Instrumentation Research Weizmann Institute of Science Summer 1986

Hard Drive Research Harvard Univeristy 2006 Background and Bio Career #1: Science writer & entrepreneur

1983–1987 — Massachusetts Institute of Technology •SB Chemistry; SB Political Science; SB Science, Technology & Society •Thesis: Radio Research, McCarthyism and Paul F. Lazarsfeld

1987–1988 — Columbia University School of Journalism •MS Journalism (Science Journalism) •Thesis: Tenant Screening Services in the —

1988–2002 — Freelance writer, computer consultant, entrepreneur •1988–1993 — Science writer @ The Christian Science Monitor •1988–1990 — Consultant @ Polaroid, medical imaging workstation •1995–2002 — President @ Vineyard.NET Service Provider •1997–2002 — Columnist @ The Boston Globe •2002–2005 — Columnist @ Technology Review •1998–2005 — Founder, Treasurer, Chief Scientist @ Sandstorm

Simson L. Garfinkel Bio 2 First focus area — impact of computers on society

applicant's credit and eviction history is displayed on the operator's computer Tenant Screening screen within fifteen seconds. "People get all of the information before they hang up the phone," said Saltz. Services or "We give the little guys access to big brother," said Neil Van Sant, co-owner of Ties Landlord Information Exchange Tenant Blacklisting? (Howell, New Jersey). Much of the infor- mation reported by TSSs has always been of her allegations are true and that nothing available, but until now it has always been BY SIMSON L. GARFINKEL he has done is illegal. too cumbersome for landlords to search Attempts to regulate TSSs have failed in the records. Screening services change uth Cisneros is trapped in her several states and in Congress. As for the that. apartment by a computer she has federal Fair Credit Reporting Act - the The theory is that if a person has a histo- R never seen. Seven years ago, law that Congress passed in 1970 to stymie ry of being a problem tenant the behavior Cisneros' abuses in the credit reporting industry - pattern is likely to continue. But some of landlord of three months wanted her out. few of its terms are applicable to TSSs, and the information reported, like successfully E L E C T R O S P H "I don't want you here and that's that," the agency which polices the law says that defending a rent strike in court, can only E R E Cisneros said the landlord told her. it may not even apply. be used by landlords to discriminate l - lEU"l* l l a l MaEM Eaaa U *a a ll * K W * a * * a lNusV N *EaE l The landlord sued to have Cisneros evicted, but the judge dismissed the suit as groundless. At the end of the year, Cisneros' landlord had a change of heart and renewed the lease. Twice more the cycle repeated. The only real effect of the The Dean of Disaster suits was to put a notation in a private company's computer that somebody had filed three times to get Cisneros evicted. The problem is that nearly all of South- Plane crashes, nuclear reactor accidents, ern California's landlords use that com- puter to help evaluate rental applications. If somebody has ever tried to evict you, explosions at chemical you don't get the apartment. Often you plants - if computers were at fault, don't even get a phone call back. In March 1987, Cisneros applied to live in the Promenade Apartments. Her appli- Peter Neumann knows all about it. cation was rejected because the computer, operated by the UD Registry Inc., provid- ed the Promenade with a record of the three eviction attempts. Even a letter from By Simson L. Garfinkel Cisneros' new landlord saying that she was a model tenant wasn't enough to counter- act the judgement of the computer. California state law forbids companies e's a fantastic storyteller, he's always ready with a last page of Communications of the Associationfor Compu from reporting eviction actions in which the tenant is victorious. But the owner of pun, and he can play two recorders at once - ing Machinery, the journal of the ACM. He's also putting th the computer, Harvey Saltz, said having a _ dismissed i!i PQt Sl@e as having the H simultaneously piping out both melody and accom- finishing touches on a book about software safety and risk tenant win in court. Cisneros, along with `1- eight other people, have filed suit against paniment - while he beats the rhythm with his foot But to Its tentative title? "RISKS: The Book - UDR for damages resulting from faulty as opposed to RISKS reporting. The case is still pending. hundreds of thousands of people around the world, Peter the movie Computerized tenant screening services Big Brother is Watching against a tenant who knows his rights. "It's and RISKS the game," Neumann jokes. (TSSs) like UDR now operate in many Most services charge between $10 and not a credit check its's an organization G. Neumann cities. TSS operators say they provide an $30 for a report. This charge can be passed check," said Phyllis Salowe-Kaye, presi- is best known for moderating RISKS-Forum, Neumann got his start with computers in 1953 as an indispensable tool that allows landlords to on to tenants as an "application fee." The dent of the New Jersey Tenants Organiza- distinguish "good" tenants from "bad" search is initiated by a telephone call from tion. one of the Internet's most widely read electronic forums. undergraduate at Harvard. There he worked on the Har- ones. Landlords say screening is their only a landlord. The landlord tells the operator A screening service's main source of defense against destructive tenant-s who the name, social security number, driver's information comes from workers who What are computer vard Mark I - the same computer that was incapacitated know how to use the courts to avoid paying license number, and last known address of travel to housing courts and record eviction rent. As for Cisneros, Saltz said that none the applicant. In the case of UDR, the filings and settlements. But the collection RISKS? Any use of com- by the first "bug" (a moth that flew into a relay). After SHELTERFORCE 0 9 puters that might acci- earning a doctorate in applied mathematics at Harvard an dentally lead to loss of a doctorate from the Technische Hochschule in Darm- life, property, or money. stadt, Germany, he headed Bell Labs's participation in the They are dangers as Multics project - one of the earliest attempts to build a Especially relevant given the increased focus on Algorithmic Transparencysimple as sending credit &reliable Accountability and secure computer system. card numbers by e-mail Working on Multics taught Neumann the futility of buili (which could bounce ing risk-free systems: Every time he tried to design a sys- Simson L. Garfinkel Bio into unauthorized tem that had no weak links and no security flaws, new one 3 hands) and as deadly as would appear. bugs in medical equip- Today, Neumann is at SRI International's Computer ment Disasters are a Science Laboratory in Menlo Park, California, where he mainstay, including has worked on numerous projects for government and numerous plane crash- industry. Despite his work in software safety, Neumann es, nuclear reactor acci- says that music is his life's great passion: In addition to dents, and explosions at playing piano, bassoon, and recorders, Neumann sings chemical plants - all madrigals and is a trustee of the Greenwood Music Camp brought about, in part, in Cummington, Massachusetts. by faulty computer The RISKS mailing list started in 1985. At the time, soi systems. members of the Association for Computing Machinery's Over the years. the executive council wanted the ACM to go on record decry- ou put in more readers of RISKS have cast a wide net, sending contribu- ing then-President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, o Dmplexity trying tions to Neumann on everything from space missions that "Star Wars," as too risky. The idea didn't go over well with have been scrubbed because of typos to the risks of ) add reliability, the rest of the members of the council. As a compromise, remote-control garage-door openers and answering ACM's president, Adele Goldberg, asked Neumann to head nd that complex- machines. RISKS readers are big on privacy: Some of the the Committee on Computers and Public Policy and create y itself issus- earliest descriptions of the 's a public forum for discussing risks to the public caused b (NSA) proposed Clipper encryption ect, and hence chip appeared in the use of computers. "An online newsgroup seemed like RISKS-Forum, quickly followed by technical, social, and the most effective way to do that," Neumann recalls. I iore risky. political discussions about the dangers posed by the gov- caught up with Neumann by phone and e-mail and asked ernment-sponsored encryption standard. him about his favorite topic. Unlike other online forums, RISKS maintains a consis- tently high level of discussion and a low level of noise. "It's SG: How many people read RISKS? a forum of discussion that doesn't just run wild and ram- PN: I wish I could tell you... It's clearly one of the most pant," says Dorothy Denning, chair of at widely read Internet news groups. The answer is probabl Georgetown University. Equally impressive is the number somewhere around 100,000, but I have no idea. I have no of postings from highly respected members of the comput- way of guessing. All I know is that I keep getting mail fror er science community. "It's a very good source of informa- people I've never heard of, and the distribution list keeps tion," Denning says. growing and growing. Besides the mailing list, Neumann edits the journal Soft- SG: What are the risks of running a large mailing list? ware EngineeringNotes and has a monthly column on the PN: The biggest problem is the bart mail - fielding ten nev

WIRED DECEMBER 1993

Q / 15 Books (1991–2014) — 9 collaborators

1991 - Practical Security (w/ Gene Spafford) 1992 - NeXTSTEP Programming (w/ Michael Mahoney) 1994 - PGP: Pretty Good Privacy 1994 - The UNIX-Haters Handbook (w/ D. Weise & S. Strassmann) 1996 - Practical UNIX and Internet Security (w/ Gene Spafford) 1997 - Web Security and Commerce (w/ Gene Spafford) 1998 - Stopping Spam (w/ Alan Schwartz) 1999 - Architects of the Information Society (w/ Hal Abelson) 2000 - Database Nation 2002 - Web Security, Privacy & Commerce (w/ Gene Spafford) 2002 - Building Cocoa Applications (w/ Michael Mahoney) 2003 - Practical UNIX and Internet Security (w/ Gene Spafford & Alan Schwartz) 2005 – RFID: Applications, Security and Privacy (w/ Beth Rosenberg) + contributors 2005 – Security and Usability (w/ Lorrie Cranor) + contributors 2014 – Usable Security: History, Themes and Challenges (w/ Heather Lipford)

Hal Abelson Lorrie Cranor Heather Lipford Michael K. MahoneyBeth Rosenberg Alan Schwartz Gene Spafford Steve Strassmann Daniel Weise

Simson L. Garfinkel Bio 4 `~êÉÉê=@OW=^Å~ÇÉãáÅ

2002–2005 — Massachusetts Institute of Technology •PhD Computer Science •Thesis: Design Principles and Patterns for Computer Systems That Are Simultaneously Secure and Usable

2006–2007 — Harvard University School of Eng. and Applied Sciences •Postdoctorate , Center for Research on Computation and Society •Digital forensics and privacy

2007–2014 — Naval Postgraduate School (Monterey & Arlington) •Associate Professor (tenured 2012), Dept. of Computer Science. •Digital forensics and privacy •Advised IT Director & CIO on NPS network, academic computing systems & supercomputer

2015–2016 — National Institute of Standards and Technology •Information Access Division •Big Data and Privacy (De-Identification) •NITRD National Privacy Research Strategy •Cybersecurity "High Assurance Domain" project

Simson L. Garfinkel Bio 5 Affiliations with 11 US and 2 international colleges & universities. Proven academic & corporate researcher.

Current and past affiliations with many universities: •Student — Bryn Mawr College (1981-1983), MIT (1983-1987; 2002-2005), Columbia (1987-1988) •Non-teaching payroll employee — Weitzmann Inst. (1985), Brown (1987), Harvard (2005-2006) •Visiting researcher — University of Washington (1997), University of Auckland (2005) •Faculty — Northeastern (2005), Harvard (2004-05), NPS (2006-14), George Mason (2015), Georgetown (2015-16)

Established academic researcher: •22 refereed journal articles (1988-2016); 39 refereed conference papers (1998-2015) •2 PhD committees; 18 masters students; >45 program committees •3 conference chairs; 4 conference co-chairs; 1 associate editor (Computers & Security) •ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) Fellow; member ACM US Public Policy Council

Established corporate researcher: •7 patents; •2 products (SBook, PhoneSweep) that successfully commercialized AI-based research Simson L. Garfinkel Bio 6 Experience with other federal agencies

Commerce — Employee for 2 years (2015-2016) •June 29 Government Data De-Identification Stakeholder's Meeting; 105 registered attendees from 67 different agencies •Census — Joint research on privacy issues • Privacy training for Federal Privacy Council

DOD — Employee for 8 years (2005-2015) •Navy/Naval Postgraduate School — Taught courses; research •DARPA — Performer on 2 projects; provided guidance on human subjects issues •NSA (National Security Agency) — Taught courses; technology transfer •DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency) — Technology transfer; embedded in an intelligence center; mentoring •USMC (United States Marine Corps) — Performer, technology transfer

DHS (Department of Homeland Security) (2008-2014) •Performer; technology transfer; source-selection

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) (2007-2014) •performer; technology transfer, teaching & mentoring

NSF •Grant recipient; panels Simson L. Garfinkel Bio 7 Experience with legislative process and oversight committees

Testimony •Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (2000) Internet privacy

•Subcommittee on Privacy, Confidentiality & Security, National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics (2016) De-Identification

Responding to oversight requests •Prepared statements and reports for numerous "data calls" •Responded to Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests

Volunteer work, Electronic Privacy Information Center •In-depth discussions on technology with EPIC Director & advisory board •Directed three technology migrations (web hosting; email service; Internet connection)

Simson L. Garfinkel Bio 8 Deep commitment to diversity and equity.

12 THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR Tuesdav. lav 9. 1989 THE Cii1USTIAN SCIENCE MoNrrox Tuesday. May 9, I 989 EDUCATION UNTAPPED HUMAN RESOURCE Gender Gap on the Science Track

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XPI States will decline 19 percent, ac- ; 'If ~ M _.T~_131-- J cording to the US Census Bureau. By Simso L Gafinkel Although the population is expected Speot to The Christin Science Monltor to increase slowly after that. by the CAMBRIDGE,MASS. year 2010 one in every three 18- year-olds will be black or Hispanic. T ICTURE a second-grade minorities that thus far have been 1-ff __ - r.-IJ -,_ - - . - i ...... r largely excluded from studying sci- 1 ence museum, poised before ence. an exhibit on magnetism: The boys Last year, a congressionally run up and play with the controls, mandated task force on Women, Mi- while the girls remain in the back, norities, and the Handicapped in watching. Science and Technology concluded This scene, repeated daily that if the US is to maintain its po- across the United States, is at the sition as a world leader in science, heart of a pressing educational more women and minority students problem, according to a growing must be attracted to the traditional- number of scientists, educators, and ly white, male fields of science and government officials. In a world engineering. that is increasingly scientific and What is happening instead, says technical, America needs more sci- Beverly F. Porter, a statistician at entists and engineers, but more the American Institute of Physics, is thian half the student population is that as fewer Americans come for- taking itself out of the picture by not ward to fill spots at universities, Tuesday, February 27, 1990 THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR 13 even trying. those places are being taken up by The problem, says Marsha foreign students. Between 1975 and CONCENTIATON:Parents say thatgirls 'work harder' than boys do to excel in math. Lakes Matvas of the American Asso- 1987, says Ms. Porter, the number of ciation for the Advancement of Sci- physics graduate students with US are backsliding." from taking the math courses, and ence (AAAS), can be t raced to some- citizenship at American colleges After a decade of steady increas- automatically they [are] not quali- My work shows the thingimportance that she calls "the coatrack steadily decreased, of while the num- es, the percentage of women choos- fied to come to a place like this, even A0.11~ graduate students ing to major in engineering peaked if they change their minds at the F' syndrome." ber of foreign "The family will go to the science sharply rose. at 17 in 1982, says Betty Vetter, ex- last moment." reaching out to groupsmuseum, Dad willthat help the kids do haveIndeed, she says, the growing ecutive director of the CommissionirstThis allWife's happens, says Jacque- Role in Einstein's Work Debated the experiments, and Mom will hold number of women receiving doctor- on Professionals in Science and Iynne S. Eccles, a psychologist at the the coats," says Dr. Matyas, who di- ates in biology and chemistry is al- Technology, a nonprofit research University of Colorado, "despite the rects the AAAS project on women most entirely due to foreign women. group in Washington. "SinceResearchers then, fact that differfemales, in aboutgeneral, getthe contribution Mileva Maric '-Einstein made to major discoveries been historically marginalized.and science. Only half those students will pursue it has been between 15 and 16 per- better grades in math and science The national problem is com- their careers in the US, Porter esti- cent every year. than males." "Certain aspects of his life have In the 41 letters from Einstein awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize. letters have survived. "Sources pounded by a decline in the size of mates. Researchers believe almost For the past 12 years, Dr. Ecclesbeen largely neglected by male bi- to Maric' tiat have been pub- Einstein left Maric' in 1914. about women disappear," said the college-age population. Be- A similar trend has been ob- unanimously that the problemBy isn't Simsonhas been L. studyingGarinkel a collection of 15 ographers," said Dr. Troemel- ished, there are frequent refer- She frequently had to take in Troemel-Ploetz. "It doesn't mean tween 1980 and 2000, the number of served at the undergraduate level. that girls aren't as good at mathStff and writbr olschool The Chrisn districts Sieoce Mlonitoin southeastern 18- to 24-year-olds in the United "The proportion of US freshmen science as boys - it's that they don't Michigan - from the inner citiesPloetz, to who is working in the ences to "our research" and "our boarders to buy food for herself that they were intentionally de- choosing science and engineering even try. farmingNEW ORLEANS communities - followingUnited States with a research work." In one letter, Einstein and the couple's two children. stroyed: It is just negligence." majors has been wobbling down- "It starts from the time they are students from fifth grade throughgrant from the West German gov- wrote: "For the work on the "True, only 10 of her let- ward," the task force reports. "The little," says MarileeJones, associateALBERT the first year EINSTEINof college. She ernment.is at- For example, she says, Thomson effect I took refuge A ' ; d a_ , ters to him are preserved, I have experienceWhy Girls with Shun Physics drop has been little noticed because director of admissions at the Mas-sometimestempting helpedto learn his howfirst student,in the 1979 biography, "Albert to still another method which compared to 41 of his to her, many foreign students have been sachusetts Institute of Technology. teacher, and parent attitudes about 'How I will b enrolling in these fields." "Girls are not perceived as being sci-wifemath do and the science household have affectedEinstein: the The Human Side - New has a certain similarity with happy and proud e but you could not pick 10 of "People are becoming more entists, little kindergartenchores: scien- "Hepupils' felt courses sorry ofthat study. after Glimpses From His Archives," yours ... and which also pre- when the two of us together wiII his so devoid of discussions of non-traditionalD iSi; i;studentsi m nyways the most exacting of the sciences, has aware that there is a problem, par- tists. Little boys are." her housework was"The done,role thatshe hadparents"there and is not a single letter written supposes your investigation have brought our work on the physics," argued John ha.A d. s'peciiproblems recruiting woniser to its r'ank. - .i: ticularly with minority students," Girls, Ms. Jones says,to "getdo hisall mathematicalteachers seem toproblems play is underesti-to either his first wife or his chil- If only we could start to- Stachel, a professor at Boston Wi'h:hIe the mber of first-year physics graduate students in the says Matyas. "A lot of people think those little cues, they get alltill theway so- pastmating midnight," the girls' says potential Senta in dren,math not even a single letter or morrow!" relative mo tion [the theory of University, who edited the & scientists United States nitcreaef between 1979 and 1 987, tlhatincrease :was that the problem with girls is solved. cial stuff, and by the time theyTroemel-Ploetz, reach and science a linguist... and being and less textlikely in which their names are Einstein eventually se- relativity] to a victorious first two volumes of Einstein's abest enrfeyise upby foreign students, says Beverly F. Porter, It is far from solved . . . In fact, we high school, they get discouragedhistorian. to encourage girls who have talentmentioned." at tie American Institute of Physics. . in math and science to go on, devel- cured ajob as an examiner conclusion.' papers. "The fact remains a sttitician But was Mileva Maric' Maric' and Einstein met at the the Swiss Patent .'Mss: Pterri a "physics track," which starts with the first ·- --. A W.rch. Pbo op those talents andmerely skills, and con- Office in that you can't get away from high schofoiphysicosrse and extends to postgraduate ritrci Einstein's housekeepersider occupation andin those alge- fields,"Swiss she Federal Institute of Tech- 1902, and the couple mar- - Letterfrom Einsteiin physics in his letters, while -111111,_ I'd V,- I T o Percent But the e rwheiifing mniajority ofwobren never even take the fist VIEU IF I v F ix Answenngbraic assistant,says. or was she a physi- nology in 1896. They took almost ried at the beginning of 1903. to Maric', March 190/I there is none in hers." Simson L. Garfinkel Bio ~~:__IL Y~Y~ 9 sp along that path. ... : ,-'" ":' lit ly IVea W Il cist in her ownEccles right, found who thatwould girls consis-the same courses, wrote their fi- In 1905, while they were vis- Shouting his words, Dr. : Inastudyofhigh scbol studens, Porterfound that 25 A@4 t have60 been tentlyrecognized had more as confidence a coau- in naltheir theses in the same area, and iting Maric"s father, she is re- ~ _:id Stachel stated there is "not a "fbeyt6ok high school physics, but only 13 percenit of the giilsfid. thor in herEnglish husband's ability workthan inwere their mathe-took their final exams in the ported to have told him "a shred of evidence known to al is the niajor differential at the high school level," she sad.i' it not for thematics pervasive skills. sexualThis was dis- true,spring she of 1900. Both received short while ago we finished me indicating that Maric' '.r;.:;tifer belids that While one factor in causing wori en to drop says, even among girls who were en- fail- a very But he gave her the entire pro- worked oit ofphysri cs is' lack of math, iiath isn't the entire picture. "Even crininationrolled of the in time?advanced math courses.ing grades, but Einstein was al-, important work which will make ceeds from the Nobel Prize, on [special relativity]. I cannot as- those girls wh~ 'ore xery higih on m'adihnati's tests donot take Last40- week, a"These trio of data researchers suggest that lowedmost to graduate. my husband world-famous," said which she spent paying for the sert categorically that she did not; here presentedfemales papers,underestimate shouted their mathThe two were frequently sepa- Troemel-Ploetz. care of their psychotic son. She I merely ask that we weigh the physics," s sa C learly something e e is iivlv. . l'7 ' _ i-- a/% That 'somethi else" might be a "lack of haida f t epei. their responses,ability asand they nearly get older came and feelrated in- before their marriage three- That year, Einstein published died in poverty. A book on her probabilities in the light of all the I c. ,,yernce"withimiple nachines. "The experience of fiig asian creasingly more confident about F to blows arguing over Maric"s years later, as Einstein traveled. his papers on special relativity, life, "In the Shadow of Albert Ein- available evidence." things, idtwrking with mechanical things," stimulates'- interest in role in the worktheir Englishof the youngabilities," Ein- she Thesays. second volume of the collec- Brownian motion (which led to. stein: The Tragic Life of Mileva But an analysis of Einstein's Eccles and her co-workers traced i physics,Pore saes It's at experience most girls doni'ia. avt , 1 stein,20- during the annual meeting tion of'his life works and letters the proof that matter is composed Einstein-Maric'," originally letters by Evan Harris Walker, a [: nce:.oni tgiso "ofthe physics tra4ck," Portera s, eyte Ie'd these beliefs to the words and ac- -i; stay f Aa resslt onlly ond'of'seves US bahelor degrees lss of the Americantions of theAssociation students' parents.for was By published this year; more of molecules), and the photoelec- written in Serbo-Croatian, is now physicist and cancer researcher in physics go t 'oas, and only one of' every 20 working physi'is dtld vancementlooking atof the Science. differences betweenthan 30 volumes are expected. tric effect, for which he was in its fourth German printing. Maryland, shows that Einstein of- a ;- -' t - . ;- i: i ,,: parents of boys and parents of girls Although Einstein's biogra- ten acknowledged points of phys- who performed equally well in -0- phers have described Maric' as ics and theory that Maric' had Sorce: Nati Assesern mathematics, Eccles has arrived at of Educabal Pomqs an academically unexceptional raised in letters that are now lost. J some surprising conclusions: Japan: A Friend in Space "Serbian peasant girl," her par- Dr. Walker also presented evi- ents would had to have been dence at the symposium that a s DI------, --- · wealthy to have paid for her study Russian physicist named EWS reports made much of Japan's the United States. The US National Aeronautics in Switzerland, said Troemel- Abraham E Joffe had seen the growing potential to compete with the and Space Administration will use a Delta II1 Ploetz. "She couldn't have en- original manuscripts - now lost - United States and other space-faring rocket to launch a Japanese satellite to study our tered the physics class of an elite of Einstein's 1905 papers while powers when the Japanese lunar mission orbited planet's magnetic field where it is drawn out into boys' school as the only girl with Dr. Jolffe had been a graduate stu- Jan. 24. It's worth taking a second look at that a long tail on Earth's nightside. Two lunar swing- special permission if she had not dent. mission from the perspective of cooperation. bys will allow the satellite to probe a region out to been brilliant," she added. One of the authors on the pa- The Muses-A satellite pair, now getting into 220 times Earth's radius. Maric' worked with physicist pers was "Einstein-Marity," the position for their lunar rendezvous March 18, are In mid-decade, the two partners will switch Paul Habicht to develop a ma- Hungarianized spelling of testing navigational techniques to be used on a roles. Japan plans to launch an America satellite chine for measuring small electric Maric"s name. Abraham Pais, a joint mnission with the US in 1992. Other joint to monitor tropical rainfall. Meanwhile, next year, currents. "It took a long time, not physicist at Rockefeller University missions are planned to follow it. Japan is to launch the Solar-A sun- only because she had so much to in New York who has written a Japan is preparing to become a Vl E watching satellite. It will carry both do, but also because of her thor- major biography of Einstein, said major space power in the next mil- 1 i Japanese and American X-ray tele- oughness and perfectionism," re- in a telephone interview, "I have lenlnium - only a decade away. But ri scotes to track solar flares. ported Troemel-Ploetz, quoting heard such stories before. From right now, and in terms of space sci- Japan's small space science Maric"s biography. But when all my readings and my detailed ence, it anticipates a decade of coop- agency, the Institute of Space and As- Einstein patented the device, her studies and knowledge, I believe erative ventures. tronautical Science, is running the name was omitted and the patent that Mileva was a great help to l'he Muses-A mission is testing joint programs. The National Space was listed under the name "Ein- Einstein in [only] a technical "gravity assist" navigation, using the Development Agency (NASDA) runs stein-Habicht." sense." moon that the United States success- the bulk of Japan's government- "It was quite normal for men "You know, they were fellow fully employed to send the Interna- backed space effort. This group has to appropriate women's work and students. She tried to pass the tional Cometary Explorer probe to its eyes on manned spaceflight and take credit for it then," said exam, and failed both times," said rendezvous with Comet Giacobini- commercial applications. It's Troemel-Ploetz. l)r. Pais, who knew Einstein but Zinner in September 1985. Repeated developing Japan's competitive An alternative explanation, never spoke with him regarding lunar flybys give a spacecraft new energy and can muscle, yet also plans cooperative projects. she said, is that there was an his first wife. drastically change its orbit. Besides its commitment to supply a $2 billion agreement between the couple to Maric"s failing grade means When the Japanese satellite swings by the laboratory module for the US space station, keep the wife's contributions se- nothing, argued Troemel-Ploetz, moon at a minimum distance of about 18,000 NASDA is working with NASA and the European cret so that her husband would who said that it wasn't until 1982 kilometers (11,185 ntiles), it will release a basket- Space Agency on the Advanced Earth Observa- have a better chance of obtaining that the Swiss federal court ruled ball size minisatellite that will go into lunar orbit tion Satellite. Japan plans to launch the satellite a university appointment. When that universities could not have and radio back engineering data for a month. in 1995 carrying instruments from all three part- Maric' was asked why her name dilferent academic standards for .Alw:while, the main satellite will return to orbit ners to monitor climate and the ozone layer. was not on the patent, she men and women. .h 3 1/2 more times. Then it will swing back If these programs come off as planned, they replied, "What for? We are both Troemel-Ploetz knows of these thdie moon, coming within 35,000 kilometers will generate much useful space science. Ameri- only one stone," said Troemel- practices first hand, she said, be- (21,749 miles). cans are understandably edgy about Japan mov- Ploetz. (The name Einstein cause she was once a professor in All this maneuvering and vehicle testing will ing into the space business. Yet when they look means "one stone.") Switzerland. "I often saw wonmen help Japan prepare for eventual scientific mis- over their shoulders to see if this potential com- Finding out what role Maric' who were better than men get sions to the moon and to other planets. But the petitor is gaining on them, they may find, instead, played in the formulation of Ein- poorer grades," she said. "I could first objective is the 1992 GEOTAIL mission with that they have a helpful friend. stein's most famous theories may not defend them to my colleagues be impossible, since only 10 of her because I was only one voice." Bio summary

Two careers — science journalist & government academic

Committed to interdisciplinary work

Committed to scientific communication

Committed to diversity of all kinds

Simson L. Garfinkel Bio 10