Initial Study/Environmental Checklist City of Oceanside, California

APPENDIX F – CULTURAL RESOURCES STUDY

Indian Grove Development Project MND – P16-00006 and D16-0018 February 2018 January 18, 2018

Camille Merchant Environmental Biology / GIS Coordinator Frank Springer & Associates, Inc. 355 West Grand Ave. Suite #2 Escondido, CA 92025

Re: Cultural Resources Study for the Indian Grove Development Project, Oceanside, California

Dear Ms. Merchant:

This report presents the results of a cultural resources study conducted by ASM Affiliates, Inc. (ASM) for the proposed Indian Grove Development Project (Project). The Project area is located in the city of Oceanside, San Diego County, California. This study was performed in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) to determine the presence or absence of potentially significant cultural resources within the Project area. The City of Oceanside is the lead agency for the Project. This cultural resources study consisted of a review of all relevant site records and reports on file with the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC) of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) at San Diego State University within a one- mile (mi.) search radius, a pedestrian survey of the Project area by an archaeologist and Native American monitor, and a review of the Sacred Lands File held by the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC). This report includes the results of the study, as well as a brief historic background sketch for the area and archaeological recommendations.

No cultural resources were identified within the Project area, either during the record searches or the pedestrian survey. Construction monitoring during the initial ground disturbance by a qualified archaeologist and Native American monitor is recommended due the presence of a seasonal drainage within the Project area, the Project area’s proximity to the San Luis Rey River and Morro Hill, and the low level of ground surface visibility due to dense vegetation.

Project Location and Description

The Project area consists of approximately 8 acres in the north eastern portion of Oceanside, California within the Morro Hills neighborhood. The Project area is shown on the Morro Hill USGS 7.5’ Quad, within Township 10 South Range 4 West, Section 26 (Figures 1-3). Specifically the Project is located at 712 Sleeping Indian Road, on the eastern side of the road. To the east of the project lies Grove View Road and agricultural fields, and to the west and south of the project lies private properties and additional agricultural fields. To the north lies private property. The Project area is approximately one mile north of the San Luis Rey River.

Topography within the Project area consists of gently sloping areas on the eastern portion of the property where it is bisected by a small riparian area. The western portion of the Project area Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 2 of 23 consists of a slightly elevated hillside. Elevations range from approximately 255 feet above mean sea level (AMSL) to approximately 355 feet AMSL.

The proposed Indian Grove Development Project involves a request for the approval of a Tentative Parcel Map (TPM), and a Development Plan (DP) to subdivide a 7.97 acre parcel (APN: 122-310-11-00) into three parcels for single-family residences (Figure 4). The property has frontage on both Sleeping Indian Rd and Grove View Road. The project would be completed in two phases. Phase 1 would include the subdivision of the 7.97 acre parcel into three parcels and the construction of a single-family home on Parcel 3 through Development Plan D16-00018. Development on Parcel 1 and 2 would be deferred to Phase 2 which would require the submittal of future Administrative Development Plans for the construction of one single-family residence on each lot. The project will also involve the establishment of a 10-foot wide partial rock lined channel along an existing drainage for flood control purposes. Access to Parcel 3 would be provided from Sleeping Indian Rd. Access for Parcels 1 and 2 would be provided from Grove View Road.

Cultural Setting

Prehistory

Archaeological fieldwork along the southern California coast has documented a diverse range of human occupation extending from the early Holocene into the Ethnohistoric period (Erlandson and Colten 1991; Jones 1992; Moratto 1984). A variety of different regional chronologies, often with overlapping terminology, have been used in coastal southern California, and they vary from region to region (Moratto 1984). Today, the prehistory of San Diego County is generally divided into three major temporal periods: Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Late Prehistoric. These time periods are characterized by patterns in material culture that are thought to represent distinct regional trends in the economic and social organization of prehistoric groups. In addition, particular scholars referring to specific areas utilize a number of cultural terms synonymously with these temporal labels: San Dieguito for Paleo-Indian, La Jolla for Archaic, and San Luis Rey for Late Prehistoric (Meighan 1959; Moriarty 1966; Rogers 1939, 1945; True 1966, Wallace 1978; Warren 1964).

Paleo-Indian Period

The antiquity of human occupation in the New World has been the subject of considerable debate over the last few decades. The most widely accepted model currently is that humans first entered the western hemisphere between 12,000 and 15,000 years B.P. While there is no firm evidence of human occupation in coastal southern California prior to 12,000 B.P., dates as early as 23,000 B.P. and even 48,000 B.P. have been reported (Bada et al. 1974; Carter 1980; Rogers 1974). The amino acid racemization technique used to date these sites has been largely discredited, however, by more recent accelerator radiocarbon dating of early human remains along the California coast (Taylor et al. 1985). Despite intense interest and a long history of research, no widely accepted evidence of human occupation of North America dating prior to 15,000 B.P. has emerged. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 3 of 23

As in most of North America, the earliest recognized period of California prehistory is termed Paleo-Indian. In southern California, this period is usually considered to date from at least 10,000 B.P. until 8500 to 7200 B.P. (Moratto 1984; Warren et al. 2008), and is represented by what is known as the San Dieguito complex (Rogers 1966). Within the local classificatory system, San Dieguito assemblages are composed almost entirely of flaked stone tools, including scrapers, choppers, and large projectile points (Warren 1987; Warren et al. 2008).

Archaic Period

The Archaic period (also referred to as the Early Milling period) extends back at least 7,200 years, possibly to as early as 9000 B.P. (Moratto 1984; Rogers 1966; Warren et al. 2008). Archaic subsistence is generally considered to have differed from Paleo-Indian subsistence in two major ways. First, gathering activities were emphasized over hunting, with shellfish and seed collecting having a high importance. Second, milling technology, frequently employing portable ground stone slabs, was developed. In reality, the implications of this transition are poorly understood from both an economic and a cultural standpoint (see Warren et al. 2008 for an excellent review).

Early Archaic occupations in San Diego County are most apparent along the coast and the major drainage systems that extend inland from the coastal plains (Moratto 1984). Coastal Archaic sites are characterized by cobble tools, basin metates, manos, discoidals, a small number of “Pinto” and “Elko” series dart points, and flexed burials. Together, these elements typify what is termed the La Jolla complex in San Diego County, which appears as the early coastal manifestation of a more diversified way of life.

Late Prehistoric Period

Assemblages derived from Late Prehistoric sites in San Diego County differ in many ways from those in the Archaic tradition. The occurrence of small, pressure-flaked projectile points, the replacement of flexed inhumations with cremations, the introduction of ceramics, and an emphasis on inland plant food collection, processing, and storage (especially acorns) are cultural patterns that were well established by the second millennium A.D. The centralized and seasonally permanent residential patterns that had begun to emerge during the Archaic period became well established in most areas. Inland semisedentary villages appeared along major watercourses in the foothills and in montane valleys where seasonal exploitation of acorns and piñon nuts was common, resulting in milling stations on bedrock outcrops. Mortars for acorn processing increased in frequency relative to seed-grinding basins.

Ethnohistoric Period

In ethnohistoric times, two main cultural groups occupied San Diego County: the Uto-Aztecan- speaking Luiseño in the north and the Kumeyaay, Ipai/Tipai or Diegueño in the south. Traditionally, Luiseño territory encompassed an area from roughly Batiquitos Lagoon on the coast, east to Lake Henshaw, north into Riverside County, and west through San Juan Capistrano to the coast (Bean and Shipek 1978; Kroeber 1925; Rivers 1993). The region inhabited by various groups of the Kumeyaay was much larger and probably extended from Batiquitos Lagoon eastward into the Imperial Valley and southward through much of northern Baja Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 4 of 23

California (Almstedt 1982; Gifford 1931; Hedges 1975; Luomala 1978; Shipek 1982; Spier 1923).

The term Luiseño is derived from association with the San Luis Rey Mission, on the San Luis Rey River. The Luiseño people had a fairly rigid social structure and a moderately high population density (Bean and Shipek 1978). Maximum population estimates at Spanish contact range from 5,000 (Kroeber 1925) to 10,000 (White 1963). With a territory extending for almost 4,000 km², maximum population density estimates range from 1.25 to 2.5 persons per km² (3.3 to 6.7 persons per mi.2). White (1963) estimated that the Luiseño included approximately 50 villages of 200 individuals each, while Oxendine (1983), using Portolá expedition observations, indicated that village size was closer to 60. Recent research with mission records suggests that village size varied significantly in the eighteenth century, with larger villages such as Topome along the Santa Margarita River consisting of multiple clans (Johnson and Crawford 1999).

The Luiseño were divided into several autonomous lineages or kin groups based on patrilineal descent groups and a patrilocal residential pattern. Each Luiseño lineage was based around an autonomous village that held collective ownership over a well-defined territory for hunting and gathering, and violations of trespass were punished (Bean and Shipek 1978). Village territories may have ranged from as small as 10 km² near the coast along major drainages such as the San Luis Rey River (Oxendine 1983:45) to as large as 100 km² elsewhere (White 1963). A variety of shorter-term residential camps (such as for acorn gathering) and specialized localities occurred within each village territory (Oxendine 1983; White 1963). There are varied estimates for the length of the annual stay at the main village, and True et al. (1974) have even suggested a seasonal pattern with two permanent base camps, one in a major valley and another in the mountain region. Leadership included hereditary chiefs and council members who had specialized knowledge and authority over specific religious, economic, and warfare issues. Leaders conducted elaborate ceremonies; ritual and ceremonial specialists maintained ceremonial knowledge in secrecy and passed on the knowledge to only one heir (White 1963; Winterrowd and Shipek 1986). These leaders and specialists made use of fenced-in ceremonial structures, located in the village center.

Economic activities took place on the community and extended household levels, and varied significantly between coastal and inland areas (Bean and Shipek 1978:552). Community-wide efforts included fire management for game drives, and systematic use of fire to facilitate grasslands and increase yields of key plants and animals. Such burning was regularly mentioned in early Spanish accounts (Bean and Lawton 1976; Blackburn and Anderson 1993). Acorns, gathered in upland areas, have been considered the most important food source. Seeds from grasses, manzanita, sage, sunflowers, lemonade berry, chia, and other plants were also used, along with various wild greens and fruits. Deer, antelope, small game, and birds were exploited. Coastal marine animals utilized as food included sea mammals, fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Near-shore fishing was done from light balsa reed or dugout canoes. Some accounts indicate that coastal communities exploited local shellfish in the winter (Sparkman 1908; White 1963), and during times of stress the interior Luiseño traveled to the coast to obtain shellfish, fish, and even some land mammals (White 1963). Bean and Shipek (1978) noted that most inland groups also had fishing and gathering locations on the coast that they visited annually when the tides were low or when the inland resources were scarce, typically from January through March. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 5 of 23

Rigid gender division of labor did not exist, but women generally collected plant resources and men hunted (Bean and Shipek 1978). Houses were dispersed throughout villages. Lowland village houses were conical structures covered with tule bundles, and other structures included sweathouses, ceremonial enclosures, ramadas, and acorn granaries. Domestic implements included wooden utensils, baskets, ceramic cooking and storage vessels, and milling tools. Hunting implements included bow and arrow, curved throwing sticks, nets, and snares. Nets and hooks made of shell and bone were used for fishing.

Historic Period

The Hispanic era in California’s history includes the Spanish Colonial (1769-1821) and Mexican Republic (1821-1846) periods. This era witnessed the transition from a society dominated by religious and military institutions consisting of missions and presidios to a civilian population residing on large ranchos or in pueblos (Chapman 1925).

On July 20, 1769, Father Juan Crespí arrived in the San Luis Rey River Valley with the Portolá expedition to Monterey. His report back to his superiors declaring it an ideal location for a mission led to the eventual founding of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia (Pourade 1961:115). The mission was formally dedicated on June 13, 1798. Named for King Louis IX of France, this mission became known as the “King of Missions” due to its size and success. At its height, San Luis Rey became one of the most populous and successful of the missions. In 1824, it had an Indian neophyte population of 3,000 and the extensive mission lands supported 1,500 horses, 2,800 sheep, and 22,000 cattle (Pourade 1961:139).

The effects of missionization and the introduction of Old World diseases, greatly reduced the Native American population of southern California. Inland Luiseño groups were not heavily affected by Spanish influence until 1816, when an outpost of the mission was established 32 km further inland at Pala (Sparkman 1908). Most villagers, however, continued to maintain many of their aboriginal customs and simply adopted the agricultural and animal husbandry practices learned from Spaniards.

Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821, and with it the process of dismantling of the mission system began to unfold. The 1833 Secularization Act passed by the Mexican Congress ordered half of all mission lands to be transferred to the Indians, and the other half to remain in trust and managed by an appointed administrator. These orders were never implemented due to several factors that conspired to prevent the Indians from regaining their patrimony. By 1835, the missions, including Mission San Luis Rey, were secularized.

The subsequent American period (1846 to present) witnessed the development of San Diego County in various ways. This time period includes the rather rapid dominance over Californio culture by Anglo-Victorian (Yankee) culture and the rise of urban centers and rural communities. A Frontier period from 1850 to 1870 saw the region’s transformation from a feudal-like society to an aggressive capitalistic economy in which American entrepreneurs gained control of most large ranchos and transformed San Diego into a merchant-dominated market town. Between 1870 and 1930, urban development established the cities of San Diego, National City, Coronado, El Cajon, Escondido, La Mesa, Oceanside, and Chula Vista, while a rural society based on family-owned farms organized by rural school district communities also developed, especially in Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 6 of 23 the northern region of the county. The Army and Navy took an increased interest in the San Diego harbor between 1900 and 1940. The Army established coastal defense fortifications at Fort Rosecrans on Point Loma, and the Navy developed major facilities in the bay (Fredericks 1979; Van Wormer and Roth 1985). The 1920s brought a land boom (Robinson 1942) that stimulated development throughout the city and county, particularly in the Point Loma, Pacific Beach, and Mission Beach areas. Development stalled during the depression years of the 1930s, but World War II ushered in a period of growth based on expanding defense industries.

City of Oceanside

In the late 1860s and 1870s, settlers began to arrive in the San Luis Rey Valley. These settlers, who came from eastern states and a wide variety of European countries, raised dairy cattle, sheep and horses, grew barley and alfalfa, and maintained bee colonies. A small townsite began to grow adjacent to the San Luis Rey mission. In 1880, the California Southern Railroad was formed to construct a rail line between San Diego and San Bernardino. By 1882, they had constructed 211 mi. of track from National City to Fallbrook Junction, just north of Oceanside, and inland through Temecula Canyon and Colton and San Bernardino. The history of the City of Oceanside began in earnest in 1881 when Andrew Jackson Meyers, a store keeper in San Luis Rey, was granted a 160-acre homestead grant just south of Rancho Santa Margarita in what is now the City of Oceanside. Cave Johnson Couts Jr. surveyed and mapped out a town site, which was to become known as Oceanside (Flanigan et al. 1992:2-4; Hawthorne 2000:31-33).

Lots in the newly platted town sold quickly. By 1886, Oceanside had a population of 350 and by July 3, 1888, when Oceanside was incorporated, the population had grown to approximately 1,000. By then Oceanside was a boomtown with a growing population. It boasted several impressive buildings including the South Pacific Hotel near Third and Pacific and the Bank of Oceanside on the corner of Second and Hill, an orchestra, opera house and a variety of businesses. A wharf company was founded in 1887 and a wharf was constructed in 1888 at the foot of Wisconsin. Oceanside also had a two-story school with three teachers, and several newspapers including the Oceanside Blade and Oceanside Headlight. South Oceanside was founded by J. Chauncey Hayes and a second school was built there. The first Oceanside wharf was destroyed by a storm during the winter of 1890 and 1891. The second pier, constructed at the location of the present pier, was the first of five piers constructed at that location in the City’s history (Hawthorne 2000:31-38).

The railroad, which had played a key role in the founding of Oceanside, continued to play an important role in the future development of the City. The inland route that had opened in 1882 was prone to flooding, and by 1888, California Southern had built a coastal rail line north of Oceanside to Santa Ana and Fullerton, thereby linking San Diego directly to Los Angeles. Trains ferried thousands of prospective buyers to Oceanside in the boom years of the 1880s and its location on the main line between San Diego and Los Angeles continued to be key in the development of the town.

Oceanside’s boom was short-lived, however. Like the rest of San Diego County, Oceanside experienced an unexpected bust as the real estate market, which had been fueled by land speculators who drove land prices up from $10 an acre to over $100, suddenly collapsed. Land prices plummeted and the trainloads of speculators that had arrived daily in Oceanside Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 7 of 23 disappeared. Between 1888 and 1920, the City had a net population increase of only 164 people (Wiersma and Taschner 1981).

The 1920s brought a renaissance for Oceanside, as local businessmen guided by the Chamber of Commerce organized to attract new residents and businesses to the City. The city infrastructure was also improved, including the roads, sewers, and water supply. In 1923, most of the major city streets were paved. Access to Oceanside was improved by a number of important road projects including a road linking Oceanside to northern Imperial County. It was thought that this would attract visitors from the desert during the summer months. The City also embarked on an aggressive advertising campaign extolling the virtues of Oceanside. As a result of the planning, advertising and public improvements, the City of Oceanside prospered during the 1920s and the population grew from 1,164 in 1920 to 3,508 in 1930. The jewels in Oceanside’s commercial development were the construction of the 650-seat Palomar Theater, completed in 1924, and the 1,224-ft. long pier, the longest pier on the West Coast, which opened in July 1927 (Wiersma and Taschner 1981).

Oceanside suffered economic decline during the depression years, but its population continued to grow reaching 4,650 by 1940. A new fire and police station, designed by innovative architect Irving Gill, were constructed in 1930, followed in 1934 by a new Mission Revival-style City Hall, also designed by Gill. Oceanside High School was renovated by award-winning school architect Theodore Kistner in 1934 with funds provided by the Works Progress Administration. While the Chamber of Commerce continued to advertise Oceanside as a city “Where Life Is Worth Living,” the high unemployment rates throughout the country curtailed vacation travel and the economy of Oceanside suffered (Flanigan et al. 1992:2-11).

In February 1942, the government purchased the entire 125,000-acre Rancho Santa Margarita for $4.15 million. The founding of Camp Pendleton just north of Oceanside, the largest Marine Corps Base in the nation, created a boom for the Oceanside economy and was the catalyst that transformed a small town into a modern city. Demand for housing and services within Oceanside also increased dramatically and the population of the city grew to 12,888 by 1950. Houses and apartment buildings were constructed in large numbers to accommodate the ever-expanding population. When the war years were over, tourism again became a key component in the economy of the city. When the old steel pier was damaged by a storm in 1943, the loss to the tourist industry was thought to be so severe that the people of Oceanside passed a $200,000 bond issue to construct the longest pier (1,900 ft.) on the West Coast (Hawthorne 2000:137).

The economic growth of Oceanside over time has depended to a great extent on the presence of Camp Pendleton. The outbreak of the Korean War in the early 1950s ensured the growth of Camp Pendleton, which was known as “The Gateway to Korea.” The population of Oceanside doubled during the decade to 25,000 as military families settled in the city, increasing demand for services. In the first five years of the 1950s, Oceanside annexed 34 additional areas. The school population also grew rapidly. In the early 1960s, a bond issue was passed for the construction of Mira Costa College, a two-year college serving Oceanside and the surrounding areas. Oceanside experienced another boom in the 1960s and 1970s during the Vietnam War.

As Oceanside expanded to a total of 40.7 square mi. and a population over 100,000 in the late 1980s, much of the development was taking place in suburban areas of the City and the Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 8 of 23 downtown area experienced a decline. In 1985, the City of Oceanside began a redevelopment program. The aim of redevelopment has been to revitalize the downtown area, eliminate urban blight, promote development, create jobs, increase the tax base and develop a positive environment to attract both residents and visitors to the downtown (Flanigan et al. 1992:2-13). The redevelopment program has succeeded in revitalizing the downtown area. A new transit center was constructed in 1983, the pier, beachfront and parks were refurbished, and a new Civic Center was completed in the late 1980s. In recent years the economy of Oceanside has diversified to include biotech and medtech industries, ensuring continued growth and prosperity.

Regulatory Environment

California Environmental Quality Act

CEQA requires that all private and public activities not specifically exempted be evaluated against the potential for environmental damage, including effects to historical resources. Historical resources are recognized as part of the environment under CEQA. The act defines historical resources as “any object, building, structure, site, area, or place that is historically significant in the architectural, engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military, or cultural annals of California” (Division I, Public Resources Code, Section 5021.1[b]).

Lead agencies have a responsibility to evaluate historical resources against the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) criteria prior to making a finding as to a proposed project’s impacts to historical resources. Mitigation of adverse impacts is required if the proposed project will cause substantial adverse change. Substantial adverse change includes demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration such that the significance of a historical resource would be impaired. While demolition and destruction are fairly obvious significant impacts, it is more difficult to assess when change, alteration, or relocation crosses the threshold of substantial adverse change. The CEQA Guidelines provide that a project that demolishes or alters those physical characteristics of a historical resource that convey its historical significance (i.e., its character-defining features) is considered to materially impair the resource’s significance. The CRHR is used in the consideration of historical resources relative to significance for purposes of CEQA. The CRHR includes resources listed in, or formally determined eligible for listing in, the NRHP and some California State Landmarks and Points of Historical Interest. Properties of local significance that have been designated under a local preservation ordinance (local landmarks or landmark districts), or that have been identified in a local historical resources inventory, may be eligible for listing in the CRHR and are presumed to be significant resources for purposes of CEQA unless a preponderance of evidence indicates otherwise.

Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be “historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the CRHR (Pub. Res. Code SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4852), which consist of the following: A. it is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history, or the cultural heritage of California or the United States; or B. it is associated with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national history; or Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 9 of 23

C. it embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values; or D. it has yielded, or has the potential to yield, information important to the prehistory or history of the local area, California, or the nation.

Oceanside Historical Site Ordinance No. 82-14, § 1, 9-8-82 of the City of Oceanside’s Municipal Code established the criteria for which a property is eligible as an Oceanside Historical Site: a) It exemplifies or reflects special elements of the city's cultural, social, economic, political, aesthetic, engineering, or architectural history; or b) It is identified with persons or events significant in local, state, or national history; or c) It embodies distinctive characteristics of a style, type, period, or method of construction, or is a valuable example of the use of indigenous materials or craftsmanship; or d) It is representative of the notable work of a builder, designer, or architect; or e) It is found by the council to have significant characteristics which should come under the protection of this chapter.

Study Methods

Methods used to assess the presence or absence of cultural resources within the property included a search of existing records and an intensive field survey. The records search was conducted at the SCIC on June 20, 2017 (Appendix A). The search included the Project area and a radius of one-mi. around it. A records search of the Sacred Lands File held by the NAHC was requested on June 20, 2017 (Appendix B). Historic aerial photographs and maps, provided by historicaerials.com (Historicaerials.com 2017) of the Project area were examined.

The field survey was conducted on June 27, 2017 by ASM Associate Archaeologist Tony Quach. Field methods consisted of a pedestrian survey of the Project area by the archaeologist in transects spaced at 15-m intervals. The Project area was photographed, and all visible soils were examined for cultural resources. An additional field survey with a Native American monitor was requested by the San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians during the City of Oceanside’s AB-52 consultation, due to the proximity of the Project area to Morro Hill. The additional field survey was conducted on January 18, 2018 by ASM Senior Archaeologist Shelby Castells, M.A., RPA and Native American monitor Makayla Murillo of Saving Sacred Spaces.

Study Results

SCIC Records Search Results

Twelve cultural resource studies have previously addressed the one-mi. record search radius surrounding the Project area. None of the Project area has been previously surveyed for cultural resources. Descriptions of the cultural resource studies within the records search radius are provided in Table 1.

Table 1. Previous Cultural Resources Reports Addressing the Project Area and 1-Mile Records Search Radius Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 10 of 23

Report Relation to Author Date Title No. SD- the Project Historical/Archaeological Survey Report for a Parcel Gallegos, Dennis 02331 1992 Along the San Luis Rey River Valley Near Rancho Outside and Ivan Strudwick Guajome, Oceanside, California Letter Report Cultural Resource Constraint Analysis 06414 Kyle, Carolyn 2002 Outside for the High Hope Ranch Robbins-Wade, Cultural Resources Assessment, Hi Hope Ranch, 08982 2004 Outside Mary Oceanside, San Diego County, California Jordan, Stacey C., Andrea M. Craft, Archaeological Survey Report for the Realignment of 10417 Michael J. 2006 Outside State Route 76, San Diego County, California Wise,aAnd Joshua Patterson Robbins-Wade, Hi Hope Ranch Archaeological Monitoring (Affinis 11374 2007 Outside Mary Job No. 2188) First Supplemental Historic Property Survey Report 11822 Rosen, Martin D. 2008 (Hpsr-S1) for the State Route 76 Widening and Outside Realignment Project, San Diego County, California First Supplemental Historic Property Survey Report 12001 Rosen,Martin 2007 for the State Route 76 Melrose to Mission Outside Realignment and Widening Project Archaeological Survey Report for the Singh 12002 Laylander, Don 2006 Advanced Mitigation Parcel, Oceanside, San Diego Outside County, California Cultural and Historical Resource Study for the City of Ni Ghabhlain, 14069 2011 Oceanside General Plan- Circulation Element Update Outside Sinead Program Environmental Impact Report (Peir) Letter Report: ETS 26073- Cultural Resources Survey 14637 Bietz, Spencer 2013 for the Replacement of Pole P192476, City of Vista, Outside San Diego County, California- IO 7011102 Archaeological Survey for Pole Replc, TL694 15384 Hector, Susan M. 2015 Z317895, Z317896, Z317897, Oceanside, San Diego Outside County, California (SDG&E ETS #29791) Cultural Resource Records Search and Site Visit Carrie D. Wills and Results for Verizon Wireless Candidate 'North River', 15853 2014 Outside Sarah A. Williams 428 Sleeping Indian Road, Oceanside, San Diego County, California

The records search identified eight cultural resources that have been previously recorded within the one-mi. record search radius (Table 2). None of the cultural resources have been previously recorded within the Project area. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 11 of 23

Table 2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within the Project Area and 1-Mile Records Search Radius

Primary No. Trinomial Relation to Site Type Recorder, Date P-37- CA-SDI- the Project AH4: Privies, Dumps, Trash Strudwick, I. and D. McIntosh, 12734 12734 Outside Scatters, HP33: Farm/Ranch 1992 13162 13162 AP4: Bedrock Milling Feature Strudwick, I. and L. Tift, 1993 Outside 19036 13743 AP16: Other – shell scatter Pierson, L., 1994 Outside 19037 13744 AP2: Lithic Scatter, AP16: Other Pierson, L., 1994 Outside 32335 N/A AP16: Other – prehistoric isolate Giletti, A. and C. Mojado, 2011 Outside 32336 N/A AP16: Other – prehistoric isolate Giletti, A. and C. Mojado, 2011 Outside 32337 N/A AP16: Other – prehistoric isolate Giletti, A. and C. Mojado, 2011 Outside 32338 N/A AP16: Other – prehistoric isolate Giletti, A. and C. Mojado, 2011 Outside

A search of the historic addresses on file at the SCIC did not identified any previously recorded historic addresses within the record search radius.

NAHC Records Search Results

A record search of the Sacred Lands File held by the NAHC was requested on June 20, 2017. On June 22, 2017 the NAHC responded that the record search had negative results. All correspondence pertaining to the NAHC is included in Appendix B.

The NAHC also provided a list of 35 Native American tribal entities and individuals from which to gather additional information. ASM sent letters requesting additional information to these tribal entities and individuals on June 22, 2017.

On June 30, 2017, Mario Morales, Tribal Member of the Mesa Grande Band of Mission Indians, responded that the Project falls within the bounds of their Tribal Traditional Use Area, is in proximity to known sites, is in a shared use area, and is considered to be potentially culturally sensitive. Due to the sensitivity of traditional tribal knowledge, specifics will be discussed in a confidential setting with the lead agency, however it is requested that their letter be included in the technical report. He would also like to be notified of any field studies.

On July 5, 2017, Ray Teran, Resources Management, Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians, stated that the Project site has little cultural significance or ties to Viejas.

On July 7, 2017, Shasta Gaughen, Ph.D., Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Pala Band of Mission Indians, responded that the Project is within the Tribe’s Traditional Use Area and wish to be kept in the information loop. Archaeological monitoring is recommended.

On July 17, 2017, Chris Devers, Cultural Liaison, Pauma band of Luiseño Indians, responded that they are not aware of any specific sites or resources on the Project property, but believe that Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 12 of 23 the Morrow Hills area is a site where the Luiseño gathered during the great flood, it is possible that cultural resources could be found on or near the Project site, and they request that any cultural research that has been done be shared.

On July 27, 2017, in a letter dated, June 22, 2017, Merri Lopez-Keifer, Chief Legal Counsel, San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians, responded that the Tribe is aware of tribal cultural resource sites within and in close proximity to the proposed project and recommended incorporating the presence of a Luiseño Native American monitor during all ground disturbing activities and assessment surveys. They also request future consultation with the City of Oceanside to be conducted in person.

On January 18, 2018 Carmen Mojado of the San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians, spoke with ASM Senior Archaeologist Shelby Castells and stated that the Project area is near Morro Hill and is associated with the Luiseño Great Flood. She recommended that a Native American monitor be present for all surveys and ground disturbance within the area.

To date no additional responses have been received.

Archival Research

The 1938 aerial photograph shows that the Project area, and vicinity is undeveloped. There is a water way bisecting the project area and possibly a dirt road. The 1946 aerial photograph shows some grading or vegetation removal to the north and west of the Project area, but no development to the Project area. The 1953 aerial photograph shows the presence of a dirt road in the southern portion of the Project area and some ground disturbance, possibly from vehicles. The 1964 aerial photograph shows Sleeping Indian Road and Grove View Road in their current alignment, as well as a dirt road bisecting the Project area from the north east to the south west. The 1967 aerial photograph shows no changes. The 1980 aerial photograph shows the Project area in use for agriculture, and the seasonal drainage bisecting the Project area. No changes are noted on the 1989, 1994, and 1997 aerial photographs. The 2002 aerial photograph shows the presence of possibly several buildings in the southeast corner of the Project area. However, the buildings had been removed by 2003. The 2009 and 2010 aerial photographs appear to show that agricultural uses of the Project area have stopped and the southeast corner may have been graded and/or used for trash disposal.

The 1942 USGS topographic map shows a seasonal drainage bisecting the project area, and the area in use for agriculture. The 1944 USGS topographic map no longer shows the drainage or agricultural uses of the Project area. The 1949 and 1960 USGS topographic maps again show the drainage, but show no other development within the Project area. The 1961 and 1964 USGS topographic maps show the drainage slightly to the west, within the Project area, as it may have been re-routed or the change is due to mapping inaccuracies. The 1969 USGS topographic map shows two dirt roads within the project area running from the north east to the south west, and the current alignment of Sleeping Indian Road. No changes are present on the 1995 USGS topographic map. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 13 of 23

Survey Conditions and Results

ASM Associate Archaeologist Tony Quach surveyed the Project area on June 27, 2017. The skies were clear and sunny with temperatures that ranged from 82 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit and approximately 35 percent humidity. The project area was noted to have been previously developed for agriculture and some isolated citrus trees were still on the property. The property was noted to be bisected by a stream that has been overgrown with palm trees, riparian plants, and other non-native vegetation (Figures 5 and 6) with a steep hill slope also bisecting the center of the property. Several large granite boulders were noted to occur along the hillslope towards the northern portion of the property and were all checked with negative findings. The overgrown streambed was opportunistically spot-checked and forayed into where there were clearings or breaks in the vegetation. The hill slope was also opportunistically traversed where faint foot trails allowed for some degree of stable footing and ground stability. The remainder of the project area was systematically surveyed in 15 meter intervals. Grasses and weeds approximately quarter of a meter in height forms the principal vegetation within the flat traversable portions of the project area limiting visibility to approximately 15 percent. The soils were noted to consist of alluvial sands as well as decomposed granite sand. The granitic bedrock was exposed within the bottom of the stream.

During the survey, several modern features were identified that indicated a high amount of modern disturbances on the property. The stream bank was noted to have been lined with broken concrete slabs with piles of broken brick identified along the edge of the stream possibly as a form of stream bank revetment (Figure 7). Piles of PVC irrigation piping and wood framing were also identified (Figure 8). Hidden within the thick brush was also an abandoned vehicle trailer deteriorating and in great disrepair (Figure 9). During the survey no historic, nor any prehistoric, cultural resources were identified.

The additional survey, conducted on January 18, 2018 by ASM Senior Archaeologist Shelby Castells, M.A., RPA and Native American Monitor Makayla Murillo of Saving Sacred Sites, did not identify any cultural resources within the Project area and confirmed the results of the 2017 survey. It was noted that the vegetation was less dense than during the 2017 survey and the ground surface visibility ranged from less than 10 percent in the seasonal drainage, to 90 percent in the flat portions of the Project area.

Recommendations and Conclusions

No cultural resources were identified within the Project area either during the record searches or the pedestrian surveys. The Project area was identified as a partially disturbed undeveloped lot, bisected by a seasonal drainage. Ground surface visibility was low as it was obscured by dense vegetation across much of the Project area. Granitic bedrock was noted within the Project area, but no milling features were identified. Construction monitoring by a qualified archaeologist and Native American monitor, during the Project’s initial ground disturbance, is recommended as there is a potential for buried cultural resources under alluvial deposits in the vicinity of the drainage, the Project area’s proximity to the San Luis Rey River and Morro HIll, and the low level of ground surface visibility due to dense vegetation. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 14 of 23

In the event that any previously undetected cultural resources are encountered, all work should cease in the vicinity of the discovery and a qualified archaeologist should be contacted to evaluate such discoveries and determine if additional archaeological work is needed.

Should you have any questions regarding this study, please do not hesitate to call me.

Respectfully submitted,

Shelby G. Castells, M.A., RPA Senior Archaeologist

Attachments:

Figure 1. Project vicinity maps. Figure 2. Project location on the 7.5’ USGS Morro Hill Topographic Quadrangle. Figure 3. Project area, shown on an aerial photograph. Figure 4. Project Plans. Figure 5. Project area, showing terrain coverage and survey results. Figure 6. Panoramic overview from the northeast edge of the property looking south Figure 7. Modern brick refuse pile near stream Figure 8. Modern refuse pile comprised of PVC pipes and wood framing Figure 9. Abandoned vehicle trailer on the property

Appendix A. SCIC Record Search Confirmation Appendix B. NAHC Correspondence

References Cited

Almstedt, Ruth 1982 Kumeyaay and Ipay. In APS/SDG&E Interconnection Native American Cultural Resources, edited by Clyde Woods, pp. 6-20. Wirth Associates, San Diego.

Bada, Jeffrey, Roy Schroeder, and George Carter 1974 New Evidence for the Antiquity of Man in North America Deduced from Aspartic Acid Racemization. Science 184:791-793.

Bean, Lowell J., and Harry W. Lawton 1976 Some Explanations for the Rise of Cultural Complexity in Native California with Comments on Proto-Agriculture and Agriculture. In Native Californians: A Theoretical Retrospective, edited by Lowell J. Bean and Thomas C. Blackburn, pp. 7- 30. Ballena Press, Ramona, California.

Bean, Lowell John, and Florence C. Shipek 1978 Luiseño. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 550-563. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 15 of 23

Blackburn, Thomas C., and Kat Anderson (editors) 1993 Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, California.

Carter, George 1980 Earlier Than You Think: A Personal View of Man in the Americas. Texas A&M University, College Station.

Chapman, Charles 1925 A History of California: The Spanish Period. Macmillan Company, New York.

Erlandson, Jon, and Roger H. Colten 1991 An Archaeological Context for Early Holocene Studies on the California Coast. In Hunter Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by Jon M. Erlandson and Roger H. Colten, pp. 1-10. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Volume 1. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.

Flanigan, S. Kathleen, Susan H. Carrico, and Richard L. Carrico 1992 Oceanside, California’s Pride. 1992 Cultural Resource Survey. Manuscript on file with the City of Oceanside.

Fredericks, Edward 1979 The U. S. Navy in San Diego Prior to World War II -- In They Came From the Sea: A Maritime History of San Diego. Cabrillo Historical Association, San Diego.

Gifford, Edward W. 1931 The Kamia of Imperial Valley. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 98. Washington, D.C.

Hawthorne, Kristi 2000 Oceanside: Where Life is Worth Living. The Donning Company Publishers, Virginia.

Hedges, Ken 1975 Notes on the Kumeyaay: A Problem of Identification. Journal of California Anthropology 2:71-83.

Historicaerials.com 2017 Historic aerial photographs of the Project Area. Electronic document, www.historicaerials.com, accessed June 28, 2017.

Johnson, John, and Dinah Crawford 1999 Contributions to Luiseño Ethnohistory Based on Mission Register Research. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 35:79-102. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 16 of 23

Jones, Terry 1992 Settlement Trends along the California Coast. In Essays on the Prehistory of Maritime California, edited by Terry L. Jones, pp. 1-38. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis No. 10. Davis, California.

Kroeber, A. L. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.

Luomala, Katherine 1978 Tipai and Ipai. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 592-609. Handbook of the North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Meighan, Clement 1959 California Cultures and the Concept of an Archaic Stage. American Antiquity 24:289- 305.

Moratto, Michael 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.

Moriarty, James 1966 Cultural Phase Divisions Suggested by Typological Change Coordinated with Stratigraphically Controlled Radiocarbon Dating at San Diego. Anthropological Journal of Canada 4:20-30.

Oxendine, Joan 1983 The Luiseño Village during the Late Prehistoric Period. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside.

Pourade, Richard F. 1961 Time of the Bells. Union Tribune, San Diego.

Rivers, Betty 1993 The Pendleton Coast District: An Ethnographic and Historical Background. In The Cultural Resources of the Pendleton Coast District. Report on file at Cultural Heritage Section, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento.

Robinson, W. W. 1942 The Southern California Real Estate Boom of the Twenties. Southern California Quarterly 24(1):23-28.

Rogers, Malcolm J. 1939 Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River and Adjacent Desert Areas. San Diego Museum Papers No. 3. 1945 An Outline of Yuman Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1:167-198. 1966 Ancient Hunters of the Far West. Union-Tribune, San Diego. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 17 of 23

Rogers, Spencer L. 1974 An Ancient Human Skeleton Found at Del Mar, California. San Diego Museum Papers No. 7.

Shipek, Florence 1982 Kumeyaay Socio-Political Structure. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4:296-303.

Sparkman, Phillip Stedman 1908 The Culture of the Luiseño Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:188-234. Berkeley.

Spier, Leslie 1923 Southern Diegueno Customs. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 20:295-358. Berkeley.

Taylor, R., L. Payen, C. Prior, P. Slota, R. Gillespie, J. Gowlett, R. Hedges, A. Hull, T. Zabel, D. Donahue, and R. Berger 1985 Major Revisions in the Pleistocene Age Assignments for North American Human Skeletons by C14 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: None Older Than 11,000 C14 Years B.P. American Antiquity 50:136-140.

True, Delbert 1966 Archaeological Differentiation of Shoshonean and Yuman Speaking Groups in Southern California. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.

True, Delbert L., Clement W. Meighan, and Harvey Crew 1974 Archaeological Investigations at Molpa, San Diego County, California. University of California Publications in Anthropology No. 11. Berkeley.

Van Wormer, Stephen, and Linda Roth 1985 Guns on Point Loma: A History of Fort Rosecrans and the Defense of San Diego Harbor. In The Military on Point Loma, pp. 1-20. Cabrillo Historical Association, San Diego.

Wallace, William J. 1978 Post-Pleistocene Archaeology, 9000 to 2000 B.C. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 25-36. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Warren, Claude N. 1964 Cultural Change and Continuity on the San Diego Coast. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 18 of 23

1987 The San Dieguito and La Jolla: Some Comments. In San Dieguito – La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy, edited by D. Gallegos, pp. 73-85. San Diego County Archaeological Society Research Paper No. 1.

Warren, Claude, Gretchen Siegler, and Frank Dittmer 2008 Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic Periods. In Prehistoric and Historic Archaeology of Metropolitan San Diego: A Historic Properties Background Study, pp. 13-107. ASM Affiliates, Carlsbad, California. White, Raymond C. 1963 Luiseño Social Organization. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 48:91-194. Berkeley.

Winterrowd, Cathy, and Florence Shipek 1986 Ethnographic Investigation: Pala Sand and Gravel Extraction Project. RBR and Associates, San Diego.

Wiersma, Brian, and Mary Taschner 1981 The Selling of a City: Oceanside, 1920-1930. Journal of San Diego History 27(2). Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 19 of 23

Figure 1. Project vicinity maps. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 20 of 23

Figure 2. Project location on the 7.5’ Morro Hill USGS Topographic Quadrangle. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 21 of 23

Figure 3. Project area, shown on an aerial photograph. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 22 of 23

Figure 4. Project Plans. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 23 of 23

Figure 5. Project area, showing terrain coverage and survey results. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 24 of 23

Figure 6. Panoramic overview from the northeast edge of the property looking south.

Figure 7. Modern brick refuse pile near stream. Camille Merchant January 18, 2018 Page 25 of 23

Figure 8. Modern refuse pile comprised of PVC pipes and wood framing.

Figure 9. Abandoned vehicle trailer on the property. Indian Grove Cultural Resources Appendices

Appendix A SCIC Record Search Confirmation South Coastal Information Center San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182-5320 Office: (619) 594-5682 www.scic.org [email protected]

CALIFORNIA HISTORICAL RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM RECORDS SEARCH

Company: ASM Affiliates, Inc Company Representative: Tony Quach Date Processed: 6/20/2017 Project Identification: 712 Sleeping Indian Rd

Search Radius: 1 mile

Historical Resources: YES Trinomial and Primary site maps have been reviewed. All sites within the project boundaries and the specified radius of the project area have been plotted. Copies of the site record forms have been included for all recorded sites. Previous Survey Report Boundaries: YES Project boundary maps have been reviewed. National Archaeological Database (NADB) citations for reports within the project boundaries and within the specified radius of the project area have been included. Historic Addresses: YES A map and database of historic properties (formerly Geofinder) has been included. Historic Maps: YES The historic maps on file at the South Coastal Information Center have been reviewed, and copies have been included.

Summary of SHRC Approved CHRIS IC Records Search Elements

RSID: 2356 RUSH: no Hours: 1 Spatial Features: 21 Address-Mapped Shapes: no Digital Database Records: 0 Quads: 1 Aerial Photos: 0 PDFs: Yes PDF Pages: 42

This is not an invoice. Please pay from the monthly billing statement Indian Grove Cultural Resources Appendices

Appendix B NAHC Correspondence Page 1 of 5

June 20, 2017

California Native American Heritage Commission 1550 Harbor Blvd, Suite 100 West Sacramento, CA 95691 Via fax: (916) 373-5471

RE: Cultural Resources Study for the 712 Sleeping Indian Road Project, Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear NAHC Governmental Program Analyst,

ASM Affiliates is currently conducting a cultural resource investigation for the proposed 712 Sleeping Indian Road Project (Project) located near the intersection of Grove View Road and Sleeping Indian Road, in the City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California. I am writing to inquire if you have registered any cultural resources, traditional cultural properties, or areas of heritage sensitivity within this proposed project area or in the general vicinity.

The search should include the project area and a one-mile radius surrounding it. The project area is located on the Morro Hill 7.5-Minute USGS Topographic Quadrangle within Section 26 of Township 10 South, Range 4 West. Attached to this request are maps of the project area for your records and to put on file. Our investigation will include consultation with local tribal entities in a manner that ensures complete confidentiality. To facilitate this dialogue, I would like to make a request for a listing of the appropriate individuals to contact for this project. You can reply to me at the ASM Carlsbad office, listed above or through any of the other means of contact listed below. Feel free to call, write, Fax, or e-mail if you have any questions.

Sincerely,

Tony T. Quach Associate Archaeologist ASM Affiliates Inc., 2034 Corte del Nogal Carlsbad, CA 92011 Office: (760) 804-5757 Fax: 760-804-5755 [email protected]

Attachments: Form 1. NAHC Sacred Lands Request Figure 1. General location maps of project area Figure 2. Aerial map of project area Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Page 2 of 5

Sacred Lands File & Native American Contacts List Request NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMISSION 1550 Harbor Blvd, Suite 100 West Sacramento, CA 95691 916-373-3710 916-373-5471 – Fax [email protected] ______

Information Below is Required for a Sacred Lands File Search

Project: 712 Sleeping Indian Road Project City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California ASM Project Reference 712 Sleeping Indian Road Project County: San Diego County USGS Quadrangle: 7.5 Minute USGS Quadrangle Quad Name(s): Morro Hill Township: _10S Range: 4W Section(s): 26 Company/Firm/Agency: ASM Affiliates Inc. Contact Person: Tony Quach Street Address: 2034 Corte del Nogal City: Carlsbad, CA 92011 Phone: 760-804-5757 Fax: 760-804-5755 Email: [email protected]

Preliminary Project Description:

The proposed project will include the grading and development of three separate residential lots on approximate 8-acre property split from a larger parcel.

Page 3 of 5

Figure 1. General location maps of project area

Page 4 of 5

Figure 2. Aerial map of project area Page 5 of 5

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Pauma & Yuima Reservation Temet Aguilar, Chairperson P.O. Box 369, Ext. 303 Pauma Valley, CA 92061

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Aguilar,

ASM Affiliates, Inc. (ASM) is conducting a cultural resources study for the Indian Grove Development Project located at 712 Sleeping Indian Road, in the City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California. The Project proposes grading and development of three separate residential lots on an eight-acre property split from a larger parcel. The Project is located on the Morrow Hill USGS 7.5’ Quad, within Township 10 South, Range 4 West Section 26 (Figure 1). This study is being undertaken in compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). The City of Oceanside is the lead agency.

ASM has completed a records search at the South Coastal Information Center for the project area. A records search with the California Native American Heritage Commission failed to indicate the presence of Native American cultural resources within the Project area.

We are contacting you to find out if you are aware of any issues of cultural concern regarding the area shown on the enclosed map. In particular, we would like to know if you have knowledge of any Tribal Cultural Resources, Traditional Cultural Properties, Sacred Sites, resource collecting areas, or any other areas of concern of which you wish us to be aware. We understand the need for confidentiality in these matters.

If you have any questions or concerns regarding the proposed Project, we will contact you about the best way to include consideration of those concerns while maintaining confidentiality. You can contact ASM at the address and telephone number for our Carlsbad office, listed below, or myself at the e-mail address below. We appreciate any input you may have on this Project, and understand that consultation is a private and ongoing process. Again, any information you provide us will remain confidential.

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Manzanita Band of the Kumeyaay Nation Nick Elliott, Cultural Resources Coordinator P.O. Box 1302 Boulevard, CA 91905

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Elliott,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

San Pasqual Band of Indians John Flores, Environmental Coordinator P.O. Box 365 Valley Center, CA 92082

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Flores,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Ewiiaapaayp Tribal Office Michael Garcia, Vice Chairperson 4054 Willows Road Alpine, CA 91901

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Garcia,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Soboba Band of Mission Indians Carrie Garcia, Cultural Resources Manager P.O. Box 487 San Jacinto, CA 92581

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Ms. Garcia,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians Patricia Garcia-Plotkin, Director 5401 Dinah Shore Drive Palm Springs, CA 92264

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Ms. Garcia-Plotkin,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Pala Band of Mission Indians Tribal Historic Preservation Office Shasta Gaughen, PhD, THPO 35008 Pala-Temecula Road, PMB Box 50 Pala, CA 92059

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Ms. Gaughen,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Campo Band of Mission Indians Ralph Goff, Chairperson 36190 Church Road, Suite 1 Campo, CA 91906

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Goff,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Jeff Grubbe, Chairperson 5401 Dinah Shore Drive Palm Springs, CA 92264

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Grubbe,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians Julie Hagen 1 Viejas Grade Road Alpine, CA 91901

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Ms. Hagen,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation Lisa Haws, Cultural Resource Manger 1 Kwaaypaay Court El Cajon, CA 92019

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Ms. Haws,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

San Pasqual Band of Mission Indians Allen E. Lawson, Chairperson PO Box 365 Valley Center, CA 92082

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Lawson,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel Clint Linton, Director of Cultural Resources P.O. Box 507 Santa Ysabel, CA 92070

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Linton,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Kwaaymii Laguna Band of Mission Indians Carmen Lucas PO Box 775 Pine Valley, CA 91962

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Ms. Lucas,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Pechanga Band of Mission Indians Paul Macarro, Cultural Resources Manager P.O. Box 1477 Temecula, CA 92593

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Macarro,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Pechanga Band of Mission Indians Mark Macarro, Chairperson P.O. Box 1477 Temecula, CA 92593

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Macarro,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation Cody J. Martinez, Chairperson 1 Kwaaypaay Court El Cajon, CA 92109

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Martinez,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Rincon Band of Mission Indians Bo Mazzetti, Chairperson 1 West Tribal Road Valley Center, CA 92082

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Mazzetti,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Rincon Band of Mission Indians Jim McPherson, THPO 1 West Tribal Road Valley Center, CA 92082

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. McPherson,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

La Posta Band of Mission Indians Javaughn Miller, Tribal Administrator 8 Crestwood Road Boulevard, CA 91905

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Miller,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians Carmen Mojado, Co-Chair 1889 Sunset Drive Vista, CA 92081

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Ms. Mojado,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Mesa Grande Band of Mission Indians Mario Morales, Cultural Resources Representative 35008 Pala Temecula Kumeyaay Rd., PMB Box 366 Pala, CA 92059

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Morales,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Soboba Band of Mission Indians Rosemary Morillo, Chairperson P.O. Box 487 San Jacinto, CA 92583

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Ms. Morillo,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians Joseph Ontiveros, Cultural Resources Department P.O. Box 487 San Jacinto, CA 92581

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Ontiveros,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Inaja Band of Mission Indians Rebecca Osuna, Spokesperson 2005 S. Escondido Blvd. Escondido, CA 92025-8207

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Ms. Osuna,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Mesa Grande Band of Mission Indians Virgil Oyos, Chairperson P.O. Box 270 Santa Ysabel, CA 92070

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Oyos,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

La Posta Band of Mission Indians Gwendolyn Parada, Chairperson 8 Crestwood Road Boulevard, CA 91905

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Ms. Parada,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel Virgil Perez, Chairperson P.O. Box 130 Santa Ysabel, CA 92070

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Perez,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Ewiiaapaayp Tribal Office Robert Pinto, Chairperson 4054 Willows Road Alpine, CA 91901

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Pinto,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Jamul Indian Village Erica Pinto, Chairperson P.O. Box 612 Jamul, CA 91935

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Ms. Pinto,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

La Jolla Band of Luiseno Indians Thomas Rodriguez, Chairperson 22000 Highway 76 Pauma Valley, CA 92061

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Rodriguez,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Barona Group of the Capitan Grande Edwin Romero, Chairperson 1095 Barona Road Lakeside, CA 92040

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Romero,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Manzanita Band of Kumeyaay Nation Angela Elliott Santos, Chairperson P.O. Box 1302 Boulevard, CA 91905

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Ms. Santos,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

June 22, 2017

Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians Robert J. Welch, Chairperson 1 Viejas Grande Road Alpine, CA 91901

Re: Cultural Resources Investigation for the Indian Grove Development Project, City of Oceanside, San Diego County, California

Dear Mr. Welch,

Sincerely,

Shelby Gunderman Castells, M.A., RPA [email protected] Senior Archaeologist

Figure 1. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

Indian Grove Development Project Page 2 of 2

Figure 3. The 1:24,000 scale location map of the project area

PALA TRIBAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE

PMB 50, 35008 Pala Temecula Road Pala, CA 92059 760-891-3510 Office | 760-742-3189 Fax

July 7, 2017

Shelby Castlles ASM Affiliates 2034 Corte Del Nogal Carlsbad, CA 92011

Re: Indian Grove Development Project

Dear Mr. Smith:

The Pala Band of Mission Indians Tribal Historic Preservation Office has received your notification of the project referenced above. This letter constitutes our response on behalf of Robert Smith, Tribal Chairman.

We have consulted our maps and determined that the project as described is not within the boundaries of the recognized Pala Indian Reservation. It is, however, within the boundaries of the territory that the tribe considers its Traditional Use Area (TUA). Therefore, we request to be kept in the information loop as the project progresses and would appreciate being maintained on the receiving list for project updates, reports of investigations, and/or any documentation that might be generated regarding previously reported or newly discovered sites. Further, recommend archaeological monitoring given the proximity of known cultural and historic resources. If the project boundaries are modified to extend beyond the currently proposed limits, we request updated information and the opportunity to respond to your changes.

We appreciate involvement with your initiative and look forward to working with you on future efforts. If you have questions or need additional information, please do not hesitate to contact me by telephone at 760-891-3515 or by e-mail at [email protected].

Sincerely,

Shasta C. Gaughen, Ph.D. Tribal Historic Preservation Officer Pala Band of Mission Indians

ATTENTION: THE PALA TRIBAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL REQUESTS FOR CONSULTATION. PLEASE ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE TO SHASTA C. GAUGHEN AT THE ABOVE ADDRESS. IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO ALSO SEND NOTICES TO PALA TRIBAL CHAIRMAN ROBERT SMITH.

Consultation letter 2a Shelby Castells

From: Cultural Pauma Sent: Monday, July 17, 2017 12:52 PM To: Shelby Castells Cc: [email protected]; Jeremy Zagarella Subject: Indian Grove Development Project

Follow Up Flag: Follow up Flag Status: Flagged

Ms. Castells,

The Cultural Office of the Pauma Band of Luiseno Indians has received your June 22 notice for the Indian Grove Development Project in Oceanside. We are not aware of any specific sites or resources on the project property. We do believe that the Morrow Hills area is a site where the Luiseno gathered during the great flood. This story was told by Juan Sotelo Calac many years ago. It is quite possible that cultural resources could be found on or near the project site. Please share with us the Cultural research that has been done for the project area. If there are any questions please contact us.

Thank you,

Mr. Chris Devers Cultural Liaison Pauma Band of Luiseno Indians

1 SAN LUIS REY BAND OF MISSION INDIANS

1889 Sunset Drive • Vista, California 92081 760-724-8505 • FAX 760-724-2172 www.slrmissionindians.org

June 22, 2017

Shelby Gunderman Castells Senior Archaeologist VIA ELECTRONIC MAIL ASM Affiliates, Inc. [email protected] 2034 Corte Del Nogal Carlsbad, CA 92011

RE: SLR RESPONSE REGARDING THE INDIAN GROVE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IN OCEANSIDE, CA AND ITS POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS TO NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES

Dear Ms. Castells:

We, the San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians (“Tribe”) have received and reviewed your letter dated June 22, 2017 regarding the Indian Grove Development roject (“Project”) in the City of Oceanside. The location described and generally shown in your letter is within an area of traditional cultural significance to our Tribe.

We are a northern San Diego County Tribe whose traditional territory includes Camp Pendleton, the current cities of Oceanside, Carlsbad, Vista, San Marcos and Escondido, as well as many unincorporated areas within northern San Diego County, such as the communities of Fallbrook, Bonsall and Valley Center. We are resolute in the preservation and protection of tribal cultural resources within all these jurisdictions.

Our Tribe has intimate knowledge about the many discoveries made throughout the Project area and is aware of tribal cultural resource sites within and in close proximity to the proposed Project area. We strongly urge caution in assessing the land encompassing the Project for any development purposes, as well as incorporating the presence of a Luiseño Native American monitor during all ground disturbing activities (including but not limited to any and all boring activities and pre-assessment ground disturbing activities) and tribal cultural resource assessment surveys.

In regards to information our Tribe can provide ASM and the City of Oceanside regarding our tribal cultural resources and sacred sites within the Project area, we respectfully request that any further discussion be done in person. Please contact our Cultural Resource Manager Cami Mojado at (760) 917-1736 or via email at [email protected] to arrange a mutually acceptable meeting date and time.

SLR Response to Tribal Cultural Resource Information Inquiry Indian Grove Development Project (Oceanside, CA) Page 1 of 2 We appreciate this opportunity to provide information and/or share our concerns regarding this Project. We thank you for your assistance in protecting our invaluable Luiseño tribal cultural resources.

Sincerely,

Merri Lopez-Keifer Chief Legal Counsel San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians

SLR Response to Tribal Cultural Resource Information Inquiry Indian Grove Development Project (Oceanside, CA) Page 2 of 2