293: Archaeological Watching Brief

would have benefitted from a good draught and the corn drying ovens may have been located to exploit this and enhance the drying process. In the absence of structural evidence in the area that could indicate occupation the corn driers might best be seen as utilised to dry the crop after harvest and threshing and winnowing in the fields before being transported to the farm for storage or the mill for grinding. The traces of metalled surface 293009 around oven 293003 might in this picture be all that survives of a much larger surface that could have included a threshing floor, with the location affording a breeze to facilitate the winnowing. Wiliam (1984) considers field kilns must have been common in Wales and cites a description that attests the use of such kilns into the 19th century. He notes that kilns are uncommon as part of a farmstead, and where they do occur they are generally late in date. The corn was dried in the field kilns before transport to the mill. The Collfryn field kiln (Britnell, 1984) has a radiocarbon date of 1380–1485 cal AD, while radiocarbon dates from another kiln excavated at Llandygai near Bangor (Kenney 2008) suggest the use of the kiln from AD 880–1160 to AD 1040–1350 when calibrated. The charred cereal assemblages from this latter kiln were dominated by oats.

However despite this evidence for medieval field kilns one of the examples at Site 293 has been dated to the 5- 6th century AD and it would be rash to believe that systems present in the later medieval period had been established so early. At this period, for instance, the establishment of mills is unlikely and milling is likely to have been undertaken at each farmstead or settlement.

This group of dispersed features could therefore reflect an area repeatedly utilised for crop processing and corn drying before the cleaned crops were carted to the farm for storage and later milling.

The results of the cereal analyses suggests that the samples may be broadly contemporary, although such assemblages could occur across several hundred years and reflect the continued use of this area for drying cleaned cereal crops. There is some evidence for the assemblages reflecting different crops- the dominance of oats in pit 293005, barley in the primary fill of corn drier 293003, and wheat in spread 293021. These suggest the individual cultivation of these cereals, although it does not rule out the cultivation of mixes or dredge, and also suggests the repeated use of the corn driers for the different crops. From the interpretation above of the site as a field processing area it follows that the crops were grown in the fields around the site.

There is historical evidence for the use of furze (gorse) and brushwood (Wiliam 1984) to fuel the medieval and post-medieval kilns, but at this site the charcoal is dominated by oak and hazel, with some alder and Maloideae and Prunus sp. The stream valley just a few hundred yards from the site to the north is currently wooded along the valley sides, and was in 1876 and is likely to have carried woodland in the early medieval period, with oak and hazel, with alder along the stream, and although the woodlands that lie a little further away to the south are recent plantations the 1st edition OS map (1876-77) shows a wood some 300 metres to the south of the site which may have much greater antiquity. Oak, hazel, blackthorn/cherry and Maloideae could all have been growing in the hedgerows around the fields, although for any significant use the kilns would need to have been fuelled by wood cut from the local woodlands or well managed hedgerows. With the fuel including heartwood and round wood, layered hedges and managed local woods may have supplied the fuel.

The question arises as to whether in the 5th to 6th century AD such ‘corn driers’ were already established as field kilns or whether the site must have been located near a farmstead. Site 50.05 produced a series of features tentatively interpreted as corn drying ovens which appeared to be located within the fields rather than directly associated with any settlement. A radiocarbon date from one of these places it in the Roman period (Rackham et al 2015) suggesting that such field kilns may already have been present in the Roman

21 © Cotswold Archaeology South Wales Gas Pipeline Project Site 293: Archaeological Watching Brief

period. Continuity of this practice into the 5th and 6th centuries might therefore be expected and given the location of the features on the upper slopes of the hill a field context seems probable

APPENDIX D: RADIOCARBON DATES BY SEREN GRITHIFFS

Introduction For the analysis, radiocarbon measurements were produced on short-life, single entity (Ashmore 1999), charred plant remains. Samples with the ‘SUERC-‘ laboratory code were pretreated using an acid-base-acid process (cf. Mook and Waterbolk 1985). Samples are combusted as described by Vandeputte et al. (1996) and (Freeman et al. 2010). Following combustion, the samples are graphitized using methods described by Slota et al. (1987), and dated by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS; Xu et al. 2004; Freeman et al. 2010). The results are conventional radiocarbon ages (Stuiver and Polach 1977), quoted according to the international standard set at the Trondheim Convention (Stuiver and Kra 1986). The results have been calibrated using IntCal13 (Reimer et al. 2013), and OxCal v4.2 (Bronk Ramsey 1995; 1998; 2001; 2009). The date ranges in table 1 have been calculated using the maximum intercept method (Stuiver and Reimer 1986), and have the endpoints rounded outward to 10 years. The probability distributions shown in the figures were obtained by the probability method (Stuiver and Reimer 1993). Bayesian modelling has been applied using OxCal v4.2. All Bayesian models pass the acceptable agreement indices, the models are defined by the OxCal command query language 2 keywords and the brackets shown in the figures (Bronk Ramsey 2009).

Site 293 Two radiocarbon results produced on shortlife samples from context 293004 from site 293 were statistically consistent (T’=0.2; T’5%=3.8; df=1; Ward and Wilson 1978), and could be of the same actual age. If these results represented a single ‘archaeological event’, a weighted mean taken prior to calibration might suggest they represent activity in the middle of the first millennium cal AD, most probably in cal AD 410-550 (95% confidence; weighted mean of SUERC-56388 and SUERC-56389).

Table 1 Radiocarbon results. Sample Context Sampled material Lab. Ref Measure δ13C Calibrated date d age (95%) 293001 293004 Hordeum sp. seeds GU35413 - - cal AD 392-553 293001 293004 Avena sp. seeds GU35414 - - cal AD 407-572 293001 293004 Hordeum sp. seeds SUERC-56388 1592 ± 35 -22.5 cal AD 390-560 (GU35917) 293001 293004 Avena sp. seeds SUERC-56389 1567 ± 38 -25.1 cal AD 400-580 (GU35918) Dating undertaken by Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre

22 A NNyferyfer

AAC Cothi

PEMBROKESHIREPEMMBRBROROKESESHIRSSHIREH RE CARMARTHENSHIRECACCARMARARRRMARMARA THENH NSHISH RE n Lly AfonA LlynfiLly dau Brecon w Tywi

A CyninCyni on frfron Ty stern Cleddau AfronAAf Tywi ddau BRECONC BEACONSBBEAEAACONSACACONS NATIONALNNATNATIONATIONAATIONAT O ALA PARKPARPARK WessternWes Eastern Cleddau Cleddau A Taf Taf CywynCy A Cywyn Cyw FawrFawFaawr endraet Milford Gwendraeth Fach draeth A GwendraethGwendr Fach Haven g aweaw ugu Taw

SiteR Loughor 293 el A T T R Tawel AAberdulais TaweTaw

A Rhondda Fach ondda F Felindre A Rhondda Fawr

awr 0 25km SSWSWANSSWANSEAWWAANANSEEAA

Site 2.09

Site 1.26

Site 1.25 Site 1.24

Site 1.23

Site 288 Site 1.18 Site 293

Site 238 Fig 2 Inset Site 287

Site 0.04

N Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Milford Haven to Aberdulais pipeline Andover 01264 326549 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk Felindre to Brecon pipeline e [email protected] PROJECT TITLE 0-75m contour South Wales Pipeline. Site 293, Land South- 75m contour West of Felindre, Mawr, Swansea 200m contour FIGURE TITLE Site location plan 400m contour 600m contour 0 1km FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the 2005 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with PROJECT NO. 9150 DATE 06-06-2013 the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller DRAWN BY DJB REVISION 00 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1 N SN mettled surface 63444 293009 02324

Section AA

SW NE

B 293004

crop drying oven A 293008 293003

base stones

crop drying oven 293003 cal. AD 400-580 cal. AD 407-572 cal. AD 390-560 cal. AD 392-553

01m

mettled surface 293009 N

see see see Fig 4 Fig 2 Fig 6

023 see see Site 293 Fig 3 Fig 5

B SN 634 01:5000 100m

pipeline centreline removed quartz cobbles

Reproduced from the digital Ordnance Survey Explorer map with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office Profile BB c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 mettled SE surface NW Cirencester 01285 771022 293009 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 326549 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE crop drying oven 293003 South Wales Pipeline. Site 293, Land South-

base stones West of Felindre, Mawr, Swansea FIGURE TITLE Plan, section and profile of crop-drying oven 293003

PROJECT NO. 9150 DATE 06-06-2013 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY DJB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A3 1:20 2 N

crop drying oven 293010

293012

293011

SN 63417 02310

Section CC

W E topsoil 293011

293012 crop drying oven 293010

01m

N Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE see see pipeline centreline South Wales Pipeline. Site 293, Land South- see Fig 4 Fig 2 Fig 6 West of Felindre, Mawr, Swansea FIGURE TITLE 023 see see Plan and section of crop-drying oven Site 293 Fig 3 Fig 5 293010

FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the digital Ordnance Survey Explorer map with PROJECT NO. 9150 DATE 11-06-2013 the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller DRAWN BY DJB REVISION 00 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright 01:5000 100m SN 634 Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A4 1:20 3 SN N 63427 02329

pit 293005

01m

N Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE see see pipeline centreline South Wales Pipeline. Site 293, Land South- see Fig 4 Fig 2 Fig 6 West of Felindre, Mawr, Swansea FIGURE TITLE 023 see see Plan of pit 293005 Site 293 Fig 3 Fig 5

FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the digital Ordnance Survey Explorer map with PROJECT NO. 9150 DATE 07-06-2013 the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller DRAWN BY DJB REVISION 00 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright 01:5000 100m SN 634 Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A4 1:20 4 N

SN 63454 02307

burnt layer 293021

01m

N Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE see see pipeline centreline South Wales Pipeline. Site 293, Land South- see Fig 4 Fig 2 Fig 6 West of Felindre, Mawr, Swansea FIGURE TITLE 023 see see Plan of burnt layer 293021 Site 293 Fig 3 Fig 5

pit/posthole 293017

pit/posthole 293015

SN 63361 02316

pit/posthole 293013

01m

N Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE see see pipeline centreline South Wales Pipeline. Site 293, Land South- see Fig 4 Fig 2 Fig 6 West of Felindre, Mawr, Swansea FIGURE TITLE 023 see see Plan of pits/postholes 293015, 293017 Site 293 Fig 3 Fig 5 and 293013